Weather Resistant Roofing Plate

Abstract

A roofing plate has a body with a fastener hole extending from a top to a bottom. The body defines an outer periphery with rounded edges and the top edge of the fastener hole has rounded edges. The plate may be molded from a polymer material. The plate has an impact surface area and rounded edges sufficiently large to protect against membrane puncture from a projectile under very severe hail or similar conditions.

Claims

1. A roofing plate comprising: a solid body defining a fastener opening from a top surface to a bottom surface, wherein the solid body has rounded edges.

2. The roofing plate of claim 1, wherein the fastener opening comprises a main section and a counterbore section having a greater diameter than the main section.

3. The roofing plate of claim 1, wherein the top of the counterbore section has a rounded upper periphery.

4. The roofing plate of claim 1, wherein the bottom of the counterbore section has a rounded inner periphery.

5. The roofing plate of claim 1, wherein the plate is formed from a polymer material.

6. The roofing plate of claim 1, wherein the plate has a rounded outer peripheral edge.

7. The roofing plate of claim 1, wherein an IBS area defined as an area of the roofing plate that contacts a 2-inch diameter coaxial sphere (impact surface) is above 0.108 in.sup.2.

8. The roofing plate of claim 7, wherein a radius of curvature at the impact surface is greater than 0.051 inches.

9. The roofing plate of claim 1, wherein an IBS area defined as an area of the roofing plate that contacts a 2-inch diameter coaxial sphere (impact surface) is within an approximate range of 0.100 in.sup.2 to 0.400 in.sup.2.

10. The roofing plate of claim 9, wherein a radius of curvature at the impact surface is within an approximate range of 0.040 inches to 0.150 inches.

11. The roofing plate of claim 1, wherein the bottom surface of the plate includes a plurality of downwardly extending teeth.

12. The roofing plate of claim 1, wherein the bottom surface of the plate does not include any downwardly extending teeth.

13. The roofing plate of claim 1, wherein the plate is rated for Very Severe Hail (VSH) under Factory Mutual standards.

14. The roofing plate of claim 3, wherein the counterbore section has a rounded bottom inner edge.

15. A roofing assembly, comprising: a roofing substructure; a flat roofing element above the roofing substructure; a roofing plate above the roofing element; a fluid impermeable membrane above the roofing plate; and a fastener extending through a bore in the roofing plate, through the roofing element, and embedded into at least a portion of the roofing substructure to fix the roofing plate in place, wherein the roofing plate has no vertices.

16. The roofing assembly of claim 15, comprising an underlying membrane between the roofing plate and the roofing element.

17. The roofing assembly of claim 15, wherein the fastener bore includes a primary bore section and a counterbore section having a greater diameter than the primary bore section, and the counterbore section has a rounded upper peripheral edge.

18. The roofing assembly of claim 17, wherein the counterbore section has a rounded bottom inner edge.

19. The roofing assembly of claim 7, wherein an IBS area defined as an area of the roofing plate that contacts a 2-inch diameter coaxial sphere is above 0.108 in.sup.2.

20. A roofing plate comprising: a polymer body defining a fastener opening from a top surface to a bottom surface and having an upper counterbore section with a diameter greater than a diameter of a lower primary bore section, wherein the solid body defines an outer periphery with rounded edges, the counterbore section has a top with a rounded upper periphery, the counterbore section has a bottom inner edge that is rounded, and an IBS area defined as an area of the roofing plate that contacts a 2-inch diameter coaxial sphere (impact surface) is within an approximate range of 0.100 in.sup.2 to 0.400 in.sup.2.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[0010] FIG. 1 shows a side cross sectional view of an embodiment of the disclosed weather resistant roofing plate;

[0011] FIG. 2 shows a side cross sectional view of the roofing plate being contacted by a projectile;

[0012] FIG. 3 shows a side cross sectional view of the roofing plate installed on a roof fixing a membrane in place;

[0013] FIG. 4 shows a perspective view of an embodiment of the disclosed roofing plate;

[0014] FIGS. 5A and 5B are the enlarged cross-sectional views of the roofing plate installation of FIG. 2 focusing on the counterbore section;

