Internally grooved components

Abstract

A method is disclosed of manufacture of a component (9) with an internal groove (2,3) comprising: providing a tubular first part (1) with an external groove, bonding or forming a second part (8) on the first part to at least partly cover the external groove, and removing material from the first part to open the external groove to an interior cavity of the component.

Claims

1. A method of manufacture of a component with an internal groove comprising: providing a first part with an external groove, bonding or forming a second part on the first part to at least partly cover the external groove, and removing material from the first part to open the external groove to an interior cavity of the component.

2. The method of claim 1, further comprising substantially filling the external groove on a first part with a filler, and removing the filler from the groove.

3. The method of claim 2, wherein filling the groove with a filler comprises first coating the groove and filler with a release agent.

4. The method of claim 2, wherein the filler comprises the same material as the first part.

5. The method of claim 2, wherein the filler is removed by dissolving or melting.

6. The method of claim 5, wherein the filler is removed prior to removing material from the first part to open the groove to the interior cavity.

7. The method of claim 1, the method comprising forming a pair of external grooves on the first part, the external grooves defining a key portion therebetween, and wherein the step of removing material from the first part opens both of the external grooves to the interior cavity of the component, thereby freeing the key portion.

8. The method of claim 7, wherein the method comprises filling the external grooves with a shim material.

9. The method of claim 1, wherein the method comprises forming the first part by forming or bonding a composite element onto a tubular component.

10. The method of claim 1, wherein removing material from the first part enlarges or forms the interior cavity of the component.

11. The method of claim 1, wherein removing material from the first part splits the first part into a plurality of elements.

12. The method of claim 1, wherein the walls of the groove are defined by adjacent radial protrusions.

13. The method of claim 1, wherein the second part comprises a fibre reinforced composite.

Description

(1) The invention will further be described, by way of example, with reference to the following drawings in which:

(2) FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a first part according to a first embodiment of the invention, with two external grooves, with a filler for each groove;

(3) FIG. 2 is a sectional view of a first part bonded to a second part according to the first embodiment of the invention;

(4) FIG. 3 is a schematic view of a component according to the first embodiment of the invention comprising a first and second part, and with an internal groove; and

(5) FIG. 4 is a schematic of a first part according to a second embodiment of the invention.

(6) FIGS. 5a and 5b are schematic perspective and sectional views of a metal tube for use in a method according to a third embodiment of the invention;

(7) FIGS. 6a and 6b are schematic perspective and sectional views of a composite portion bonded to the metal tube to form a first part for use in the method according to the third embodiment of the invention;

(8) FIG. 7 is a schematic perspective view of the first part at an intermediate stage of the method according to the third embodiment of the invention; and

(9) FIGS. 8a and 8b are schematic perspective and sectional view of an internally grooved component comprising a first and second part manufactured according to the method according to the third embodiment of the invention.

(10) Referring to FIG. 1, a tubular first part 1 is shown, having two diametrically opposite external axial grooves 2, 3. Each groove 2, 3 has a flat base wall 4 which is tangential to the circumference of the first part 1 at the centre of the groove, and two side walls 5 which are substantially perpendicular to the base wall 4. Each external groove 2, 3 has a depth at least as deep as the required depth of the intended internal grooves.

(11) Accommodated within each groove 2, 3 is a filler 6, 7, arranged to conform with the shape of the groove so that each filler substantially fills its respective groove when it is inserted into it. When both fillers 6, 7 are inserted in their respective grooves 2, 3, the external profile of the combined first part 1 and fillers 6, 7 is substantially cylindrical. In FIG. 1, one of the fillers 6 is shown out of its respective groove 2 for clarity.

(12) The tubular first part 1 comprises metal, for example stainless steel, aluminium or titanium. The external grooves 2, 3 may be formed by any suitable process, for example by machining. The fillers 6, 7 may comprise the same material as the first component, and may be preformed to the desired shape and size. Prior to insertion of the fillers 6, 7, the grooves 2, 3 and fillers may be coated with release agent to aid their subsequent removal. Alternatively, a wax or other similar material may be used as the filler material, being poured, in a liquid state, into the grooves and allowed to set therein to form the fillers 6, 7.

