DISSACHARIDE FORMULATIONS FOR CONTROLLED DRUG RELEASE

Abstract

The present invention relates to a composition comprising non-water soluble dissacharides and oil, a solvent and at least one pharmaceutical ingredient, wherein the composition contains at least two compounds selected from saccharides and lipid oils such as lactose octabenzoate Methyl hepta-O-isobutyryl-α,β-lactoside, α,β-Lactose octa para-iodobenzoate, 3-iodobenzyl hepta-O-isobutyryl-α,β-lactoside, lactose octapropionate, lactose octaisobutyrate, sucrose octabenzoate, glycerol trihexanoate, Glycerol trioctanoate, Glycerol tridecanoate, Lipiodol, ethyl myristate, ethyl palmitate, ethyl oleoate and wherein the composition is a liquid before administration into the human or animal body and increases in viscosity by more than 2,000 centipoise (cP) after administration.

Claims

1. A composition being homogenous at 20 degrees Celsius, comprising at least: (a) A hydrophobic disaccharide; (b) A solvent selected from any of Dimethylsulfoxid, Ethanol (EtOH), Propylenecarbonate, or Benzyl Alcohol, or a combination thereof; (c) A lipid oil; (d) An iodinated hydrophobic lipid or iodinated saccharide; and (e) At least one active pharmaceutically ingredient.

2. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the iodinated hydrophobic lipid or iodinated saccharide is an iodinated disaccharide comprising iodinated benzyl groups or iodinated benzoyl groups covalently bound.

3. The A-composition according to claim 1, wherein the iodinated hydrophobic lipid is the lipid oil Lipiodol.

4. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the hydrophobic disaccharide is an iodinated lactose derivative.

5. The A-composition according to claim 1, which comprises a disaccharide derivative selected from any of Lactose octabenzoate (LacBen), Sucrose octabenzoate (SuBen), Methyl hepta-O-isobutyryl-α,β-lactoside (MeLOIB), α,β-Lactose octa para-iodobenzoate, 3-iodobenzyl hepta-O-isobutyryl-α,β-lactoside (3-iodobenzyl LOIB), or a mixture hereof.

6. The A-composition according to claim 1, which comprises a lipid oil selected from any of glycerol trihexanoate, Glycerol trioctanoate (GTO), Glycerol tridecanoate, ethyl myristate, ethyl palmitate, ethyl oleoate, or mixtures thereof

7. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the composition is a liquid before administration into a human or animal body and increases in viscosity by more than 2,000 centipoise (cP) after administration within 72 hours.

8. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the composition becomes a gel-like material or a solid after administration, such as a crystalline or amorphous solid and remains within 8 cm from the site of injection for at least 2 weeks.

9. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the composition provides an increase in viscosity after administration into the human or animal body which is due to diffusion of the solvent out of the administered composition and into surrounding tissue.

10. The composition according to claim 1, wherein at least 50 (w/w %) of the composition is a hydrophobic dissacharide.

11. The composition according to claim 1, which further contains 0.1%-5% (w/w %) poly lactic acid (PLA) or poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA).

12. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the solvent constitutes 4-16% (w/w %) of the composition.

13. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the gel composition is comprised of one of the following compositions: meLOIB:GTO:DMSO, SuBen:GTO:EtOH, LacBen:Lipiodol:EtOH, LacBen:Ethyl-palmitate:EtOH, CLA-8:SuBen:GTO:EtOH, and wherein one or more active pharmaceutical ingredients are dissolved.

14. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the gel composition is comprised of one of the following compositions: meLOIB:GTO:DMSO (82.5:7.5:10 w/w), SuBen:GTO:EtOH (60:25:15 w/w), LacBen:Lipiodol:EtOH (60:25:15 w/w), LacBen:Ethyl-palmitate:EtOH (60:25:15), CLA-8:SuBen:GTO:EtOH (20:40:25:15), and wherein one or more active pharmaceutical ingredients are dissolved.

15. The composition according to claim 1, wherein release of one or more active pharmaceutical ingredients after injection into the animal or human body is controlled by the hydrophobicity of the composition

16. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the active pharmaceutical ingredients are chemically stable for more than 7 days at 20 degrees Celsius, preferably wherein less than 10% of the pharmaceutical ingredient changes chemical structure within 7 days at 20 degrees Celsius, more preferably less than 5% of the pharmaceutical ingredient changes chemical structure within 7 days at 20 degrees, and most preferably less than 1% of the pharmaceutical ingredient changes chemical structure within 7 days at 20 degrees.

17. The composition according to claim 1, wherein one or more of the active pharmaceutical ingredients is a drug that modulates an immune response.

18. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the active pharmaceutical ingredient is a TLR7 or TLR8 agonist, or wherein the active pharmaceutical ingredient is a TLR7 or TLR8 agonist and combined with at least one more active pharmaceutical ingredient that modulates an immune response.

19. The composition according to claim 1, wherein at least one active pharmaceutical ingredient selected from any of a class of TGFβ inhibitors, IFN agonists, IDO inhibitors GSK inhibitors, RIG-I agonists, SHP inhibitors, SHP2 inhibitors, ICD inducers, Sting agonists, PD1 or PD-L1 inhibitors, CTLA4 inhibitors, OX40 agonist, CD40 agonist, CD137 agonist, GITR agonist, TNFSFR agonist or WNT/β-catenin inhibitors is dissolved.

20. The composition according to claim 1, wherein at least one active pharmaceutical ingredient is selected from any of the therapeutic agents Gardiquimod, Resiquimod (R848), Imiquimod, Repsox, Galunisertib, SD-208, NLG919, R08191, CHIR99021, PD0325901, TWS119, AR-A014418, SB415286, GSK-3 inhibitor-X, SHP099, PC-61275, Mitoxantrone, Bortezomib, Crizotinib, doxorubicin, XAV939, KIN1400, KIN1408, or Erythromycin, or a combination thereof.

21. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the active pharmaceutical ingredients are a TLR7 agonist and a TGFβ inhibitor.

22. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the active pharmaceutical ingredients are a RIG-1 agonist and a TGFβ inhibitor.

23. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the active pharmaceutical ingredients are a TLR7 agonist and a GSK inhibitor or a RIG-1 agonist and a GSK inhibitor.

24. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the active pharmaceutical ingredients are a TLR7 agonist and a WNT/β-catenin inhibitor or a RIG-1 agonist and a WNT/β-catenin inhibitor.

25. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the active pharmaceutical ingredients are a TLR7 agonist and a RIG-1 agonist.

26. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the active pharmaceutical ingredients are a TLR7 agonist and a TNFSFR agonist or a RIG-1 agonist and a TNFSFR agonist.

27. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the active pharmaceutical ingredients are a TLR7 agonist and a SHP2 inhibitor or a RIG-1 agonist and a SHP2 inhibitor.

28. The composition according to claim 1, wherein at least one of the active pharmaceutical ingredients is dissolved at a concentration higher than 1 mg/g of composition, preferably at least 2 mg/g of composition, more preferably at least 5 mg/g of composition, most preferably at least 10 mg/g composition at 20 degrees Celcius.

29. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the active pharmaceutical ingredients are a cytotoxic agent and one or more pharmaceutical ingredients that modulates an immune response.

30. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the active pharmaceutical ingredients are an ICD inducer and a TLR7 agonist or an ICD inducer and a RIG-1 agonist.

31. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the active pharmaceutical ingredients are an ICD inducer and a TLR7 agonist and one immune modulating agent selected from any of TGFβ inhibitors, GSK inhibitors, SHP2 inhibitors, WNT/β-catenin inhibitors, OX40 agonist, CD40 agonist, CD137 agonist, GITR agonist, RIG-1 or TNFSFR agonist.

32. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the active pharmaceutical ingredients are an ICD inducer and a RIG-1 agonist and one immune modulating agent selected from any of TGFβ inhibitors, GSK inhibitors, SHP2 inhibitors, WNT/β-catenin inhibitors, OX40 agonist, CD40 agonist, CD137 agonist, GITR agonist or TNFSFR agonist.

33. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the active pharmaceutical ingredients are released from the composition after administration to a human or animal body at comparable rates.

34. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the active pharmaceutical ingredients are released from the composition after administration to a human or animal body at substantially different rates.

35. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the composition comprises contrast agents that make the composition visible in one or more imaging modalities such as ultrasound imaging, CT imaging, x-ray imaging, fluoroscopy imaging, fluorescence imaging, MR imaging or OCT imaging.

36. A method of administering a composition according to claim 1 into diseased tissue of a human or animal body, wherein the composition is administered through a hypodermic needle, pig-tail catheter, intravascular catheter, endoscopy aspiration needle, bone marrow aspiration needle and a syringe, an endoscope, a bronchoscope, bone marrow injection device, or stereotactic injection frame under image guidance.

37. The method according to claim 36, wherein a CT, fluoroscopy, ultrasound, OCT or x-ray image is recorded after administration to verify placement of the composition within the diseased tissue.

Description

FIGURE LEGENDS

[0422] FIG. 1: In vitro release of R848 from gels composed of SuBen or LOIB (see Example 2). A: The different gel formulations were prepared with a R848 concentration of 1.2 mg/mL. 100 μL of each R848 gel formulation was injected into 2 mL PBS and the cumulative release was evaluated over a period of 14 days. The cumulative release was calculated based on normalization to total drug release. Data are presented as mean±SD (n=2). B: The LOIB B gel formulation was prepared with R848 concentrations of 0.12 mg/mL, 0.24 mg/mL, 1.2 mg/mL, 2.4 mg/mL and 4.8 mg/mL. 50 μL of each R848 gel formulation was injected into 2 mL PBS and the cumulative release was evaluated over a period of 49 days. The cumulative release was calculated based on normalization to total drug release. Data are presented as mean±SD (n=2-3).

[0423] FIG. 2: In vivo release of R848 from the LOIB B gel formulation. The LOIB B gel formulation was prepared with R848 (1.2 mg/mL) and X-SAIB. Female BALB/c mice bearing subcutaneous CT26 tumors were treated with one intratumoral injection of R848 LOIB B gel therapy (3 mg/kg) containing X-SAIB. Mice were sacrificed at specified time points after injection: 1 hour, 3 hours, 24 hours, 3 days and 7 days. The remaining gel material was collected from the tumors and R848 and X-SAIB content was measured using UHPLC. For each time point, R848 release was calculated based on the R848/X-SAIB ratio in the collected gel compared to the total R848/X-SAIB ratio in the gel. A: Release over 7 days. Data are presented as mean±SD (n=5).

[0424] FIG. 3: Combination of RT and different R848 gel formulations (radioimmunotherapy). Female BALB/c mice were inoculated with CT26 tumor cells on day 0 and treated on day 12 (average tumor size: 110 mm.sup.3, n=6-8). A: Dosing schedules for the groups treated with five fractions of 2 Gy radiation as monotherapy or combined with different R848 gel formulations (3 mg/kg) administered intratumorally once per week for four weeks. Four different R848 gel formulations were tested: LAP, SuBen, LOIB A and LOIB B. For the groups receiving a R848 gel radioimmunotherapy, radiation was initiated four hours after the gel injection. A group receiving NT was included in the study as a control. B: Kaplan Meier survival plots for the individual groups. C: Mean tumor growth±SEM.

[0425] FIG. 4: Different dosing schedules combining RT and R848 LOIB B gel immunotherapy. Female BALB/c mice were inoculated with CT26 tumor cells on day 0 and treated on day 13 (average tumor size: 115 mm.sup.3, n=6-8). A: The different dosing schedules. Mice were treated with five fractions of 2 Gy radiation as monotherapy or combined with R848 LOIB B gel immunotherapy. Gel therapy was administered one or four hours prior to the first dose of radiation, 24 hours after the first dose of radiation or 72 hours after the last dose of radiation. R848 gel immunotherapy (3 mg/kg) was administered intratumorally once per week for four weeks. A group receiving NT was included in the study as a control. B: Kaplan Meier survival plot of individual groups. C: Mean tumor growth±SEM.

[0426] FIG. 5: Combination of RT and escalating doses of R848 LOIB B gel therapy. Female BALB/c mice were inoculated with CT26 tumor cells on day 0 and treated on day 12 (average tumor size: 120 mm.sup.3, n=8). A: Dosing schedules for the groups treated with five fractions of 2 Gy radiation as monotherapy or combined with the LOIB B gel formulation containing R848. 25 μL or 50 μL R848 gel therapy was administered intratumorally as weekly doses of 3 mg/kg for a total of four treatments, biweekly doses of 6 mg/kg for a total of two treatments or one dose of 12 mg/kg. For the groups receiving a R848 gel radioimmunotherapy, radiation was initiated one hour after the gel injection. A group receiving NT was included in the study as a control. B: Kaplan Meier survival plot of the groups. C: Mean tumor growth±SEM.

[0427] FIG. 6: IL-6 cytokine levels in mouse plasma. Female BALB/c mice were inoculated with CT26 tumor cells on day 0 and treated on day 12 (average tumor size: 130 mm.sup.3, n=4). The mice were treated with 2 Gy radiation as monotherapy or in combination with the LOIB B gel formulation (radioimmunotherapy) containing 3 mg/kg, 6 mg/kg or 12 mg/kg R848. The R848 gel immunotherapy was administered intratumorally in volumes of 25 μL or 50 μL. For the groups receiving a combination of RT and R848 gel therapy, the radiation was initiated one hour after the gel injection. A group receiving NT was included in the study as a control. IL-6 measurements were conducted by ELISA. A: IL-6 levels in plasma after treatment. B: Tumor volumes one day prior to treatment. Data are presented as mean±SD. A one-way ANOVA was performed followed by a Tukey's multiple comparisons test. A significant difference in mean is indicated with * (p<0.05) or ** (p<0.01).

[0428] FIG. 7: Radiographic contrast was provided by the inclusion of 15% and 25% Lipiodol (iodinated lipids) in the gel formulation. The inclusion of Lipiodol provided high radiographic contrast across all scans performed 10 minutes (scan 1), 30 minutes (scan 2), 2 hours (scan 3) and two months (scan 4) after the injection of the gel formulation containing Lipiodol. The injected formulation displayed the expected condensation following solvent diffusion, this was demonstrated by increased radiographic contrast and decreased volume, which further demonstrates that iodinated lipids are retained in the formulation. A: Mean and maximum marker radiographic contrast during scans 1-4, B: Marker volume on scans 1˜4 and C: Axial CT scan slices from scan 1 to 4 (left to right) demonstrating that the gel can be clearly identified based on radiographic contrast both with inclusion of 15% (top row) and 25% (bottom row) of iodinated lipids. Images are from randomly selected regions and as such does not provide information in positional stability.

[0429] FIG. 8: LOIB (upper) and SuBen (lower) based gels are transparent, homogeneous and form spherical gels upon injection.

[0430] FIG. 9: R848 release kinetics from injected gels can be controlled by the concentration of Lactose octa isobutyrate (LOIB) and glycerol trioctanoate (GTO) in the gel. 1.5 mg R848 per gram gel was solubilized in the gels and 100 μl of each gel was injected in duplicates into 2 ml of PBS. Samples were taken at fixed time points and the amount of released R848 was measured using fluorescence spectrometry.

[0431] FIG. 10. In vitro release of R848—effect of PLA. The addition of poly lactic acid (PLA) Mw 8-18 kDa to the LOIB gels can reduce burst and total release of R848 from injected gels. 0.5% of PLA was complemented to a 79.5% (% w/w)) LOIB formulation and R848 release was compared with a 80% (% w/w) LOIB formulation. 1.5 mg R848/gram gel was solubilized in the gels and 100 μl of each gel was injected in duplicates into 2 ml of PBS. Samples were taken at fixed time points and the amount of released R848 was measured fluorescence spectrometry.

[0432] FIG. 11: R848 cumulative release in percent from gels injected into PBS is not dependent on R848 concentrations.

[0433] FIG. 12: In vitro release of R848—effect of solvent. R848 release from injected gels can be controlled by the concentration of Sucrose benzoate (SuBen) and the addition of poly lactic acid (PLA) Mw 8-18 kDa as well as changing EtOH to BnOH. The release of R848 from four different SuBen-based formulations was investigated as indicated in the graf. 1.5 mg/gram gel of R848 was included in the gels and 100 μl of each gel was injected into 2 ml of PBS. Samples were taken at fixed time points and the amount of released R848 was measured by fluorescence spectrometry (all percentages are (% w/w)).

[0434] FIG. 13: The TGFβ signaling inhibitors RepSox and Galunisertib can be released in a controlled manner from LOIB-based gels. 8 mg/gram gel of RepSox or Galunisertib was solubilized in 82.5 (% w/w) LOIB gels. 100 μl of each gel was injected in duplicates into 2 ml of PBS. Samples were taken at fixed time points and the amount of released TGFβ inhibitors was measured using uv spectroscopy (all percentages are (% w/w)).

[0435] FIG. 14: The TGFβ inhibitor RepSox can be dissolved together with R848 in LOIB-based gels.

[0436] FIG. 15: Comparison of intratumoral R848 gel radioimmunotherapy and multidrug intratumoral R848 and TGFbi gel radioimmunotherapy in CT26 tumors on Balb/C mice. Female BALB/c mice were inoculated with CT26 tumor cells on day 0 and treated on day 14 (average tumor size: 110 mm.sup.3). A: Dosing schedules for the groups treated with three fractions of 2 Gy radiation as monotherapy (RT) or combined with the LOIB gel containing R848 or R848 and TGFbi (Galunisertib or RepSox) or SuBen gel containing R848 and TGFbi (SD-208). Gel therapy was administered intratumorally as weekly doses (3 mg/kg R848 and 20 mg/kg TGFbi) for a total of four treatments. For the groups receiving a R848 gel radioimmunotherapy, radiation was initiated one hour after the gel injection. Group receiving no treatment (NT) was included as controls. B: Mean tumor growth curves. C: Kaplan Meier survival plot.

[0437] FIG. 16: Adoptive T lymphocyte therapy. Combined R848 LOIB or R848+TGFßi LOIB gel and adoptive T lymphocyte therapy using OVA specific OT.1 T lymphocyte (10.sup.6/mouse) in C57BL/6 mice bearing well established EG7.OVA tumors. A: Kaplan Meier survival plot of study including groups receiving R848 LOIB or R848+TGßi LOIB gel as single administrations with or without OVA specific OT.1 T lymphocytes including OVA specific OT.1 T lymphocyte only group and untreated controls. B: Kaplan Meier survival plot of study including groups receiving R848 LOIB or R848+TGFbi LOIB gel as two administrations placed 7 days apart with or without OVA specific OT.1 T lymphocytes and including OVA specific OT.1 T lymphocyte only group and untreated controls (The Kaplan Meier plots A and B are from the same study and split into two graphs for improving overview of data). C: Median tumor volume through the study period for the included groups. TGFßi (RepSox): 20 mg/kg, R848 3 mg/kg.

[0438] FIG. 17: Example of a completely dissolved homogeneous gel (left vial), a semi-dissolved gel (middle) and a precipitated gel (right).

[0439] FIG. 18. Examples of APIs formulated in carbohydrate ester gels. From left, XAV939, KIN-1400, KIN1408, CHIR99021, TWS119 and AR-A014418.

[0440] FIG. 19. The CT contrast agents CLA-1 and CLA-8 can be incorporated into SuBen and LOIB gels. From the left (GEL 1-3), 5, 10 and 20% of CLA-8 solubilized in SuBen-based gels, respectively. GEL 4, LOIB gel containing 10% of CLA-8. GEL 5, CLA-1 gel containing 82.5% of CLA-1.

[0441] FIG. 20: CLA-8 stability in gel.—A: Chromatogram of Gel 3 after 3 weeks incubated at 37° C. The retention time of SuBen is 10.3 min and the retention time of CLA-8 is 12.8 min (UV detection at 280 nm). B: Chromatogram of Gel 4 after 3 weeks incubated at 37° C. The retention time of CLA-8 is 12.8 min (UV detection at 280 nm).

