ONION HYBRID SVNS7044

Abstract

The invention provides seeds and plants of the onion hybrid designated SVNS7044. The invention thus relates to the plants, seeds and tissue cultures of onion hybrid SVNS7044, and to methods for producing an onion plant produced by crossing such plants with themselves or with another onion plant, such as an onion plant of another genotype. The invention further relates to seeds and plants produced by such crossing. The invention further relates to plants, seeds, plant parts, and tissue cultures of onion hybrid SVNS7044 comprising introduced beneficial or desirable traits, including the bulbs and gametes of such plants.

Claims

1. An onion plant of onion hybrid SVNS7044, a sample of seed of said hybrid having been deposited under NCMA Accession Number 202108108.

2. An onion seed that produces the plant of claim 1.

3. A plant part of the plant of claim 1, wherein the plant part comprises a cell of said plant.

4. An onion plant having all of the physiological and morphological characteristics of the plant of claim 1.

5. A tissue culture of regenerable cells of the plant of claim 1.

6. An onion plant regenerated from the tissue culture of claim 5, wherein said plant has all of the physiological and morphological characteristics of onion hybrid SVNS7044.

7. A method of vegetatively propagating the plant of claim 1, the method comprising the steps of: (a) collecting tissue capable of being propagated from the plant of claim 1; and (b) propagating an onion plant from the tissue.

8. A method of producing an onion plant comprising an added trait, the method comprising introducing a transgene conferring the trait into the plant of claim 1.

9. An onion plant produced by the method of claim 8.

10. An onion plant of onion hybrid SVNS7044, a sample of seed of said hybrid having been deposited under NCMA Accession Number 202108108, further comprising a transgene.

11. The plant of claim 10, wherein the transgene confers a trait selected from the group consisting of male sterility, herbicide tolerance, insect resistance, pest resistance, disease resistance, modified fatty acid metabolism, environmental stress tolerance, modified carbohydrate metabolism, and modified protein metabolism.

12. An onion plant of onion hybrid SVNS7044, a sample of seed of said hybrid having been deposited under NCMA Accession Number 202108108, further comprising a single locus conversion.

13. The plant of claim 12, wherein the single locus conversion confers a trait selected from the group consisting of male sterility, herbicide tolerance, insect resistance, pest resistance, disease resistance, modified fatty acid metabolism, environmental stress tolerance, modified carbohydrate metabolism, and modified protein metabolism.

14. A method for producing a seed of an onion plant derived from onion hybrid SVNS7044, the method comprising the steps of: (a) crossing the plant of claim 1 with itself or a different onion plant; and (b) allowing a seed of an onion hybrid SVNS7044-derived onion plant to form.

15. A method of producing a seed of an onion hybrid SVNS7044-derived onion plant, the method comprising the steps of: (a) producing an onion hybrid SVNS7044-derived onion plant from a seed produced by crossing the plant of claim 1 with itself or a different onion plant; and (b) crossing the onion hybrid SVNS7044-derived onion plant with itself or a different onion plant to obtain a seed of a further onion hybrid SVNS7044-derived onion plant.

16. The method of claim 15, the method further comprising repeating said producing and crossing steps of (a) and (b) using the seed from said step (b) for producing the onion plant according to step (a) for at least one generation to produce a seed of an additional onion hybrid SVNS7044-derived onion plant.

17. A method of producing onions comprising: (a) obtaining the plant of claim 1, wherein the plant has been cultivated to maturity, and (b) collecting at least one onion from the plant.

Description

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0030] The parents of onion hybrid SVNS7044 are onion line SRL-75-4854A and onion line SRL-75-1783C. The parent lines are uniform and stable, as is a hybrid produced therefrom. A small percentage of variants can occur within commercially acceptable limits for almost any characteristic during the course of repeated multiplication. However no variants are expected.

[0031] Onion hybrid SVNS7044, also known as RED HALEN and 18-RV-OSR-7044, is a short day, bulb onion hybrid that develops a plant that produces a bulb with a superior external and internal red color. Onion hybrid SVNS7044 comprises high resistance to resistance pink root rot and intermediate resistance to Fusarium basal rot.

A. Physiological and Morphological Characteristics of Onion Hybrid SVNS7044

[0032] In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, there is provided a plant having the physiological and morphological characteristics of onion hybrid SVNS7044. Descriptions of the physiological and morphological characteristics of onion hybrid SVNS7044 are presented in the table that follows.

TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Physiological and Morphological Characteristics of Hybrid SVNS7044 CHARACTERISTIC SVNS7044 SV7030NS Type bulb bulb type short day short day maturity (days) late late Plant height (cm) 90.47 88.73 (above soil line to the highest point of any foliage) number of cm taller than comparable variety 1.74 attitude erect erect number of leaves per pseudostem medium medium Leaf color medium green medium green color (RHS Color Chart value) 138 B 138 B Leaf leaf length (cm) (before maturity) 73.47 73.47 leaf width (mm) 15.43 17.85 leaf thickness (mm) (at mid-length of 0.63 0.68 longest leaf) bloom medium medium Sheath column length (height from soil line to 224.17 208.73 base of lowest succulent leaf) (mm) column diameter (at mid-length) (mm) 27.61 28.44 scape length (from soil line to base of 127.41 124.13 inflorescence) (cm) scape diameter (at mid-length) (mm) 17.77 18.30 Inflorescence maximum number per plant 8 7 minimum number per plant 2 3 average number per plant 5.27 4.87 diameter (mm) 59.87 60.23 type compact compact spathe long beak long beak flower color white white anther length (mm) 5.97 5.64 anther color dark green dark green pollen viability fertile fertile sepal shape round short round short male sterility absent or very weak absent or very weak (0%-10%) (0%-10%) Bulb average number of bulbs per meter 50 60 time of harvest maturity for autumn sown late late trials (foliage fall-over in 80% of plants) tendency to split in bulblets (with dry skin absent or very weak absent or very weak around each bulblet) size (at harvest) medium small shape (in longitudinal section) transverse medium rhombic elliptic shape of stem end flat flat shape flat globe flat globe shape index (bulb height (cm)/bulb 6.81 cm/8.31 cm = 5.79 cm/6.91 cm = diameter (cm)) 0.82 0.84 bulb evaginate evaginate skin color purplish red purplish red interior color purplish red purplish red base color of dry skin red red intensity of base color of dry skin dark dark hue of color of dry skin (in addition to purplish purplish base color) number of scales medium medium scale thickness medium medium scale retention good good pungency medium strong storage fair fair *These are typical values. Values may vary due to environment. Other values that are substantially equivalent are within the scope of the invention.

B. Breeding Onion Hybrid SVNS7044

[0033] One aspect of the current invention concerns methods for producing a seed of onion hybrid SVNS7044 involving crossing onion line SRL-75-4854A and onion line SRL 1783C. Alternatively, in other embodiments of the invention, hybrid SVNS7044 may be crossed with itself or a second plant, such methods can be used for propagation of hybrid SVNS7044 or can be used to produce plants derived from hybrid SVNS7044. Plants derived from onion hybrid SVNS7044 may be used, in certain embodiments, for the development of new onion varieties.

[0034] The development of new varieties using one or more starting varieties is well known in the art. In accordance with the invention, novel varieties may be created by crossing hybrid SVNS7044 followed by multiple generations of breeding according to such well-known methods. New varieties may be created by crossing with any second plant. In selecting such a second plant to cross for the purpose of developing novel lines, it may be desired to choose those plants which either themselves exhibit one or more selected desirable characteristics or which exhibit the desired characteristic(s) in progeny. Once initial crosses have been made, inbreeding and selection take place to produce new varieties. For development of a uniform line, often five or more generations of selfing and selection are involved.

[0035] Uniform lines of new varieties may also be developed by way of double-haploids. This technique allows the creation of true breeding lines without the need for multiple generations of selfing and selection. In this manner, true breeding lines can be produced in as little as one generation. Haploid embryos may be produced from microspores, pollen, anther cultures, or ovary cultures. The haploid embryos may then be doubled autonomously, or by chemical treatments (e.g. colchicine treatment). Alternatively, haploid embryos may be grown into haploid plants and treated to induce chromosome doubling. In either case, fertile homozygous plants are obtained. In accordance with the invention, any of such techniques may be used in connection with hybrid SVNS7044 and progeny thereof to achieve a homozygous line.

[0036] New varieties may be created, for example, by crossing hybrid SVNS7044 with any second plant and selection of progeny in various generations or by doubled haploid technology. In choosing a second plant to cross for the purpose of developing novel lines, it may be desired to choose those plants which either themselves exhibit one or more selected desirable characteristics or which exhibit the desired characteristic(s) in progeny. After one or more lines are crossed, true-breeding lines may be developed.

