POLYMER

Abstract

The present invention provides a polymer, preferably a degradable polymer, derived from monomers (A) and (B) and/or comprising a repeat unit of formula (Ii) and at least one terminal group of formula (II).

Claims

1. A polymer derived from monomers (A) and (B): ##STR00077## wherein R.sup.1 is at each occurrence hydrocarbyl with 1 to 40 C atoms that is optionally substituted and optionally comprises one or more hetero atoms; R.sup.2 is at each occurrence H, or hydrocarbyl with 1 to 40 C atoms that is optionally substituted and optionally comprises one or more hetero atoms; R.sup.3 is at each occurrence H, or hydrocarbyl with 1 to 40 C atoms that is optionally substituted and optionally comprises one or more hetero atoms; R.sup.5 is a leaving group selected from halogen, imidazole, OR.sup.4, SR.sup.4, or N(R.sup.4).sub.2; R.sup.4 is hydrocarbyl with 1 to 40 C atoms that is optionally substituted and optionally comprises one or more hetero atoms; each R.sup.4 may be the same or different; and each R.sup.5 may be the same or different.

2. A polymer according to claim 1, wherein R.sup.1-3 are independently of each other selected from straight-chain or branched-chain C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkyl, C.sub.2-C.sub.20 alkenyl, C.sub.2-C.sub.20 alkynyl, or C.sub.5-C.sub.20 aryl, each of which is optionally substituted.

3. A polymer according to claim 1, wherein R.sup.1 is C.sub.1-C.sub.20-alkyl, C.sub.2-C.sub.20-alkenyl, or C.sub.5-C.sub.20 aryl, each of which is optionally substituted.

4. A polymer according to claim 1, wherein R.sup.1 is methyl, ethyl, or allyl.

5. A polymer according to claim 1, wherein R.sup.2 is H, C.sub.1-C.sub.20-alkyl, C.sub.2-C.sub.20-alkenyl, or C.sub.5-C.sub.20 aryl, each of which is optionally substituted.

6. A polymer according to claim 1, wherein R.sup.2 is H, phenyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.20-alkyl, or styrenyl.

7. A polymer according to claim 1, wherein R.sup.3 is H, C.sub.1-C.sub.20-alkyl, C.sub.2-C.sub.20-alkenyl or C.sub.5-C.sub.20 aryl, each of which is optionally substituted.

8. A polymer according to claim 1, wherein R.sup.3 is H, phenyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.20-alkyl, or styrenyl.

9. A polymer according to claim 1, wherein at least one of R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 is H.

10. A polymer according to claim 1, wherein R.sup.5 is halogen or OR.sup.4 and R.sup.4 is C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkyl or C.sub.5-C.sub.20 aryl, each of which is optionally substituted.

11. A polymer according to claim 1, wherein R.sup.5 is OR.sup.4, wherein R.sup.4 is C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkyl or C.sub.5-C.sub.20 aryl, each of which is optionally substituted.

12. A polymer according to claim 1, wherein said polymer has a backbone consisting of a repeat unit of formula (I): ##STR00078##

13. A polymer according to claim 1, wherein said polymer is PLMG, PCMG, PBMG, PEMG, or PEEG.

14. A polymer according to claim 1, which undergoes degradation meeting the OECD 310 standard.

15. A process for preparing a polymer according to claim 1, wherein said process is a condensation polymerization.

16. A process according to claim 15, comprising reacting a compound of formula (A) with a compound of formula (B) ##STR00079## wherein R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, and R.sup.5 are as defined in claim 1.

17. A polymer comprising a repeat unit of formula (II) and at least one terminal group of formula (II): ##STR00080## wherein R.sup.1 is at each occurrence hydrocarbyl with 1 to 40 C atoms that is optionally substituted and optionally comprises one or more hetero atoms; R.sup.5 is a leaving group selected from halogen, imidazole, OR.sup.4, SR.sup.4, or N(R.sup.4).sub.2; R.sup.4 or hydrocarbyl with 1 to 40 C atoms that is optionally substituted and optionally comprises one or more hetero atoms; each R.sup.4 may be the same or different; each R.sup.5 may be the same or different; n is an integer from 2 to 200; and the terminal group of formula (II) is derived from a monomer of the polymer.

18. A polymer according to claim 17, having formula: ##STR00081## wherein Y is selected from: ##STR00082##

19. A polymer according to claim 17, further comprising a repeat unit of formula (I): ##STR00083##

20. A polymer according to claim 17, wherein said polymer does not comprise any repeat units of formula (I).

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0085] FIG. 1 shows monomers (A) and (B) from which a polymer of the invention may be derived.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0086] The present invention relates to a polymer derived from monomers (A) and (B) (see FIG. 1):

##STR00016## [0087] wherein [0088] R.sup.1 is at each occurrence hydrocarbyl with 1 to 40, preferably 1 to 25, C atoms that is optionally substituted and optionally comprises one or more hetero atoms; [0089] R.sup.2 is at each occurrence H, or hydrocarbyl with 1 to 40, preferably 1 to 25, C atoms that is optionally substituted and optionally comprises one or more hetero atoms; [0090] R.sup.3 is at each occurrence H, or hydrocarbyl with 1 to 40, preferably 1 to 25, C atoms that is optionally substituted and optionally comprises one or more hetero atoms; [0091] R.sup.5 is a leaving group, preferably selected from halogen, imidazole, OR.sup.4, SR.sup.4, or N(R.sup.4).sub.2; [0092] R.sup.4 is hydrocarbyl with 1 to 40 C atoms that is optionally substituted and optionally comprises one or more hetero atoms; [0093] each R.sup.4 may be the same or different, [0094] each R.sup.5 may be the same or different, preferably the same.

[0095] It will be clear to a person skilled in the art that a polymer derived from monomers (A) and (B) is a polycarbonate. Monomer (A) has two hydroxyl groups: one on the carbon atom designated in the art as the 2-carbon atom and the other on the carbon atom designated in the art as the 3-carbon atom. Each of the two hydroxyl groups of monomer (A) may act as a nucleophile. The 2-hydroxyl may therefore form a bond to an electrophilic carbonyl of one monomer (B) and the 3-hydroxyl may therefore form a bond to an electrophilic carbonyl of another monomer (B). Monomer (B) is an electrophilic carbonyl with two leaving groups, R.sup.5. Monomer (B) may therefore react with two different monomers (A). As each monomer (A) may react with two monomers (B), and as each monomer (B) may react with two monomers (A), the formation of a polymer is permitted.

[0096] As the polymer derived from monomers (A) and (B) is derived from more than one species of monomer (i.e. monomer (A) and monomer (B)), a person skilled in the art will recognize that the polymer derived from monomers (A) and (B) is a copolymer as defined herein.

[0097] Preferably, monomer (A) is:

##STR00017##

[0098] Preferably, monomer (A) is LMG, CMG, BMG, EMG, CAG, or EEG, more preferably LMG, EEG, or CAG.

[0099] Preferably, monomer (B) is a common carbonylation agent. Preferably, monomer (B) is a dialkyl carbonate, a diaryl carbonate, diphenyl carbonate, phosgene, triphosgene, or carbonyldiimidazole. Preferably, monomer (B) is a dialkyl carbonate, for example dicarbonate of a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkyl, more preferably a C.sub.1-C.sub.12 alkyl, still more preferably a C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkyl, more preferably a C.sub.1-C.sub.4 alkyl, wherein each alkyl in the dicarbonate may be the same or different, preferably the same.

[0100] The present invention also relates to a polymer comprising a repeat unit of formula (I) and at least one terminal group of formula (II):

##STR00018## [0101] wherein [0102] R.sup.1-R.sup.5 are as hereinbefore defined; [0103] n is an integer from 2 to 200; and [0104] at least one terminal group of formula (II) is derived from a monomer of the polymer.

[0105] Preferably, the at least one terminal group of formula (II) is not derived from a polymerization initiator. Preferably, neither of the terminal groups of the polymers of the present invention are derived from a polymerization initiator.

[0106] Preferably, the at least one terminal group of formula (II) is not derived from solvent. In other words, preferably the at least one terminal group of formula (II) is not derived from a molecule of solvent or a solvent molecule. Preferably, neither of the terminal groups of the polymers of the present invention are derived from solvent.

[0107] Preferably, the at least one terminal group of formula (II) is not derived from a catalyst. In other words, preferably the at least one terminal group of formula (II) is not derived from a molecule of catalyst or a catalyst molecule. Preferably, neither of the terminal groups of the polymers of the present invention are derived from catalyst.

[0108] Preferably, in the at least one terminal group of formula (II), R.sup.5 is not-O-methylbenzyl, more preferably not O-4-methylbenzyl. Preferably, in the at least one terminal group of formula (II), R.sup.5 is not:

##STR00019##

[0109] Preferably, in the at least one terminal group of formula (II), R.sup.5 is not derived from triazabicyclodecene (TBD). Preferably, in the at least one terminal group of formula (II), R.sup.5 is not:

##STR00020##

[0110] Preferably, the repeat unit of formula (I) is:

##STR00021##

[0111] As demonstrated in the Examples section, a polymer comprising a repeat unit of formula (I) and at least one terminal group of formula (II) may be derived from monomers (A) and (B).