[0442] FIG. 21: R848 and gardiquimod undergo transesterification in LOIB gels. A: HPLC chromatograms comparison between a R848 LOIB gel and a LOIB gel blank (without drug) after 7 days at 37° C. (detection at 320 nm). B: HPLC chromatograms comparison between release media from a gardiquimod LOIB gel and a LOIB gel blank (without drug) after 14 days at 37° C. (detection at 320 nm). C: Chemical structures, mass and m/z values of R848 and R848-isobutyrate (R848-IBA), both found in R848 LOIB gels. D: Percentage of R848-IBA found in the R848 LOIB gels over 7 days as calculated from the total AUC at 320 nm. Data are presented as mean±SD (n=2).

[0443] FIG. 22: Effect of temperature and pH on the transesterification of R848 in LOIB gels. A: Percentage of R848-IBA in 1.2 mg/mL LOIB gels after 5 days at either 4° C. or 37° C. as calculated from the total AUC at 320 nm. B: Percentage of R848-IBA in 1.2 mg/mL LOIB gels containing either BA, TEA or none at 37° C., as calculated from the total AUC at 320 nm.

[0444] FIG. 23: Chromatograms and suspected modification of R848 in LOIB- and SAIB based gels. A: Comparison of HPLC chromatograms of SAIB:GTO:EtOH (82.5:7.5:10 (% w/w)), LOP:GTO:EtOH (82.5:7.5:10 (% w/w)) and LOIB:GTO:EtOH (82.5:7.5:10 (% w/w)) release media from gels after 7 days at 37° C. Peak 1 corresponds to native R848, while peaks 2 and 3 represent the modified versions of R848 with a mass of 370.20 and 384.22, respectively (UV detection at 320 nm). B: Chemical structure and mass of the suspected modified versions of R848, which form in LOIB- and SAIB based gels (R848-IBA), as well as in LOP-based gels (R848-PROP). The LC-MS results correspond to the analysis of the dissolved gels after 14 days at 37° C.

[0445] FIG. 24: A Chromatogram of R848 in meLOIB:GTO:EtOH (82.5:7.5:10 (% w/w)) gel. The gel contained 1 mg/g Resiquimod and the chromatogram was recorded after 2 months at 37° C. The retention time of Resiquimod is 7.8 min; UV detection was done at 320 nm.

[0446] FIG. 25: In vitro release of Gardiquimod and Resiquimod from gels. (A) Cumulative release of Gardiquimod is compared for SuBen:GTO:EtOH and SuBen:Lipiodiol:EtOH gels. (B) Cumulative release of Resiquimod is compared for SuBen:GTO:EtOH, SuBen:Ethyl-palmitate:EtOH gels and SuBen:Ethyl-oleate:EtOH gels.

[0447] FIG. 26: Viscosity of gels. The viscosity is shown as function of time (solvent efflux) for SuBen gels (A) and LOIB gels (B). The LOIB gels contained either EtOH, DMSO, BnOH, PC, or acetone as solvent. The SuBen gels contained either EtOH, BnOH or PC as solvent. The viscosities were determined in doublets on an EMS-1000 viscometer.

[0448] FIG. 27: Pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of tritiated R848. Pharmacokinetics and biodistribution was evaluated after free intratumoral (IT) or intravenous (IV) injection of free R848 and intratumoral injection of R848 in LOIB:GTO:EtOH (82.5:7.5:10 (% w/w)) gel (GEL). Results are expressed as % of injected dose per gram in the specified tissue (% ID/g) at multiple time points after injection.

[0449] FIG. 28: In vivo API release profiles are shown for Galunisertib, RepSox, and SD-208. The API release is presented as mean±SEM (n=4).

[0450] FIG. 29: Gel formulations of doxorubicin; DOX-HCL and DOX base. Formulations of doxorubicin. A: 0.8 mg/mL DOX base in SuBen:GTO:EtOH (60:25:15) (left) and 0.8 mg/g DOX-HCl in SuBen:GTO:EtOH (60:25:15 (% w/w)) (right). B: 0.8 mg/g DOX base LOIB:GTO:EtOH (82.5:7.5:10 (% w/w)) (left) and 0.8 mg/mL DOX HCl LOIB:GTO:EtOH (82.5:7.5:10 (% w/w)) (right).

[0451] FIG. 30: In-vitro release assay for DOX base in SuBen and LOIB gel. In-vitro release assay. A: 50 μL injected from 0.8 mg/g DOX base in LOIB:GTO:EtOH (82.5:7.5:10 (% w/w)) (left) and 0.8 mg/g DOX base in SuBen:GTO:EtOH (60:25:15 (% w/w)) (right) in PBS. B: Fluorescence measurements at TO and 7 days after incubation at 37° C. TO measurements correspond to PBS (blank release media). Data is shown as mean±SEM (n=2).

[0452] FIG. 31: Therapeutic evaluation of chemo-immunotherapy gel. Chemo-immunotherapy gel providing an intratumoral release of chemotherapy (doxorubicin or mitoxantrone) and immune activating R848 and RepSox in CT26 tumors on Balb/C mice. A total of three intratumoral injections were performed at 7 days interval. A: Tumor growth curves (mean±SEM). B: KaplanMeier survival plot. C: Bodyweight through the study period (mean±SEM).

[0453] FIG. 32: Visibility on CT imaging of SuBen:Lipiodol:EtOH gel in soft tissue and bone. (A) CT scans of SuBen:Lipiodol:EtOH (60:25:15 (% w/w)) gel injected in the musculature around the tibia and fibula (white arrows) (100 μL SuBen:Lipiodol:EtOH (60:25:15 (% w/w)) gel, 21G/76 mm needle 1 ml syringe). (B) CT scan of SuBen:Lipiodol:EtOH (60:25:15 (% w/w)) gel injected in a intraosseous cavity (white arrows) generated by sharp curvetting and in the trabecular bone marrow surrounding the excavated cavity (black arrows) and peri-osseous (white arrow head). All injections performed using a 21G/76 mm needle 1 ml syringe. Intraosseous injections were performed through 2 mm holes drilled in the cortical bone.

[0454] FIG. 33: Carbohydrates may be fully or partly acylated with one or more iodine containing groups. The carbohydrates may be fully or partly acylated with one or more of the groups shown. R=iodine containing aromatic acyl groups or aliphatic or aromatic acyl groups such as acetate, propionate, butyrate, isobutyrate, pivaloate, valerate, isovalerate, hexanoate, benzoate, PABA acylation or PEG acylation (where n=1-100) or OH.

[0455] FIG. 34: Carbohydrates may be functionalized with aromatic iodine containing aromatic acyl groups. The carbohydrates may be functionalized with aromatic iodine containing aromatic acyl groups (R.sub.2) selectively on primary alcohols and/or amines on one or more positions in any acylation pattern, the rest of the positions may be functionalized with one or more aliphatic or aromatic acyl groups (R) in any acylation pattern. R=aliphatic or aromatic acyl groups such as acetate, propionate, butyrate, isobutyrate, pivaloate, valerate, isovalerate, hexanoate, benzoate, PABA acylation or PEG acylation (where n=1-100). R.sub.2=aromatic iodine containing acyl groups with different substitution patterns.

[0456] FIG. 35: The anomeric center of the carbohydrates may be protected with aromatic iodine containing ethers (R.sub.3). The primary positions and/or amines may be functionalized with aromatic iodine containing acyl groups (R.sub.2) on one or more positions. The rest of the positions may be functionalized with one or more of the acyl groups denoted “R” in any pattern. R=aliphatic or aromatic acyl groups such as acetate, propionate, butyrate, isobutyrate, pivaloate, valerate, isovalerate, hexanoate, benzoate, PABA acylation or PEG acylation (where n=1-100). R.sub.2=aromatic iodine containing acyl groups with different substitution patterns. R.sub.3=aromatic iodine containing ether groups with different substitution patterns.

[0457] FIG. 36: The anomeric center of the carbohydrates may be protected with aliphatic linear or branched ethers or aromatic ethers of different length (R.sub.3). The primary positions and/or amines may simultaneously be functionalized with aromatic iodine containing acyl groups (R.sub.2) on one or more positions, the rest of the positions may be functionalized with one or more of the acyl groups denoted “R” in any pattern. R=aliphatic or aromatic acyl groups such as acetate, propionate, butyrate, isobutyrate, pivaloate, valerate, isovalerate, hexanoate, benzoate, PABA acylation or PEG acylation (where n=1-100). R.sub.2=aromatic iodine containing acyl groups with different substitution patterns. R.sub.3=aliphatic linear or branched ethers (where n=1-20) or aromatic ether groups.

[0458] FIG. 37: The anomeric center of the carbohydrates may be protected with aliphatic linear or branched ethers or aromatic ethers of different length (R.sub.2). The rest of the positions may be functionalized with one or more of the acyl groups denoted “R” in any pattern. R=aliphatic or aromatic acyl groups such as acetate, propionate, butyrate, isobutyrate, pivaloate, valerate, isovalerate, hexanoate, benzoate, PABA acylation or PEG acylation (where n=1-100). R.sub.2=aliphatic linear or branched ethers (where n=1-20) or aromatic ether groups.

EXAMPLES

Example 1: Log P Analysis of Gel Forming Compounds

[0459] The gels of the current disclosure are composed of hydrophobic solvents, co-solvents and esterified carbohydrates that all have differing hydrophobicity. The physiochemical properties of the gel allow for solubilization and sustained release of hydrophobic (log P>0) compounds. The hydrophobicity of the individual gel compounds can be quantified by the oil-water partitioning coefficients which is given by the Log P value. In the present example, Log P values were obtained by calculations based on the algorithm of Viswanadhan et 25 al (Viswanadhan, V. N.; Ghose, A. K.; Revankar, G. R.; Robins, R. K., J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci., 1989, 29, 163-172). The log P value can also be determined by octanol-water partitioning experiment. Positive log P values are characteristic hydrophobic compounds, whereas negative log P values indicate a hydrophilic compound. Log P values have been computed for the most relevant compounds of this disclosure, and are presented in table 1.

TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 1 LogP values for solvents, oils (co-solvents), carbohydrate esters and drug compounds. Compounds logP Compounds LogP Solvents TGFβ inhibitors Dimethylsulfoxid (DMSO) −1.40 Repsox 2.50 Ethanol (EtOH) −0.16 Galunisertib 2.64 Propylenecarbonate (PC) 0.79 SD-208 3.50 Benzyl Alcohol (BnOH or BA) 1.21 IDO inhibitors Co-solvents NLG919 3.00 Glycerol trihexanoate (GTH) 5.59 Glycerol trioctanoate (GTO) 8.25 IFN-agonist Glycerol tridecanoate (GTD) 10.92 RO8191 2.46 Carbohydrate esters GSK inhibitors Lactose octaacetate (LOA) −1.17 CHIR99021 4.06 Lactose octapropionate (LOP) 4.43 PD0325901 3.98 Sucrose acetate isobutyrate 6.46 TWS119 3.05 (SAIB) Lactose octaisobutyrate (LOIB) 8.77 SB415286 2.19 Sucrose octabenzoate (SuBen) 15.30 GSK-3 inhibitor-X 4.24 TLR agonists SHP2 inhibitors Gardiquimod 1.40 SHP099 2.74 Resiquimod (R848) 1.72 PC-61275 6.85 Imiquimod 2.65 ICD inducers Mitoxantrone 0.65 Doxorubicin 1.27 Bortezomib 1.53 Crizotinib 3.57

Discussion

[0460] In table 1, the solvents have log P values in the range −1.40 to 1.21 and are thereby soluble in both the hydrophobic gel phase and the aqueous phase. Upon exposure of the gel towards water in buffers or in tissues, the solvent may diffuse out of the gels and cause a non-solvent induced phase separation (NIPS) where the viscosity of the injected gel solution increases or the gel even solidifies.

[0461] The co-solvent examples presented in table 1 are significantly more hydrophobic than the solvents, and have log P values in the range 5.59 to 10.92. The co-solvent thus have negligible solubility in water, and therefore remain in the gel carbohydrate ester solution that remain after solvent efflux. In the carbohydrate ester solution, the co-solvents reduce the viscosity and increases diffusion and can therefore be used for tuning of the drug compound release.

[0462] The carbohydrate esters presented in table 1 have log P values in the range −1.17 to 15.30. The LAP mixture comprising 50% LOA and 50% LOP is only partially hydrophobic, whereas increasing hydrophobicity is observed for SuBen>LOIB>SAIB. For some compounds, improved solubility has been observed for SuBen gels compared to LOIB gels suggesting that the higher hydrophobicity of SuBen can enhance the drug compound solubility.

[0463] The drug compounds have Log P values ranging from 1.40 to 6.86. Compounds with the lowest log P have the weakest hydrophobic (van der Waals) interactions with the gel constituents and further have the highest solubility in the aqueous phase. Higher and more rapid release of compounds with lower log P values have been observed for e.g. Resiquimod and Imiquimod, where the latter is retained to a larger extend.

Conclusion

[0464] Solvents with log P values in the range −1.40 to 1.21 are appropriate for inducing non-solvent induced phase separation upon exposure of the gels to water (either in buffer or interstitial tissue fluids). The co-solvents have log P values in the range 5.59 to 10.92, and remain in the gel depot after NIPS where they act to control the viscosity and diffusion of drug compounds subsequently. The carbohydrate esters have log P in the range 0 to 15.30 and provide different drug solubility and retention depending on their hydrophobicity. Optimal release and solubility of drug substances in the gels are obtained for compounds which have log Ps in the range log P>1 and log P<5.

Example 2: Preparation of LAP, SuBen, LOIB A and LOIB B Gels

[0465] The aim of the current example is to explain the methods for preparation of gel compositions. Gels comprising LAP, SuBen and LOIB were prepared with composition given in table 2.

TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 2 Compositions of R848 gel formulations. Weight ratio (w/w %) of carbohydrates, solvents and other additives in the gel formulations. Chemicals Gel LOIB SuBen LAP PLGA PLA GTO EtOH PC LAP 68 2 15 5 10 SuBen 60 0.5 25 15 LOIB A 80 10 10 LOIB B 82.5 7.5 10 Abbreviations: EtOH = ethanol, GTO = glycerol trioctanoate, LAP = lactose acetate:lactose propionate 1:1, LOIB = lactose octa iso butyrate, PC = propylene carbonate, PLA = poly lactic acid, PLGA = poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid), SuBen = sucrose benzoate.

Method:

[0466] The LAP-based gel formulation was prepared by weighing lactose acetate, lactose propionate (1:1) and poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) (lactide:glycolide 75:25, MW 4-15 kDa) into glass vials and adding a volume of R848 solubilized in tert-Butanol (t-BuOH):water (9:1) resulting in a concentration of 1.2 μg/μl R848 in the finished gel formulation. Next the solutions were freeze-dried overnight. On the day of treatment, glycerol trioctanoate (GTO), ethanol (EtOH) and propylene carbonate (PC) were added to the freeze-dried powder to generate a final gel-forming matrix of LAP:PLGA:EtOH:PC:GTO with the weight ratio 68:2:5:10:15. In order for the gel to become a homogenous solution, it was placed in an ultrasonicator (USC200TH, VWR Collection) at 60-80° C. with occasional vortexing before treatment.

[0467] For the SuBen- and LOIB-based gel formulations, R848 solubilized in t-BuOH:water (9:1) was weighed into glass vials and freeze-dried. Next, poly lactic acid (PLA) (MW 10-18 kDa), LOIB and SuBen were solubilized in GTO and EtOH in the ratio and amount required to generate gel-forming matrixes of SuBen:SuBen:PLA:GTO:EtOH (60:0.5:25:15), LOIB A:LOIB:GTO:EtOH (80:10:10) and LOIB B:LOIB:GTO:EtOH (82.5:7.5:10). The weight ratios (w/w %) are listed in the parentheses. Subsequently, the solutions were prepared with R848 concentrations ranging from 0.12 mg/mL-4.8 mg/mL. Next, the gel formulations were placed in an ultrasonicator (USC200TH, VWR Collection) at 60-80° C. for 1-2 hours to generate homogenous solutions that were subsequently stored on room temperature until use.

[0468] Lactose propionate was produced by custom synthesis. LOIB was purchased from Carbosynth, R848 was purchased from Ark Pharm and all other reagents were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich.

Results and Discussion:

[0469] Homogeneous gels based on LAP, LOIB and SuBen were produced containing various amounts of R848. Simple mixing of the compounds followed by heating and sonication was sufficient for producing transparent gel formulations.

Conclusion

[0470] Homogeneous and transparent gel formulation containing R848 were produced by simple mixing of compounds followed by heating and sonication.

Example 3: In Vitro Release of R848 from LOIB and SuBen Gels

[0471] The aim of the current example is to investigate the release of R848 from LOIB and SuBen-based gels.

Methods:

[0472] The gel formulations were prepared as described in example 1. 50 μL or 100 μL gel formulation was injected into 2 mL phosphate buffered saline (PBS) in a glass vial and incubated at 37° C. For each gel formulation tested, duplicates or triplicates were prepared. At fixed time points, aliquots of 1 mL were removed and replaced with 1 mL PBS. R848 content in the aliquoted samples was measured by fluorescence spectroscopy (fixed lambda assay, excitation: 330 nm, emission: 355 nm) on a microplate reader (Spark, Tecan). The cumulative release of R848 from the gel formulations was calculated by normalization to total amount of R848 in the gel.

Results and Discussion

[0473] The in vitro release of R848 from gels was evaluated by injection of these into PBS buffer following evaluation of the release media using fluorescence spectroscopy. Cumulative release from SuBen and LOIB gels was compared, and the impact of varying R848 content was investigated for the LOIB B gel formulation (LOIB:GTO:EtOH 82.5:7.5:10 (% w/w)), presented in example 2). The obtained release results are compiled in FIG. 1 and are presented as cumulative release in percent.

[0474] The SuBen gel was found to have the lowest release rate followed by LOIB B and LOIB A having the highest release rate (FIG. 1A). Cumulative releases of 40-60% were obtained after 14 days for the three gel compositions. The influence of varying R848 concentration on the cumulative release from a LOIB B gel formulation was investigated, and the relative cumulative release was found to be independent of the R848 concentration, i.e. similar percentage of R848 was released independently of the actual R848 gel content. The absolute release of R848 therefore scales with the R848 concentration in the initial gel.

Conclusion

[0475] The SuBen based gel was found to have the lowest release, and the relative cumulative release from a LOIB B gel was found to be independent of the initial R848 gel concentration.

Example 4: In Vivo Release of R848 from LOIB Gels

[0476] The current example demonstrates the release of R848 from LOIB gels upon intratumoral administration.

Method:

[0477] 6-8 week old female BALB/c mice were inoculated with 3×10.sup.5 CT26 tumor cells in 100 μl of RPMI on the right flank by subcutaneous injection on day 0. When the average tumor size reached approximately 500 mm.sup.3 mice were divided into five groups based on a size-dependent randomization (n=5 per group). Mice were treated with one intratumoral injection of 50 μL LOIB gel formulation (LOIB:xSAIB:GTO:EtOH (77.5:5:7.5:10 (% w/w)) containing R848 (1.2 mg/mL, 3 mg/kg) and 5% xSAIB as a reference. The groups of mice were sacrificed at specified time points after injection (1 hour, 3 hours, 24 hours, 3 days and 7 days) and the remaining gel material in the tumor was collected. The collected gel and gel that had not been injected (for reference) was dissolved in 200 μl acetonitrile (MeCN) with 1% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) and the samples were subsequently filtered through 0.45 μm pore syringe filters. R848 and xSAIB content was measured using an UHPLC instrument (Shimadzu) with ultraviolet to visible radiation detection at 190-800 nm. Samples were injected (10 μL) onto an XTerra C8 column (2017, 5 μm, 4.6×150 mm, Waters; temperature 40° C.). The separation method used a gradient that consisted of mobile phase A (5% MeCN, 0.1% TFA in water) and mobile phase B (0.1% TFA in MeCN) with 0-100% phase B over a period of 15 minutes. The UHPLC data was correlated to a standard curve and the R848 release was calculated based on the R848/xSAIB ratio in the collected gel compared to the total R848/xSAIB ratio in the gel.