[0037] Backcrossing can also be used to improve an inbred plant. Backcrossing transfers a specific desirable trait from one inbred or non-inbred source to an inbred that lacks that trait. This can be accomplished, for example, by first crossing an inbred (recurrent parent) to a donor inbred (non-recurrent parent), which carries the appropriate locus or loci for the trait in question. The progeny of this cross are then mated back to the recurrent parent followed by selection in the resultant progeny for the desired trait to be transferred from the non-recurrent parent. After five or more backcross generations with selection for the desired trait, the progeny have the characteristic being transferred, but are like the recurrent parent for most or almost all other loci. The last backcross generation would be selfed to give pure breeding progeny for the trait being transferred.

[0038] The plants of the present invention are particularly well suited for the development of new lines based on the elite nature of the genetic background of the plants. In selecting a second plant to cross with SVNS7044 for the purpose of developing novel onion lines, it will typically be preferred to choose those plants which either themselves exhibit one or more selected desirable characteristics or which exhibit the desired characteristic(s) when in hybrid combination. Examples of desirable characteristics may include, but are not necessarily limited to, enhanced flavor; reduced flavor; low pungency (such producing a bulb having a pyruvic acid development (PAD) measurement of less than 5.5 μM/g FW of pyruvate, for example); increased resistance to viral pathogens, for example, iris yellow spot virus, onion yellow dwarf virus, onion mosaic virus, and onion mite-borne latent virus; increased resistance to one or more bacterial pathogens, for example, Erwinia carotovora ssp. carotovora, E. chrysanthemi, Pseudomonas gladioli, and Enterobacter cloacae, such as are related to bacterial soft rot, onion bacterial blight, caused by Xanthomonas sp; increased resistance to one or more fungal diseases, such as purple blotch, caused by the fungus Alternaria porri, downy mildew, caused by the fungus Peronospora destructor; Botrytis leaf blight (Blast) symptoms, caused by Botrytis spp.; white rot, caused by Fusarium; and Botrytis neck rot; increased resistance to insects (e.g. bulb mites; maggots; pea leafminer; thrips; wheat curl mite; and onion eelworm); and the like.

[0039] Furthermore, examples of desirable characteristics may also include, in specific embodiments, high seed yield, high seed germination, seedling vigor, high bulb yield, disease tolerance or resistance, and adaptability for soil and climate conditions. Consumer-driven traits, such as bulb shape, color, texture, and taste are other examples of traits that may be incorporated into new lines of onion plants developed by this invention.

C. Further Embodiments of the Invention

[0040] In certain aspects of the invention, plants described herein are provided modified to include at least a first desired heritable trait. Such plants may, in one embodiment, be developed by a plant breeding technique called backcrossing, wherein essentially all of the physiological and morphological characteristics of a variety are recovered in addition to a genetic locus transferred into the plant via the backcrossing technique. The term single locus converted plant as used herein refers to those onion plants which are developed by a plant breeding technique called backcrossing or by genetic engineering, wherein essentially all of the desired physiological and morphological characteristics of a variety are recovered or conserved in addition to the single locus introduced into the variety via the backcrossing or genetic engineering technique, respectively. By essentially all of the morphological and physiological characteristics, it is meant that the characteristics of a plant are recovered or conserved that are otherwise present when compared in the same environment, other than an occasional variant trait that might arise during backcrossing, introduction of a transgene, or application of a genetic engineering technique.

[0041] Backcrossing methods can be used with the present invention to improve or introduce a characteristic into the present variety. The parental onion plant which contributes the locus for the desired characteristic is termed the nonrecurrent or donor parent. This terminology refers to the fact that the nonrecurrent parent is used one time in the backcross protocol and therefore does not recur. The parental onion plant to which the locus or loci from the nonrecurrent parent are transferred is known as the recurrent parent as it is used for several rounds in the backcrossing protocol.

[0042] In a typical backcross protocol, the original variety of interest (recurrent parent) is crossed to a second variety (nonrecurrent parent) that carries the single locus of interest to be transferred. The resulting progeny from this cross are then crossed again to the recurrent parent and the process is repeated until an onion plant is obtained wherein essentially all of the desired physiological and morphological characteristics of the recurrent parent are recovered in the converted plant, in addition to the single transferred locus from the nonrecurrent parent.