(13) A second part 8 is subsequently bonded or formed on the tubular first part 1, covering the filled grooves 2, 3, to produce a component 9 comprising the first part and the second part. Referring to FIG. 2, a tubular second part 8 is shown bonded onto the external cylindrical face of the first part 1. The filled grooves 2, 3 are thereby encapsulated by the first and second part 1, 8, the second part 8 defining a further base wall 10 of the grooves 2, 3 that is radially outwards of the base wall 4 defined by the first part 1. A release agent coating the fillers 6, 7 may inhibit the second part 8 from bonding to them.

(14) The second part 8 may be bonded or formed on the first part 1 by any suitable process. For example, the second part 8 may comprise a composite that is filament wound onto the first part 1, and subsequently resin impregnated. Alternatively, a second part 8 that is already formed may be bonded to the first part 1.

(15) Having bonded or formed the second part 8 on the first part 1, as shown in FIG. 2, material is subsequently removed from the interior of the first part 1, for example by machining or using another suitable technique, to open the grooves 2, 3 by removing the base wall 4. The grooves 2, 3 are thereby opened to an interior cavity 11 of the component 9, which in this example embodiment is the interior 11 of the tube. Furthermore, the first part 1 is thereby split into two separate elements 18, 19.

(16) The fillers 6, 7 are then removed from the grooves 2, 3, through the inward facing openings thereof. A component 9 is thereby formed with internal grooves 2, 3, as shown in FIG. 3.

(17) A component according to an embodiment of the invention formed in this manner thus combines a composite part with light weight and high strength with a machinable and hardwearing metal part that accurately defines an internal bearing surface or keyway. The method according to an embodiment of the invention makes this component feasible by facilitating its manufacture.

(18) Although an example embodiment has been described in which a metal first component is combined with a composite second component, the first component may comprise any suitable material. A key factor in selecting the first component is the machinability of the material, since the first component must be suitable for machining an accurate external groove. A polymer or composite material may therefore be used for the first component. It may be advantageous for the filler to be of the same material as the first component to aid the machining process, as the juddering or tool tip damage or blunting which may arise as the tool tip passes the interfaces between different materials may be avoided or lessened.

(19) Any number of grooves may be included according to an embodiment of the invention depending of the required application.

(20) An embodiment has been described in which the groove is axial (and therefore linear), but alternative arrangements are envisaged including a non-linear groove, for instance a helical groove. Such an arrangement may be used in a number of applications, for example as an internal screw thread. Alternatively, the grooves may be formed axially but interconnected by circumferentially, or part-circumferentially extending regions located at or adjacent each end of the axially extending parts of the grooves to form closed or semi-closed loops.

(21) Each filler may comprise any material that can be removed after the base wall of the first component is removed. For instance, a filler may comprise a material that can be melted or dissolved from the groove after material is removed from the first part to open the groove. Such a filler may be moulded or poured into the external groove of the first component before being allowed to set. Removing a filler in the liquid phase may enable more complex groove patterns to be realised, including non-linear grooves, and grooves in which part of the base wall of the first part is intact in the final component. Fillers comprising a resiliency elastic material that is conformed to the shape of the groove on insertion are also envisaged, and may be particularly suitable for complex grooves.

(22) A component according to an embodiment of the invention may be of a size and shape that is prohibitive for prior art methods of production, for instance being a long thin walled tube with a relatively small internal diameter. A component according to an embodiment may for instance be in excess of 0.5 m long, and have an internal diameter of less than 40 mm.

(23) In the example embodiment, the first and second parts are tubular. In alternative embodiments the first and/or second part may be a different shape.

(24) The first part need not be tubular or include a cavity before material is removed to open the filled groove. A cavity may instead be formed in the component at the same time that material is removed from the first part to open the filled groove. For instance, the first part may be a solid bar, in which an internal axial hole is formed to both open the groove and form a cavity.