Results and Discussion

[0478] Gel containing R848 was intratumorally administered in CT26 tumor bearing BALB/c mice. Gels were collected as function of time and the remaining R848 was determined by UPLC. The release in percent is presented in FIG. 2.

[0479] Upon intratumoral administration, the LOIB gel displayed an initial burst release followed by continuous release. Approximately 80% of the R848 was released at day 7.

Conclusion

[0480] LOIB:xSAIB:GTO:EtOH (77.5:5:7.5:10 (% w/w)) gels provide continuous and sustained release of R848 for the 7 days evaluated after intratumoral administration of the gel depot.

Example 5: Therapeutic Efficacy of LAP, SuBen and LOIB Type R848 Gels in Combination with External Beam Radiotherapy (RT)

[0481] The aim of the current example was to investigate the efficacy of LAP, SuBen and LOIB type gels containing R848 in combination with RT (radioimmunotherapy). The composition of the tested gels is given in table 2.

Methods:

[0482] The gels were prepared as described in example 2. 6-7-week-old female BALB/c mice were inoculated with 3×10.sup.5 CT26 tumor cells in 100 μl of RPMI on the right flank by subcutaneous injection on day 0. Tumors were allowed to grow until their average size exceeded 100 mm.sup.3 before the mice were divided into treatment groups based on a size-dependent randomization (n=6-8 per group). For each experiment, the time point and average tumor size at treatment initiation is indicated in the figure legend. Mice were treated with R848 gel therapy administered as weekly doses of 3 mg/kg for a total of four treatments. The R848 gel therapy was administered by intratumoral injections of 50 μL with mice anesthetized by inhalation anesthesia (˜4.5% sevoflurane). Radiation was delivered in five fractions of 2 Gy. Prior to radiation, the mice were anesthetized (˜4.5% sevoflurane) and fixated with a shielding device only exposing the right tumor bearing leg. Radiation was delivered with a dose rate of 1 Gy/minute (12.5 mAs/320 kV) using a dedicated small animal irradiation device (X-RAD 320, Precision X-Ray, Inc.). The R848 gels were administered one hour prior to RT. Both tumor and bodyweight measurements were collected 2-3 times per week. Mice were terminated from the study once their tumors reached a tumor volume ≥1000. Furthermore, study endpoints included weight loss >15% and presence of extensive ulcerations on the tumors. The tumors were measured by a digital caliper and the tumor volumes were calculated using the equation (length×width2)/2. Mice that survived more than 100 days post inoculation were defined as long-term survivors.

Results and Discussion

[0483] Four different R848 gel formulations with compositions given in table 2 were investigated and the dosing schedule and results are compiled in FIG. 3 and in table 3.

TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 3 Overview of groups, treatments and results from the efficacy study evaluating the combination of RT and different R848 gel formulations. Parameters Median Long-term Treatment Treatment survival survivors Group RT R848 [days] [%] NT — — 30 0 RT 5 × 2 Gy — 56 25 RT + R848 LAP 5 × 2 Gy 4 × 3 mg/kg >100 57 RT + R848 SuBen 5 × 2 Gy 4 × 3 mg/kg >100 100 RT + R848 LOIB A 5 × 2 Gy 4 × 3 mg/kg >100 71 RT + R848 LOIB B 5 × 2 Gy 4 × 3 mg/kg >100 63

[0484] Radioimmunotherapy using the LAP, SuBen, LOIB A and LOIB B R848 releasing gel formulations displayed impressive tumor control and more than half of all mice displayed complete rejection of CT26 tumors. The highest percentage of complete responders was obtained for the SuBen gel, followed by the LOIB A, LOIB B and LAP gel formulations. Median survival exceeded 100 days for all treatment groups receiving R848 gel radioimmunotherapy. All mice were able to reject tumor formation at CT26 cancer cell re-challenge after day 100. All formulations and therapeutic interventions were well tolerated.

Conclusion

[0485] Radioimmunotherapy using external bean radiation therapy in combination with LAP, SuBen, LOIB A and LOIB B R848 releasing gel formulations provides a highly effective immune-therapeutic intervention capable of inducing durable rejection of established tumors.

Example 6: The Dosing Schedule for R848 LOIB Gel Radioimmunotherapy does not Influence Therapeutic Efficacy

[0486] The aim of the current example is to investigate the effect of the R848 LOIB gel dosing schedule relative to initiation of radiotherapy (RT). In this example, R848 containing LOIB gel was intratumorally administered either 1H or 4H before the first RT dose, or 24H or 72H after the first RT dose.

Methods:

[0487] A LOIB gel (LOIB:GTO:ETOH (82.5:7.5:10 (% w/w)) was prepared as described in example 2.

[0488] The efficacy study was conducted as described in example 5, with a modified R848 gel administration schedule. R848 containing gels were intratumorally administered either 1H or 4H before the first RT dose, or 24H or 72H after the first RT dose (FIG. 4A).

Results and Discussion

[0489] The complete dosing schedule is displayed in FIG. 4A and obtained efficacy data are compiled in FIG. 4B-C. The median survival and total number of long-term survivors was increased for all groups receiving R848 LOIB gel radioimmunotherapy compared to control (NT) and RT monotherapy. No statistically significant difference was observed between the treatment schedules indicating little or no impact of whether the R848 LOIB gel was administered 1H or 4H prior to RT or 24H or 72H after the first RT dose.

Conclusion

[0490] The combination of R848 gel immunotherapy and RT show improved efficacy compared to control and RT monotherapy independently of the tested treatment schedules.

Example 7: Effects of R848 LOIB Gel Dosing Frequency and Volume on Therapeutic Efficacy of R848 Gel Radioimmunotherapy

[0491] The aim of the current example is to investigate the effect of the gel dosing frequency and gel volume while keeping the R848 dose constant (12 mg/kg). In this example, 25 μL or 50 μL R848 gel R848 gel immunotherapy was administered intratumorally as weekly doses of 3 mg/kg for a total of four treatments, biweekly doses of 6 mg/kg for a total of two treatments or one dose of 12 mg/kg. IL-6 cytokine levels in plasma were furthermore monitored as a measure of toxicity.

Methods:

[0492] A LOIB gel (LOIB:GTO:ETOH 82.5:7.5:10 (% w/w)) was prepared as described in example 2.

[0493] The efficacy study was conducted as described in example 5, with a modified R848 gel dosing regime. Volumes of 25 μL or 50 μL R848 gel therapy was administered intratumorally as weekly doses of 3 mg/kg for a total of four treatments, biweekly doses of 6 mg/kg for a total of two treatments or as a single dose of 12 mg/kg. (FIG. 5A).

[0494] For the mice receiving R848 gel radioimmunotherapy, RT was initiated one hour after R848 treatment. Blood samples were drawn by puncture of the sublingual vein with a 27 G needle 3 hours after administration of R848 gel therapy. For the RT monotherapy group, the blood samples were drawn 30 minutes after radiation. The blood was collected in eppendorf tubes containing ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) diluted in PBS to avoid blood coagulation. Blood samples were centrifuged at 5000 g for 3 minutes to separate plasma from blood cells and plasma was freezed at −80° C. The IL-6 levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (mouse IL-6 DuoSet ELISA, R&D Systems) according to the manufacturer's protocol. Absorbance was measured at 450 and 540 nm with a FLUOstar Omega microplate reader (BMG LABTECH). PBS, Bovine serum albumin and Tween® 20 were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Substrate Solution and Stop Solution for ELISA were purchased from R&D Systems and EDTA was purchased from Ambion.

Results and Discussion

[0495] The obtained therapeutic efficacy data and IL-6 data are summarized in FIG. 5-6 and table 4. The efficacy data shown in FIG. 5 and table 4 display that 4×3 mg/kg R848 gel radioimmunotherapy results in improved survival and increases the percentage of long-term survivors compared to NT and RT monotherapy. The dosing schedule 4×3 mg/kg was found to optimal with almost equal efficacy for 2×6 mg/kg (25 μL) and 2×6 mg/kg (50 μL). The 1×12 mg/kg R848 gel radioimmunotherapy resulted in shortest survival and lowest increase in long-term survivors of the R848 gel radioimmunotherapy groups. Neither the NT nor the RT group had detectable blood levels of IL-6 (FIG. 6). Of the mice receiving R848 gel radioimmunotherapy, the groups receiving 6 mg/kg or 12 mg/kg had comparable IL-6 levels. The group receiving 3 mg/kg had lower IL-6 levels than the other R848 gel radioimmunotherapy groups (FIG. 6).

TABLE-US-00007 TABLE 4 Overview of groups, treatments and results from the efficacy study evaluating the combination of RT and escalating doses of R848 LOIB B gel therapy. Parameters Median Long-term Treatment Treatment survival survivors Group RT R848 [days] [%] NT — — 27 0 RT 5 × 2 Gy — 45.5 0 RT + R848 4 × 5 × 2 Gy 4 × 3 mg/kg 81 50 3 mg/kg (50 μL) RT + R848 2 × 5 × 2 Gy 2 × 6 mg/kg 63.5 25 6 mg/kg (50 μL) RT + R848 2 × 5 × 2 Gy 2 × 5 mg/kg >100 50 6 mg/kg (25 μL) RT + R848 1 × 5 × 2 Gy 1 × 12 mg/kg  53 17 12 mg/kg (50 μL)

Conclusion

[0496] Comparison of a several R848 LOIB gel dosing schedules during R848 gel radioimmunotherapy resulted in best outcome for 4×3 mg/kg gel group. Considerably higher IL-6 production was observed for the 2×6 mg/kg and 1×12 mg/kg dosing schedule compared to the 4×3 mg/kg dosing schedule. The dosing schedule using 3 mg/kg R848 gel radioimmunotherapy seems optimal for radioimmunotherapy of murine tumors.

Example 8: Inclusion of Iodinated Lipids in the Gel-Formulation Provides Stable Radiographic Contrast for Optional Imaging Using Radiography Imaging Modalities

[0497] The aim of the current example is to demonstrate that iodinated lipids can be incorporated stably in the gel-formulation. The incorporation would provide optional radiography based imaging capabilities to allow for guidance of therapeutic interventions and monitoring gel position and planning of, and image guidance during, repeated administrations.

Methods:

[0498] Gel formulations containing Lipiodol was prepared by similar mixing methods as described in example 2. Gel compositions with 15% or 25% w/w lipiodol were prepared. One formulation had the composition LOIB:Lipiodol:EtOH (75:15:10) and the second formulation had the composition SuBen:Lipiodol:EtOH (60:25:15). All ratios are weight by weight.

[0499] Female Balb/C mice, 12 weeks of age, were injected with 75 μL Lipiodol-gel formulation (LOIB or SuBen based) and micro computed tomography (CT) scans (NanoScan, Mediso, Budapes,Hungary) were performed at 10 minutes, 30 minutes, 2 hours and 2 months after the injection. For injections mice were shaved lumbar region and aseptically prepared injection. Subcutaneous injections were performed with mice under anesthesia (3-5% sevoflurane) mice using 1 ml syringe and 23 G/25 mm needle. The needle was advanced approximately 1 cm in the subcutaneous space and the formulation was slowly injected. The needle was left in place for 1 minute before being slowly retracted. CT scans were performed with mice under anesthesia (3-5% sevoflurane) and fixated on a dedicated small animal imaging bed with built heating. Houndsfield unit correct CT scans were analysed in commercially available software (Inveon, Siemens, Erlangen, Germany). In short, a volume of interest was placed around the injected formulation, taking care not to include any adjacent bony structures. The constructed volume of interest was segmented using a lower thresholds of 500 HU. The segmented volume of interest was visually inspected to include the injected formulation, which for both 15% and 25% Lipiodol was easily identified. From the segmented volume of interest radiographic mean and maximum contrast (HU) and volume was determined as a function of time.

Results and Discussion

[0500] The inclusion of Lipiodol in the formulation provided high and stable radiographic contrast throughout the study period. The marker displayed increased radiographic contrast and decreasing volume which is compatible with the initial diffusion of solvent from the marker and slow degradation of the solidified gel (FIG. 7A-B). The contrast levels are sufficient for visualization on radiography-based imaging equipment (FIG. 7C). The possibility to non-invasively locate the gel can be used for optimal placement of gels at repeated injections and may serve to guide therapeutic interventions. The formulation was well tolerated and no adverse reactions were observed.

Conclusion

[0501] Lipiodol was successfully formulated in both LOIB and SuBen based gels, and displayed constant radiographic contrast over the study period of two months for both formulations.

Example 9. SuBen and LOIB Form Transparent Gels that Set Upon Injection into Buffer

[0502] The aim of the current example is to generate stable transparent injectable gels that solidifies upon injection.

Methods:

[0503] LOIB:GTO:EtOH (82.5:7.5:10) weight ratios were mixed and solubilized in a water bath sonicator at 75° C. for 1 hour to form a viscous fluid. SuBen:PLA:GTO:EtOH (59.5:0.5:25:15) weight ratios were mixed and solubilized in a water bath sonicator at 75° C. for at least two hours to form a viscous fluid. Approximately 100 μL of the gel formulation were injected into 2 ml of PBS buffer using 21 G needles to form a spherical gel (lower right picture)

Results:

[0504] LOIB and SuBen based gels were prepared and injected into PBS buffer. Representative image of gel before and after injection are presented in FIG. 8.

[0505] Homogenous and transparent gels could be produced by simple mixing of compounds followed by heating and sonication (FIG. 8). The gels could be injected into aqueous solutions and formed spherical gels.

Conclusion:

[0506] The SuBen and LOIB gels described in this example were all transparent and injectable. The solutions formed spherical gel depots upon injection.

Example 10. The Fraction of the Oil (Co-Solvent), GTO Determines the R848 Release Rate from LOIB Gels

[0507] The aim of the current example is to investigate the effect of GTO concentration on release kinetics of R848.

Methods:

[0508] LOIB:GTO:ETOH gels were produced with the weight ratios 75:15:10, 80:10:10 and 82.5:7.5:10 as described in example 9, and 1.5 mg R848 per gram gel was solubilized in the gels. Briefly, 750 mg of Lactose octa isobutyrate (LOIB) was mixed with 150 mg glyceryl trioctanoate (GTO), 100 mg of ethanol (EtOH) and 1.5 mg of R848. 800 mg of Lactose octa isobutyrate (LOIB) was mixed with 100 mg glyceryl trioctanoate (GTO), 100 mg of ethanol (EtOH) and 1.5 mg of R848. 825 mg of Lactose octa isobutyrate (LOIB) was mixed with 75 mg glyceryl trioctanoate (GTO), 100 mg of ethanol (EtOH) and 1.5 mg of R848.

[0509] Following, 100 μL of each gel were injected in duplicates into 2 ml of PBS. Cumulative release of R848 as a function of time was measured μl of by fluorescence (ex. 330 nm, em. 355 nm).

Results and Discussion

[0510] LOIB:GTO gels were prepared and 100 μL were injected into PBS buffer for study of the in vitro release of R848. The in vitro release results are compiled in FIG. 9.

[0511] The LOIB-based gel formulations have ideal viscosity when used in weight % concentrations between 75-82.5%. To investigate release kinetics of R848 from three formulations containing 75%, 80% and 82.5% (% w/w) of LOIB, 1.5 mg R848 per gram gel was solubilized in the gels and 100 μl of each gel was injected in duplicates into 2 ml of PBS. Samples were taken at fixed time points as described and the amount of released R848 was measured. We could observe that both initial and total release was dependent on the content of GTO in the gels. The difference in total cumulative release was almost 30% between LOIB 75% and LOIB 82.5%(% w/w)

Conclusion

[0512] The data show that the maximal cumulative release of R848 obtained after 14 days differed from around 70% for the 75% (% w/w) LOIB formulation (15% GTO) to 42% for the 82.5% (% w/w) LOIB formulation (7.5% GTO). This means that depending on the wanted release profile we can tune the kinetics by changing the GTO content in the gels.

Example 11. Inclusion of PLA in LOIB Gels Reduces Burst Release of R848

[0513] The aim of the current example is to investigate the effect of PLA inclusion in LOIB-based gels on release kinetics of R848.

Methods:

[0514] LOIB:GTO:EtOH (80:10:10 (% w/w) containing 1.5 mg/mL R848 was prepared as described in example 9. Briefly 800 mg of Lactose octa isobutyrate (LOIB) was mixed with 100 mg glyceryl trioctanoate (GTO), 100 mg of ethanol (EtOH) and 1.5 mg of R848.

[0515] LOIB:GTO:EtOH:PLA (79.5:10:10:0.5 (% w/w) gel containing 1.5 mg/mL R848 was prepared as described in example 9. Briefly, 795 mg of Lactose octa isobutyrate (LOIB) was mixed with 100 mg glyceryl trioctanoate (GTO), 5 mg of poly lactic acid (PLA) Mw 8-18 kDa, 100 mg of ethanol (EtOH) and 1.5 mg of R848.

[0516] Following, 100 μL of each gel were injected in duplicates into 2 ml of PBS. Cumulative release of R848 as a function of time was measured by fluorescence (ex 330 nm, em 355 nm).

Results and Discussion

[0517] LOIB:GTO:EtOH gels with and without PLA were prepared and 100 μL was injected into PBS buffer for study of the in vitro release of R848. The in vitro release results are compiled in FIG. 10.

[0518] Another way of controlling the drug release can be the inclusion of polymers in the gels such as PLA. Therefore 0.5 (% w/w) of PLA was complemented to a 79.5 (% w/w) LOIB formulation and R848 release was compared with an 80 (% w/w) LOIB formulation. We observed that 0.5 (% w/w) of PLA could reduce both the early burst release and overall release after 14 days showing that the addition of PLA to the gels regulates the release kinetics.

Conclusion

[0519] The data show that addition of 0.5 (% w/w) PLA to LOIB gels reduced the burst release of R848 with around 50% and the total cumulative release was reduced from 60% to less than 50%.

Example 12. R848 Release Profile from LOIB Gels is Independent of Initial R848 Gel Concentration

[0520] The aim of the current example is to investigate the effect in release of different concentrations of R848 incorporated into LOIB-based gels.

Methods:

[0521] LOIB:GTO:EtOH (82.5:7.5:10 (% w/w)) gel containing either 1.5, 5.0 or 10 mg/g R848 was prepared as described in example 9. Briefly, 825 mg of Lactose octa isobutyrate (LOIB) was mixed with 75 mg glyceryl trioctanoate (GTO), 100 mg of ethanol (EtOH) and 1.5, 5 or 10 mg of R848.

[0522] Following, 100 μL of each gel was injected in duplicates into 2 ml of PBS. Cumulative release of R848 as a function of time was measured by fluorescence (ex 330 nm, em 355 nm).

Results and Discussion

[0523] LOIB:GTO:EtOH gels with increasing R848 concentration were prepared and 100 μL was injected into PBS buffer for study of the in vitro release of R848. The in vitro release results are compiled in FIG. 11.

[0524] LOIB 82.5 (% w/w) was used to solubilize 1.5, 5 and 10 mg R848/g gel. 100 μl of each gel was injected in duplicates into 2 ml of PBS. Samples were taken at fixed time points and the amount of released R848 was measured using fluorescence spectrometry (all percentages are (% w/w)).

[0525] The relative cumulative release (given in percent) from Lactose octa isobutyrate (LOIB) gels is observed to be independent of the initial R848 gel concentration (FIG. 11). The absolute release of R848 from the gel upon injection in PBS buffer is therefore proportional to the initial R848 concentration in the gel.

Conclusion:

[0526] For LOIB:GTO:EtOH (82.5:7.5:10 (% w/w)) gels, the relative cumulative release of R848 is independent of the initial R848 concentration in the gel, whereas the absolute release of R848 is proportional to the R848 gel concentration.