[0112] Preferably, the polymers of the present invention are derived from monomers (A) and (B) and comprise a repeat unit of formula (I).

[0113] Preferably, the polymers of the present invention are derived from monomers (A) and (B) and comprise at least one terminal group of formula (II), wherein the at least one terminal group of formula (II) is derived from a monomer of the polymer.

[0114] Preferably, the polymers of the present invention are derived from monomers (A) and (B) and comprise a repeat unit of formula (I) and at least one terminal group of formula (II), wherein the at least one terminal group of formula (II) is derived from a monomer of the polymer.

[0115] Preferably, the polymer of the present invention is derived from the step-growth polymerization of monomers (A) and (B).

[0116] Preferably, the polymers of the present invention are derived from the condensation polymerization of monomers (A) and (B). It will be clear to a person skilled in the art that each step in the condensation polymerization of monomers (A) and (B) proceeds by the condensation, or loss, of a molecule of formula HR.sup.5.

[0117] Preferably, the polymers of the present invention are not derived from the chain-growth polymerization of monomers (A) and (B). Preferably, the polymers of the present invention are not derived from the addition polymerization of monomers (A) and (B). Preferably, the polymer of the polymers of the present invention are not derived from the ring-opening polymerization of monomers (A) and (B).

[0118] Preferably, the polymers of the present invention are condensation polymers.

[0119] Preferably, the polymers of the present invention are step-growth polymers.

[0120] Preferably, the polymers of the present invention are copolymers.

[0121] Preferably, the polymers of the present invention are not chain-growth polymers. In other words, preferably the polymers of the present invention are not derived from a chain-growth polymerization.

[0122] Preferably, the polymers of the present invention are not addition polymers. In other words, preferably the polymers of the present invention are not derived from an addition polymerization.

[0123] Preferably the polymers of the present invention are not derived from a ring-opening polymerization.

[0124] Preferably, the polymers of the present invention are linear polymers.

[0125] Preferably, both terminal groups of the polymers of the present invention may be the same or different, preferably the same.

[0126] Preferably, the polymers of the present invention have a backbone consisting of a repeat unit of formula (I).

[0127] Preferably, the polymers of the present invention are of formula (Ia), (Ib), or (Ic):

##STR00022## [0128] wherein Y is selected from:

##STR00023##

[0129] Preferably, the polymers of the present invention are of formula (Id), (Ie), or (If):

##STR00024## [0130] wherein Z is selected from:

##STR00025##

[0131] Preferably, the polymers of the present invention are PLMG, PCMG, PBMG, PEMG, or PEEG (as defined in Table 2).

[0132] In any aspect of the present invention, preferably the stereochemistry at the C1 position of a sugar is alpha.

[0133] In any aspect of the present invention, preferably R.sup.1 is independently selected from hydrocarbyl having 1 to 25 C atoms, more preferably 1 to 20 C atoms, still more preferably 1 to 15 C atoms, yet more preferably 2 to 11 C atoms.

[0134] In any aspect of the present invention, preferably R.sup.2-4 are independently of each other selected from hydrocarbyl having 1 to 25 C atoms, more preferably 1 to 20 C atoms, still more preferably 1 to 15 C atoms, yet more preferably 2 to 11 C atoms.

[0135] In any aspect of the present invention, preferably R.sup.1 is selected from straight-chain or branched-chain C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkyl, C.sub.2-C.sub.20 alkenyl, C.sub.2-C.sub.20 alkynyl, or C.sub.5-C.sub.20 aryl, each of which is optionally substituted.

[0136] In any aspect of the present invention, preferably R.sup.1 is C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkyl, more preferably C.sub.1-C.sub.11 alkyl, still more preferably C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkyl, yet more preferably C.sub.2-C.sub.4 alkyl.

[0137] In any aspect of the present invention, preferably R.sup.1 is C.sub.2-C.sub.20 alkenyl, more preferably C.sub.2-C.sub.12 alkenyl, still more preferably C.sub.2-C.sub.8 alkenyl, yet more preferably C.sub.2-C.sub.6 alkenyl.

[0138] In any aspect of the present invention, preferably R.sup.1 is C.sub.2-C.sub.20 alkynyl, more preferably C.sub.2-C.sub.12 alkynyl, still more preferably C.sub.2-C.sub.6 alkynyl, yet more preferably C.sub.2-C.sub.4 alkynyl.

[0139] In any aspect of the present invention, preferably R.sup.1 is C.sub.5-C.sub.20 aryl, more preferably C.sub.5-C.sub.12 aryl, still more preferably C.sub.6-C.sub.10 aryl, yet more preferably C.sub.6-C.sub.8 aryl.

[0140] In any aspect of the present invention, preferably R.sup.1 is methyl, ethyl, butyl, crotyl or allyl. Yet more preferably, R.sup.1 is methyl, ethyl, or allyl.

[0141] In any aspect of the present invention, preferably R.sup.2-3 are independently of each other selected from H, straight-chain or branched-chain C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkyl, C.sub.2-C.sub.20 alkenyl, C.sub.2-C.sub.20 alkynyl, or C.sub.5-C.sub.20 aryl, each of which is optionally substituted.

[0142] In any aspect of the present invention, preferably R.sup.2 is selected from straight-chain or branched-chain C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkyl, C.sub.2-C.sub.20 alkenyl, C.sub.2-C.sub.20 alkynyl, or C.sub.5-C.sub.20 aryl, each of which is optionally substituted.

[0143] In any aspect of the present invention, preferably R.sup.2 is C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkyl, more preferably C.sub.1-C.sub.11 alkyl, still more preferably C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkyl, yet more preferably C.sub.2-C.sub.4 alkyl.

[0144] In any aspect of the present invention, preferably R.sup.2 is C.sub.2-C.sub.20 alkenyl, more preferably C.sub.2-C.sub.12 alkenyl, still more preferably C.sub.2-C.sub.8 alkenyl, yet more preferably C.sub.2-C.sub.6 alkenyl.

[0145] In any aspect of the present invention, preferably R.sup.2 is C.sub.2-C.sub.20 alkynyl, more preferably C.sub.2-C.sub.12 alkynyl, still more preferably C.sub.2-C.sub.6 alkynyl, yet more preferably C.sub.2-C.sub.4 alkynyl.

[0146] In any aspect of the present invention, preferably R.sup.2 is C.sub.5-C.sub.20 aryl, more preferably C.sub.5-C.sub.12 aryl, still more preferably C.sub.6-C.sub.10 aryl, yet more preferably C.sub.6-C.sub.8 aryl.

[0147] In any aspect of the present invention, preferably R.sup.2 is H, phenyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.20-alkyl, or styrenyl.

[0148] In any aspect of the present invention, preferably R.sup.3 is selected from straight-chain or branched-chain C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkyl, C.sub.2-C.sub.20 alkenyl, C.sub.2-C.sub.20 alkynyl, or C.sub.5-C.sub.20 aryl, each of which is optionally substituted.

[0149] In any aspect of the present invention, preferably R.sup.3 is C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkyl, more preferably C.sub.1-C.sub.11 alkyl, still more preferably C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkyl, yet more preferably C.sub.2-C.sub.4 alkyl.

[0150] In any aspect of the present invention, preferably R.sup.3 is C.sub.2-C.sub.20 alkenyl, more preferably C.sub.2-C.sub.12 alkenyl, still more preferably C.sub.2-C.sub.5 alkenyl, yet more preferably C.sub.2-C.sub.6 alkenyl.

[0151] In any aspect of the present invention, preferably R.sup.3 is C.sub.2-C.sub.20 alkynyl, more preferably C.sub.2-C.sub.12 alkynyl, still more preferably C.sub.2-C.sub.6 alkynyl, yet more preferably C.sub.2-C.sub.4 alkynyl.

[0152] In any aspect of the present invention, preferably R.sup.3 is C.sub.5-C.sub.20 aryl, more preferably C.sub.5-C.sub.12 aryl, still more preferably C.sub.6-C.sub.10 aryl, yet more preferably C.sub.6-C.sub.8 aryl.

[0153] In any aspect of the present invention, preferably R.sup.3 is H, phenyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.20-alkyl, or styrenyl.

[0154] In any aspect of the present invention, preferably R.sup.3 is H, phenyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.20-alkyl, or styrenyl.

[0155] In any aspect of the present invention, preferably at least one of R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 is H. More preferably, R.sup.3 is H.

[0156] In any aspect of the present invention, preferably at least one of R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 is not H. More preferably, R.sup.2 is not H.

[0157] In any aspect of the present invention, preferably R.sup.5 is halogen, imidazole, OR.sup.4, SR.sup.4, or N(R.sup.4).sub.2. More preferably, R.sup.5 is halogen or OR.sup.4. Still more preferably, R.sup.5 is OR.sup.4.