[0015] FIG. 6A is a side elevation view of a preferred embodiment of the disclosed roofing plate and an enlarged view of a portion thereof, including exemplary dimensions;

[0016] FIG. 6B is a side cross sectional view of the preferred embodiment of the roofing plate of FIG. 6A and an enlarged view of a portion thereof, including exemplary dimensions;

[0017] FIG. 6C shows a bottom elevation and bottom perspective view of the preferred embodiment of the roofing plate of FIGS. 6A-6B;

[0018] FIG. 7 shows typical use settings of the disclosed roofing plate to secure a membrane and/or coverboard and insulation;

[0019] FIG. 8 shows another embodiment of a roofing plate and includes a depiction of impact testing;

[0020] FIG. 9 shows an embodiment of a roofing plate according to the disclosure;

[0021] FIG. 10 shows aspects of the embodiment of the roofing plate of FIG. 9;

[0022] FIG. 11 is a top view of the roofing plate of FIG. 9;

[0023] FIG. 12 is an isolated top view of a projection ring used to determine a factor of impact resistance;

[0024] FIG. 13 is a section perspective view of the roofing plate of FIG. 9;

[0025] FIG. 14 is an enlarged view of box A from FIG. 13;

[0026] FIG. 15 is another section view of the plate of FIG. 9;

[0027] FIG. 16 is an enlarged view of box B from FIG. 15, showing a tangent line for determining radius of curvature of the top edge of the hole;

[0028] FIG. 17 is another perspective view of the plate of FIG. 9;

[0029] FIG. 18 is a perspective view of an exemplary plate that failed an impact testing due to insufficient IBS area;

[0030] FIG. 19 show the roofing plate of FIG. 9 and objects or techniques for determining IBS are; and

[0031] FIG. 20 is a partial section view of the plate of FIG. 19.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0032] Among the benefits and improvements disclosed herein, other objects and advantages of the disclosed embodiments will become apparent from the following wherein like numerals represent like parts throughout the figures. Detailed embodiments of a weather resistant roofing plate, are disclosed; however, it is to be understood that the disclosed embodiments are merely illustrative of the invention that may be embodied in various forms. In addition, each of the examples given in connection with the various embodiments of the invention are intended to be illustrative, and not restrictive.

[0033] Throughout the specification and claims, the following terms take the meanings explicitly associated herein, unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. The phrase in some embodiments as used herein does not necessarily refer to the same embodiment(s), although it may. The phrases in another embodiment and in some other embodiments as used herein do not necessarily refer to a different embodiment, although it may. Thus, as described below, various embodiments may be readily combined without departing from the scope or spirit of the invention.

[0034] In addition, as used herein, the term or is equivalent to the term and/or, unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. The term based on is not exclusive and allows for being based on additional factors not described unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. In addition, throughout the specification, the meaning of a, an, and the include plural references. The meaning of in includes in and on.

[0035] Further, the terms substantial, substantially, similar, similarly, analogous, analogously, approximate, approximately, and any combination thereof mean that differences between compared features or characteristics is less than 25% of the respective values/magnitudes in which the compared features or characteristics are measured and/or defined.

[0036] As shown in the Figures, an embodiment of the plate 10 includes a solid body 12 with a round shape. The depicted preferred embodiment is a circular plate, however other shapes without pointed edges or vertices between surfaces or edges may be employed, such as ovular or quasi-polygonal with rounded edges and/or corners. Generally, the depicted plate 10 can be said to have a quasi-frusto-conical shape with rounded or soft vertices/edges.

[0037] The plate 10 most generally includes a body 12 with a fastener opening 14 extending through from a top surface 26 to bottom surface 22 of the body. As shown, the depicted preferred embodiment has a fastener opening that comprises a primary bore 20 and a counterbore 21.