Example 13: The SuBen Gel Concentration and the Combination with Benzyl Alcohol and PLA can Control the In Vitro Release of R848 from Gels

[0527] The aim of the current example is to investigate release of R848 in SuBen-based gels produced with EtOH or BNOH as solvent and with the addition of 0.5 (% w/w) PLA.

Methods:

[0528] SuBen:GTO:EtOH (60:25:15 (% w/w)) Gel was prepared as described in example 9. Briefly, 600 mg of Sucrose benzoate (SuBen) was mixed with 250 mg glyceryl trioctanoate (GTO) and 150 mg of ethanol (EtOH) and 1.5 mg of R848.

[0529] SuBen:GTO:PLA:EtOH (59.5:25:0.5:15 (% w/w)) Gel was prepared as described in example 9. Briefly, 595 mg of Sucrose benzoate (SuBen) was mixed with 250 mg glyceryl trioctanoate (GTO) 5 mg of poly lactic acid (PLA) Mw 8-18 kDa, 150 mg of ethanol (EtOH) and 1.5 mg of R848.

[0530] SuBen:GTO:BnOH (55:25:20 (% w/w)) Gel was prepared as described in example 9. Briefly, 550 mg of Sucrose benzoate (SuBen) was mixed with 250 mg glyceryl trioctanoate (GTO), 200 mg of Benzylalcohol and 1.5 mg of R848.

[0531] SuBen:GTO:PLA:BnOH (54.5:25:0.5:20 (% w/w)) Gel was prepared as described in example 9. 545 mg of Sucrose benzoate (SuBen) was mixed with 250 mg glyceryl trioctanoate (GTO), 200 mg of Benzylalcohol, 5 mg of poly lactic acid (PLA) Mw 8-18 kDa and 1.5 mg of R848.

[0532] Following, 100 μL of each gel were injected in duplicates into 2 ml of PBS. Cumulative release of R848 as a function of time was measured by fluorescence (ex 330 nm, em 355 nm).

Results and Discussion

[0533] Suben:GTO gels were prepared with EtOH or BnOH (Benzyl alcohol, BA) and 1.5 mg R848/1 g gel was solubilized. In vitro release was conducted in PBS buffer and the results are compiled in FIG. 12.

[0534] The SuBen-based gel formulations have ideal viscosity when used in weight % concentrations between 50-60 weight %. The gels formulated with benzylalcohol could only contain 55 (% w/w) of SuBen otherwise the formulation was too viscous. To investigate release kinetics of R848 from four formulations containing 60 (% w/w), 59.5 (% w/w), 55 (% w/w) or 54.5 (% w/w) of SuBen and solubilized with ethanol or benzylalcohol and with or without poly lactic acid (PLA). The results showed that benzyl alcohol increased the release of R848 compared to ethanol and the incorporation of PLA could reduce R848 release meaning that both the choice of solvent and the addition of PLA can be used to control release.

Conclusion:

[0535] The Sucrose benzoate concentration and the combination with Benzyl alcohol and PLA can control the release of R848 from injected gels.

Example 14. In Vitro Release of RepSox and Galunisertib from LOIB Based Gels

[0536] The aim of the current example is to investigate release of the TGFβ inhibitors RepSox and Galunisertib in LOIB-based gels.

Methods:

[0537] LOIB:GTO:EtOH (82.5:7.5:10 (% w/w)) gel containing either 8 mg RepSox or Galunisertib was prepared as described in example 9. Briefly, 825 mg of Lactose octa isobutyrate (LOIB) was mixed with 75 mg glyceryl trioctanoate (GTO), 100 mg of ethanol (EtOH) and 8 mg of RepSox or Galunisertib.

[0538] Following, 100 μL of each gel were injected in duplicates into 2 ml of PBS. Cumulative release of RepSox and Galunisertib as a function of time was measured by absorbance at 330 nm and 280 nm.

Results and Discussion

[0539] LOIB:GTO gels containing either 8 mg RepSox/1 g gel or 8 mg Galunisertib/1 g gel were prepared successfully and in vitro release into PBS buffer was studied. Release results are compiled in FIG. 13.

[0540] RepSox and Galunisertib are TGFβ signaling inhibitors that are interesting to use in combination with TLR 7 agonists such as R848 as immune therapy for cancer treatment. These drugs can be solubilized in Lactose octa isobutyrate (LOIB)-based gel formulations at 8 mg/gram or more. Therefore 8 mg/gram of RepSox or Galunisertib was solubilized in 82.5 (% w/w) LOIB gels. Both drugs released from the gels in a linear fashion and RepSox cumulative release was around 40% after 14 days. Galunisertib released slower with a release of 27% after 14 days.

Conclusion:

[0541] The data show that the TGFβ signaling inhibitors RepSox and Galunisertib can be incorporated in LOIB-based gels and be released up to 40% after 14 days.

Example 15: Co-Solubilization of R848 and RepSox in LOIB Gels

[0542] The aim of the current example is to test if the TGFβ inhibitor RepSox could be co-dissolved with R848 in LOIB-based gels.

Methods:

[0543] A LOIB:GTO:EtOH (82.5:7.5:10 (% w/w)). gel was produced as described in example 9. Following, 2.4 mg R848 and 8.0 mg RepSox was weighed into a vial, and 1 g of gel was added. The mixture was solubilized using a magnetic stirring for 2 hours at 40-50° C. under continuous visual inspection.

Results and Discussion

[0544] The LOIB:GTO:EtOH gel was successfully prepared and R848 and RepSox was co-dissolved in the gel as displayed in FIG. 14.

[0545] RepSox is a TGFβ signaling inhibitor that is interesting to use in combination with TLR 7 agonists such as R848 for immune therapy for cancer treatment. Therefore, we tested if the two drugs could be dissolved in the same gel at a high concentration to obtain a combination gel. 2.4 mg of R848 and 8 mg/g could readily be dissolved together and a weakly yellowish solution was obtained.

Conclusion:

[0546] The data show that it is possible to co-dissolve RepSox and R848 at high concentrations in the same gel.

Example 16: Combined Radiation Therapy and Intratumoral Immunotherapy (Radioimmunotherapy) Using Multi-Drug Releasing Intratumoral Gels Demonstrate the Therapeutic Potential of a Multitargeted Approach

[0547] The aim of the current example is to demonstrate that the LOIB and SuBen based gel formulations can provide improved therapeutic efficacy by providing controlled release of multiple immunotherapeutic drug in tumors undergoing radioimmunotherapy.

Methods:

[0548] The gels used in this study were LOIB:GTO:EtOH (82.5:7.5:10 (% w/w)) for RepSox and Galunisertib in combination with R848 and SuBen:GTO:PLA:EtOH (59.5:25:0.5:15 (% w/w)) for SD-208 in combination with R848. The gels were prepared as previously described and thereafter added on top of freeze-dried TGFβ inhibitors together with R848. The drugs were dissolved at 40° C. using a magnetic stirrer until a clear gel was obtained. The TGFβ inhibitors had a final concentration of 8 mg/g and the co-dissolved R848 was 1.2 mg/g.

[0549] 6-7-week-old female BALB/c mice were inoculated with 3×10.sup.5 CT26 tumor cells in 100 μl of RPMI on the right flank by subcutaneous injection on day 0. Tumors were allowed to grow until their average size exceeded 100 mm.sup.3 (day 14) before the mice were divided into treatment groups based on a size-dependent randomization (n=8/group). Mice in the R848 monotherapy group were treated with R848 LOIB gel administered as weekly doses of 3 mg/kg for a total of four treatments. Mice in R848 and transforming growth factor beta signalling inhibitors (TGFbi) groups were treated with either R848+TGFbi LOIB gel (TGFbi; Galunisertib or RepSox) or R848+TGFbi SuBen gel (SD-208) administered as weekly doses of 3 mg/kg R848 and 20 mg/kg TGFbi for a total of four treatments (please refer to FIG. 15A for treatment overview). The gel was administered by intratumoral injections of 50 μL and mice were anesthetized by inhalation anesthesia (˜4.5% sevoflurane). Radiation was delivered in three fractions of 2 Gy. Prior to radiation, the mice were anesthetized (˜4.5% sevoflurane) and fixated with a shielding device only exposing the right tumor bearing leg. Radiation was delivered with a dose rate of 1 Gy/minute (12.5 mAs/320 kV) using a dedicated small animal irradiation device (X-RAD 320, Precision X-Ray, Inc.). Gel therapies were administered one hour prior to RT. Both tumor and bodyweight measurements were collected 3 times per week. Mice were terminated from the study once their tumor reached a tumor volume 1000. Additional, study endpoints included weight loss >15% and presence of extensive ulcerations on the tumors. The tumors were measured by a digital caliper and the tumor volumes were calculated using the equation (length×width2)/2. Mice that survived more than 100 days post inoculation were defined as long-term survivors. Mice designated as long-term survivors were rechallenged after day 100 with CT26 cancer cells on the left flank (3×10.sup.5 CT26 tumor cells in 100 μl of RPMI by subcutaneous injection) along with naïve mice to determine if sufficient immunologic memory has been raised to reject tumor establishment. None of the included mice displayed adverse reactions and the combined radioimmunotherapy was well tolerated across groups.

Results and Discussion

[0550] The combined radioimmunotherapy was highly effective at controlling tumor growth (FIG. 15B) and induced complete rejection (survival) of tumor in the majority of mice across all group receiving external beam radiation therapy and immunotherapeutic gels (FIG. 15C). The groups receiving the multitargeted immunotherapy LOIB gels containing both R848 and TGFbi inhibitors Galunisertib or RepSox displayed complete rejection of tumors in 8/8 (LOIB gel R848+Galunisertib) and 7/8 mice (LOIB gel R848+RepSox). The groups receiving radioimmunotherapy using LOIB gel R848 and the combined SuBen gel R848+SD-208 induced complete rejection of 5/8 mice in each group. All tumor free mice were able to reject tumor rechallenge indicating that durable immunological memory has been established. The presented results indicate that gels providing release of multiple immunotherapeutics may provide improved therapeutic efficacy with compromising tolerability. These observations indicate that the controlled release intratumoral gel formulation may provide the highly attractive multitargeted immunotherapeutic approach to overcome the hostile immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment.

Conclusion

[0551] The presented example demonstrates that the providing controlled intratumoral release of multiple immunotherapeutic may improve therapeutic efficacy with compromising tolerability.

Example 17. The Gel Formulations have Viscosity Between 290 and 570 mPa s at 37° C.

[0552] The aim of the current example is to investigate the viscosity of LOIB and SuBen-based gels.

Methods

[0553] LOIB:GTO:EtOH (80:10:10 (% w/w)), LOIB:GTO:EtOH (82.5:7.5:10 (% w/w)) and SuBen:GTO:PLA:EtOH (59.5:25:0.5:15) gels were prepared as in example 2. Viscosity measurements were performed in glass vials with a metal ball (2 mm in diameter) and at least 300 μL of gel material. For each measurement the balls were spun at 1000 revolutions per minute for 1 minute at 25° C. or 37° C. (EMS-1000 Electro Magnetically Spinning Viscometer, Kyoto Electronics).

Results and Discussion

[0554] The LOIB and SuBen based gels were prepared successfully and the viscosity was determined. The results are compiled in table 5.

TABLE-US-00008 TABLE 5 Example of viscosity measurements at 25° C. and 37° C. Unit: mPa s or cP, (all percentages are (% w/w)). Formulation Viscosity at 25° C. [Pa S] Viscosity at 37° C. [Pa S] LOIB 80% — 475 LOIB 82.5% 1160 570 SuBen 59.5% — 288

[0555] The viscosity measurements performed on the different gels at 37° C. showed that the addition of 2.5 (% w/w) GTO to the LOIB gels resulted in a reduced viscosity of 100 mPa s. The SuBen-based gel was the most fluid at 37° C. A viscosity of the gels between 200-1500 mPa s is suitable for injection into animal or human tissues. The LOIB:GTO:EtOH (82.5:7.5:10 (% w/w)) formulation was also tested at 25° C. and was 1160 mPa s, around a doubling from the results obtained at 37° C. but still within the range suitable for injection.

Conclusion

[0556] The LOIB and SuBen based gels tested in this experiment showed viscosity numbers between 288 and 570 mPa s at 37° C. and that is compatible with controlled injections into tissues.

Example 18: R848 LOIB Gel and R848 TGFßi LOIB Gel Potentiates the Effect of Adoptive T Lymphocyte Therapy

[0557] The aim of the current example is to demonstrate how intratumoral R848 LOIB gel and R848+TGFßi (RepSox) LOIB gel potentiates the therapeutic efficacy of adoptive T lymphocyte therapy. Furthermore, the influence on repeated dosing of immune stimulating gels was investigated.

Methods:

[0558] The gels used in this study were LOIB:GTO:EtOH (82.5:7.5:10 (% w/w)) for R848 as single drug or in combination with RepSox (TGFβi). The gels were prepared as previously described and thereafter added on top of freeze-dried RepSox inhibitor together with R848 for the multidrug gel. The drugs were dissolved at 40° C. using a magnetic stirrer until a clear gel was obtained. The TGFβ inhibitor (RepSox) had a final concentration of 8 mg/g and the co-dissolved R848 was 1.2 mg/g.

[0559] 6-7-week-old female C57BL/6 mice were inoculated with 3×10.sup.5 EG7.OVA cancer cells in 100 μl of RPMI on the right flank by subcutaneous injection on day 0. Tumors were allowed to grow until their average size exceeded 100 mm.sup.3 (day 7) before the mice were divided into treatment groups based on a size-dependent randomization (n=7-8/group). The following groups were included in the therapeutic study: No treatment controls, OVA specific OT.1 CD8+T lymphocytes, R848 LOIB gel single dose, R848 LOIB gel two doses placed 7 days apart, R848+TGßi LOIB gel single dose, R848+TGFßi LOIB gel two doses placed 7 days apart or the combination of OVA specific OT.1 T lymphocytes and R848 LOIB gel single dose, OVA specific OT.1 T lymphocytes and R848 LOIB gel two doses placed 7 days apart, OVA specific OT.1 T lymphocytes and R848+TGFßi LOIB gel single dose and OVA specific OT.1 T lymphocytes and R848+TGßi LOIB gel two doses placed 7 days apart. For all treatments with OVA specific OT.1 T lymphocytes a single intravenous dose of 10.sup.6 T cells was used. All LOIB gels were administered intratumorally at a volume of 50 μL with mice under general anaesthesia (sevoflurance 3-5%). Doses of 3 mg/kg R848 and 20 mg/kg TGFßi were administered. Tumor and bodyweight measurements were performed 3 times per week. Mice were terminated from the study once their tumor reached a tumor volume 1000. Additional, study endpoints included weight loss >15% and presence of extensive ulcerations on the tumors. The tumors were measured by a digital caliper and the tumor volumes were calculated using the equation (length×width2)/2. Mice that survived more than 100 days post inoculation were defined as long-term survivors.

Results and Discussion

[0560] The inclusion of the R848 LOIB gel and combined R848+TGFßi LOIB gel potentiated the therapeutic efficacy of adoptive OVA specific OT.1 T lymphocyte therapy. In the group only receiving adoptive T lymphocytes only 1/8 mice displayed complete rejection of its tumor and none of the mice treated with only R848 or R848+TGFßi LOIB gels were able to reject their tumors. On the contrary, the combination of OVA specific OT.1 T lymphocytes and R848 or R848+TGßi LOIB gels induced complete rejection of tumors in the majority of mice. For the OVA specific OT.1 T lymphocytes and R848 LOIB gels 4/7 (single dose LOIB gel) and 5/8 (two doses of LOIB gel) mice displayed complete rejection of their tumors (FIG. 16A). The combination of OVA specific OT.1 T lymphocytes and R848+TGFßi LOIB gels induced complete rejection of tumors in 6/8 mice in both single dose and two doses of LOIB gel (FIG. 16B). On the tumor growth curves (FIG. 16C) of median size over time the influence of the R848LOIB and R848+TGßi LOIB gels can be readily appreciated. As seen from the curves the OVA specific OT.1 T lymphocytes induces a rapid reduction of tumor volume in the cell only treated group, however, this response is only short lived and tumors regrow. On the contrary, the addition of R848 LOIB and R848+TGFßi LOIB gels provides a therapeutic benefit that inhibits the regrowth of tumors which directly indicates that the activity of the transferred OVA specific OT.1 T lymphocytes is optimized. Neither the R848 LOIB or R848+TGßi LOIB gel displayed any therapeutic efficacy as single therapy which further indicates that the observed effect must be associated with a potent improvement of OVA specific OT.1 T lymphocyte anti-cancer efficacy. The comparable effect of only a single administration and repeated dosing of R848 LOIB or R848+TGFßi LOIB gel demonstrate the controlled drug delivery system provides a long lived activity sufficient to support the activity of the OVA specific OT.1 T lymphocyte.

Conclusion

[0561] The presented example demonstrates that the LOIB gel drug delivery system can deliver immune stimulating drugs directly in tumors to significantly potentiate the effect of adoptively transferred cell therapies. The observed effect is highly encouraging towards further advancing this therapeutic combination.

Example 19: API Gel Preparation Procedure

[0562] The aim of the example is to describe the procedure of preparation of gels and solubilization of active pharmaceutical compounds (APIs) in these.

[0563] Gels are prepared by mixing of carbohydrate esters e.g. SuBen, LacBen, LOIB etc. with solvents and co-solvents e.g. EtOH, GTO, DMSO, PC etc. Additional gel components are listed in example 20 and APIs in example 21. Compositions are given in weight percent (or weight ratio) and each compound is weighed into one vial. The mixture is placed in an ultrasonication bath at 70-80° C. for 1-2 hours and occasionally vortexed to generate homogenous solutions that is subsequently stored at 4° C. until further use. Afterwards, all active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) are incorporated into the gels proportionally by adding gel on top of freeze-dried APIs or combinations of freeze-dried APIs. The gel is subjected to magnetic stirring at 40-50° C. until the API or combination of APIs is completely dissolved. The gel-API mixture is transferred and stored in sealed vials at room temperature or at 4° C. Certain gel-API mixtures may be stored at −20° C.

Example 20: Mixable Gel Constituents

[0564] The aim of the current example is to describe weight-percent (or weight ratio) ranges for gel constituents within which completely dissolved gels are formed. Preferred gel compositions are also stated.

Methods

[0565] Gels were prepared as described in example 19. After settling to room temperature, the gels were visually inspected to verify if the gel solutions were completely dissolved as shown in the leftmost vial in FIG. 17.

Results and Discussion

[0566] FIG. 17 shows a completely dissolved gel (left vial), a semi-dissolved gel (middle) and precipitated gel (right).

[0567] Table 6 and 7 below show weight ratios of formulations capable of forming completely dissolved gels. The preferred compositions have the most adequate viscosity for injection through fine needles using a syringe.

TABLE-US-00009 TABLE 6 Gel compositions based on SuBen (weight ratio or weight %). Gel with EtOH Gel with PC Gel with BnOH Chemical Range Preferred Range Preferred Range Preferred SuBen 40-70 60 40-70 52.5 40-70 55 GTO 15-30 25 15-30 22.5 15-30 25 EtOH  5-30 15 PC  5-30 20 BnOH  5-30 20 PLA (10-18 kDa) 0.25-2   0-0.5 0.25-2   0-0.5 0.25-2   0-0.5

[0568] SuBen-based formulations can additionally be made using co-solvents Ethyl-myristate, Ethyl-palmitate or Ethyl-oleate alone or in combination with GTO.