[0158] In any aspect of the present invention, preferably each R.sup.5 is the same.

[0159] In any aspect of the present invention, preferably R.sup.4 is selected from straight-chain or branched-chain C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkyl, C.sub.2-C.sub.20 alkenyl, C.sub.2-C.sub.20 alkynyl, or C.sub.5-C.sub.20 aryl, each of which is optionally substituted, more preferably R.sup.4 is straight-chain or branched-chain C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkyl or C.sub.5-C.sub.20 aryl.

[0160] In any aspect of the present invention, preferably R.sup.4 is C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkyl, more preferably C.sub.1-C.sub.11 alkyl, still more preferably C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkyl, yet more preferably C.sub.1-C.sub.4 alkyl.

[0161] In any aspect of the present invention, preferably R.sup.4 is C.sub.2-C.sub.20 alkenyl, more preferably C.sub.2-C.sub.12 alkenyl, still more preferably C.sub.2-C.sub.5 alkenyl, yet more preferably C.sub.2-C.sub.6 alkenyl.

[0162] In any aspect of the present invention, preferably R.sup.4 is C.sub.2-C.sub.20 alkynyl, more preferably C.sub.2-C.sub.12 alkynyl, still more preferably C.sub.2-C.sub.6 alkynyl, yet more preferably C.sub.2-C.sub.4 alkynyl.

[0163] In any aspect of the present invention, preferably R.sup.4 is C.sub.5-C.sub.20 aryl, more preferably C.sub.5-C.sub.12 aryl, still more preferably C.sub.6-C.sub.10 aryl, yet more preferably C.sub.6-C.sub.8 aryl.

[0164] In any aspect of the present invention, preferably R.sup.4 is phenyl or methyl, more preferably phenyl.

[0165] In any aspect of the present invention, preferably R.sup.4 is perhaloalkyl, more preferably perfluoroalkyl or perchloroalkyl. In any aspect of the present invention, preferably R.sup.4 is trihalomethyl, preferably trifluoromethyl or trichloromethyl.

[0166] Preferably, in the polymers of the present invention at least one of R.sup.1, R.sup.2, or R.sup.3 comprises an alkene functional group. Advantageously, such a functional group readily enables post-polymerization modification of the polymers of the present invention. For example, such a functional group may permit the performance of cross-linking reactions between different polymer macromolecules. Such post-polymerization modification is advantageous as it makes the polymers of the present invention, and their properties, yet more tuneable.

[0167] In any aspect of the present invention, preferably n is 2 to 200, more preferably 5 to 100, still more preferably 10 to 50.

[0168] Examples of alkyl groups which may be used in any aspect of the present invention include straight-chain alkyl groups such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, n-butyl, and their analogues with higher carbon numbers, such as C.sub.11H.sub.23. Further examples of alkyl groups which may be used in any aspect of the present invention include branched-chain alkyl groups such as iso-propyl, sec-butyl, iso-butyl, tert-butyl, and their analogues with higher carbon numbers. Further examples of alkyl groups which may be used in any aspect of the present invention include cycloalkyl groups such as cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, and their analogues with higher carbon numbers. Cycloalkyl groups may be monocyclic or polycyclic, such as bicyclic.

[0169] Alkyl groups of any aspect of the present invention may be substituted or unsubstituted at any position. Alkyl groups in any aspect of the present invention may optionally comprise one or more heteroatoms, either in the main chain or in a branch. For example, alkyl groups in any aspect of the present invention may comprise one or more ether or thioether functionalities, either in the main chain or in a branch.

[0170] Examples of alkylene groups which may be used in any aspect of the present invention include alkylene groups notionally derived from the removal of a hydrogen atom from an sp.sup.2 carbon, such as vinyl and its analogues with higher carbon numbers. Further examples of alkylene groups which may be used in any aspect of the present invention include alkylene groups notionally derived from the removal of a hydrogen atom from an sp.sup.3 carbon, such as allyl, crotyl, and their analogues with higher carbon numbers.

[0171] Alkylene groups of any aspect of the present invention may be substituted or unsubstituted at any position, whether at an sp.sup.2 carbon, such as styrenyl and its derivatives and analogues, or at an sp.sup.3 carbon. Alkylene groups of any aspect of the present invention may optionally comprise one or more heteroatoms, either in the main chain or in a branch.

[0172] Examples of alkynyl groups which may be used in any aspect of the present invention include alkynyl notionally derived from the removal of a hydrogen atom from an sp.sup.2 carbon, such as ethynyl and its analogues with higher carbon numbers. Further examples of alkynyl groups which may be used in any aspect of the present invention include alkynyl groups notionally derived from the removal of a hydrogen atom from an sp.sup.3 carbon, such as propargyl, 2-butynyl, and their analogues with higher carbon numbers.

[0173] Alkynyl groups in any aspect of the present invention may be substituted or unsubstituted at any position. Alkynyl groups in any aspect of the present invention may optionally comprise one or more heteroatoms, either in the main chain or in a branch.

[0174] Examples of aryl groups which may be used in any aspect of the present invention include monocyclic aryl groups, such as phenyl, and polycyclic aryl groups, such as naphthyl. Aryl groups in any aspect of the present invention also include heteroaryl groups comprising one or more heteroatoms, such as heteroaryl groups derived from, for example, furan, pyrrole, pyridine, thiophene, benzofuran, indole, imidazole and benzimidazole.

[0175] Aryl groups in any aspect of the present invention may be substituted or unsubstituted at any position. For example, substituted aryl groups in any aspect of the present invention may be substituted at any position on the aromatic ring, either with electron-donating or, preferably, with electron-withdrawing groups, such as NO.sub.2, CN, or CF.sub.3.

[0176] Any hydrocarbyl group (e.g. alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, etc.) used in any aspect of the present invention may be substituted or unsubstituted. For example, substitution may be with an alkyl group, an alkylene group, an alkynyl group, an aryl group, a halogen, NO.sub.2, CN, an ether group (such as an alkoxy group), a thioether group, or sulphate groups, wherein each of these groups may themselves be substituted or unsubstituted. Preferably, substitutions in the present invention are not with an unprotected nucleophilic group.

[0177] Preferably, substitutions in the present invention are not with a carbonyl, or carbonyl-containing, group.

[0178] Preferably, hydrocarbyl groups in any aspect of the present invention do not comprise an unprotected nucleophilic group. Preferably, hydrocarbyl groups in any aspect of the present invention do not comprise a carbonyl, or carbonyl-containing, group.

[0179] Preferably, the polymers of the present invention have an M.sub.n of greater than 0.5 kDa, such as 0.5 to 50 kDa. Preferably, the polymers of the present invention have an M.sub.n of 1 to 50 kDa, more preferably 2 to 25 kDa.

[0180] Preferably, the polymers of the present invention have an M.sub.w of greater than 0.5 kDa, such as 0.5 to 100 kDa. Preferably, the polymers of the present invention have an M.sub.w of 1 to 100 kDa, more preferably 5 to 50 kDa.

[0181] Preferably, the polymers of the present invention have an M.sub.p of greater than 0.5 kDa, such as 0.5 to 75 kDa. Preferably, the polymers of the present invention have an M.sub.p of 1 to 75 kDa, more preferably 3 to 35 kDa.

[0182] Preferably, the polymers of the present invention have a dispersity of 1 to 10, preferably 1 to 5, more preferably 1 to 3, still more preferably 1.2 to 2.5, yet more preferably 1.3 to 2.2.

[0183] Preferably, the polymers of the present invention have a dispersity of 1 to 3, more preferably 1.2 to 2.5, still more preferably 1.3 to 2.2.

[0184] Preferably, the polymers of the present invention have a T.sub.d of greater than 200 C., more preferably greater than 220 C., still more preferably greater than 270 C.

[0185] Preferably, the polymers of the present invention are amorphous polymers. Alternatively, the polymers of the present invention are preferably crystalline or semi-crystalline polymers.

[0186] Preferably, the polymers of the present invention have a T.sub.g of 0 to 100 C., more preferably 20 to 80 C., still more preferably 30 to 60 C. Alternatively, the polymers of the present invention have a T.sub.g of 75 to 250 C., more preferably 100 to 200 C., still more preferably 125 to 190 C.

[0187] Preferably, the polymers of the present invention have a water contact angle at t=0 s of 30 to 125. Preferably, the polymers of the present invention have a contact angle at t=0 s, of 30 to 90, more preferably 40 to 80, still more preferably 50 to 75. Alternatively, the polymers of the present invention have a contact angle at t=0 s, of 50 to 125, preferably 70 to 115, more preferably 90 to 110.

[0188] Preferably, the polymers of the present invention have a water contact angle at t=240 s, of 10 to 125. Preferably, the polymers of the present invention have a contact angle at t=240 s, of 10 to 50, more preferably 20 to 40, still more preferably 25 to 35. Alternatively, the polymers of the present invention have a contact angle at t=240 s, of 30 to 90, more preferably 40 to 80, still more preferably 50 to 75.