[0038] With reference to FIG. 6C, in some embodiments, the bottom surface may include a plurality of ribs 30 that extend radially from a central hub section 32 to an outer annular section 34. The ribs 30, hub 32 and outer annular section 34 are preferably coplanar and collectively define a solid, flat primary bottom surface 22. In this depicted embodiment, a plurality of teeth 24 extend downward from portions of the primary bottom surface 22. Preferably, the teeth 24 are arranged on the primary surface in a circumferentially-offset pattern, wherein inner teeth on the central hub 32 are not co-radial with outer teeth on the annular section 34. This relative arrangement has been shown to improve rip resistance in a roofing installation. In practice, the teeth 24 grip the roof surface and the primary surface 22 sits flat atop the membrane or coverboard. The flat primary surface 22 formed by the combination of the coplanar hub 32, ribs 30 and outer annular section 34 in combination with the quasi-random pattern of teeth 24 has been shown to improve strength and resistance to uplift forces.

[0039] Other embodiments of the plate exist wherein teeth are not present. Such a toothless embodiment is especially useful in affixing a coverboard over a softer layer, such as insulation, with a membrane installed above. Additionally, some embodiments include a solid flat bottom surface in lieu of the hub/ribs/annular section configuration shown in FIG. 6C.

[0040] Additionally, other embodiments of the plate exist wherein the primary bottom surface is a solid unitary surface without the open areas 36 that define the hub, ribs and outer annular section.

[0041] As shown, the outer shape of the plate 10 is defined by a peripheral edge 16 that has a rounded contour between the top surface 26 and bottom surface 22. The rounded contour extends about the entire outer periphery of the plate such that when the plate 10 is installed on a flat roof, there are no vertices or pointed edges along the outer edge of the plate, and no vertices or pointed edges formed at the plate/roofing surface interface. This characteristic and concept can be best understood with reference to FIG. 3 showing an exemplary installation on a flat roofing surface. Notably, the disclosed embodiments are often described herein as being installed on a roof or a roofing surface generally depicted as reference numeral 70. But it is understood that other elements may be present between the plate and the actual roof deck, which elements may include one or more of a coverboard, insulation and an underlying waterproof membrane 72. The waterproof membrane 72 is shown in the schematic example of FIG. 7 as well as the plate installation of FIG. 3. Any such installation is intended to fall within the scope of the invention disclosed herein.

[0042] With reference to FIGS. 5A and 5B, the plate 10 defines a fastener opening 14 with a primary bore section 20 having a first diameter D1 and counterbore section 21 having a second diameter D2 greater than the first diameter. The counterbore section has a curved inner bottom edge 76 between the cylindrical side wall and the bottom wall of the counterbore section with a radius of curvature F. Additionally, like the outer periphery 16 of the plate, the outer (upper) periphery 18 of the counterbore 21 has a similar curved contour about entire periphery such that there are no exposed vertices or other intersecting geometry or surfaces which may for sharp edges. The absence of vertices described herein contributes to the resilience and weather proofing capability of the plate in that it reduces instances of punctures to the overlying membrane 74 caused by impact from projectiles like hail.

[0043] Certain elements within the plate 10 contribute considerably to the impact resistance of the plate, especially from larger projectiles at stronger impact forces. Dimensions of certain elements within the plate 10 are carefully configured to provide a plate that combines high resistance to impact and uplift forces. The depicted embodiment can withstand severe weather events, including significant hail storms with high impact contact, and achieved a Very Severe Hail VSH rating under Factory Mutual standards.

[0044] One significant dimensional measurement or relationship uncovered with respect to the disclosed embodiments is referred to herein as the Ice Breaking Surface (IBS) area. IBS area is a calculated measurement that refers to the area of contact between a 2-inch sphere and the top of the plate when concentric (coaxial) bullseye contact is made. With reference to FIGS. 9-20, the IBS area is shown as reference numeral 55 (255 in the embodiment of FIG. 18). As explained below, IBS area refers to the surface area of a ring-shaped projection circumscribing the central fastener opening 14.

[0045] The IBS is an area on the top surface of the plate where a 2-inch spherical projectile (i.e., an ice ball) would be at the highest risk of causing membrane penetration when making impact. There are two key occurrences that must be protected in order to prevent or at least minimize probability of membrane puncture via a projectile, each of which are tested at bullseye impact conditions. A direct bullseye is defined as the condition wherein the 2-inch spherical projectile makes impact with the plate directly at its center on the counterbore (i.e., the plate and ice ball are concentric or coaxial), and is understood as one of the conditions most likely to cause membrane puncture. First, the plate must protect against the head penetrating the membrane when a 2-inch spherical projectile hits a direct bullseye. Bullseye impact exploits a vulnerability of the fastener head possibly penetrating the membrane because the alignment allows the projectile to get as close to the fastener as possible without breaking the plate. Additionally, the plate must protect against a hole punch type of penetration through the membrane when direct bullseye impact occurs. Hole punch penetration is penetration of the membrane caused by the projectile contacting the outer edge surrounding the hole 14 or counterbore 28.