[0569] Other tested SuBen formulations yielding homogeneous solutions are (weight ratio or weight %):

[0570] SuBen:Ethyl-myristate:EtOH (60:25:15), SuBen:Ethyl-myristate:GTO:EtOH (60:12.5:12.5:15), SuBen:Ethyl-myristate:BnOH (60:25:15), SuBen:Ethyl-palmitate:Ethyl-myristate:EtOH (62.5:11.25:11.25:15) SuBen:Ethyl-palmitate:EtOH (60:25:15), SuBen:Ethyl-palmitate:GTO:EtOH (60:12.5:12.5:15), SuBen:Ethyl-palmitate:BnOH (60:25:15), SuBen:Ethyl-oleate:EtOH (60:25:15), SuBen:Ethyl-oleate:GTO:EtOH (60:12.5:12.5:15), SuBen:Ethyl-oleate:BnOH (60:25:15).

[0571] SuBen may be replaced by RaBen or LacBen in certain compositions. The following composition have been successfully tested (w/w %):LacBen:GTO:EtOH (60:25:15), LacBen:GTO:BnOH (55:25:20), LacBen:GTO:PC (55:25:20) RaBen:GTO:EtOH (60:25:15), RaBen:GTO:BnOH (55:25:20), RaBen:GTO:PC (55:25:20).

TABLE-US-00010 TABLE 7 Gel composition based on LOIB (weight ratio or weight %). Gel with EtOH Gel with PC Gel with BnOH Gel with DMSO Gel with Acetone Chemical Range Preferred Range Preferred Range Preferred Range Preferred Range Preferred LOIB 70-85  82.5 70-85  80 70-85  80 70-85  80 70-85  82.5 GTO 5-15 7.5 5-15 7.5 5-15 7.5 5-15 7.5 5-15 7.5 EtOH 5-15 10 PC 5-15 12.5 BnOH 5-15 12.5 DMSO 5-15 12.5 Acetone 5-15 10

[0572] LOIB-based formulations can alternatively be made using co-solvents: Ethyl-myristate, Ethyl-palmitate or Ethyl-oleate alone or in combination with GTO. Tested examples are (% w/w):

[0573] LOIB:Ethyl-myristate:EtOH (82.5:7.5:10, LOIB:Ethyl-myristate:GTO:EtOH (75:7.5:7.5:10)

[0574] LOIB:Ethyl-palmitate:EtOH (82.5:7.5:10), LOIB:Ethyl-palmitate:GTO:EtOH (75:7.5:7.5:10)

[0575] LOIB:Ethyl-oleate:EtOH (82.5:7.5:10), LOIB:Ethyl-oleate:GTO:EtOH (75:7.5:7.5:10).

[0576] Abbreviations: EtOH=ethanol, BnOH=benzylalcohol, PC=propylene carbonate, DMSO=dimethyl sulfoxide, GTO=glycerol trioctanoate, SuBen=sucrose octabenzoate, LOIB=lactose octa-isobutyrate, LacBen=lactose octabenzoate, RaBen=raffinose octabenzoate, PLA=poly lactic acid,

[0577] Homogeneous gels based on SuBen, LOIB, LacBen, RaBen could be produced using different solvents and co-solvents. Simple mixing of the compounds followed by heating and sonication was sufficient for producing transparent gel formulations.

Conclusion

[0578] Homogeneous and transparent gel formulation could be formed from disaccharides carbohydrate esters such as SuBen, LOIB and LacBen or the trisaccharide carbohydrate ester RaBen together with solvents, and co-solvents.

Example 21: Investigating Solubility of APIs in Carbohydrate Ester Gels

[0579] The aim of the current example is to show solubility of APIs in carbohydrate ester gels.

Methods

[0580] The gels and the solubilisation of APIs were performed as described in Example 19.

Results and Discussion

[0581] Drugs from several classes of compounds including TLR agonists, RIG-I agonists, TGFβ inhibitors, GSK3β inhibitors, Wnt-β-catenin (tankyrase) inhibitors and antibiotics such as Erythromycin have been tested and can be solubilised in gels. Examples of tested APIs are shown in table 8 and the investigated solubility is indicated. FIG. 18 shows examples of dissolved compounds in carbohydrate gels. It should be noted that the maximal solubility may be higher than the tested solubility given in table 8.

TABLE-US-00011 TABLE 8 Tested solubility of APIs in gel formulations. Gel compositions are given in weight percentage/weight ratio and API solubility in mg API per gram of gel. Tested solubility in Gel formulations, weight gels (mg/g APIs percentage/weight ratio. gel) Resiquimod (R848) SuBen:GTO:EtOH (60:25:15) 4.8 (TLR agonist) SuBen:GTO:EtOH:PLA (60:25:15:0.5) SuBen:Ethyl-palmitate:EtOH (60:25:15) SuBen:Ethyl-myristate:EtOH (60:25:15) SuBen:Ethyl-oleate:EtOH (60:25:15) SuBen:Lipiodol:EtOH (60:25:15) SuBen:GTO:PC (60:25:15) SuBen:GTO:BnOH (60:25:15) SuBen:GTO:BnOH:PLA (60:25:15:0.5) SuBen:GTO:BnOH:PLGA (60:25:15:0.5) LOIB:GTO:EtOH (70:20:10), (80:10:10), (82.5:7.5:10), (85:5:10) LOIB:GTO:EtOH:PLGA (70:20:10:0.5), (80:10:10:0.5) LOIB:GTO:EtOH:PLA (80:10:10:1 LOIB:Lipiodol:EtOH (80:15:5) LOIB:SuBen:GTO:EtOH (35:35:20:10) LOIB:GTO:EtOH:DSPE-PEG2000 (70:20:10:0.5), (70:20:10:1) LOIB:GTO:EtOH:DOTAP (70:20:10:0.5), (70:20:10:1) LOIB:GTO:EtOH:DOTAP:PLA (75:15:10:1) Methoxy-LOIB:GTO:EtOH (80:10:10) LacBen:GTO:EtOH (60:25:15) ROIB:GTO:EtOH (80:10:10) TOIB:GTO:EtOH (80:10:10) SOIB:GTO:EtOH (80:10:10) CLA-1:GTO:EtOH (82.5:7.5:10) Imiquimod (TLR SuBen:GTO:BnOH (60:25:15) 9.6 agonist) SuBen:GTO:EtOH:PLA (60:25:15:0.5) Gardiquimod (TLR LOIB:GTO:EtOH (82.5:7.5:10) 5 agonist) SuBen:GTO:BnOH (60:25:15) RepSox (TGFβ LOIB:GTO:EtOH (82.5:7.5:10) 8 inhibitor) SuBen:GTO:EtOH:PLA (60:25:15:0.5) Galunisertib (TGFβ LOIB:GTO:EtOH (82.5:7.5:10) 8 inhibitor) SuBen:GTO:EtOH:PLA (60:25:15:0.5) SD-208 (TGFβ SuBen:GTO:EtOH:PLA 8 inhibitor) (60:25:15:0.5) LOIB:SuBen:GTO:EtOH (35:35:20:10) KIN-1400 (RIG-I SuBen:GTO:EtOH (60:25:15) 2 agonist) KIN-1408 (RIG-I SuBen:GTO:EtOH (60:25:15) 2 agonist) CHIR-99021 (GSK3β SuBen:GTO:EtOH (60:25:15) 1 inhibitor) TWS119 (GSK3β SuBen:GTO:EtOH (60:25:15) 1 inhibitor) AR-A014418 (GSK3β SuBen:GTO:EtOH (60:25:15) 1 inhibitor) TDZD-8 (GSK3β LOIB:GTO:EtOH (82.5:7.5:10) 1 inhibitor) XAV939 (Wnt-β- SuBen:GTO:EtOH (60:25:15) 1 catenin inhibitor) Doxorubicin SuBen:GTO:EtOH (60:25:15) 1 (Topoisomerase II LOIB:GTO:EtOH (82.5:7.5:10) inhibitor) Erythromycin SuBen:GTO:EtOH (60:25:15) 150 (antibiotic) LOIB:GTO:EtOH (82.5:7.5:10)

Conclusion

[0582] Carbohydrate ester based gels containing solvents and co-solvents can dissolve a large variety of active compounds at relevant concentrations making the gel system suitable as injectable drug depots.

Example 22: Gel Formulations Incorporating CT Contrast Agents CLA-1 and CLA-8

[0583] The aim of the current example is to investigate the solubility of CLA-1 (3-iodobenzyl LOIB, 3-iodobenzyl hepta-O-isobutyryl-α,β-lactoside) and CLA-8 (α,β Lactose octa para-iodobenzoate) in SuBen and LOIB gels. The integrity of the CLA-8 gels was in addition investigated for 3 weeks using HPLC.

Methods

[0584] The gels were prepared as described in Example 19.

[0585] HPLC assay: Samples were analyzed using a Shimadzu Nexera-i instrument. The samples were injected (5 μL) onto a Waters Terra RP8 column (5 μm, 4.6×150 mm, temperature 40° C.) at a flow rate of 1 mL/min. The solvent system consisted of mobile phase A (5% MeCN, 0.1% TFA in water) and mobile phase B (0.1% TFA in MeCN). Chromatographic separation was achieved using a gradient of 40 to 100% phase B in 10 min. Ultraviolet detection at 280 nm was used to identify the CT contrast agents. Gel samples were prepared by dilution of 50 μL gel in 1 mL MeCN, which were then diluted 10-fold in MeCN.

Results and Discussion

[0586] SuBen and LOIB-based gels were mixed according to table 9. CLA-8 was completely solubilized in SuBen gels up to 20% (Gel 3, table 9), and up to 10% in LOIB gels (Gel 4, table 9). The solubilized gels are shown in FIG. 19.

[0587] CLA-1 formed a fully transparent and homogeneous gel solution at 82.5% content (FIG. 19, Gel 5). Hence, CLA-1 may replace LOIB in formulations where contrast agents are beneficial.

TABLE-US-00012 TABLE 9 Compositions of gels containing CLA-1 or CLA-8. Composition are given as weight percentage. The gels appearance is reported. Chemical Gel 1 Gel 2 Gel 3 Gel 4 Gel 5 SuBen 55 50 40 LOIB 65 CLA-1 82.5 CLA-8 5 10 20 10 GTO 25 25 25 10 7.5 EtOH 15 15 15 10 DMSO 15 Appearance Clear Clear Clear Clear Clear gel gel gel gel gel

[0588] Following preparation, Gel 3 and Gel 4 were sampled for HPLC and the gels were stored at 37° C. for 3 weeks, and then resampled for HPLC analysis. CLA-8 was identified as a single peak in the chromatograms at TO and after 3 weeks for both Gel 3 and Gel 4 indicating high integrity of CLA-8. Examples of chromatograms are shown in FIG. 20.

Conclusion

[0589] SuBen and LOIB can incorporate 10-20% CLA-8 contrast agents in fully solubilised homogeneous gels. Homogeneous and fully solubilized CLA-1 gels can be produced with CLA-1 as the main carbohydrate ester component. CLA-8 was found to have high integrity in both LOIB and SuBen gels.

Example 23: CT Contrast Estimates of Gel Formulations Containing CLA-1 or CLA-8

[0590] The iodine content of gels comprising CLA-8 or CLA-1 is calculated, and their CT contrast is estimated via comparison of their iodine content relative to the Lipiodol gels presented in example 8.

Materials and Methods

[0591] Lipiodol contains 480 mg l/mL and has a density of 1.28 g/mL. This corresponds to 375 mg 1/g and hence a 37.5% w/w of iodine in Lipiodol. CLA-8 has 8 iodine and has a molecular weight of 2180 g/mol, corresponding to 46.6% w/w iodine. CLA-1 has 1 iodine and has a molecular weight of 1048 g/mol, corresponding to 12% w/w iodine. The % w/w iodine in a given gel formulation is determined as the weigh fraction of e.g. CLA-1, CLA-8 or Lipiodol in the formulation, and the iodine content of e.g. CLA-1, CLA-8 or Lipiodol. Iodine contents of the formulations presented in example 8 and in FIG. 7 are given in table 10.

Results and Discussion

[0592] The iodine content of CLA-8 equals 8*Mw (I)/Mw (CLA-8)=46.6%. The iodine content of CLA-1 equals 1*Mw (I)/Mw (CLA-1)=12.1%. Mw is the molecular weight. A formulation containing 82.5% CLA-1 thus has a total iodine content of 82.5%×12%=10.0% w/w iodine.

TABLE-US-00013 TABLE 10 The iodine content is given as % iodine (w/w) for the lipiodol gel formulations presented in example 8 and the CLA-1 and CLA-8 gel formulations described in example 22. The CT contrast for the CLA-1 and CLA-8 formulations were estimated by linear regression of the Lipiodol (CT (HU) = 300 × % Iodine (w/w)) Mean CT Formulation % Iodine (w/w) contrast (HU) LOIB:Lipiodol:EtOH (75:15:10) 5.6 1700 * SuBen:Lipiodol:EtOH (60:25:15) 9.4 2800 * LOIB:CLA-8:EtOH (70:10:20) 4.7 1400 ** SuBen:CLA-8:EtOH (60:15:15) 7.0 2100 ** CLA-1:GTO:EtOH (82.5:7.5:10) 10.0 3000 ** * Obtained from FIG. 7, example 8. ** CT contrast was estimated by linear regression using the lipiodol data.

Conclusion:

[0593] The CLA-1 and CLA-8 gel formulations described in example 22 have comparable iodine content as the Lipiodol gels presented in examples 8, and thus have similar CT contrast.

Example 24: Transesterification of Resiquimod and Gardiquimod in LOIB Gels

[0594] The aim of the current example is to investigate the stability of resiquimod and gardiquimod, when formulated in LOIB gels.

Materials and Methods

[0595] Preparation of gels: Resiquimod (R848) and gardiquimod were formulated in LOIB gels (LOIB:GTO:ETOH 82.5:7.5:10) as described in example 19. Formulations were done in duplicates and had a final drug concentration of 1.2 mg/g.

[0596] Stability test: The gels were then incubated at 37° C. At fixed time points, 50 μL of gel were taken and dissolved in 1 mL acetonitrile (MeCN).

[0597] HPLC assay: Samples were analyzed using an UHPLC instrument (Shimadzu). The samples were injected (5 μL) onto a Waters Terra RP18 column (5 μm, 4.6×150 mm, temperature 40° C.) at a flow rate of 1 mL/min. The solvent system consisted of mobile phase A (5% MeCN, 0.1% TFA in water) and mobile phase B (0.1% TFA in MeCN). Chromatographic separation was achieved using a gradient of 0 to 100% phase B in 15 min. Ultraviolet detection at 260 nm and 320 nm was used to identify the drug compounds.

[0598] LC-MS assay: Resiquimod gel samples were analyzed in an ACQUITY UPLC instrument coupled with a QDa detector. Samples (5 μL) were injected onto a Waters BEH C18 column (2.1 μm, 2.1×50 mm, temperature 40° C.) at a flow rate of 0.4 mL/min. The solvent system consisted of mobile phase A (5% MeCN, 0.1% FA in water) and mobile phase B (0.1% FA in MeCN). Chromatographic separation was achieved using a gradient of 0 to 100% phase B in 6 min.

Results and Discussion

[0599] The HPLC chromatograms showed the presence of two different drug compounds in the R848 LOIB gels (FIG. 21A). The LC-MS analysis showed that the m/z values of such drug compounds were 385.2 and 371.3, which correspond to the mass+H values of R848 and a modified R848 product from a transesterification, respectively.

[0600] The transesterification causes the modification of the primary amine of R848 with isobutyric acid, forming the compound shown in FIG. 21C. Overtime R848 gradually converts to R848-isobutyrate in the LOIB gels (FIG. 21D).

[0601] An in-vitro release study was done to investigate if gardiquimod is prone to transesterification and if the product of such reaction can be released from the gel. Gardiquimod LOIB gels were injected (50 μL) in glass vials containing 2 mL of PBS and then incubated at 37° C. At fixed time points, 1 mL of the release media was taken and replaced with 1 mL of fresh PBS. The samples were analysed by HPLC (0-50% B in 7 min) and LC-MS.

[0602] As seen with R848, the HPLC chromatograms showed the presence of two different drug compounds in the release media from gardiquimod LOIB gels (FIG. 21B). The LC-MS analysis showed that the m/z values of such drug compounds were 314.2 and 384.2, which correspond to the mass+H values of gardiquimod and a modified gardiquimod product from a transesterification, respectively.

Conclusion

[0603] Resiquimod (R848) and gardiquimod display poor stability in LOIB gels, and are found to undergo transesterification. In this process, the primary amine of Resiquimod and Gardiquimod is modified with isobutyric acid as shown in FIG. 21.

Example 25: Effect of Temperature and pH on the Transesterification of R848

[0604] The aim of the current example is to show the effect of temperature and pH on the transesterification of resiquimod (R848) when formulated in LOIB gels.

Materials and Methods

[0605] Preparation of resiquimod gels to test the effect of temperature: LOIB:GTO:EtOH (82.5:7.5:10 (% w/w)) with a concentration of 1.2 mg/g R848 was prepared as described in example 19. The gel was divided in individual glass vials, which then were incubated at either 4° C. or 37° C. After 5 days, 50 μL of gel were taken and dissolved in 1 mL MeCN.

[0606] Preparation of resiquimod gels to test the effect of pH: LOIB:GTO:EtOH (82.5:7.5:10 (% w/w)) gels with a concentration of 1.2 mg/g R848 were prepared as described in example 19. Then three gel formulations were obtained by adding either benzoic acid (BA), triethylamine (TEA) or none. The gels were incubated at 37° C. At fixed time points, 50 μL of gel were taken and dissolved in 1 mL MeCN.

[0607] HPLC assay: All samples were analyzed using an HPLC instrument (Shimadzu Nexera-i). The samples were injected (5 μL) onto a Waters Terra RP8 column (5 μm, 4.6×150 mm, temperature 25° C.) at a flow rate of 0.8 mL/min. The solvent system consisted of mobile phase A (5% MeCN, 0.1% TFA in water) and mobile phase B (0.1% TFA in MeCN). Chromatographic separation was achieved using a gradient of 0 to 100% phase B in 15 min. Ultraviolet detection at 320 nm was used to identify the drug compounds.

Results and Discussion

[0608] After 5 days, around 15% of R848-isobutyrate (R848-IBA) is present in the gels incubated at 4° C. In contrast, approximately 70% of R848 is converted to R848-IBA in the same period at 37° C. (FIG. 22A). Thus at 4° C. there is approximately a 5-fold reduction in the conversion rate of resiquimod.

[0609] Acidic conditions shift the equilibrium of the R848 transesterification reaction. In the presence of BA, such reaction reaches equilibrium after 3 days, when the percentage of R848-IBA is around 18%. Contrastingly, in both a regular gel and in a gel with TEA (basic conditions), equilibrium is not reached until day 14 with around 80% of R848-IBA present in the gel (FIG. 22B).

Conclusion

[0610] The conversion rate of R848 to R848-IBA can be decreased almost 5-fold by decreasing temperature from 37° C. to 4° C. The equilibrium of the transesterification reaction of R848 is shifted towards a lower degree on conversion in acidic conditions.

Example 26: Effect of the Carbohydrate Ester Chemistry on the Transesterification of Resiquimod

[0611] The aim of the current examples is to investigate the conversion of Resiquimod into R848-IBA (isbutyrate-R848) in gels comprising carbohydrate esters based on non-reducing sugars, as well as propionate, isobutyrate or benzoate carbohydrate ester derivatives of lactose.

Materials and Methods

[0612] Preparation of gels: gels with composition (% w/w) LOIB:EtOH (82.5:17.5), LOIB:GTO:EtOH (82.5:7.5:10), LOP:GTO:EtOH (82.5:7.5:10), SAIB:GTO:EtOH (82.5:7.5:10), SOIB:GTO:EtOH (80:10:10), ROIB:GTO:EtOH (80:10:10), TOIB:GTO:EtOH (80:10:10), SuBen:GTO:EtOH, (60:25:15), RaBen:GTO:EtOH, (60:25:15), LacBen:GTO:EtOH, (60:25:15), containing 1 mg/g Resiquimod were prepared according to example 19. The gels were then stored at 37° C., and 50 μL samples diluted in 1 ml MeCN were taken as function of time for HPLC analysis.