[0043] The selection of a suitable recurrent parent is an important step for a successful backcrossing procedure. The goal of a backcross protocol is to alter or substitute a single trait or characteristic in the original variety. To accomplish this, a single locus of the recurrent variety is modified or substituted with the desired locus from the nonrecurrent parent, while retaining essentially all of the rest of the desired genetic, and therefore the desired physiological and morphological constitution of the original variety. The choice of the particular nonrecurrent parent will depend on the purpose of the backcross; one of the major purposes is to add some commercially desirable trait to the plant. The exact backcrossing protocol will depend on the characteristic or trait being altered and the genetic distance between the recurrent and nonrecurrent parents. Although backcrossing methods are simplified when the characteristic being transferred is a dominant allele, a recessive allele, or an additive allele (between recessive and dominant), may also be transferred. In this instance it may be necessary to introduce a test of the progeny to determine if the desired characteristic has been successfully transferred.

[0044] In one embodiment, progeny onion plants of a backcross in which a plant described herein is the recurrent parent comprise (i) the desired trait from the non-recurrent parent and (ii) all of the physiological and morphological characteristics of onion recurrent parent as determined at the 5% significance level when grown in the same environmental conditions.

[0045] Onion varieties can also be developed from more than two parents. The technique, known as modified backcrossing, uses different recurrent parents during the backcrossing. Modified backcrossing may be used to replace the original recurrent parent with a variety having certain more desirable characteristics or multiple parents may be used to obtain different desirable characteristics from each.

[0046] With the development of molecular markers associated with particular traits, it is possible to add additional traits into an established germ line, such as represented here, with the end result being substantially the same base germplasm with the addition of a new trait or traits. Molecular breeding, as described in Moose and Mumm, 2008 (Plant Physiology, 147: 969-977), for example, and elsewhere, provides a mechanism for integrating single or multiple traits or QTL into an elite line. This molecular breeding-facilitated movement of a trait or traits into an elite line may encompass incorporation of a particular genomic fragment associated with a particular trait of interest into the elite line by the mechanism of identification of the integrated genomic fragment with the use of flanking or associated marker assays. In the embodiment represented here, one, two, three or four genomic loci, for example, may be integrated into an elite line via this methodology. When this elite line containing the additional loci is further crossed with another parental elite line to produce hybrid offspring, it is possible to then incorporate at least eight separate additional loci into the hybrid. These additional loci may confer, for example, such traits as a disease resistance or a bulb quality trait. In one embodiment, each locus may confer a separate trait. In another embodiment, loci may need to be homozygous and exist in each parent line to confer a trait in the hybrid. In yet another embodiment, multiple loci may be combined to confer a single robust phenotype of a desired trait.

[0047] Many single locus traits have been identified that are not regularly selected for in the development of a new inbred but that can be improved by backcrossing techniques. Single locus traits may or may not be transgenic; examples of these traits include, but are not limited to, male sterility, herbicide resistance, resistance to bacterial, fungal, or viral disease, insect resistance, restoration of male fertility, modified fatty acid or carbohydrate metabolism, and altered nutritional quality. These comprise genes generally inherited through the nucleus.

[0048] Direct selection may be applied where the single locus acts as a dominant trait. For this selection process, the progeny of the initial cross are assayed for viral resistance or the presence of the corresponding gene prior to the backcrossing. Selection eliminates any plants that do not have the desired gene and resistance trait, and only those plants that have the trait are used in the subsequent backcross. This process is then repeated for all additional backcross generations.

[0049] Selection of onion plants for breeding is not necessarily dependent on the phenotype of a plant and instead can be based on genetic investigations. For example, one can utilize a suitable genetic marker which is closely genetically linked to a trait of interest. One of these markers can be used to identify the presence or absence of a trait in the offspring of a particular cross, and can be used in selection of progeny for continued breeding. This technique is commonly referred to as marker assisted selection. Any other type of genetic marker or other assay which is able to identify the relative presence or absence of a trait of interest in a plant can also be useful for breeding purposes. Procedures for marker assisted selection applicable to the breeding of onion are well known in the art. Such methods will be of particular utility in the case of recessive traits and variable phenotypes, or where conventional assays may be more expensive, time consuming or otherwise disadvantageous. In addition, marker assisted selection may be used to identify plants comprising desirable genotypes at the seed, seedling, or plant stage, to identify or assess the purity of a cultivar, to catalog the genetic diversity of a germplasm collection, and to monitor specific alleles or haplotypes within an established cultivar.