[0046] Testing has revealed that the lower limit of IBS area is 0.108 in.sup.2 within plates with similar features as the inventive plate 10, as hole punch penetration occurs at an unacceptable frequency. IBS areas above the 0.108 in.sup.2 threshold have shown acceptable results. For example, a preferred embodiment of the plate 10 shown in FIGS. 9-17 includes an IBS area of approximately 0.239 in.sup.2. An exemplary plate with unacceptably small IBS area is shown as reference numeral 200 in FIG. 18 with the IBS area identified as numeral 255.

[0047] With reference primarily to FIGS. 10-14, the IBS area 55 is formed by the following steps: [0048] 1. A Projection Ring 60 is a 2-dimensional ring determined on a plane 62 above the plate 10 parallel to the flat bottom 22, i.e., perpendicular to a central axis of the plate, which is thereafter used for projecting the IBS onto the 3-dimensional plate surface. [0049] 2. On the plane 62, a contact ring 66 is defined on the plane. The contact ring 66 is concentric with the center hole 14 of the plate 10 and a circle of a tangent contact circle formed when a 2-inch sphere hits the plate bullseye. The 2-inch contact ring 66 is shown in FIGS. 12 and 14. [0050] 3. The outer edge 68 of the Projection Ring 60 has a diameter Do equal to the sum of the diameter D.sub.C of the 2-inch contact ring 66 and half the radius of curvature R.sub.C of the 2-inch contact ring 66. [0051] 4. The inner edge 70 of the Projection Ring 60 has a diameter D.sub.I equal to the diameter D.sub.C of the 2-inch contact ring 66 minus half the radius of curvature R.sub.C of the 2-inch contact circle in most cases. If the inner edge 70 extends past the curved surface 18 of the plate about the counterbore 21 and into the projection of the cylindrical counterbore wall 28, then only the portion up to the counterbore wall is used as the position of the inner edge 70. [0052] 5. The 2-dimensional Projection Ring 60 is defined between the outer edge 68 and inner edge 70 on the plane 62, and is thereafter projected onto the curved surface 18 of the plate 10, thereby forming the IBS to determine the IBS area 55.

[0053] Notably, the radius of curvature is measured on the plate at the tangent point created when the 2-inch sphere makes concentric bullseye contact with the plate, which is depicted in FIGS. 13-14.

[0054] Standoff distance C is another important factor in ensuring weather resistance. Standoff distance C is defined as the distance between the outer surface of a 2 diameter projectile (hail ball) and head of an installed fastener, and preferably is large enough to prevent contact between the projectile. However, this characteristic is not necessarily a requirement for the inventive plate 10.

[0055] The radius of curvature F of the counterbore inner edge 76 is another key factor in performance of the plate 10 as it has shown to contribute substantially to uplift resistance of a plate. For example, sample roofing plates with either or both of a larger overall diameter or smaller radius F of counterbore bore inner edge 76 were shown to fail uplift testing due, in part, to an increase in bending moment. Other sample plates with one or more of a too small IBS area 55, and/or relatedly too small an impact zone radius of curvature (G) about the counterbore, and/or too small radius of curvature around the periphery 16 of the plate, and/or too short standoff distance (C) were shown to fail impact testing, with the most reliable indicator of impact resistance being IBS area 55.

[0056] Many other relative dimensions contribute to the efficacy of the plate by providing a plate with substantial resistance to uplift forces caused by wind, while also being resistant to physical contact (by hail balls or other projectiles) without puncturing the upper membrane 74.