[0613] HPLC assay: HPLC analysis was conducted on a Shimadzu Nexera-i system. The samples were injected (5 μL) onto a Waters Terra RP8 column (5 μm, 4.6×150 mm, temperature 25° C.) at a flow rate of 0.8 mL/min. The solvent system consisted of mobile phase A (5% MeCN, 0.1% TFA in water) and mobile phase B (0.1% TFA in MeCN). The gradient was 0 to 100% phase B in 15 min. Ultraviolet detection at 320 nm was used to identify the drug compounds.

Results and Discussion

[0614] All gel samples were successfully prepared and HPLC samples were taken as function of time. The conversion of Resiquimod was studied for all gels, and conversion products were identified by LC-MS. The conversion products formed in LOP (lactose octa-propionate), SAIB (sucrose acetate isobutyrate) and LOIB (lactose octa-isobutyrate) are shown in FIG. 23.

[0615] The conversion of Resiquimod in gels containing LOP or LOIB are presented in table 11. The conversion of Resiquimod in gels containing SAIB or octaisobutyrate esters of Sucrose, Raffinose and Trehalose are presented in table 12. The conversion of Resiquimod in gels containing SuBen, LacBen or Raben are presented in table 13.

TABLE-US-00014 TABLE 11 Percent conversion of Resiquimod in gels given as function of the incubation time at 37° C. Conversion is presented for LOIB gel with and without the co-solvent GTO and for a LOP:GTO gel. Gel compositions are given as weight ratio. Time LOIB:EtOH LOIB:GTO:EtOH LOP:GTO:EtOH (days) (82.5:17.5) (82.5:7.5:10) (82.5:7.5:10) 0.083 (2 h)  6.8 15.6  5.0 1 — — 30.6 3 50.1 — 58.9 5 — 67.7 — 7 69.7 — 76.0 14 78.5 — 82.1 19 — 85.7 —

TABLE-US-00015 TABLE 12 Percent conversion of Resiquimod in gels given as function of the incubation time at 37° C. The conversion is compared for gels based on SAIB and for the octaisobutyrate esters of Sucrose, Raffinose and Trehalose. Gel compositions are given as weight ratio. Time SAIB:GTO:EtOH SOIB:GTO:EtOH ROIB:GTO:EtOH TOIB:GTO:EtOH (days) (82.5:7.5:10) (80:10:10) (80:10:10) (80:10:10) 0.083 (2 h) 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 1 3.9 0.8 1.7 1.4 3 7.5 — — — 4 — 2.5 5.1 4.2 7 10.3 — — — 14  12.4 — — —

TABLE-US-00016 TABLE 13 Percent conversion of Resiquimod in gels given as function of the incubation time at 37° C. Gel compositions are given as weight ratio. Time SuBen:GTO:EtOH RaBen:GTO:EtOH LacBen:GTO:EtOH (days) (60:25:15) (60:25:15) (60:25:15) 0.083 (2 h) 0.0 0.0 — 1 0.0 0.0 — 3 0.0 0.0 — 7 0.0 0.0 — 14 0.0 0.0 — 60 — — 0.0

[0616] High degree of conversion of Resiquimod is observed for LOIB gels independent of GTO. In LOIB gels, Resiquimod is found to convert into R848-IBA (FIG. 23B, Table 11). An equally high conversion of Resiquimod is found for LOP based gels, where Resiquimod is converted into R848-PROP (FIG. 23B, Table 11).

[0617] LOP and LOIB are the octapropionate and octaisobutyrate ester derivatives of Lactose respectively, and Lactose is a reducing sugar containing one anomeric centre. To investigate the effects related to the anomeric centre of Lactose, conversion of Resiquimod was investigated in gels comprising the octaisobutyrate ester derivatives of Sucrose (SOIB), Raffinose (ROIB), and Trehalose (TOIB). Conversion of Resiquimod was further investigated in gels comprising the mixed acetate isobutyrate derivative of Sucrose, SAIB.

[0618] In comparison to LOIB gels, a significant reduction in the conversion of Resiquimod of approximately 10-fold was found for gels based on the derivatives SOIB, ROIB and TOIB. Gels based on non-reducing carbohydrates (Sucrose, Raffinose and Trehalose) with no anomeric centre thus display lower reactivity in transesterification reactions with Resiquimod (Table 12). In comparison to SOIB (Sucrose octaisobutyrate), SAIB (Sucrose acetate isobutyate) displayed higher reactivity in the transesterification reaction with Resiquimod. Overall, the conversion of Resiquimod in SAIB gels was significantly reduced compared to LOIB gels but had a 2-3 fold higher conversion than for SOIB, ROIB and TOIB gels (Table 12).

[0619] Conversion of Resiquimod was further analysed in gels based on octabenzoate esters of Sucrose, Lactose and Raffinose (SuBen, LacBen and RaBen). No conversion of Resiquimod was found in neither the SuBen, LacBen nor RaBen based gels (Table 13).

Conclusion

[0620] The presence of an anomeric centre in LOIB was shown to increase the reactivity towards transesterification with Resiquimod. Octaisobutyrate esters of non-reducing carbohydrates (Sucrose, Raffinose and Trehalose, without an anomeric centre) were found to have reduced reactivity towards transesterification with Resiquimod. No reactivity towards transesterification with Resiquimod was detected for gels based on SuBen, LacBen or RaBen. SAIB with mixed acetate and isobutyrate esters displayed higher reactivity towards transesterification with R848 compared to the octaisobutyrate variant SOIB.

Example 27: Methoxy-LOIB (meLOIB) Gels Display Highly Reduced Reactivity Towards Transesterification of Resiquimod

[0621] The aim of the current example was to investigate the transesterification of Resiquimod in gels comprising methoxy-LOIB (meLOIB).

Materials and Methods

[0622] Preparations of gels: A meLOIB:GTO:EtOH (82.5:7.5:10 (% w/w)) gel containing 1 mg/g Resiquimod was prepared according to example 19. The synthesis of meLOIB is described in example 36.

[0623] The gel was stored at 37° C. and samples were taken for HPLC analysis over time. 50 μL samples were taken and diluted in 1 mL MeCN for HPLC analysis.

[0624] HPLC assay: HPLC analysis was conducted on a Shimadzu Nexera-i system running a 5% MeCN+0.1% TFA in MQ water (solvent A) and MeCN+0.1% TFA (solvent B) as mobile phase with a Waters Terra RP8 column (5 μm, 4.6×150 mm). The flow rate was 0.8 ml/min, injection volume of 5 μL, temperature 25° C. The gradient was 0-100% B in 15 min.

Results and Discussion

[0625] meLOIB gel containing Resiquimod was transparent and homogeneous after preparation. Then the gel was stored at 37° C., and the transesterification of Resiquimod was assayed by HPLC.

[0626] The meLOIB gel was sampled at Oh, 3 days, 7 days and 2 months and no transesterification of Resiquimod was observed at any timepoint. All chromatograms were identical to the chromatogram displayed in FIG. 24.

Conclusion

[0627] Substituting the isobutyric acid on the anomeric centre of LOIB with a methoxy group abolishes LOIB reactivity with Resiquimod. No transesterification is observed in meLOIB gels within the timeframe of the experiment.

Example 28: Lipiodol, Ethyl-Palmitoyl and Ethyl-Oleate Ester Reduces the Release of API from Gels

[0628] In the current example the release of Resiquimod and Gardiquimod are investigated for gels containing Lipiodol or ethyl-esters as co-solvent. Gels comprising GTO were included as reference.

Materials and Methods

[0629] Preparation of Gardiquimod gel: SuBen:GTO:EtOH (60:25:15 (% w/w)) and SuBen:Lipiodol:EtOH (60:25:15 (% w/w)) were prepared by simple mixing and sonication (80° C., 90-120 min) as described in example 19. Stocks containing 1.2 mg/g Gardiquimod were prepared from each gel (GTO or Lipiodol gel) by adding 1.25 g of gel on top of 1.5 mg Gardiquimod followed by stirring.

[0630] Preparation of Resiquimod gel: SuBen:GTO:EtOH:PLA (60:25:15:0.5 (% w/w)), SuBen:Ethyl-palmitate:EtOH (60:25:15 (% w/w)), and SuBen:Ethyl-oleate:EtOH (60:25:15 (% w/w)) were prepared by simple mixing and sonication (80° C., 90-120 min) as described in example 19. Stocks containing 1.2 mg/g Resiquimod were prepared from each gel by adding 1.25 g of gel on top of 1.5 mg Resiquimod followed by stirring.

[0631] Release assay: 2 mL of PBS buffer is pipetted into an 8-mL glass vial. 100 μL of gel is injected into the buffer, and the injected mass is quantified by a scale. The vials are closed with lids and are incubated at 37° C. At each sampling point, take 1 mL of buffer and place it inside an Eppendorf tube. Then add 1 mL of fresh buffer to replace the taken sample. The samples are analyzed by HPLC.

[0632] HPLC assay: Gardiquimod and Resiquimod were quantified in a Shimadzu instrument using a Waters Terra C18 or C8 column (both 5 μm, 4.6×150 mm), respectively. For both compounds, the flowrate was 1 mL/min and the column temperature was 40° C. For gardiquimod, the injection volume was 30 μL and the gradient was 0-50% B over 7 min with the mobile phases as 5% MeCN+0.1% TFA in MQ water (A) and MeCN+0.1% TFA (B). For resiquimod, the injection volume was 40 μL and the gradient was 0-60% B over 10 min with the mobile phases as 5% MeCN+0.1% TFA in MQ water (A) and MeCN+0.1% TFA (B).

Results and Discussion

[0633] Suben gels containing either Lipiodol or GTO were successfully prepared and Gardiquimod was formulated at 1.2 mg/g. Release studies were conducted and release media samples were analysed by HPLC. The Gardiquimod release data are presented in FIG. 25A.

[0634] Suben gels containing either Ethyl-palmitate or Ethyl-oleate were successfully prepared and Resiquimod was formulated at 1.2 mg/g in gels. Release studies were conducted and release media samples were analysed by HPLC. The Resiquimod release data are presented in FIG. 25B.

[0635] The in vitro release of Gardiquimod from a SuBen gel is reduced upon substitution of the co-solvent GTO with Lipiodol (FIG. 25A). At the timepoint 49 days, the release of Gardiquimod is reduced 6-fold from 52.5% to 8.4% (FIG. 25A).

[0636] The in vitro release of Resiquimod from a SuBen gel is reduced upon substitution of the co-solvent GTO with Ethyl-palmitate or Ethyl-oleate (FIG. 25B). At the 7 day timepoint, the average release of Resiquimod is reduced 2.5-fold from −39% to 15% (FIG. 25B).

Conclusion

[0637] Substitution of the co-solvent GTO with either Lipiodol, Ethyl-palmitate or Ethyl-oleate reduces the in vitro release of Gardiquimod or Resiquimod from SuBen gels 2.5-6 fold.

Example 29: Viscosity of Gel Formulation with and without Solvent

[0638] The aim of the current example is to investigate the change in viscosity of SuBen and LOIB gels upon efflux of the solvent EtOH. The viscosity of the gels was determined before and after evaporation of EtOH using a vacuum oven.

Materials and Methods:

[0639] Preparation of gels: SuBen:GTO:EtOH:PLA (60:25:15:0.5 (% w/w)), LOIB:GTO:EtOH (82.5:7.5:10 (% w/w)), and LOIB:GTO:EtOH (75:15:10 (% w/w)) gels were prepared in 6 gram scale according to example 19.

[0640] Viscosity measurement: 1 mL of gel was pipetted into an EMS-1000 viscometer tube and a 4.7 mm sphere was added. The sample tube was then sealed with a lid to prevent evaporation. The sample viscosity was determined using standard settings of 1000 rpms, 5 s to 45 min sampling time depending on temperature and viscosity. Viscosities were determined at 25, 35, 37, 40, 60° C. for sample containing EtOH and 35, 37, 40, 60, 80° C. for sample without EtOH.

[0641] Removal of solvent: The EMS-1000 tube sample lid was removed and the tube containing sphere and gel was incubated at 120° C. and at reduced pressure for 16 hours. The sample was equilibrated at room temperature before measurement of the viscosity.

Results and Discussion

[0642] The gels were prepared and the viscosity was determined as function of temperature. Then, ethanol was evaporated from the gels using a vacuum oven, and the viscosity of the gel samples were determined as function of temperature. The compiled results are given in table 14.

TABLE-US-00017 TABLE 14 The viscosity (mPa s) of SUBEN = SuBen:GTO:EtOH:PLA (60:25:15:0.5 (% w/w)), LOIB7.5 = LOIB:GTO:EtOH (82.5:7.5:10 (% w/w)), and LOIB15 = LOIB:GTO:EtOH (75:15:10 (% w/w)) gels are given as function of temperature, and with (+EtOH) and without (−EtOH) ethanol. Viscosities were determined using an EMS-1000 viscometer. SUBEN + SUBEN − LOIB7.5 + LOIB7.5 − LOIB15 + LOIB15 − Temperature EtOH EtOH EtOH EtOH EtOH EtOH 25° C. 740 — 1320 — 478 243 000 35° C. 346 307 000 525 — 225 42800 37° C. 291 209 000 455 1 320 000 191 31200 40° C. 228 121 000 352   676 000 156  20 650 60° C. 62 6400 93 19000 50  1880 80° C. —  860 34  1725 20  351

[0643] The viscosity of SuBen:GTO:EtOH:PLA (60:25:15:0.5 (% w/w)) was found to decrease with increasing temperature both with and without EtOH (Table 14). At 37° C. the viscosity increased more than 700-fold upon removal of ethanol. Upon injection of the gel into tissue the solvent will diffuse out and an increase of 700-fold in viscosity can be expected.

[0644] The viscosity of both LOIB formulations was found to decrease with increasing temperature both with and without EtOH (Table 14). The change in co-solvent from 15% GTO to 7.5% GTO resulted in an increase from 31200 to 1320000 mPa s for the LOIB gels at 37° C. Thus, the co-solvent content can be used effectively to control the viscosity of the formed depot.

Conclusion

[0645] The viscosity of a SuBen gel was found to decrease as function of temperature and display a more than 700-fold increase in viscosity upon solvent removal. Likewise, the LOIB gel containing 7.5% GTO displayed a 2900-fold increase in viscosity upon solvent removal.

Example 30: Solvent Dependent Increase in Viscosity for SuBen or LOIB Gels

[0646] The aim of the current example is to investigate the increase in viscosity of LOIB and Suben gels upon solvent efflux. The increase in viscosity will be investigated for a range of solvents with different hydrophilicities, including Ethanol (EtOH), DMSO, propylene carbonate (PC), acetone, and benzyl alcohol (BnOH).

Materials and Methods

[0647] Preparation of LOIB gels: LOIB gels with the compositions, LOIB:GTO:EtOH (80:10:10 (% w/w)), LOIB:GTO:DMSO (80:10:10 (% w/w)), LOIB:GTO:BnOH (80:10:10 (% w/w)), LOIB:GTO:PC (80:10:10 (% w/w)), and LOIB:GTO:Acetone (80:10:10 (% w/w)) were prepared in 2 gram scale as described in example 19.

[0648] Preparation of SuBen gels: LOIB gels with the compositions, SuBen:GTO:EtOH (60:25:15 (% w/w)), SuBen:GTO:BnOH (60:25:15 (% w/w)), and SuBen:GTO:PC (60:25:15 (% w/w)) were prepared in 2 gram scale as described in example 19.

[0649] Viscosity measurements: 500 μL of gel is injected using a 21 G needle in the EMS-1000 viscometer tubes containing a 4.7 mm diameter sphere. The viscosity at time 0 and following measurements were determined at 37° C. 5 mL of PBS is carefully injected on top of the gels with a slightly tilted tube and the tubes are sealed with a cap to eliminate evaporation. The tubes are incubated at 37° C. in between measurements to mimic solvent efflux at body temperature. For LOIB gels, viscosity measurements were performed after preparation, 2 h, 24 h and 48 h post addition of PBS. For SuBen gels, viscosity measurements were performed after preparation, 0.5 h, 1 h, 2 h, 4 h, 24 h and 96 h post addition of PBS. 4.5 ml of PBS is exchanged every measurement to ensure that the sink contains small amounts of solvent. Measurements are performed as doublets.

Results and Discussion

[0650] SuBen and LOIB gels were prepared and injected into the EMS-1000 viscometer tubes and the initial viscosity was determined at 37° C. Then a sink volume of 5 mL PBS was added to each tube in order to induce efflux of the water-soluble solvents. The viscosity was determined as function of incubation time at 37° C. and the results are presented in FIG. 26.

[0651] In SuBen gels, EtOH showed the fastest increase in viscosity, whereas the viscosity of SuBen gels containing BnOH and PC remained unchanged indicating no or little release of BnOH or PC (FIG. 26A).

[0652] In SuBen gels, the initial viscosity followed the order Suben:GTO:EtOH (220 mPa s), Suben:GTO:BnOH (1020 mPa s) and Suben:GTO:PC (1570 mPa s)

[0653] For LOIB gels, DMSO showed the fastest increase in viscosity followed by EtOH and Acetone. The viscosity of LOIB gels containing PC or BnOH did not increase over the experimental time of 48 h indicating no or little release of these solvents. The rate in viscosity increase and thereby thus followed the sequence: DMSO>EtOH˜Acetone>BnOH˜PC (FIG. 26B).

[0654] For LOIB gels, the initial viscosity followed the sequence LOIB:GTO:Acetone (183 mPa s), LOIB:GTO:EtOH (275 mPa s), LOIB:GTO:BnOH (1070 mPa s), LOIB:GTO:DMSO (1335 mPa s) and LOIB:GTO:PC (1630 mPa s).

Conclusion

[0655] SuBen:GTO:EtOH and LOIB:GTO:DMSO gels displayed the fastest and highest increase in viscosity.

[0656] DMSO induced a faster and higher increase in viscosity compared to EtOH for LOIB gels. Gels containing PC and BnOH showed little or no change in viscosity for both LOIB and SuBen gels. The solvent can thus be used for tuning of the gels initial viscosity, and the rate of increase in gel viscosity upon injection into aqueous media or tissue. Gels incorporating EtOH or DMSO may therefore settle (form a viscous solution) faster than gels containing PC or BnOH when injected into tissue.

[0657] The contact area between the gel and PBS sink volume is, for the current tube setup, much smaller than when injected into tissue. A faster increase in viscosity is therefore expected in tissue.

Example 31: Biodistribution and Pharmacokinetics of Tritiated R848 after Intratumoral and Intravenous Injection as Free R848 and Injection of R848 Incorporated in LOIB:GTO:EtOH (82.5:7.5:10 (% w/w)) Gel

[0658] The aim of the current example is to investigate the biodistribution and pharmacokinetics of tritiated R848 injected intravenously and intratumorally as free drug compared to intratumoral injection of tritiated R848 in LOIB:GTO:EtOH (82.5:7.5:10) gel.