[0050] Types of genetic markers which could be used in accordance with the invention include, but are not necessarily limited to, Simple Sequence Length Polymorphisms (SSLPs) (Williams et al., Nucleic Acids Res., 18:6531-6535, 1990), Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs), DNA Amplification Fingerprinting (DAF), Sequence Characterized Amplified Regions (SCARs), Arbitrary Primed Polymerase Chain Reaction (AP-PCR), Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms (AFLPs) (EP 534 858, specifically incorporated herein by reference in its entirety), and Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) (Wang et al., Science, 280:1077-1082, 1998).

[0051] In particular embodiments of the invention, marker assisted selection is used to increase the efficiency of a backcrossing breeding scheme for producing an onion line comprising a desired trait. This technique is commonly referred to as marker assisted backcrossing (MABC). This technique is well-known in the art and may involve, for example, the use of three or more levels of selection, including foreground selection to identity the presence of a desired locus, which may complement or replace phenotype screening protocols; recombinant selection to minimize linkage drag; and background selection to maximize recurrent parent genome recovery.

D. Plants Derived by Genetic Engineering

[0052] Various genetic engineering technologies have been developed and may be used by those of skill in the art to introduce traits in plants. In certain aspects of the claimed invention, traits are introduced into onion plants via altering or introducing a single genetic locus or transgene into the genome of a recited variety or progenitor thereof. Methods of genetic engineering to modify, delete, or insert genes and polynucleotides into the genomic DNA of plants are well-known in the art.

[0053] In specific embodiments of the invention, improved onion lines can be created through the site-specific modification of a plant genome. Methods of genetic engineering include, for example, utilizing sequence-specific nucleases such as zinc-finger nucleases (see, for example, U.S. Pat. Appl. Pub. No. 2011-0203012); engineered or native meganucleases; TALE-endonucleases (see, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,586,363 and 9,181,535); and RNA-guided endonucleases, such as those of the CRISPR/Cas systems (see, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,697,359 and 8,771,945 and U.S. Pat. Appl. Pub. No. 2014-0068797). One embodiment of the invention thus relates to utilizing a nuclease or any associated protein to carry out genome modification. This nuclease could be provided heterologously within donor template DNA for templated-genomic editing or in a separate molecule or vector. A recombinant DNA construct may also comprise a sequence encoding one or more guide RNAs to direct the nuclease to the site within the plant genome to be modified. Further methods for altering or introducing a single genetic locus include, for example, utilizing single-stranded oligonucleotides to introduce base pair modifications in an onion plant genome (see, for example Sauer et al., Plant Physiol, 170(4):1917-1928, 2016).

[0054] Methods for site-directed alteration or introduction of a single genetic locus are well-known in the art and include those that utilize sequence-specific nucleases, such as the aforementioned, or complexes of proteins and guide-RNA that cut genomic DNA to produce a double-strand break (DSB) or nick at a genetic locus. As is well-understood in the art, during the process of repairing the DSB or nick introduced by the nuclease enzyme, a donor template, transgene, or expression cassette polynucleotide may become integrated into the genome at the site of the DSB or nick. The presence of homology arms in the DNA to be integrated may promote the adoption and targeting of the insertion sequence into the plant genome during the repair process through homologous recombination or non-homologous end joining (NHEJ).

[0055] In another embodiment of the invention, genetic transformation may be used to insert a selected transgene into a plant of the invention or may, alternatively, be used for the preparation of transgenes which can be introduced by backcrossing. Methods for the transformation of plants that are well known to those of skill in the art and applicable to many crop species include, but are not limited to, electroporation, microprojectile bombardment, Agrobacterium-mediated transformation and direct DNA uptake by protoplasts.

[0056] To effect transformation by electroporation, one may employ either friable tissues, such as a suspension culture of cells or embryogenic callus or alternatively one may transform immature embryos or other organized tissue directly. In this technique, one would partially degrade the cell walls of the chosen cells by exposing them to pectin-degrading enzymes (pectolyases) or mechanically wound tissues in a controlled manner.

[0057] Many useful traits are those which are introduced by genetic transformation techniques. Methods for the genetic transformation of onion are known to those of skill in the art. For example, methods which have been described for the genetic transformation of onion may include electroporation, electrotransformation, microprojectile bombardment, Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, direct DNA uptake transformation of protoplasts and silicon carbide fiber-mediated transformation. See, e.g., Khachatourians et al., (In: Transgenic Plants and Crops, Marcel Dekker, Inc., 2002)

[0058] It is understood to those of skill in the art that a transgene need not be directly transformed into a plant, as techniques for the production of stably transformed onion plants that pass single loci to progeny by Mendelian inheritance is well known in the art. Such loci may therefore be passed from parent plant to progeny plants by standard plant breeding techniques that are well known in the art. Examples of traits that may be introduced into an onion plant according to the invention include, for example, male sterility, herbicide resistance, disease resistance, insect resistance, and enhanced nutritional quality.