[0189] Advantageously, the polymers of the present invention have a desirable diversity of molar mass, thermal, and contact angle properties. The range of polymer parameters that are achievable mean that the polymers of the invention are tuneable, i.e. that the polymers can advantageously provide a range of chemical, thermal, degradation and mechanical properties, meaning they can be exploited in a diverse range of end-applications.

[0190] Preferably, the polymers of the present invention are degradable, more preferably biodegradable. Advantageously, this reduces the negative impact associated with plastic disposal.

[0191] Preferably, the polymers of the present invention undergo hydrolytic degradation under acidic aqueous conditions (e.g. 1 M HCl) at ambient temperature over a period of 30 days to 180 days.

[0192] Preferably, the polymers of the present invention undergo hydrolytic degradation under basic aqueous conditions (e.g. 1 M NaOH) at ambient temperature over a period of 30 days to 180 days.

[0193] Preferably, the polymers of the present invention undergo degradation under enzymatic aqueous conditions at ambient temperature over a period of 30 days to 365 days.

[0194] Preferably, the polymers of the present invention undergo degradation under microbial conditions at ambient temperature over a period of 30 days to 365 days.

[0195] Preferably, the polymers of the present invention undergo degradation meeting the OECD 310 standard. This test is considered the gold standard for assessing the impact of polymers in a waste water environment or water treatment plant, and it is highly beneficial for use in certain applications that the polymers of the invention satisfy this test.

[0196] The present invention also relates to process for preparing a polymer of the present invention, wherein said process is a condensation polymerization. Preferably, the process is a step-growth polymerization.

[0197] Preferably, the process comprises reacting a compound of formula (A) with a compound of formula (B)

##STR00026##

wherein R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, and R.sup.5 are as hereinbefore described. In formula (B), each R.sup.5 may be the same or different, preferably the same.

[0198] The skilled person will recognise that reacting a compound of formula (A) with a compound of formula (B) will yield the following products:

##STR00027## [0199] wherein Y is selected from:

##STR00028##

[0200] Preferably, monomer (A) is LMG, CMG, BMG, EMG, CAG, or EEG, more preferably LMG, EEG, or CAG.

[0201] Preferably, compound (B) is a common carbonylation agent. Preferably, compound (B) is a dialkyl carbonate, a diaryl carbonate, diphenyl carbonate, phosgene, triphosgene, or carbonyldiimidazole. Preferably, compound (B) is a dialkyl carbonate, for example a dicarbonate of a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkyl, more preferably a C.sub.1-C.sub.12 alkyl, still more preferably a C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkyl, and yet more preferably a C.sub.2-C.sub.6 alkyl, wherein each alkyl in the dicarbonate may be the same or different, preferably the same.

[0202] Preferably, the process comprises a step of mixing and heating a compound of formula (A) with a compound of formula (B), optionally under positive nitrogen flow. Preferably, the process comprises a further step of placing the system under vacuum, preferably occurring after a step of mixing and heating a compound of formula (A) with a compound of formula (B), optionally under positive nitrogen flow.

[0203] Preferably, the process comprises the removal of a condensate. Preferably, the condensate is of the formula HR.sup.5.

[0204] Preferably, the process comprises the use of a catalyst.

[0205] Preferably, the process comprises the use of an acidic catalyst. Example acidic catalysts include Lewis acids, Brnsted-Lowry acids, hydrogen halide acids, sulphuric acids, nitric acids, phosphoric acids, and organic acids, such as carboxylic acids and sulfonic acids.

[0206] Preferably, the process comprises the use of a basic catalyst. Example basic catalysts include Lewis bases, Brnsted-Lowry bases, metal hydroxides, such as Group 1 or Group 2 metal hydroxides, metal carbonates, such as Group 1 or Group 2 metal carbonates, organometallic catalysts, and amines.

[0207] Preferably, the process comprises the use of an organometallic catalyst, more preferably an organolithium catalyst, still more preferably Li (AcAc).

[0208] Preferably, the process is not a chain growth polymerization. Preferably, the process is not an addition polymerization.

[0209] The present invention also relates to a polymer obtained or obtainable by the process. Preferably, the polymers of the present invention are obtainable, preferably obtained, by the process hereinbefore described.

[0210] The present invention also provides a method for preparing a deprotected polymer, the method comprising reacting, preferably deprotecting, a polymer of the present invention to give a deprotected polymer comprising a repeat unit of formula (Ii) and at least one terminal group of formula (II):

##STR00029## [0211] wherein R.sup.1, R.sup.5, and n are as hereinbefore described; and [0212] the at least one terminal group of formula (II) is derived from a monomer of the polymer.

[0213] Preferably the method comprises acid-catalyzed hydrolysis, preferably employing a strong acid. Examples acids include Brnsted-Lowry acids, hydrogen halide acids, sulphuric acids, nitric acids, phosphoric acids, and organic acids, such as carboxylic acids and sulfonic acids.

[0214] Preferably, the acid is an organic acid, more preferably a fluorinated acid or a sulfonic acid, still more preferably TsOH or TFA.

[0215] Preferably the method comprises hydrogenolysis, more preferably wherein said hydrogenolysis involves a catalytic hydrogenation.

[0216] Preferably, the method is a deprotection. This is explained in that (Ii) is related to (I) by the removal of an acetal protecting group.

[0217] Preferably, the deprotection is complete. In other words: preferably the method gives a polymer comprising no units or repeat units of formula (I).

[0218] Alternatively, the deprotection is preferably partial. In other words: preferably the method gives a polymer comprising repeat units of formula (I) as well as repeat units of formula (Ii).

[0219] Preferably, the method gives a polymer wherein the molar ratio of repeat units of formula (I) to repeat units of formula (Ii) is 0:1 to 1:0, more preferably 0:1 to 0.5:0.5, still more preferably 0.05:0.95 to 0.35:0.65, yet more preferably 0.1:0.9 to 0.2:0.8. Preferably, the molar ratio of repeat units of formula (I) to repeat units of formula (Ii) is 0:1 to 1:0, more preferably 0.25:0.75 to 0.75:0.25, still more preferably 0.35:0.65 to 0.65:0.35, yet more preferably 0.4:0.6 to 0.6:0.4. Preferably, the molar ratio of repeat units of formula (Ii) to repeat units of formula (I) is 0:1 to 1:0, more preferably 0:1 to 0.5:0.5, still more preferably 0.05:0.95 to 0.35:0.65, yet more preferably 0.1:0.9 to 0.2:0.8. Preferably, the molar ratio of repeat units of formula (I) to repeat units of formula (Ii) is 0:1.

[0220] The degree of deprotection in the method can be controlled by the skilled person. For example, when the method comprises reacting with acid, controlling the strength of the acid, the concentration of the acid, and/or the reaction time and temperature may be illustrative means of controlling the degree of deprotection. Removing reaction products may also favour a greater degree of deprotection.

[0221] Preferably, the method comprises: [0222] (i) preparing a polymer of the present invention (preferred processes and polymers are as hereinbefore described) [0223] (ii) reacting, preferably deprotecting, a polymer of the present invention to give a deprotected polymer comprising a repeat unit of formula (Ii) and at least one terminal group of formula (II):

##STR00030## [0224] wherein R.sup.1, R.sup.5, and n are as hereinbefore described; and [0225] the at least one terminal group of formula (II) is derived from a monomer of the polymer (preferred methods are as hereinbefore described).

[0226] The present invention also relates to a deprotected polymer obtained or obtainable by the method of the present invention for preparing a deprotected polymer hereinbefore described.

[0227] The present invention also relates to a deprotected polymer comprising a repeat unit of formula (Ii) and at least one terminal group of formula (II):

##STR00031## [0228] wherein R.sup.1, R.sup.5 and n are as hereinbefore defined; and [0229] the terminal group of formula (II) is derived from a monomer of the polymer.

[0230] Preferably, the deprotected polymer of the present invention does not comprise repeat units of formula (I). Alternatively, preferably the deprotected polymer of the present invention further comprises repeat units of formula (I).

[0231] Preferably, in the deprotected polymer of the present invention the molar ratio of repeat units of formula (I) to repeat units of formula (Ii) is 0:1 to 1:0, more preferably 0:1 to 0.5:0.5, still more preferably 0.05:0.95 to 0.35:0.65, yet more preferably 0.1:0.9 to 0.2:0.8. Preferably, the molar ratio of repeat units of formula (I) to repeat units of formula (Ii) is 0:1 to 1:0, more preferably 0.25:0.75 to 0.75:0.25, still more preferably 0.35:0.65 to 0.65:0.35, yet more preferably 0.4:0.6 to 0.6:0.4. Preferably, the molar ratio of repeat units of formula (Ii) to repeat units of formula (I) is 0:1 to 1:0, more preferably 0:1 to 0.5:0.5, still more preferably 0.05:0.95 to 0.35:0.65, yet more preferably 0.1:0.9 to 0.2:0.8. Preferably, the molar ratio of repeat units of formula (I) to repeat units of formula (Ii) is 0:1.