Materials and Methods

[0659] Three preparations were prepared consisting of [.sup.3H]R848 gel (LOIB:GTO:EtOH (82.5:7.5:10 (% w/w))) and [.sup.3H]R848 in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) for either intravenous (IV) or intratumoral (IT) administration. [.sup.3H]R848 was purchased from Hartmann Analytic (Germany) as a solution in ethanol. The gel was prepared by placing the [.sup.3H]R848 stock (330 μL, 12 MBq) in a glass vial and removing the ethanol under a stream of argon for 10 min. R848 gel (1.2 mg/mL R848, LOIB:GTO:EtOH (82.5:7.5:10 (% w/w)), 1.71 g, 1.62 mL) was then added to the dry residue and the mixture was magnetically stirred at 30° C. for 30 min. After complete stirring, the entire mixture was transferred to a glass vial, resulting in a transfer of 1.68 g (1.59 mL), furnishing the final [.sup.3H]R848 gel. To test the homogeneity and radioactivity concentration of the LOIB:GTO:EtOH (82.5:7.5:10 (% w/w)) gel, two samples of 36.2 mg (34.5 μL) and 28.2 mg (26.9 μL) were removed. The samples were diluted with ethanol to 5.00 mL and from each diluted solution, 200 μL was added to a scintillation vial containing 10 mL Ultima Gold. The two [.sup.3H]R848 solutions in PBS were prepared by drying down the [.sup.3H]R848 stock (459 μL, 18 MBq) as above. To the dry residue was then added a solution of R848 in PBS (1.2 mg/mL, 2.40 mL). The mixture was stirred for 1 hour at 40° C. From the resulting mixture, 1.22 mL was collected for IT injections (1.2 mg/mL [.sup.3H]R848 in PBS). From the same mixture, 1.10 mL was collected and mixed with 1.10 mL PBS, to generate the IV injection sample (0.6 mg/mL [.sup.3H]R848 in PBS). From each of the PBS solutions, 2×10 mL was removed to test for homogeneity and radioactivity concentration. All the samples were diluted to 1.00 mL with ethanol and 200 μL was added to a scintillation vial containing 10 mL Ultima Gold.

[0660] 8-9 week old female BALB/c mice were inoculated with 3×10.sup.5 CT26 tumor cells in 100 μL of RPMI on the right flank by subcutaneous injection on day 0. When the average tumor size reached approximately 140 mm.sup.3 (day 13), mice were distributed into fifteen groups based on a size dependent randomization (n=4 per group). Mice were injected with one dose of [.sup.3H]R848 administered either IV in PBS (3.75 MBq/mL [.sup.3H]R848, 3 mg/kg [.sup.3H]R848), IT in PBS (7.5 MBq/mL [.sup.3H]R848, 3 mg/kg [.sup.3H]R848) or IT with [.sup.3H]R848 gel (LOIB:GTO:EtOH (82.5:7.5:10 (% w/w))) as previously described (7.4 MBq/mL [.sup.3H]R848, 3 mg/kg [.sup.3H]R848). At multiple time points tissue and blood samples were collected (blood: 15 min, 30 min, 1 hour, 3 hours, 6 hours, 24 hours, 72 hours, 1 week; tissues: 30 min, 3 hours, 24 hours, 72 hours, 1 week). The samples were dissolved in Soluene 350 and/or EtOH (1-6 mL) and heated overnight at 60° C. For decolorization, 0.2 mL hydrogen peroxide (30%) was added to the samples and they were heated for 30 min at 60° C. 200 μL sample solution was transferred to liquid scintillation vials together with 10 mL Ultima Gold. Scintillation vials, Ultima Gold and Soluene 350 were purchased from Perkin Elmer (USA). Tritium content was measured by liquid scintillation counting on a Hidex 300 SL, using the tritium setting (Hidex, Finland). Prepared samples were allowed to settle for at least until the next day before counting and counted until 1600 counts or for 10 minutes. Counts-per-minute (CPM) values were used in all calculations.

Results and Discussion

[0661] All [.sup.3H]R848 pharmacokinetics and biodistribution data were compiled and are presented in FIG. 27. [.sup.3H]R848 concentration in the blood was found to be very low at all time points evaluated in connection with intratumoral administration as [.sup.3H]R848 gel whereas much higher concentration was observed for the intravenous and intratumoral administration of [.sup.3H]R848 in PBS (FIG. 27). Interestingly, the blood concentration levels of [.sup.3H]R848 reached comparable levels after intratumoral and intravenous administration of [.sup.3H]R848 in PBS (FIG. 27A). These observations show that [.sup.3H]R848 gel induce a much lower systemic exposure to R848. The [.sup.3H]R848 gel injected tumors also display the highest degree of retention in the tumor compared to both intratumoral and intravenous administration of [.sup.3H]R848 in PBS (FIG. 27B). The retention of [.sup.3H]R848 in PBS after intratumoral injection is already highly reduced compared to activity of [.sup.3H]R848 gel at 30 minutes after intratumoral injection. For [.sup.3H]R848 in PBS injected intravenously, only very low concentration is observed in the tumor. The improved retention of [.sup.3H]R848 in the gel and tumor tissue compared to [.sup.3H]R848 in PBS is also evidenced by the much higher observed concentration of [.sup.3H]R848 in kidney, liver, spleen, muscle and intestines of the [.sup.3H]R848 in PBS injected groups (FIG. 27C-G).

Conclusion

[0662] [.sup.3H]R848 gel (LOIB:GTO:EtOH (82.5:7.5:10 (% w/w))) display a much higher retention of [.sup.3H]R848 in tumors than after intratumoral or intravenous injection of [.sup.3H]R848 in PBS. The observed improved tumor retention results in a lower systemic exposure.

Example 32: In Vivo Release of TGFbi from Gel Depots

[0663] The aim of the current example is to demonstrate sustained release of three different TGFb inhibitors (TGFβi) from gel depots implanted in mice.

Materials and Methods

[0664] Gel formulations: SD-208 (8 mg/g) was formulated in a SuBen:GTO:EtOH (60:25:15 (% w/w)) gel according to the procedure described in Example 19. Repsox (8 mg/g) or Galunisertib (8 mg/g) were formulated in LOIB:GTO:EtOH (82.5:7.5:10 (% w/w)) gels according to the procedure described in Example 19.

[0665] Animal handling: For each formulation 50 μL of gel was injected intratumorally in female Balb/c mice with CT26 tumors (Initial tumor volume of approximately 200 mm.sup.3). The mice were sacrificed at different time points and gel samples were collected. The gels were stored at 4° C. until analysis. For each gel, four mice were sacrificed at each timepoint. Samples were collected at 1 hour, 3 hours, 6 hours, 12 hours, 24 hours, 3 days and 7 days after injection.

[0666] Sample preparation: The collected gel from mice and gel that had not been injected (reference) was dissolved in 1 mL DMSO (gels containing Galunisertib) or 1 mL DMSO:MeCN with 0.1% TFA (50:50) (gels containing RepSox or SD-208). Samples were heated to 50° C. and stirred at 600 rpm to promote dissolution. The samples were subsequently filtered through 0.45 μm pore, nylon syringe filters.

[0667] HPLC method: Samples were analyzed on a Shimadzu Nexera-i HPLC. Samples were injected (5 μL) onto a Waters Terra RP8 column (5 μm, 4.6×150 mm, temperature 40° C.) at a flow rate of 0.8 mL/min. The solvent system consisted of mobile phase A (5% MeCN, 0.1% TFA in water) and mobile phase B (0.1% TFA in MeCN). Chromatographic separation was achieved using an optimized gradient. For samples containing Galunisertib or RepSox: 0-60% phase B in 6 min, 60% phase B for 5 min, 60-100% phase B in 5 min and 100% phase B for 4 min. For samples containing SD-208: 0-100% phase B in 13 minutes and 100% phase B for 4 min. UV detection was used to measure the content of Galunisertib (320 nm), RepSox (320 nm), SD-208 (350 nm), LOIB (220 nm) and SuBen (280 nm). HPLC results were correlated to standard curves and for the RepSox and Galunisertib gels the release was calculated based on the TGFβi:LOIB ratio in the collected gel compared to the total TGFβi:LOIB ratio in the reference gel. For the SD-208 gels the release was calculated based on the TGFβi:SuBen ratio in the collected gel compared to the total TGFβi:SuBen ratio in the reference gel.

Results and Discussion

[0668] The in vivo release of SD-208, Galunisertib and Repsox was determined by ratiometric analysis, i.e. the API to SuBen or LOIB ratio was quantified by HPLC as function of time. Representative release profiles are shown in FIG. 28.

[0669] All three formulations display sustained release of the API over 7 days with RepSox having the fastest release, followed by Galunisertib and SD-208 with the lowest release (FIG. 28). The release rate is furthermore inversely correlated to the hydrophobicity of the API, and the most hydrophobic TGFb inhibitor (SD-208, log P=3.5) has the slowest release.

Conclusion

[0670] The three TGFb inhibitors, SD-208, Galunisertib and RepSox were successfully formulated in gels and injected into mice. All TGFb inhibitors showed sustained release over the 7-day period evaluated. The release rate and total release over 7 days was found to be inversely correlated to the hydrophobicity of the TGFb inhibitor.

Example 33: The Non-Salt Form of Doxorubicin has Higher Solubility in Gel

[0671] The aim of the current example is to show that the non-salt or base form of doxorubicin is more soluble in the gels, and that doxorubicin is released from the formulation.

Materials and Methods

[0672] Conversion of DOX-HCl to its base form: Around 20 mg of doxorubicin-HCl (DOX-HCl) were dissolved in water (5 ml) and DCM (5 ml) was added. A few drops of sodium hydroxide in water (10M) were added until the water phase was basic (change in color to dark blue). Then doxorubicin was extracted with DCM (8×5 mL) and the combined organic phases were dried over magnesium sulfate and filtered. Finally, the solvent was removed in vacuum to obtain the free base of doxorubicin (DOX base) as a pink powder. To aliquot the powder, it was dissolved in DMSO:water (1:10) and freeze-dried for 48 h.

[0673] Preparation of gels: DOX base and DOX-HCl (0.8 mg/g) were formulated in a SuBen:GTO:EtOH (60:25:15 (% w/w)) gel according to the procedure described in Example 19. Also, DOX base and DOX-HCl (0.8 mg/g) were formulated in a LOIB:GTO:EtOH (82.5:7.5:10 (% w/w)) gel according to the procedure described in Example 19.

[0674] In-vitro release: 50 μL of DOX base SuBen:GTO:EtOH (60:25:15 (% w/w)) gel and 50 μL of LOIB:GTO:EtOH (82.5:7.5:10 (% w/w)) gel were injected in 8-mL glass vials containing 2 mL PBS. The vials were incubated at 37° C. After 7 days, 1 mL of PBS was taken and analysed by fluorescence spectroscopy.

[0675] Fluorescence spectroscopy: Fluorescence measurements were taken by a Tecan fluorescence microplate reader using 96-well, transparent Nunc plates. Sample volume was 200 μL. The excitation wavelength was 470 nm (5 nm bandwidth) and the emission wavelength was 595 nm (5 nm bandwidth).

Results and Discussion

[0676] Both gel formulations (LOIB and SuBen) containing doxorubicin as a free base are clearer and more transparent, showing an improved solubility. In contrast, the opacity observed in the gels formulated with DOX-HCl indicates that micro-crystals are present, and that DOX-HCl is not solubilized (FIG. 29).

[0677] Both gel formulations containing DOX base are easily injected in PBS, which form spheres upon injection. After 7 days, there is an increase in fluorescence intensity in the release media from both DOX base SuBen:GTO:EtOH (60:25:15 (% w/w)) and LOIB:GTO:EtOH (82.5:7.5:10 (% w/w)) gels (FIG. 30A). This indicates that doxorubicin is present in the sample, thus the compound is released from the gels (FIG. 30B).

Conclusion

[0678] Doxorubicin in base form is fully solubilized in LOIB and SuBen gels, producing transparent formulations. Contrary, the HCl salt of doxorubicin forms turbid unclear gel solutions. The non-salt or base form of doxorubicin is released from the gels.

Example 34: Intratumoral Chemo-Immunotherapy Using Multi-Drug Releasing Gels

[0679] The aim of the current example is to demonstrate that combined chemo-immunotherapy delivered in an intratumoral gel formulation has therapeutic potential in murine cancer model.

Methods

[0680] Preparation of chemo-immunotherapy gel: a LOIB:GTO:EtOH (82.5:7.5:10 (% w/w)) gel containing 1.0 mg/g Doxorubicin, 1.2 mg/g Resiquimod and 8 mg/g REPsox (RepSox) was prepared according to example 19. A LOIB:GTO:EtOH (82.5:7.5:10 (% w/w)) gel containing 1.0 mg/g Mitoxantrone, 1.2 mg/g Resiquimod and 8 mg/g REPsox (RepSox) was prepared according to example 19.

[0681] 8 week-old female BALB/c mice were inoculated with 3×10.sup.5 CT26 tumor cells in 100 μL of RPMI on the right flank by subcutaneous injection on day 0. On day 14, inoculation tumors had an average size of 143.5 mm.sup.3 (SEM 13.6 mm.sup.3) and were divided into treatment groups based on a size-dependent randomization (n=6-8/group). Mice were treated with doxorubicin/REPsox/R848 chemo-immunotherapy gel, mitoxantron/REPsox/R848 chemo-immunotherapy gel or included as untreated controls. Chemo-immunotherapy gel was injected intratumorally using a 23 G needle and 1 ml syringe on mice anesthetized by inhalation anesthesia (˜4.5% sevoflurane). The injected chemo-immunotherapy gel volume was 50 μL for all injections. A total of three injections were performed with 7 day interval (Day 14, 21 and 28 after inoculation) during anesthesia (˜4.5% sevoflurane). Tumor and bodyweight were recorded 3 times per week. Mice were terminated from the study once their tumor reached a tumor volume 1000. Additional, study endpoints included weight loss >15% and presence of extensive ulcerations on the tumors. The tumors were measured by a digital caliper and the tumor volumes were calculated using the equation (length×width2)/2.

Results and Discussion

[0682] The chemo-immunotherapy gel was highly effective at controlling tumor growth (FIG. 31A) and significantly increased median survival time of treated mice compared to untreated controls (FIG. 31B) (Log-rank; mitoxantrone vs. untreated controls p=0.03, doxorubicin vs. untreated controls, p=0.003). None of the chemo-immunotherapy gel injected mice displayed failure to thrive or problematic weight loss (FIG. 31C). The presented results indicate that chemo-immunotherapy gels can provide a therapeutically effective treatment providing a combined cytotoxic and immune activating effect. These observations indicate that the controlled release chemo-immunotherapy gel formulation may provide the highly attractive multitargeted approach to achieve both cancer cell cytotoxicity and intratumoral immune activation in the hostile immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment.

Conclusion

[0683] The presented example demonstrates that a chemo-immunotherapy gel is well tolerated and is effective in controlling tumor growth and increase median survival of treated mice.

Example 35: Injectability and Radiographic Visibility of SuBen:Lipiodol:EtOH (60:25:15 (% w/w)) in Soft Tissue and Bone

[0684] The aim of the current example is to demonstrate the injectability and visibility on CT imaging of SuBen:Lipiodol:EtOH (60:25:15 (% w/w)) in soft tissue and bone.

Materials and Methods

[0685] SuBen:Lipiodol:EtOH (60:25:15 (% w/w)) was prepared as described in example 19.

[0686] Soft tissue injection: The muscular tissue adjacent to the tibia and fibula of standard breed pig carcasses (approx. 40 kg) was injected with approximately 200 μL of SuBen:Lipiodol:EtOH (60:25:15(% w/w)) gel using a 21G/76 mm needle 1 ml syringe. The needle was slowly retracted during the injection to generate an elongated gel depot.

[0687] Bone injection: The proximal tibia of standard breed pig carcasses (approx. 40 kg) was surgically approached and a cavity was generated, by sharp curvetting, to mimic the excavation performed in relation to debridement of an osteomyelitis lesion. The intracavitary area was injected (21G/76 mm needle 1 ml syringe) with two separate injections (50 μL-300 μL) of SuBen:Lipiodol:EtOH (60:25:15 (% w/w)) gel. Three holes (2 mm) were drilled in cortical bone surrounding the excavated cavity and a needle (21G/76 mm) advanced in the trabecular bone. Separate injections of 50 μL to 300 μL of SuBen:Lipiodol:EtOH (60:25:15 (% w/w)) gel was performed a multiple sites in the trabecular bone surrounding the excavated cavity. One hour after the injection of SuBen:Lipiodol:EtOH (60:25:15 (% w/w)) legs were CT scanned (Somatom Emotion Siemens, Erlangen, Germany). Images were subjectively assessed for SuBen:Lipiodol:EtOH (60:25:15 (% w/w)) image contrast and ability to form well delineated gel depots in the various tissues injected.

Results and Discussion

[0688] SuBen:Lipiodol:EtOH (60:25:15 (% w/w)) gel was clearly visible in the pen-osseous musculature injected and the gel attained the elongated form pursued during the injection procedure (FIG. 32A). The viscosity and coalescing properties of the SuBen:Lipiodol:EtOH (60:25:15 (% w/w)) may provide a controllable injection technology for generating soft tissue drug depots. In the injected bone and excavated bone cavity the injected gel was found to provide sufficient image contrast for accurate localization (FIG. 32B). The viscosity and injectability of the SuBen:Lipiodol:EtOH (60:25:15 (% w/w)) gel was found to be optimal for generating well defined gel depots at all sites of bone injected.

Conclusion

[0689] SuBen:Lipiodol:EtOH (60:25:15) gel provides acceptable image contrast on CT imaging and the gel-forming properties was able to form well-defined gel depots at all sites injected. Gel formulation with these viscosity and coalescing properties can form well circumscribed drug delivery depot system for controlled drug release in bone and soft tissue.

Example 36: Synthesis of Carbohydrate Derivatives

[0690] The aim of the current example is to describe the synthesis of relevant carbohydrate derivatives.

Materials and Methods

[0691] General experimental conditions: All reactions were carried out under inert atmosphere (N2). Water sensitive liquids and solutions were transferred via syringe. Water used for washing of the isolated products was in all cases MilliQ water. Organic solutions were concentrated by rotary evaporation at 30-80° C. at 200-0 mbar. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) was carried out using aluminum sheets pre-coated with silica 60F (Merck 5554). The TLC plates were inspected under UV light or developed using a cerium ammonium sulphate solution (1% cerium (IV) sulphate (CeSO.sub.4).sub.2 and 2.5% hexa-ammonium molybdate in a 10% sulfuric acid solution).

[0692] Reagents: Dry solvents were purchased from Acros Organics (AcroSeal, extra dry over molecular sieves). All other chemicals were purchased from Sigma Aldrich and were used as received.

[0693] Instrumentation: Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) was conducted on a Bruker Ascend™ 400 MHz—operating at 401.3 MHz for .sup.1H nmr—with a 5 mm H— Broadband Dual Channel z-gradient Prodigy cryoprobe at 298 K using the residual solvent as internal standard. All coupling constants (J) are expressed in Hz. The FID files were processed in Mnova Suite. In .sup.1H-NMR spectra of α,β anomeric mixtures, the integral of H-1 of the most abundant anomer (H-1 β), was set to 1.0 (in case the peaks could be clearly resolved from nearby multiplets), and the percentage of each anomeric species was calculated from the integral ratio of H-1 α and H-1 β. MALDI-TOF MS was conducted on a Bruker Autoflex Speed™ mass spectrometer. The matrix used for MALDI-TOF was a mixture of 2,5 dihydroxy benzoic acid (DHB) spiked with sodium trifluoroacetate in ethanol (60 mg/mL). Mass detection of species that could not be detected by MALDI-TOF MS was performed in positive mode on an ESI micrOTOF-Q III (Bruker Daltonics, Bremen, Germany) with a sample flow rate of 180 μL/h. The ions were scanned in the range 50-3,000 m/z with the following settings: Capillary 4,500 V; end plate offset −500 V; nebulizer 0.3 bar; dry gas 4 L/min at 200° C. The instrument was calibrated prior to the analysis using a solution of 2.5 mM NaOH, 2.25 mM formic acid in 90% i-PrOH/water. Preparative flash and prep chromatography was conducted on a Buchi Reveleris™ system generally utilizing Ecoflex 40 g C18 cartridges with a standard gradient of acetonitrile, water and 0.1% Formic acid (FA). Freezedrying was performed on a Cool Safe CS110-4 Pro™ freezedrier, and liquid N.sub.2 was utilized to freeze the samples.