[0057] Dimensions and preferred ranges thereof of key measurements within a preferred embodiment of the plate 10 are identified in Table 1 below. With reference to FIGS. 2, 3, 5A-5B, 9-11, 13-17, 19 and 20, respective key features are defined as follows: [0058] A: plate diameter [0059] B: overall height [0060] C: standoff distance [0061] D: fastener head shelf [0062] E: 2-inch contact diameter [0063] F: counterbore radius [0064] G: impact zone radius of curvature [0065] H: IBS area

[0066] The below Table 1 provides dimensions of a preferred embodiment and preferred ranges for each feature/measurement A-H. The combination of dimensions, shapes and contours are configured in part to maximize the impact surface area between a projectile, such as a hail ball, and the plate to prevent or reduce the chance of a puncture caused by impact force. Preferably, the plate has key dimensions similar to those provided in Table 1, however, this is not limiting provided that the IBS area of a plate is within an acceptable range.

TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Preferred dimension Preferred Feature (in.) range (in.) Contribution A. plate 2.255 2.100-2.500 Impacts membrane diameter surface area clamping and bending moment experienced by plate during uplift forces. B. Height 0.393 0.350-0.450; Impacts roof aesthetics, (0.394 most trip hazard, dirt and preferred) debris collection. C. Standoff 0.066 0.025-0.100; Can impact membrane distance (0.050 most penetration from hail preferred) and projectiles from contact with fastener head. D. Fastener 0.155 0.125-0.200; Impacts wind uplift head shelf (0.115 most value. preferred) E. 2-inch 0.641 0.450-0.850 Circle created when 2- contact (0.590-0.840 inch sphere makes diameter most preferred) concentric contact with top of plate. Determined by relationship/ratio of standoff distance (C), counterbore radius (F), and impact zone radius of curvature (G). F. Counterbore 0.040 0.015-0.060 Impacts wind uplift radius (0.020 most value. preferred) G. Radius of 0.094 0.040-0.150 Impacts membrane curvature at (0.051 most penetration from Hail impact surface preferred) and projectiles. Similar to a hole-punch effect. H. IBS area 0.239 in.sup.2 0.100-0.400 in.sup.2 Area of contact between (0.108 most 2-inch sphere and top of preferred) plate when concentric contact is made.

[0067] The preferred dimension values in Table 1 refer to a specific preferred embodiment that has shown resistance to puncture and wind uplift, while maintaining an acceptable aesthetic and installation efficiency (i.e., not too big or tall in the eye of installers, easy to install). Understandably, other dimensions, even some outside of the preferred ranges of Table 1, can theoretically be used with acceptable impact resistance and uplift performance, but they may be less aesthetically pleasing, cumbersome to install or impart another drawback. Additionally, as noted above, the most important metric/dimension in preventing puncture via projectile impact is IBS area (H), which is necessarily dependent on 2-inch contact diameter (E), counterbore radius (F), and radius of curvature at impact surface (G). Thus, adjustment of one or more of these variables in ways that may fall outside a preferred range while yielding a plate with acceptable IBS area is possible and within the capabilities of one of skill in the art. The relationship of the elements with these preferred dimensions yields a plate 10 that performs well for its intended use in its intended setting.

[0068] Unlike known roofing plates for use with flat roofing structures, the disclosed roofing plate 10 is preferably formed from a polymeric material or hybrid that withstands impact on its surfaces without shattering, even in cold weather. For instance, in one preferred embodiment, the plate is molded from a polymer with rubber component. In one embodiment, the plate 10 is formed from a nylon resin. In one embodiment, the polymer is fiber reinforced. In other embodiments, the polymer is non-fiber reinforced. In some embodiments, the plate may be formed from an amide material. In some embodiments, the plate is formed from a polyamide.

[0069] With reference to the disclosed embodiments, a high performing impact resistant roofing plate 10 has been depicted and described. The plate 10 includes rounded edges and vertices to reduce the chances of a membrane puncture from high impact contact from a projectile. Preferably, the IBS area of the curved top edge about the fastener opening 14 (or counterbore 21) is above 0.108 in.sup.2 in order to provide the requisite impact resistance.

[0070] It should be understood that the foregoing description is only illustrative of the various exemplary embodiments. Various alternatives and modifications can be devised by those skilled in the art without departing from the disclosure. Accordingly, the disclosure is intended to embrace all such alternatives, modifications and variances which fall within the scope of the disclosure.