[0232] Preferably, the at least one terminal group of formula (II) is not derived from a polymerization initiator. Preferably, neither of the terminal groups of the deprotected polymer of the present invention are derived from a polymerization initiator.

[0233] Preferably, the at least one terminal group of formula (II) is not derived from solvent. In other words, preferably the at least one terminal group of formula (II) is not derived from a molecule of solvent or a solvent molecule. Preferably, neither of the terminal groups of the deprotected polymer of the present invention are derived from solvent.

[0234] Preferably, the at least one terminal group of formula (II) is not derived from a catalyst. In other words, preferably the at least one terminal group of formula (II) is not derived from a molecule of catalyst or a catalyst molecule. Preferably, neither of the terminal groups of the deprotected polymer of the present invention are derived from catalyst.

[0235] Preferably, in the at least one terminal group of formula (II), R.sup.5 is not-O-methylbenzyl, more preferably not O-4-methylbenzyl. Preferably, in the at least one terminal group of formula (II), R.sup.5 is not:

##STR00032##

[0236] Preferably, in the at least one terminal group of formula (II), R.sup.5 is not derived from 1,5,7-triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec-5-ene (TBD). Preferably, in the at least one terminal group of formula (II), R.sup.5 is not:

##STR00033##

[0237] Preferably, the repeat unit of formula (Ii) is:

##STR00034##

[0238] Both terminal groups of the deprotected polymer of the present invention may be the same or different, preferably the same.

[0239] Preferably, the deprotected polymer of the present invention has a backbone consisting of a repeat unit of formula (Ii).

[0240] Preferably, the deprotected polymer of the present invention is of formula (Iia), (Iib), or (Iic):

##STR00035##

[0241] Wherein Y is selected from:

##STR00036##

[0242] Preferably, the deprotected polymer of the present invention is of formula (Iid), (Iie), or (Iif):

##STR00037##

[0243] wherein Z is selected from:

##STR00038##

[0244] Preferably, the deprotected polymer of the present invention is of formula (Iig), (Iih), or (Iii), more preferably of formula (Iig), (lih), or (Iii):

##STR00039## ##STR00040## [0245] wherein [0246] each R.sup.1 is the same; [0247] x is an integer from 2 to 200; [0248] n and m are independently selected as a fraction between 0 and 1; [0249] n+m=1; [0250] Y is selected from:

##STR00041## [0251] and Z is selected from:

##STR00042## [0252] n and m are independently selected as a fraction from 0 to 1, where n+m=1. n therefore represents the proportion units of the type bound by [ ].sub.n in the overall deprotected polymer structure. Similarity, m represents the proportion of units of the type bound by [ ].sub.m in the overall deprotected polymer structure. The overall deprotected polymer structure has a total degree of polymerization x. The number of units of the type bound by [ ].sub.n in the overall deprotected polymer structure is represented by the product of x and n. The number of units of the type bound by [ ].sub.m in the overall deprotected polymer structure is represented by the product of x and m.

[0253] In other words, n and m coincide with the molar ratio or percentage of each type of repeat unit in the overall deprotected polymer structure having a total degree of polymerization x.

[0254] In formula (Iig) to (Iil), no comment is made on the ordering or connectivity of different repeat units. In other words, formula (Iig) to (Iil) encompass statistical copolymers, random copolymers, block copolymers, and/or alternating copolymers.

[0255] Preferably, the deprotected polymer of the present invention has an M.sub.n of greater than 0.5 kDa, such as 0.5 to 50 kDa. Preferably, the deprotected polymers of the present invention have an M.sub.n of 1 to 50 kDa, more preferably 2 to 25 kDa

[0256] Preferably, the deprotected polymer of the present invention has an M.sub.w of greater than 0.5 kDa, such as 0.5 to 100 kDa. Preferably, the deprotected polymers of the present invention have an M.sub.w of 1 to 100 kDa, more preferably 5 to 50 kDa.

[0257] Preferably, the deprotected polymers of the present invention have an M.sub.p of greater than 0.5 kDa, such as 0.5 to 75 kDa. Preferably, the deprotected polymers of the present invention have an M.sub.p of 1 to 75 kDa, more preferably 3 to 35 kDa.

[0258] Preferably, the deprotected polymer of the present invention has a dispersity of 1 to 2, more preferably 1.2 to 1.8, still more preferably 1.35 to 1.65.

[0259] Preferably, the deprotected polymer of the present invention has a T.sub.d of greater than 200 C., more preferably greater than 240 C., still more preferably greater than 270 C.

[0260] Preferably, the deprotected polymer of the present invention has a T.sub.g of 100 to 220 C., more preferably 120 to 200 C., still more preferably 150 to 190 C.

[0261] Preferably, the deprotected polymer of the present invention has a water contact angle at t=0 s of 15 to 100, more preferably 15 to 80, still more preferably 15 to 75, yet more preferably 15 to 70.

[0262] Preferably, the deprotected polymer of the present invention has a contact angle at t=240 s of 5 to 60, more preferably 5 to 45, still more preferably 5 to 40.

[0263] Advantageously, the deprotected polymers of the present invention have a desirable diversity of molar mass, thermal, and contact angle properties. The range of polymer parameters that are achievable mean that the deprotected polymers of the invention are tuneable, i.e. that the polymers can advantageously provide a range of chemical, thermal, degradation and mechanical properties, meaning they can be exploited in a diverse range of end-applications.

[0264] Preferably, the deprotected polymer of the present invention is degradable, more preferably biodegradable. Advantageously, this reduces the negative impact associated with plastic disposal.

[0265] Preferably, the deprotected polymer of the present invention undergoes hydrolytic degradation under acidic aqueous conditions at ambient temperature over a period of 30 days to 180 days.

[0266] Preferably, the deprotected polymer of the present invention undergoes hydrolytic degradation under basic aqueous conditions at ambient temperature over a period of 30 days to 180 days.

[0267] Preferably, the deprotected polymer of the present invention undergoes degradation under enzymatic aqueous conditions at ambient temperature over a period of 30 days to 365 days.

[0268] Preferably, the deprotected polymer of the present invention undergoes degradation under microbial conditions at ambient temperature over a period of 30 days to 365 days.

[0269] Preferably, the deprotected polymer of the present invention undergoes degradation meeting the OECD 310 standard.

[0270] Preferably, the deprotected polymer of the present invention is PMG.

[0271] As demonstrated in the Examples, the deprotected polymer of the present invention is obtainable by the method of the present invention for preparing a deprotected polymer. Preferably, the deprotected polymer of the present invention is obtained or obtainable, preferably obtained, by the method of the present invention for preparing a deprotected polymer.

[0272] The present invention also relates to a compound selected from LMG, EEG, and CAG (as defined in Table 1). In these compounds, the stereochemistry at C1 may be alpha or beta. Preferred compounds are LMG, EEG and CAG, wherein the stereochemistry at C1 is a mixture of alpha and beta. Preferred compounds are LMG, EEG and CAG, wherein the stereochemistry at C1 is alpha.

[0273] As demonstrated in the Examples, the compounds of the present invention can be prepared from the reaction of glucopyranoside starting materials with aldehydes, ketones, or their protected analogues, such as acetals or ketals. For example, the compounds of the present invention can be prepared according to the following general scheme:

##STR00043## [0274] wherein W is a suitable hydrocarbyl group. For example, W may be an alkyl group.

[0275] As demonstrated in the Examples, glucopyranoside starting materials can be derived from the hydrolysis of starch. Preferably, this reaction comprises reacting starch with water or alcohol, preferably in the presence of acid, according to the following general scheme:

##STR00044##

[0276] Advantageously, it can therefore be seen that the compounds and/or monomers, and therefore consequently the polymers and deprotected polymers, of the present invention are ultimately derived or derivable from biomass. The present invention therefore provides compounds, polymers, and deprotected polymers which need not be derived from fossil fuel feedstocks, reducing the environmental impact of plastic production.

[0277] Advantageously, the processes and methods of the present invention permit a synthetic route from biomass, for example starch, or from starting materials ultimately derived or derivable from biomass, to the compounds, polymers, and deprotected polymers of the present invention. The present invention therefore provides a synthetic route to polymers which minimizes the need for reagents or synthetic steps reliant on fossil fuel feedstocks, reducing the environmental impact of plastic production.

[0278] The present invention also relates to a polymer derived from a compound of the present invention.

[0279] The present invention also relates to the use of a compound of the present invention to prepare a polymer.

[0280] The present invention also relates to the use of a compound of the present invention to prepare a polymer comprising a repeat unit of the following formula:

##STR00045##

[0281] The present invention also relates to the use of a polymer or deprotected polymer of the present invention as a bio-based, sustainable and/or degradable polymer.

[0282] The present invention also relates to the use of a polymer or deprotected polymer as hereinbefore described in a personal care product, preferably a cosmetic product, more preferably a skin care product.