(25) In a further alternative depicted in FIG. 4, instead of being defined by a recess in a substantially cylindrical external profile of the first part, a groove 12 of a first part 13 may instead be defined by adjacent radial protrusions 14 that extend from the substantially cylindrical external profile 15. Such an arrangement may be produced by removing material from a tube in all areas that are not immediately adjacent to the side walls of the groove 12. When the first part 13 is combined with a second part 8 as described herein, most of the material of the first part 13 can be conveniently removed when the filled groove 12 is opened. For instance, if the internal diameter of the component is increased to remove the base wall 4 defined by the first part 13, only the radial protrusions 14 that define the groove 12 will be left. Such an arrangement may be advantageous, for example resulting in a component with reduced mass, particularly where the first part is metal and the second part is a composite material.

(26) Depending on the application, it may be useful to fill external regions of the first part that will not subsequently form internal grooves. FIG. 4 depicts an additional pair of removable fillers 16, 17 that produce a circular external profile onto which the second part may be formed or bonded. It may be more convenient to bond or form the second part onto a circular external profile.

(27) The method disclosed herein avoids the need for internal machining to produce grooves internal to a component. Using the method, a groove can first be defined with a high degree of accuracy in the first part with the sidewalls of the groove being fixed in the appropriate conformation by the base wall of the first part. Having bonded or formed a second part on the first part, the sidewalls of the groove are fixed in the appropriate conformation by the second part, and the base wall of the first part may be removed while maintaining the accurate shape of the groove.

(28) In another embodiment, referring to FIGS. 5a and 5b, a tubular component 110 is shown, having an axial through bore or passage 104, and regions 101 having a cylindrical outer surface at and adjacent each end thereof. Adjacent to each cylindrical region 101 is an inwardly tapering region 102 leading to a central cylindrical region 103 of reduced diameter compared to the regions 101. The end regions 101 of the tubular component 110 therefore have an increased wall thickness relative to that of the central region 103. The tubular component 110 is conveniently made of a metallic material, for example aluminium, titanium or steel.

(29) A composite element 120 is formed on or bonded onto the tubular component 110, thereby forming a first part 125, as shown in FIGS. 6a and 6b. The composite element 120 has a substantially cylindrical outer profile 121, and is therefore thinner at the ends thereof, where it overlies the end regions 101 of the tubular component 110, than it is in the central portion thereof which overlies the central region 103 of the tubular component. In some embodiments, it may not be necessary to extend the composite element 120 fully to the ends of the tubular component 110, with the composite element 120 filling only the reduced diameter region of the tubular component 110. The composite element 120 may be bonded or formed on the tubular component 110 by any suitable process. For example, composite element 120 may comprise a resin impregnated composite that is filament wound onto the tubular component 110, and subsequently cured. Alternatively, a composite element 120 that is already formed may be bonded to the tubular component 110.

(30) As shown in FIG. 7, after formation of the first part 125, two pairs of narrow external grooves 122 are machined into the outer surface of the first part 125. The external grooves 122 extend through the composite element 120 of the first part 125, and into the tubular component 110, but do not break through the internal face of the through passage 104 thereof. Each pair of grooves 122 defines a key portion 123 therebetween. In the present embodiment, two diametrically opposed identical key portions 123 are defined by the external grooves 122. The narrow external grooves 122 may be formed by any suitable process, for example by machining such as sawing, milling, or electro-discharge machining.

(31) In this embodiment, each of the narrow grooves 122 is substantially axial, and the grooves 122 are parallel in both the longitudinal and lateral directions. In other embodiments there may be a different number of pairs of grooves, and the individual grooves of each pair may be non-parallel in either longitudinal and/or lateral directions. In some embodiments the key portion 123 defined by each pair of grooves 122 may be helical, and/or taper in the longitudinal or lateral directions, or may be of other shapes.

(32) The external grooves 122 may, if desired, be filled with a shim material or similar.