[0059] PCR and Southern hybridization are two examples of molecular techniques that can be used for confirmation of the presence of a given locus and thus conversion of that locus.

[0060] An efficient method for delivering transforming DNA segments to plant cells is microprojectile bombardment. In this method, particles are coated with nucleic acids and delivered into cells by a propelling force. Exemplary particles include those comprised of tungsten, platinum, and preferably, gold. For the bombardment, cells in suspension are concentrated on filters or solid culture medium. Alternatively, immature embryos or other target cells may be arranged on solid culture medium. The cells to be bombarded are positioned at an appropriate distance below the macroprojectile stopping plate.

[0061] An illustrative embodiment of a method for delivering DNA into plant cells by acceleration is the Biolistics Particle Delivery System, which can be used to propel particles coated with DNA or cells through a screen, such as a stainless steel or Nytex screen, onto a surface covered with target onion cells. The screen disperses the particles so that they are not delivered to the recipient cells in large aggregates. Microprojectile bombardment techniques are widely applicable, and may be used to transform virtually any plant species.

[0062] Agrobacterium-mediated transfer is another widely applicable system for introducing gene loci into plant cells. An advantage of the technique is that DNA can be introduced into whole plant tissues, thereby bypassing the need for regeneration of an intact plant from a protoplast. Modern Agrobacterium transformation vectors are capable of replication in E. coli as well as Agrobacterium, allowing for convenient manipulations (Klee et al., Bio-Technology, 3(7):637-642, 1985). Moreover, recent technological advances in vectors for Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer have improved the arrangement of genes and restriction sites in the vectors to facilitate the construction of vectors capable of expressing various polypeptide coding genes. The vectors described have convenient multi-linker regions flanked by a promoter and a polyadenylation site for direct expression of inserted polypeptide coding genes. Additionally, Agrobacterium containing both armed and disarmed Ti genes can be used for transformation.

[0063] In those plant strains where Agrobacterium-mediated transformation is efficient, it is the method of choice because of the facile and defined nature of the gene locus transfer. The use of Agrobacterium-mediated plant integrating vectors to introduce DNA into plant cells is well known in the art (Fraley et al., Bio/Technology, 3:629-635, 1985; U.S. Pat. No. 5,563,055). One example of an onion transformation protocol for Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation involves use of immature embryos as an explant source (Eady et al., Plant Cell Rep., 19:376-381, 2000). Multiple-shoot formation from primary transgenic material made possible the clonal multiplication of transformants.

[0064] Transformation of plant protoplasts also can be achieved using methods based on calcium phosphate precipitation, polyethylene glycol treatment, electroporation, and combinations of these treatments (see, e.g., Potrykus et al., Mol. Gen. Genet., 199:183-188, 1985; Omirulleh et al., Plant Mol. Biol., 21(3):415-428, 1993; Fromm et al., Nature, 312:791-793, 1986; Uchimiya et al., Mol. Gen. Genet., 204:204, 1986; Marcotte et al., Nature, 335:454, 1988). Transformation of plants and expression of foreign genetic elements is exemplified in Choi et al. (Plant Cell Rep., 13: 344-348, 1994), and Ellul et al. (Theor. Appl. Genet., 107:462-469, 2003).

[0065] A number of promoters have utility for plant gene expression for any gene of interest including but not limited to selectable markers, scoreable markers, genes for pest tolerance, disease resistance, nutritional enhancements and any other gene of agronomic interest. Examples of constitutive promoters useful for plant gene expression include, but are not limited to, the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) P-35S promoter, which confers constitutive, high-level expression in most plant tissues (see, e.g., Odel et al., Nature, 313:810, 1985), including in monocots (see, e.g., Dekeyser et al., Plant Cell, 2:591, 1990; Terada and Shimamoto, Mol. Gen. Genet., 220:389, 1990); a tandemly duplicated version of the CaMV 35S promoter, the enhanced 35S promoter (P-e35S) the nopaline synthase promoter (An et al., Plant Physiol., 88:547, 1988), the octopine synthase promoter (Fromm et al., Plant Cell, 1:977, 1989); and the figwort mosaic virus (P-FMV) promoter as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,378,619 and an enhanced version of the FMV promoter (P-eFMV) where the promoter sequence of P-FMV is duplicated in tandem, the cauliflower mosaic virus 19S promoter, a sugarcane bacilliform virus promoter, a commelina yellow mottle virus promoter, and other plant DNA virus promoters known to express in plant cells.