[0283] The present invention also relates to the use of a polymer or deprotected polymer as hereinbefore described in packaging.

[0284] The present invention also relates to the use of a polymer or deprotected polymer of the present invention in a packaging material, in a food product, preferably a gum, and more preferably as a gum base, or in a personal care product, among other possibilities.

EXAMPLES

Materials

[0285] The starting materials used in the Examples were all obtained from commercial sources, unless specified otherwise.

[0286] The monomers used in the examples are summarised in the table below.

TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Structure Name Abbreviation Description [00046] Starch Natural product [00047] Methyl D- glucopyranoside MG Glucopyranoside starting material [00048] Ethyl D-glucopyranoside EG Glucopyranoside starting material [00049] Allyl D-glucopyranoside AG Glucopyranoside starting material [00050] Methyl 4,6-O-laurylidene- D-glucopyranoside LMG Glucopyranoside monomer [00051] Methyl 4,6-O- cinnamylidene-D- glucopyranoside CMG Glucopyranoside monomer [00052] Methyl 4,6-O- benzylidene-D- glucopyranoside BMG Glucopyranoside monomer [00053] Methyl 4,6-O-ethylidene- D-glucopyranoside EMG Glucopyranoside monomer [00054] Ethyl 4,6-O-ethylidene-D- glucopyranoside EEG Glucopyranoside monomer [00055] Allyl 4,6-O- cinnamylidene-D- glucopyranoside CAG Glucopyranoside monomer [00056] Diphenyl Carbonate DPC Carbonylation agent [00057] Dimethyl carbonate DMC Carbonylation agent

Example 1: Preparation of Glucopyranoside Starting Materials from Starch

[0287] Example glucopyranosides were prepared from hydrolysis of starch according to the following procedures.

##STR00058##

[0288] General synthesis of alkyl D-glucopyranoside from starch: To a round bottom flask equipped with a stir bar and condenser was added starch (1 equiv.), alcohol (excess), and acid catalyst (0.01 equiv.). The reaction was stirred at reflux and monitored by TLC. Upon completion, the reaction was cooled to room temperature, the solution was neutralized, any residual solids were removed by filtration, and the products were recovered by removal of the remaining alcohol and drying in vacuo.

[0289] Four different reactions were performed, each using a different alcohol. Namely, reactions were performed using ethanol, butanol, allyl alcohol, and crotyl alcohol respectively. The reactions performed and products yielded are displayed below. The products were obtained in a variety of yields.

##STR00059##

##STR00060##

##STR00061##

##STR00062##

Example 2: Preparation of Glucopyranoside Monomers

[0290] Example glucopyranoside monomers were prepared according to the following procedures. Commercially obtained glucopyranoside starting material was used unless specified otherwise.

##STR00063##

[0291] Synthesis of methyl 4,6-O-laurylidene--D-glucopyranoside (LMG): To a solution of methyl -D-glucopyranoside (20.0 g, 103 mmol) in anhydrous acetonitrile (MeCN) (ca. 150 mL) under N.sub.2 was added lauric aldehyde diethyl acetal (34.6 g, 134 mmol) and (1S)-(+)-10-camphorsulfonic acid (120 mg, 0.51 mmol) to obtain a colorless solution with partially insoluble methyl -D-glucopyranoside. The reaction flask was equipped with a circulating condenser and heated in an oil bath at 68 C. under N.sub.2 for 4 h to obtain a colorless homogeneous solution. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and quenched by addition of 5 mL of saturated KHCO.sub.3 solution (aq.). The solution was concentrated in vacuo and the resulting residue was dissolved in 200 mL of dichloromethane (DCM) and washed with water (150 mL2) and brine (50 mL). The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4, filtered, and concentrated to ca. 125 mL in vacuo. The concentrated solution was precipitated into 1.5 L of hexanes and stored in a freezer (20 C.) overnight, after which the solid was collected by filtration, washed with 750 ml of cold hexanes, and residual solvent was removed in vacuo to give methyl 4,6-O-laurylidene--D-glucopyranoside as a colorless solid (32.8 g, 84% yield). .sup.1H NMR (400 MHZ, CDCl.sub.3) 4.75 (d, J=3.9 Hz, 1H), 4.54 (t, J=5.1 Hz, 1H), 4.12 (dd, J=10.2, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 3.84 (dd, J=9.3 Hz, 9.3 Hz, 1H), 3.61 (td, J=9.4, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 3.57 (dd, J=9.3, 3.9 Hz, 1H), 3.51 (dd, J=10.3 Hz, 10.3 Hz, 1H), 3.42 (s, 3H), 3.25 (dd, J=9.4 Hz, 9.4 Hz, 1H), 1.72-1.57 (m, 2H), 1.39 (m, 2H), 1.26 (b, 16H), 0.87 (t, J=6.8 Hz, 3H) ppm. .sup.13C NMR (101 MHZ, CDCl.sub.3) 102.71, 99.65, 80.27, 77.32, 77.20, 77.00, 76.68, 72.93, 71.86, 68.44, 62.49, 55.46, 34.23, 31.89, 29.62, 29.59, 29.56, 29.53, 29.47, 29.43, 24.05, 22.66, 14.09 ppm. FT-IR (ATR) 3441, 2916, 2854, 1741, 1465, 1381, 1342, 1134, 1072, 1041, 987, 902, 648, 586, 493 cm 1. HRMS (ESI.sup.+) m/z: [M+H].sup.+ Calculated for C.sub.19H.sub.36O.sub.6H.sup.+ 361.2585; found 361.2586.

##STR00064##

[0292] Synthesis of methyl 4,6-O-cinnamylidene--D-glucopyranoside (CMG): To a solution of methyl -D-glucopyranoside (80.0 g, 412 mmol) in anhydrous MeCN (ca. 550 mL) under N.sub.2 was added cinnamaldehyde diethyl acetal (111.2 g, 540 mmol) and (1S)-(+)-10-camphorsulfonic acid (480 mg, 2.1 mmol) to obtain a pale pink solution with partially insoluble methyl -D-glucopyranoside. The reaction flask was equipped with a circulating condenser and heated in an oil bath at 68 C. under N.sub.2 for 14 h to obtain a brown homogeneous solution. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and quenched by addition of 10 mL of saturated KHCO.sub.3 solution (aq.). Ethyl acetate (500 mL) was added, and the organic layer was washed with water (250 mL) and brine (150 mL), dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4, filtered, and concentrated to ca. 500 mL in vacuo. The concentrated solution was precipitated into 6 L of hexanes/diethyl ether (4:1, v:v), the solid was collected by filtration, and residual solvent was removed in vacuo to give methyl 4,6-O-cinnamylidene--D-glucopyranoside as an off-white solid (101 g, 80% yield). The obtained product was observed to contain 2-4% of cinnamaldehyde. .sup.1H NMR (400 MHZ, CDCl.sub.3) 7.42-7.37 (m, 2H), 7.35-7.26 (m, 3H), 6.81 (d, J=16.2, 1H), 6.20 (dd, J=16.2, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 5.18 (d, J=4.8 Hz, 1H), 4.79 (d, J=3.9 Hz, 1H), 4.23 (dd, J=9.9, 4.6 Hz, 1H), 3.91 (dd, J=9.2, 9.2 Hz, 1H), 3.75 (td, J=9.8, 4.6 Hz, 1H), 3.67 (dd, J=10.6 Hz, 9.2 Hz, 1H), 3.61 (dd, J=9.2, 3.9 Hz, 1H), 3.45 (s, 3H), 3.41 (dd, J=9.2 Hz, 9.2 Hz, 1H), 2.68 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 2.21 (d, J=9.8 Hz, 1H) ppm. .sup.13C NMR (101 MHZ, CDCl.sub.3) 135.89, 134.42, 128.71, 128.51, 127.03, 124.19, 101.22, 99.85, 80.62, 77.36, 73.14, 71.97, 68.73, 62.48, 60.55, 55.68 ppm. FT-IR (ATR) 3599-3105, 2994-2781, 1741, 1665, 1497, 1452, 1375, 1264, 1149, 1125, 1053, 964, 835, 742, 685, 649 cm.sup.1. HRMS (ESI.sup.+) m/z: [M+H].sup.+ Calculated for C.sub.16H.sub.20O.sub.6H.sup.+ 309.1333; found 309.1325.