Experimental Procedure for Synthesis of Long Chain Aliphatic Lactose Esters

[0694] β-lactose (5-10 g) was suspended in dry pyridine under inert atmosphere (N.sub.2). Hereafter, isovaleric or hexanoic anhydride (2.2 eq. pr. hydroxyl group) was carefully added. Then, a catalytic amount of DMAP (0.1 eq.) was added. The reactions were heated to 48° C. overnight and thereafter continued for ˜24 hours at room temperature until TLC (10% acetone, toluene) and MALDI-TOF showed complete acylation of the starting materials. The reactions were concentrated under reduced pressure and co-evaporated with toluene. For lactose octahexanoate, there was still a lot of acid byproduct left, therefore the water bath on the rotary evaporator was replaced with an oilbath and the compound was vacuum distilled with fast rotation at starting temperature 150° C. ending at 220° C. The resulting concentrates were dissolved in dichloromethane and washed with NaHCO.sub.3(aq.) (8×) and water (2×). The organic phases were dried with MgSO.sub.4(s), filtered, concentrated under reduced pressure and dried in vacuo.

α,β Lactose Octaisovalerate

[0695] ##STR00001##

[0696] Yield: 52% (˜25% alpha, ˜75% beta anomer). .sup.1H NMR: .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 6.15 (d, J=3.7 Hz, 0.3H), 5.88 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 1H), 5.34 (t, J=9.6 Hz, 1H), 5.29-5.25 (m, 1H), 5.25-5.16 (m, 1H), 4.93-4.81 (m, 3H), 4.71 (dd, J=12.7, 8.0 Hz, 1H), 4.37-4.29 (m, 1H), 4.25-4.19 (m, 2H), 4.13-3.96 (m, 5H), 3.91-3.81 (m, 1H), 3.74 (t, J=9.5 Hz, 1H), 2.45-2.06 (m, −20H), 2.02-1.83 (m, −10H), 0.97-0.80 (m, −62H). MALDI TOF-MS: Calculated mass [M+Na].sup.+: 1037.58. Found: 1036.77.

α,β Lactose Octahexanoate

[0697] ##STR00002##

[0698] Yield: 66% (˜30% alpha, ˜70% beta anomer). .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d.sub.6) δ 6.13 (d, J=3.7 Hz, 0.4H), 5.88 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 1H), 5.34 (t, J=9.5 Hz, 1H), 5.29-5.21 (m, 2H), 5.18 (dd, J=10.3, 3.5 Hz, 1H), 4.91-4.81 (m, 3H), 4.72 (t, J=8.6 Hz, 1H), 4.36-4.27 (m, 1H), 4.25-4.18 (m, 1H), 4.10-4.01 (m, 3H), 4.02-3.96 (m, 3H), 3.94-3.82 (m, 1H), 3.77 (t, J=9.2 Hz, 1H), 2.45-2.07 (m, 22H) (CH2), 1.60-1.37 (m, 22H) (CH2), 1.34-1.13 (m, −44H) (2×CH2), 0.91-0.78 (m, 34H) (CH3). MALDI TOF-MS: Calculated mass [M+Na].sup.+: 1149.70. Found: 1148.95.

Experimental Procedure for Synthesis of Carbohydrate Benzoate Esters

Sucrose Octabenzoate (SuBen) and Trehalose Octabenzoate (TreBen)

[0699] Sucrose or trehalose (10-15 g) was suspended in dry pyridine (200 mL) under inert atmosphere (N2). Hereafter benzoyl chloride (1.2 eq. pr. hydroxyl group) was carefully added over 10 minutes. Then, a catalytic amount of DMAP (0.1 eq.) was added. The reaction was heated to 65° C. overnight, where after MALDI-TOF showed complete acylation of the starting material. The reaction was cooled down to room temperature and a precipitate formed, which was filtered off through suction filtration. The supernatant was then cooled to 2° C. and further precipitate was filtered off, where after the supernatant was concentrated under reduced pressure. The concentrate was dissolved in dichloromethane and washed with NaHCO.sub.3(aq.) (8×150 mL), brine (1×150 mL) and water (1×150 mL). The organic phase was dried with MgSO.sub.4 (s), filtered, concentrated under reduced pressure and dried in vacuo. The solids were recrystallized from dichloromethane:ethanol 1:5 to give white crystalline compounds.

Sucrose Octabenzoate (SuBen)

[0700] ##STR00003##

[0701] Yield: 53.4%. .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d.sub.6) δ 8.20-8.14 (m, 2H), 8.01-7.92 (m, 4H), 7.86 (ddd, J=25.4, 8.2, 1.3 Hz, 4H), 7.77-7.48 (m, 17H), 7.47-7.34 (m, 9H), 7.23 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 2H), 7.08 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 2H), 6.21-6.10 (m, 3H), 5.97 (t, J=6.3 Hz, 1H), 5.83-5.73 (m, 1H), 5.56 (dd, J=10.4, 3.5 Hz, 1H), 4.88-4.79 (m, 2H), 4.75-4.63 (m, 3H), 4.58 (d, J=11.9 Hz, 1H), 4.45 (d, J=3.3 Hz, 2H). MALDI TOF-MS: Calculated mass [M+Na].sup.+: 1197.33. Found: 1197.30.

Trehalose Octabenzoate (TreBen)

[0702] ##STR00004##

[0703] Yield: 44%. .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d.sub.6) δ 8.00 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 4H), 7.85 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 8H), 7.68-7.54 (m, 12H), 7.51-7.40 (m, 16H), 6.20 (t, J=9.8 Hz, 2H), 5.82 (d, J=3.7 Hz, 2H), 5.78-5.71 (m, 4H), 4.25 (dt, J=10.2, 3.6 Hz, 2H), 4.18-4.03 (m, 4H). MALDI TOF-MS: Calculated mass [M+Na].sup.+: 1197.33. Found: 1197.34.

α,β Lactose Octabenzoate (LacBen)

[0704] ##STR00005##

[0705] β-lactose (10 g, 29 mmol) was suspended in dry pyridine (150 mL) under inert atmosphere (N2). Hereafter benzoyl chloride (33 mL, 281 mmol, 1.2 eq. pr. hydroxyl group) was carefully added over 10 minutes. Then, a catalytic amount of DMAP (357 mg, 0.1 eq.) was added. The reaction was heated to 65° C. overnight, whereafter MALDI-TOF showed nearly complete acylation. An additional amount of benzoyl chloride was added (4 mL, 34.4 mmol) and the reaction was continued overnight, whereafter MALDI-TOF showed complete acylation. The reaction was cooled down to room temperature and a precipitate was filtered off through suction filtration. The supernatant was then cooled to 2° C. and further precipitate was filtered off, whereafter the supernatant was concentrated under reduced pressure. Half of the crude concentrate was dissolved in toluene and purified by dry column chromatography (acetone in toluene with 0.5-2% increments) and concentrated under reduced pressure. The solid was recrystallized from dichloromethane:ethanol 1:5 to give a white amorphous solid. Yield: 13 g (76%) (˜20% alpha, ˜80% beta). .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d.sub.6) δ 8.10-7.79 (m, 14H), 7.77-7.23 (m, 34H), 6.68 (d, J=3.8 Hz, 0.2H), 6.44 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 6.14-5.99 (m, 1H), 5.86-5.78 (m, 1H), 5.70-5.57 (m, 3H), 5.53-5.33 (m, 2H), 4.68-4.52 (m, 2H), 4.51-4.38 (m, 4H), 3.88 (ddd, J=11.1, 6.7, 4.4 Hz, 1H), 3.69 (dd, J=11.1, 6.8 Hz, 1H). MALDI TOF-MS: Calculated mass [M+Na].sup.+: 1197.33. Found: 1197.33.

Raffinose Undecabenzoate (RaBen)

[0706] ##STR00006##

[0707] Raffinose pentahydrate (15 g, 25.2 mmol) was suspended in dry pyridine (200 mL) under inert atmosphere (N2). Hereafter benzoyl chloride (39 mL, 333 mmol, 1.2 eq. pr. hydroxyl group) was carefully added over 10 minutes. Then, a catalytic amount of DMAP (308 mg, 0.1 eq.) was added. The reaction was heated to 65° C. overnight, whereafter MALDI-TOF showed a mixture of 5-11 acyl groups, hence another portion of benzoyl chloride (30 mL, 258 mmol) along with 50 mL pyridine was added, and the reaction was continued for another 24 h at 65° C., whereafter MALDI-TOF showed nearly complete acylation of the starting material. The reaction was cooled down to room temperature and a precipitate formed, which was filtered off through suction filtration. The supernatant was then cooled to 2° C. and further precipitate was filtered off, whereafter the supernatant was concentrated under reduced pressure. Part of the crude concentrate (˜10 g) was dissolved in DMSO and purified by automatic flash chromatography (40-100% B over 20 minutes followed by 100% B over 10 minutes, 280 nm, 40 g C18 cartridge) concentrated in vacuo, and freezedried. Yield: 4.11 g (41%). .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d.sub.6) δ 8.10 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 2H), 7.98 (dd, J=13.5, 7.7 Hz, 4H), 7.89 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 4H), 7.82 (dd, J=12.4, 7.8 Hz, 4H), 7.77-7.69 (m, 6H), 7.67-7.57 (m, 6H), 7.57-7.48 (m, 9H), 7.48-7.38 (m, 8H), 7.38-7.25 (m, 8H), 7.19 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 2H), 7.08 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 2H), 6.15 (d, J=9.9 Hz, 1H), 6.11 (d, J=5.1 Hz, 1H), 6.04 (t, J=4.1 Hz, 2H), 5.96 (dd, J=10.6, 3.4 Hz, 1H), 5.90 (t, J=5.8 Hz, 1H), 5.76-5.59 (m, 2H), 5.49 (d, J=3.6 Hz, 1H), 5.21 (dd, J=10.4, 3.5 Hz, 1H), 4.90 (q, J=6.0 Hz, 1H), 4.86-4.69 (m, 5H), 4.58 (d, J=12.0 Hz, 1H), 4.39 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 3.97 (dd, J=11.9, 4.6 Hz, 1H), 3.80 (d, J=11.4 Hz, 1H). MALDI TOF-MS: Calculated mass [M+Na].sup.+: 1671.46. Found: 1671.45.

Experimental Procedure for Synthesis of Glycosides

Methoxy LOIB (MeLOIB, Methyl Hepta-O-Isobutyryl-α,β-Lactoside)

[0708] ##STR00007##

[0709] Lactose octaisobutyrate (LOIB, 18 g, 20 mmol) was dissolved in dry dichloromethane (80 mL) under inert atmosphere (N2). Hereafter dry methanol (1.5 mL, 36 mmol, 1.8 eq.) was carefully added, and the reaction was cooled to 0° C. Then, boron trifluoride diethyl etherate (6.2 mL, 50 mmol, 2.5 eq.) was gradually added over 10 minutes. The reaction was allowed to slowly warm to room temperature and continued at room temperature overnight, whereafter MALDI-TOF and TLC (10% acetone, toluene) showed around 65% conversion. In order to avoid excess brown polymerization byproduct, the reaction was stopped by addition of 30 mL methanol. The reaction mixture was washed with NaHCO.sub.3(aq.) (3×100 mL) and water (1×100 mL). The organic phase was dried with MgSO.sub.4 (s), filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. Part of the crude concentrate (˜12 g) was dissolved in DMSO:MeCN 1:1 and purified by automatic flash (40-80% B over 8 minutes followed by 80-90% B over 17 min, 90-100% B over 2 min and 100% B over 3 minutes, 220 nm, 40 g C18 cartridge) concentrated in vacuo, and freezedried. Yield: 5.2 g (43%). .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d.sub.6) δ 5.27-5.09 (m, 3H), 4.89-4.77 (m, 1H), 4.68-4.63 (m, 1H), 4.63-4.59 (m, 1H), 4.29 (d, J=11.5 Hz, 1H), 4.19 (t, J=6.8 Hz, 1H), 4.12 (dd, J=12.1, 6.1 Hz, 1H), 4.05-3.91 (m, 2H), 3.91-3.66 (m, 3H), 3.29 (s, 3H), 2.66-2.22 (m, 7H), 1.10-0.89 (m, ˜42H). MALDI TOF-MS: Calculated mass [M+Na].sup.+: 869.42. Found: 869.36.

3-Iodobenzyl LOIB (CLA-1,3-Iodobenzyl Hepta-O-Isobutyryl-α,β-Lactoside)

[0710] ##STR00008##

[0711] Lactose octaisobutyrate (LOIB, 11 g, 12.2 mmol) was dissolved in dry dichloromethane (60 mL) under inert atmosphere (N2). Hereafter dry 3-iodobenzyl alcohol (containing about 25% impurity of benzyl alcohol) (2.17 mL, 17 mmol, 1.4 eq.) was carefully added, and the reaction was cooled to 0° C. Then, boron trifluoride diethyl etherate (3.8 mL, 30.5 mmol, 2.5 eq.) was gradually added over 10 minutes. The reaction was allowed to slowly warm to room temperature and continued at room temperature overnight, whereafter MALDI-TOF and TLC (10% acetone, toluene) showed around 50% conversion. In order to avoid excess brown polymerization byproduct, the reaction was stopped by addition of 30 mL methanol. The reaction mixture was washed with NaHCO.sub.3(aq.) (3×100 mL) and water (1×100 mL). The organic phase was dried with MgSO.sub.4 (s), filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. Part of the crude concentrate (˜6 g) was dissolved in DMSO:MeCN 1:1 and purified by automatic flash (40-80% B over 6 minutes followed by 80-90% B over 22 min, 90-100% B over 1 min and 100% B over 5 minutes, 220 and 280 nm, 40 g C18 cartridge) concentrated in vacuo, and freezedried. Yield: 1.6 g (25%). .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d.sub.6) δ 7.68-7.60 (m, 2H), 7.26 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 7.14 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 5.27-5.15 (m, 3H), 4.91-4.83 (m, 2H), 4.77-4.66 (m, 3H), 4.51 (d, J=12.7 Hz, 1H), 4.35 (dd, J=12.4, 1.9 Hz, 1H), 4.23 (t, J=6.8 Hz, 1H), 4.16 (dd, J=12.1, 5.8 Hz, 1H), 4.08-3.94 (m, 2H), 3.88 (ddd, J=10.0, 5.7, 1.9 Hz, 1H), 3.79 (t, J=9.5 Hz, 1H), 2.69-2.52 (m, 3H), 2.47-2.29 (m, 4H), 1.15-0.95 (m, 42H). MALDI TOF-MS: Calculated mass [M+Na].sup.+: 1071.35. Found: 1071.44.

Experimental Procedure for Synthesis of Iodine Rich Esters

α,β Lactose Octa Para-Iodobenzoate (CLA-8)

[0712] ##STR00009##

[0713] β-lactose (3.4 g, 10 mmol) was suspended in dry pyridine (100 mL) under inert atmosphere (N2). Hereafter para-iodobenzoyl chloride (25 g, 95 mmol, 1.2 eq. pr. hydroxyl group) was carefully added. Then, a catalytic amount of DMAP (121 mg, 0.1 eq.) was added, and the mixture was sonicated under inert atmosphere at 50° C. for 20 minutes for complete dissolution of all reagents. Then the reaction was heated to 65° C. and continued overnight, whereafter TLC (5% acetone, toluene) and QTOF-MS showed complete acylation of the starting material. The reaction was cooled down to room temperature and a precipitate formed, which was filtered off through suction filtration. The supernatant was then cooled to 2° C. and further precipitate was filtered off, whereafter the supernatant was concentrated under reduced pressure. The concentrate was dissolved in dichloromethane and washed with NaHCO.sub.3(aq.) (8×100 mL), brine (1×100 mL) and water (1×100 mL). The organic phase was dried with MgSO.sub.4 (s), filtered, concentrated under reduced pressure and dried in vacuo. The solid was recrystallized from dichloromethane:ethanol 1:5 to give a white crystalline compound. Yield: 12.9 g (60%) (˜25% alpha, ˜75% beta anomer). .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d.sub.6) δ 7.99 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.94-7.42 (m, 37H), 7.28 (dd, J=8.6, 2.9 Hz, 3H), 6.60 (d, J=3.7 Hz, 0.3H), 6.40 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 6.06 (t, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 5.95 (t, J=9.7 Hz, 0.3H), 5.86-5.72 (m, 1H), 5.64 (dd, J=7.5, 3.5 Hz, 1H), 5.56 (dd, J=10.1, 3.8 Hz, 0.3H), 5.50 (t, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 5.43-5.31 (m, 3H), 4.69-4.41 (m, 4H), 4.39-4.27 (m, 3H), 3.99 (dd, J=11.2, 6.6 Hz, 1H), 3.87-3.70 (m, 1H). QTOF-MS: Calculated mass [M+Na].sup.+: 2204.50. Found: 2204.40.

α,β Lactose Para-Iodobenzoate, Partly Acylated Mixture

[0714] ##STR00010##

[0715] β-lactose (3 g, 9 mmol) was suspended in dry pyridine (100 mL) under inert atmosphere (N.sub.2). Hereafter para-iodobenzoyl chloride (11.2 g, 42 mmol, 1.2 eq. pr 4 hydroxyl groups) was carefully added. Then, a catalytic amount of DMAP (107 mg, 0.1 eq.) was added, and the mixture was sonicated under inert atmosphere at 50° C. for 20 minutes to fully dissolve all constituents. Then the reaction was heated to 65° C. and continued overnight, whereafter MALDI-TOF MS showed conversion to species with 1-5 ester functionalizations. The reaction was then cooled to 2° C. and the resulting precipitate was filtered off on glass filter funnel (por 3), and washed with cold water and ethanol. The precipitate was hereafter recrystallized from isopropanol and collected as a fine white powder with an average of 4 ester functionalizations. Yield: 10.2 g (92%), mixture of partly acylated lactose species. .sup.1H NMR δ 8.04-7.29 (m, ˜16H), 6.55-3.25 (m, ˜14H). MALDI TOF-MS: Calculated mass: lactose mono para-iodobenzoate [M+Na].sup.+: 595.04. Found: 594.84. Lactose di para-iodobenzoate: Calculated mass [M+Na].sup.+: 824.96. Found: 824.89. Lactose tri para-iodobenzoate: Calculated mass [M+Na].sup.+: 1054.89. Found 1054.87. Lactose tetra para-iodo benzoate Calculated mass [M+Na].sup.+: 1284.81. Found: 1284.81. Lactose penta para-iodobenzoate: Calculated mass [M+Na].sup.+: 1514.73. Found: 1514.71.

Example 37: Chemical Structures Beyond CLA-1, CLA8 and meLOIB

[0716] The aim of the current example is to present particularly interesting chemical analogues of CLA-1, CLA-8 and meLOIB.

[0717] FIG. 33 shows carbohydrates that may be fully or partly acylated with iodine containing aromatic acyl groups or aliphatic or aromatic acyl groups such as acetate, propionate, butyrate, isobutyrate, pivaloate, valerate, isovalerate, hexanoate, benzoate, PABA acylation or PEG acylation or OH.

[0718] FIG. 34 shows carbohydrates that may be functionalized with aromatic iodine containing aromatic acyl groups selectively on primary alcohols and/or amines on one or more positions in any acylation pattern, the rest of the positions may be functionalized with one or more aliphatic or aromatic acyl groups in any acylation pattern.

[0719] FIG. 35 shows carbohydrates where the anomeric center may be protected with aromatic iodine containing ethers. The primary positions and/or amines may be functionalized with aromatic iodine containing acyl groups on one or more positions. The rest of the positions may be functionalized with one or more of the acyl groups in any pattern.

[0720] FIG. 36 shows carbohydrates where the anomeric center may be protected with aliphatic linear or branched ethers or aromatic ethers of different length. The primary positions and/or amines may simultaneously be functionalized with aromatic iodine containing acyl groups on one or more positions, the rest of the positions may be functionalized with one or more of the acyl groups in any pattern.

[0721] FIG. 37 shows carbohydrates where the anomeric center may be protected with aliphatic linear or branched ethers or aromatic ethers of different length. The rest of the positions may be functionalized with one or more of the acyl groups in any pattern.