[0066] A variety of plant gene promoters that are regulated in response to environmental, hormonal, chemical, or developmental signals can also be used for expression of an operably linked gene in plant cells, including promoters regulated by (1) heat (Callis et al., Plant Physiol., 88:965, 1988), (2) light (e.g., pea rbcS-3A promoter, Kuhlemeier et al., Plant Cell, 1:471, 1989; maize rbcS promoter, Schaffner and Sheen, Plant Cell, 3:997, 1991; or chlorophyll a/b-binding protein promoter, Simpson et al., EMBO J., 4:2723, 1985), (3) hormones, such as abscisic acid (Marcotte et al., Plant Cell, 1:969, 1989), (4) wounding (e.g., wunl, Siebertz et al., Plant Cell, 1:961, 1989); or (5) chemicals such as methyl jasmonate, salicylic acid, or Safener. It may also be advantageous to employ organ-specific promoters (e.g., Roshal et al., EMBO J., 6:1155, 1987; Schernthaner et al., EMBO J., 7:1249, 1988; Bustos et al., Plant Cell, 1:839, 1989).

[0067] Exemplary nucleic acids which may be introduced to plants of this invention include, for example, DNA sequences or genes from another species, or even genes or sequences which originate with or are present in the same species, but are incorporated into recipient cells by genetic engineering methods rather than classical reproduction or breeding techniques. However, the term “exogenous” is also intended to refer to genes that are not normally present in the cell being transformed, or perhaps simply not present in the form, structure, etc., as found in the transforming DNA segment or gene, or genes which are normally present and that one desires to express in a manner that differs from the natural expression pattern, e.g., to over-express. Thus, the term “exogenous” gene or DNA is intended to refer to any gene or DNA segment that is introduced into a recipient cell, regardless of whether a similar gene may already be present in such a cell. The type of DNA included in the exogenous DNA can include DNA which is already present in the plant cell, DNA from another plant, DNA from a different organism, or a DNA generated externally, such as a DNA sequence containing an antisense message of a gene, or a DNA sequence encoding a synthetic or modified version of a gene.

[0068] Many hundreds if not thousands of different genes are known and could potentially be introduced into an onion plant according to the invention. Non-limiting examples of particular genes and corresponding phenotypes one may choose to introduce into an onion plant include one or more genes for insect tolerance, such as a Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t.) gene, pest tolerance such as genes for fungal disease control, herbicide tolerance such as genes conferring glyphosate tolerance, and genes for quality improvements such as yield, nutritional enhancements, environmental or stress tolerances, or any desirable changes in plant physiology, growth, development, morphology or plant product(s). For example, structural genes would include any gene that confers insect tolerance including but not limited to a Bacillus insect control protein gene as described in WO 99/31248, herein incorporated by reference in its entirety, U.S. Pat. No. 5,689,052, herein incorporated by reference in its entirety, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,500,365 and 5,880,275, herein incorporated by reference in their entirety. In another embodiment, the structural gene can confer tolerance to the herbicide glyphosate as conferred by genes including, but not limited to Agrobacterium strain CP4 glyphosate resistant EPSPS gene (aroA:CP4) as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,633,435, herein incorporated by reference in its entirety, or glyphosate oxidoreductase gene (GOX) as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,463,175, herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

[0069] Alternatively, the DNA coding sequences can affect these phenotypes by encoding a non-translatable RNA molecule that causes the targeted inhibition of expression of an endogenous gene, for example via antisense- or cosuppression-mediated mechanisms (see, for example, Bird et al., Biotech. Gen. Engin. Rev., 9:207, 1991). The RNA could also be a catalytic RNA molecule (i.e., a ribozyme) engineered to cleave a desired endogenous mRNA product (see for example, Gibson and Shillito, Mol. Biotech., 7:125, 1997). Thus, any gene which produces a protein or mRNA which expresses a phenotype or morphology change of interest is useful for the practice of the present invention.

E. Definitions

[0070] In the description and table herein, a number of terms are used. In order to provide a clear and consistent understanding of the specification and claims, the following definitions are provided:

[0071] Allele: Any of one or more alternative forms of a genetic locus, all of which alleles relate to one trait or characteristic. In a diploid cell or organism, the two alleles of a given gene occupy corresponding loci on a pair of homologous chromosomes.