##STR00065##

[0293] Synthesis of methyl 4,6-O-ethylidene--D-glucopyranoside (EMG): To a 250 mL round bottom flask equipped with a stir bar was added methyl -D-glucopyranoside (50.2316 g, 259 mmol), acetaldehyde diethyl acetal (76.2 g, 92 mL, 644 mmol), and p-toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate (2.9547 g, 15.5 mmol). The reaction was stirred at 50 C. for 3 h to obtain a colorless homogeneous solution, cooled to room temperature, and then concentrated in vacuo. The crude mixture was dissolved in DCM (150 mL), neutralized with saturated K.sub.2CO.sub.3 solution (aq.), and washed with water and brine. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4, filtered, and DCM was removed in vacuo to give ethyl 4,6-O-ethylidene--D-glucopyranoside as a white solid (54.5 g, 96% yield). .sup.1H NMR (400 MHZ, CDCl.sub.3) 4.76 (d, J=3.9 Hz, 1H), 4.73 (q, J=5.0 Hz, 1H), 4.11 (dd, J=10.1, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 3.85 (dd, J=9.2 Hz, 9.2 Hz, 1H), 3.65 (td, J=9.8, 4.7 Hz, 1H), 3.59-3.49 (m, 2H), 3.44 (s, 3H), 3.28 (dd, J=9.4 Hz, 9.4 Hz, 1H), 1.38 (d, J=5.0 Hz, 3H) ppm. .sup.13C NMR (101 MHZ, CDCl.sub.3) 99.87, 80.63, 73.50, 72.41, 68.87, 62.82, 55.98, 20.80 ppm. FT-IR (ATR) 3364, 2986, 2916, 1636, 1450, 1389, 1273, 1088, 1034, 955, 902, 841, 741, 664 cm.sup.1. HRMS (ESI.sup.+) m/z: [M+H].sup.+ Calculated for C.sub.9H.sub.16O.sub.6H.sup.+ 221.1020; found 221.1014.

##STR00066##

[0294] Synthesis of ethyl 4,6-O-ethylidene-D-glucopyranoside (EEG): To a 50 mL round bottom flask equipped with a stir bar was added ethyl D-glucopyranoside (5.0416 g, 24 mmol) obtained according to Scheme 2, acetaldehyde diethyl acetal (7.1 g, 8.5 mL, 60 mmol), and p-toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate (272.1 mg, 1.43 mmol). The reaction was stirred at 50 C. for 3 h to obtain a turbid yellow solution, cooled to room temperature, and then concentrated in vacuo. The crude mixtures of five batches (5 g scale each) were dissolved in DCM (100 mL), neutralized with saturated K.sub.2CO.sub.3 solution (aq.), and washed with water and brine. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4, filtered, and DCM was removed in vacuo to give ethyl 4,6-O-ethylidene-D-glucopyranoside as a brown solid (25.54 g, 91% yield). .sup.1H NMR (400 MHZ, CDCl.sub.3) 4.85 (d, J=3.9 Hz, 1H), 4.72 (q, J=5.0 Hz, 1H), 4.08 (dd, J=10.2, 4.9 Hz, 1H), 3.84 (dd, J=9.2 Hz, 9.2 Hz, 1H), 3.80-3.62 (m, 3H), 3.57-3.48 (m, 5H), 3.27 (dd, J=9.4 Hz, 9.4 Hz, 1H), 1.37 (d, J=5.1 Hz, 3H), 1.24 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 3H) ppm. .sup.13C NMR (101 MHZ, CDCl.sub.3) 99.79, 98.55, 80.41, 73.06, 72.02, 68.55, 64.12, 62.56, 20.46, 15.15 ppm. FT-IR (ATR) 3410, 2978, 2877, 1736, 1450, 1389, 1342, 1080, 1049, 1018, 925, 895, 841, 741, 663 cm.sup.1. HRMS (ESI.sup.+) m/z: [M+NH4].sup.+ Calculated for C.sub.10H.sub.18O.sub.6+NH.sub.4.sup.+252.1442; found 252.1436.

##STR00067##

[0295] Synthesis of allyl 4,6-O-cinnamylidene-D-glucopyranoside (CAG): To a solution of allyl -d-glucopyranoside obtained according to Scheme 4 (3.81 g, 17.3 mmol) in anhydrous MeCN (ca. 120 mL) under N.sub.2 was added cinnamaldehyde diethyl acetal (4.01 g, 22.5 mmol) and (1S)-(+)-10-camphorsulfonic acid (19 mg, 82 mol). The reaction was heated in an oil bath at 65 C. under N.sub.2 for 21 h, cooled to room temperature, and quenched by adding 0.7 mL of saturated NaHCO.sub.3 solution (aq). The mixture was dried over MgSO.sub.4 and filtered through a celite pad. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo and the product was isolated by column chromatography (95:5 DCM/methanol, v/v), to give allyl 4,6-O-cinnamylidene-D-glucopyranoside as an off-white solid (3.52 g, 61% yield). .sup.1H NMR (400 MHZ, CD.sub.2Cl.sub.2) 7.54-7.14 (m, 5H), 6.74 (d, J=16.1, 1H), 6.13 (dd, J=16.2, 4.7 Hz, 1H), 5.93-5.76 (m, 1H), 5.25 (dd, J=17.2 Hz, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 5.17 (d, J=11.8 Hz, 1H) 5.11 (d, J=4.8 Hz, 1H), 4.86 (d, J=3.9 Hz, 1H), 4.20-4.11 (m, 2H), 3.97 (dd, J=12.8 Hz, 6.4 Hz, 1H), 3.88 (dd, J=9.3 Hz, 9.3 Hz, 1H), 3.79-3.66 (m, 1H), 3.59-3.51 (m, 1H), 3.43 (dd, J=17.3 Hz, 8.4 Hz, 1H), 3.34 (dd, J=9.4 Hz, 9.4 Hz, 1H) ppm. .sup.13C NMR (101 MHZ, CD.sub.2Cl.sub.2) 135.89, 133.91, 133.69, 128.58, 128.33, 126.82, 124.53, 117.60, 102.27, 101.02, 98.1, 80.63, 74.68, 73.23, 71.68, 70.38, 68.75, 62.63 ppm. FT-IR (ATR) 3372, 2924, 2870, 1659, 1450, 1373, 1273, 1057, 955, 964, 841, 748, 694, 656, 594, 448 cm.sup.1. HRMS (ESI*) m/z: [M+H].sup.+ Calculated for C.sub.18H.sub.22OCH.sup.+ 335.1489; found 335.1489.

[0296] All other monomers listed in Table 1 were obtained commercially.

Example 3: Preparation of Polymers

[0297] The glucopyranoside monomers as prepared in Example 2, or as obtained commercially, were used to prepare example polymers according to the following procedures.

##STR00068##

General Procedure for the Melt-Phase Synthesis of Poly(Glucose Carbonate) s Using Diphenyl Carbonate:

[0298] Step 1: Transcarbonation: Acetal protected D-alkyl glucose monomer (1 equiv.), diphenyl carbonate (1 equiv.), and lithium acetyl acetonate (1-10 mol %) were charged into a round bottom Schlenk flask. The flask was equipped with a condenser, placed under positive N.sub.2 flow, and heated in an oil bath at 110 C. The solid reactants melted and formed a homogeneous solution within ca. 30-40 min, at which time phenol could be observed crystallizing in the condenser. The reaction was allowed to stir an additional 2-3 h under N.sub.2 flow (>1 mL/min) before proceeding to step 2.

[0299] Step 2: Polycondensation: After 2-3 h of transcarbonation, the reaction mixture was a viscous liquid. The condenser was replaced with a glass stopper, N.sub.2 flow was stopped, and the reaction was placed under vacuum for 12-14 h, reaching a stable pressure of ca. 50 millitorr at completion. The reaction mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature and dissolved in minimal THF. The polymer products were isolated through precipitation into methanol, centrifugation, and removal of residual solvent in vacuo to give dull white solids. Yields are given below, based upon 95% monomer conversions.

[0300] The polymers produced are summarized in Table 2.

##STR00069##

General Procedure for the Synthesis of Poly(Glucose Carbonate) s Using Dimethyl Carbonate:

[0301] Step 1: Transcarbonation: Acetal protected D-alkyl glucose monomer (1 equiv.), dimethyl carbonate (10 equiv.), and potassium carbonate (5 mol %) were charged into a round bottom Schlenk flask. The flask was equipped with a Vigreux column, placed under positive N.sub.2 flow, and heated in an oil bath at 100 C. to reflux the dimethyl carbonate. The reactants formed a homogeneous solution within about 20 min, at which time methanol could be observed condensing in the Vigreux column. The reaction was allowed to stir an additional 24 h under N.sub.2 flow (>1 mL/min) before proceeding to step 2.

[0302] Step 2: Polycondensation: After 24 h of transcarbonation, the Vigreux column was removed, and the reaction was heated to 140 C. to remove the remaining dimethyl carbonate. The reaction was allowed to stir an additional 24 h under N.sub.2 flow (>1 mL/min) before it was allowed to cool to room temperature and dissolved in minimal THF. The polymer products were isolated through precipitation into water, filtration, and removal of residual solvent in vacuo to give white solids.

[0303] The polymer produced is summarised in Table 2.

TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Structure Name Abbreviation Yield [00070] poly(methyl 4,6-O- laurylidene--D- glucopyranoside) (PLMG) 79% [00071] poly(methyl 4,6-O- laurylidene--D- glucopyranoside) (PLMG) 28%.sup.1 [00072] poly(methyl 4,6-O- cinnamylidene--D- glucopyranoside) (PCMG) 63% [00073] poly(methyl 4,6-O- benzylidene--D- glucopyranoside) (PBMG) 73% [00074] poly(methyl 4,6-O- ethylidene--D- glucopyranoside) (PEMG) 78% [00075] poly(ethyl 4,6-O- ethylidene-D- glucopyranoside) (PEEG) 29% .sup.1this polymer was produced according to Scheme 11-b. All other polymers were produced according to Scheme 11.

Example 4: Post-Polymerization Modification

[0304] The PCMG polymer prepared in Example 2 was subjected to acetal deprotection to yield an example deprotected polymer according to the following procedure.

##STR00076##

[0305] Procedure for deprotection of poly(methyl 4,6-O-cinnamylidene--D-glucopyranoside) to give poly(methyl--D-glucopyranoside) (PMG): To a solution of acetal protected poly(methyl 4,6-O-cinnamylidene--D-glucopyranoside) (PCMG) (1 equiv.) in DCM (0.08 g/mL) was slowly added trifluoroacetic acid (1.9 equiv., 88% in H.sub.2O or 0.26 equiv., 12% in H.sub.2O) and the reaction was stirred for 12-16 h at room temperature. The reaction solution was concentrated to about half the original volume and the polymer products were isolated through precipitation into ice-cold diethyl ether, centrifugation, and removal of residual solvent in vacuo to give poly(methyl--D-glucopyranoside) (PMG) as an off-white/tan solid. When using 1.9 equiv. TFA, 88% in H.sub.2O, the yield was 50-60%. When using 0.26 equiv. TFA, 12% in H.sub.2O, the yield was 90%. In both cases, deprotection was quantitative, as determined by .sup.1H NMR.

Example 5: Determination of Polymer Properties

[0306] The polymers prepared in Example 3 (scheme 11) and Example 4 were tested to determine polymer properties according to the methods below.

Preparation of Samples for Testing

[0307] For molar mass determination, polymer samples (recovered from precipitation) were dissolved in THF (containing 1% toluene flow marker) at a concentration of 7 mg/mL and filtered through a 0.2 m PTFE filter. For degradation and glass transition temperatures, samples were used directly as obtained from precipitation. For contact angle measurements, samples were dissolved in cyclohexanone at a concentration of 10 mg/ml and spun cast onto silicon wafers at 500 rpm for 5 s, followed by 2000 rpm for 15 s.

Test Methods

[0308] Molar masses (M.sub.n, M.sub.w, and M.sub.p) and dispersity values () were determined by size exclusion chromatography (SEC) in tetrahydrofuran (THF) with refractive index detection and calibration using polystyrene standards for all polymers other than PEMG. SEC eluting with THF was conducted on a Waters chromatography, Inc. (Milford, MA) system equipped with an isocratic pump model 1515, a differential refractometer model 2414, and a Four-column set including a guard column (PLgel 5 m, 507.5 mm) and three Styragel columns (PLgel 5 m Mixed C, 500 , and 104 , 3007.5 mm columns). The system was operated at 40 C. with a flow rate of 1 mL/min. Data were analyzed using Breeze software from Waters Chromatography, Inc. (Milford, MA). Molar masses were determined relative to polystyrene standards (300-467,000 Da) purchased from Polymer Laboratories, Inc. (Amherst, MA). Polymer solutions were prepared at a concentration of about 3-8 mg/ml with 0.05 vol % toluene as a flow rate marker and an injection volume of 200 L was used.

[0309] For PEMG, which is THF insoluble, molar masses (M.sub.n, M.sub.w) and dispersity values (D) were determined by size exclusion chromatography (SEC) in dimethyl formamide (DMF) with refractive index detection and calibration using poly(methyl methacrylate) standards. SEC eluting with DMF was conducted on a Tosoh Corporation (Tokyo, Japan) model HLC-8320 EcoSEC system with a two-column set of TOSOH Bioscience TSKgel columns (SuperAW4000, 6 m, 1506.0 mm) and a guard column (SuperAW-L, 7 m, 354.6 mm).

[0310] The system was operated at 40 C. with a flow rate of 0.60 mL/min. Data were analyzed using EcoSEC software from Tosoh Corporation (Tokyo, Japan). Molar masses were determined relative to poly(methyl methacrylate) standards (550-265,300 Da) purchased from Agilent Technologies (Santa Clara, CA). Polymer solutions were prepared at a concentration of ca. 3-8 mg/mL and an injection volume of 200 L was used.

[0311] Glass transition temperatures (T.sub.g) were measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) on a Mettler-Toledo DSC3/700/1190 (Mettler-Toledo, Inc., Columbus, OH) under a nitrogen gas atmosphere. Measurements were performed on sample masses of ca. 5-10 mg in aluminum pans with heating and cooling rates of 10 C./min and three heating and cooling cycles were conducted. Measurements were analyzed using Mettler-Toledo STAR.sup.e v. 15.00a software. The T.sub.g was taken as the midpoint of the inflection tangent of the third heating scan.

[0312] Degradation temperatures (Ta) were determined by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), performed under N.sub.2 atmosphere using a Mettler-Toledo TGA2/1100/464, at a range of 25-500 C. with a heating rate of 10 C./min. Data were analyzed using Mettler-Toledo STAR.sup.e v. 15.00a software. The T.sub.d values reported were measured as the onset of thermal decomposition, determined at either 10% (PMG, to ensure that the measurement of thermal decomposition was made for the polymer breakdown and not merely loss of residual solvent) or 5% (all other polymers) mass loss.

[0313] Water contact angle measurements were performed as a series of static contact angles measured using the sessile drop technique on an Attension Theta optical tensiometer (Biolin Scientific), observed over the course of 4 minutes. Drops were fitted with a Young-Laplace formula to calculate the static contact angle in the Theta software (Biolin Scientific).

Results

[0314] The results of the polymer property testing are given in Table 3.

TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 SEC Data M.sub.n M.sub.w M.sub.p Thermal Data H.sub.2O Contact Angle Polymer (kDa) (kDa) (kDa) T.sub.d( C.) T.sub.g( C.) t = 0 s () t = 240 s () PLMG 9.5 17.9 11.8 1.9 280 44 104.3 101.8 PCMG 1.3 1.8 1.4 1.4 260 159 95.9 90.1 PBMG 2.0 4.0 3.3 2.0 260 138 67.3 62.9 PEMG 1.9 3.1 1.7 233 N/A 67.8 30.2 PEEG 7.1 10.4 8.2 1.5 300 180 71.4 67.1 PMG* 1.4 2.1 1.7 1.5 240 168 57.9 29.6 *Determined on sample prepared according to Example 4, when using 1.9 equiv. TFA, 88% in H.sub.2O

[0315] The results of Table 3 show that the polymers of Examples 3 and 4 have a desirable diversity of molar mass, thermal, and water contact angle properties. The range of polymer parameters that are achievable mean that the polymers of the invention are tuneable, i.e. that the example polymers can advantageously provide a range of chemical, thermal, degradation and mechanical properties, meaning they can be exploited in a diverse range of end-applications.

Example 6: Biodegradation Testing

[0316] The PMG polymer prepared in Example 4 was subject to biodegradation testing according to the procedure below.

Preparation of Sample for Testing

[0317] The polymer sample was recovered from precipitation, dried in vacuo, and ground into a fine powder with a mortar and pestle. The sample was packaged under nitrogen and shipped to RespirTek, Inc. and upon arrival, the sample was stored as received under ambient conditions. For testing, a total reactor composition of 5 L was prepared from 4.9 mg of PMG, 3.5 L CO.sub.2 free mineral stock solution, 495.2 mL of deionized water, and 4.8 mL of biomass (3.346 mg/mL total suspended solids). A positive control reactor was prepared with 211.1 mL sodium benzoate stock solution (0.6 g/L), 3.5 mL CO.sub.2 free mineral stock solution, 284.1 mL deionized water, and 4.8 mL of biomass (3.346 mg/mL total suspended solids). A blank was prepared with 3.5 L CO.sub.2 free mineral stock solution, 495.2 mL of deionized water, and 4.8 mL of biomass (3.346 mg/mL total suspended solids).

Biodegradation Test Method

[0318] The testing method employed by RespirTek, Inc. (on a fee for service basis) was the OECD 310 ready biodegradability test, which monitors the biological conversion of organic carbon to inorganic carbon through the activity of microorganisms relative to a biodegradable control. Three solutions were prepared (PMG, sodium benzoate positive control, and a blank) as described above and homogenized with stirring and transferred to vials that were capped with aluminum crimp caps with PTFE/silicone septa. A day zero sample was collected and basified, and the remaining vials were placed on a shaker (250 rpm) under light free conditions for the duration of testing throughout which seven sampling events occurred.

Results

[0319] The PMG sample achieved 63.3% biodegradation during the testing described above, and met method requirements for an Ultimate Biodegradability classification.