(33) After formation of the external grooves 122, a second fibre reinforced composite part 130 is formed on the first part 125. Once the second part 130 has been cured, the diameter of the internal passage 104 of the tubular component 110 is enlarged by appropriate machining thereof. The diameter of the passage 104 is enlarged to such an extent that the external grooves 122 breakthrough and open into the passage 104. Next, the key portions 123 are removed resulting in the formation of a tubular component 1001 with internal grooves 126 formed therein. The internal grooves 126 have sidewalls 126a defined by the first part 125, and a base wall 127 defined by the second part 130. The portions of the first part 125 defining the sidewalls 126a comprise both part of the composite element 120 and tubular component 110.

(34) FIGS. 8a and 8b show the final product of this embodiment. FIG. 8b is a cross section of a portion of one half (in the radial direction) of the tubular component. FIG. 8b shows the second part 130 covering the outer surface of the first component 125. As described above, the first component 125 in this embodiment is formed from the tapered tubular component 110 and the composite element 120.

(35) The tubular component 110 has an axial through bore or passage 104, regions 101 having a cylindrical outer surface each end thereof which have a greater outer diameter than the central cylindrical region 103. The larger cylindrical region 101 is connected to the smaller central cylindrical region 103 by the tapering region 102. The diameter of the through bore 104 is constant and thus the end regions 101 of the tubular component have an increased wall thickness relative to that of the central region 103.

(36) The component formed according to this embodiment of the invention combines a composite part 120 that is light weight and high strength with a machinable and hardwearing metal part 110 that accurately defines an internal bearing surface or keyway. Further the first part 125 is tailored to have increased strength and durability at the end portions where the component may be subjected to greater forces. This embodiment provides a component which can provide the desired strength and durability without the component being too heavy.

(37) It will be appreciated that the key portion mentioned hereinbefore serves substantially the same function as the filler described in the above alternative embodiment (in association with FIGS. 1 to 4).

(38) The external face of the key portion 123 and the internal surfaces of the grooves 122 and shims (if fitted) are preferably coated with a suitable release agent prior to the formation of the second part 130 so as to resist or reduce the risk of the second part 130 bonding or adhering to it, and thereby assisting in the removal of the key portion 123.

(39) The method described hereinbefore is advantageous in that it makes it more straightforward to manufacture a component with an internal groove, and improves the ease with which internal grooves with a complex geometry may be created. A component formed using the method combines a composite part with light weight and high strength with a hardwearing metal part that accurately defines an internal bearing surface or keyway.

(40) Although an example embodiment has been described in which a first part 125 comprising metal and composite is combined with a composite second part, the first component may comprise any suitable material, for example it may be of metallic form alone. A key factor in selecting the material and form of the first part 110 is the machinability of the material, since the first part 110 must be suitable for machining or otherwise treating to form an accurate external groove therein. Additionally, the first part 125 made of the tubular component 110 and the composite element 120 may also be used with the above described embodiment in which a filler 6, 7 is inserted into the groove.

(41) Any number of external grooves may be included according to an embodiment of the invention depending of the required application.

(42) An embodiment has been described in which the internal groove is axial (and therefore linear), but alternative arrangements are envisaged including a non-linear internal groove, for instance a helical groove, provided removal of the key portion is possible. Such an arrangement may be used in a number of applications, for example as an internal screw thread. Alternatively, the grooves may be formed axially but interconnected by circumferentially, or part-circumferentially extending regions located at or adjacent each end of the axially extending parts of the grooves to form closed or semi-closed loops. Furthermore, by appropriate orientation of the external grooves, internal grooves of complex profiles, for example of different width at their inner periphery to that at their outer periphery, are possible.

(43) In the example embodiments, the first and second parts are tubular. In alternative embodiments the first and/or second part may be a different shape.

(44) The first part need not be tubular or include a cavity before material is removed to open the narrow grooves and detach the key portion. A cavity may instead be formed in the component at the same time that material is removed from the first part to open the grooves. For instance, the first part may be a solid bar, in which an internal axial hole is formed to both open the grooves and form a cavity.

(45) Whilst specific embodiments of the invention have been described hereinbefore, it will be appreciated that a number of modifications and alterations may be made thereto without departing from the scope of the invention.