[0072] Backcrossing: A process in which a breeder repeatedly crosses hybrid progeny, for example a first generation hybrid (F.sub.1), back to one of the parents of the hybrid progeny. Backcrossing can be used to introduce one or more single locus conversions or transgenes from one genetic background into another.

[0073] Crossing: The mating of two parent plants.

[0074] Cross-pollination: Fertilization by the union of two gametes from different plants.

[0075] Diploid: A cell or organism having two sets of chromosomes.

[0076] Emasculate: The removal of plant male sex organs or the inactivation of the organs with a cytoplasmic or nuclear genetic factor or a chemical agent conferring male sterility.

[0077] Enzymes: Molecules which can act as catalysts in biological reactions.

[0078] F.sub.1 Hybrid: The first generation progeny of the cross of two nonisogenic plants.

[0079] Genotype: The genetic constitution of a cell or organism.

[0080] Haploid: A cell or organism having one set of the two sets of chromosomes in a diploid.

[0081] Linkage: A phenomenon wherein alleles on the same chromosome tend to segregate together more often than expected by chance if their transmission was independent.

[0082] Marker: A readily detectable phenotype, preferably inherited in codominant fashion (both alleles at a locus in a diploid heterozygote are readily detectable), with no environmental variance component, i.e., heritability of 1.

[0083] Phenotype: The detectable characteristics of a cell or organism, which characteristics are the manifestation of gene expression.

[0084] Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL): Quantitative trait loci (QTL) refer to genetic loci that control to some degree numerically representable traits that are usually continuously distributed.

[0085] Regeneration: The development of a plant from tissue culture.

[0086] Royal Horticultural Society (RHS) Color Chart Value: The RHS Color Chart is a standardized reference which allows accurate identification of any color. A color's designation on the chart describes its hue, brightness, and saturation. A color is precisely named by the RHS Color Chart by identifying the group name, sheet number, and letter, e.g., Yellow-Orange Group 19A or Red Group 41B.

[0087] Resistance: As used herein, the terms “resistance” and “tolerance” are used interchangeably to describe plants that show no symptoms to a specified biotic pest, pathogen, abiotic influence or environmental condition. These terms are also used to describe plants showing some symptoms but that are still able to produce marketable product with an acceptable yield. Some plants that are referred to as resistant or tolerant are only so in the sense that they may still produce a crop, even though the plants are stunted and the yield is reduced.

[0088] Self-pollination: The transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma of the same plant.

[0089] Single Locus Converted (Conversion) Plant: Plants which are developed by a plant breeding technique called backcrossing or genetic engineering of a locus wherein essentially all of the physiological and morphological characteristics of an onion variety are recovered in addition to the characteristics of the single locus.

[0090] Substantially Equivalent: A characteristic that, when compared, does not show a statistically significant difference (e.g., p=0.05) from the mean.

[0091] Tetraploid: A cell or organism having four sets of chromosomes.

[0092] Tissue Culture: A composition comprising isolated cells of the same or a different type or a collection of such cells organized into parts of a plant.

[0093] Transgene: A genetic locus comprising a sequence which has been introduced into the genome of a garden onion plant by transformation or site specific modification.

F. Deposit Information

[0094] A deposit of seed of onion hybrid SVNS7044, disclosed above and recited in the claims, has been made with the Provasoli-Guillard National Center for Marine Algae and Microbiota (NCMA), 60 Bigelow Drive, East Boothbay, Me., 04544 USA. The date of deposit for those deposited seeds is Aug. 20, 2021. The accession number for those deposited seeds of onion hybrid SVNS7044 is NCMA Accession Number 202108108. Upon issuance of a patent, all restrictions upon the deposit will be removed and the deposit is intended to meet all of the requirements of 37 C.F.R. §§ 1.801-1.809. The deposit has been accepted under the Budapest Treaty and will be maintained in the depository for a period of 30 years, or 5 years after the last request, or the effective life of the patent, whichever is longer, and will be replaced if necessary during that period.

[0095] Although the foregoing invention has been described in some detail by way of illustration and example for purposes of clarity and understanding, it will be obvious that certain changes and modifications may be practiced within the scope of the invention, as limited only by the scope of the appended claims.

[0096] All references cited herein are hereby expressly incorporated herein by reference.