High strength and electrically conductive nylon nanocomposites for fuel conveyance system

Abstract

A composition including 85.00-99.00 wt. % of a single Nylon polymer; 0.25-5.00 wt. % of conductive nanomaterials; 0.25-5.00 wt. % of a dielectric filler comprising an inorganic, non-conductive, non-platelet nanomaterial selected from alumina nanoparticles, alumina nanotubes, aluminum oxide nanoparticles, silica nanoparticles, boron nitride nanoparticles, boron nanotubes, fumed silica, fumed alumina, and mixtures of one or more of these; and 0.25-5.00 wt. % of a dispersing agent.

Claims

1. A composition, comprising: 85.00-99.00 wt. % of a single polyamide polymer; 0.25-5.00 wt. % of conductive nanomaterials; 0.25-5.00 wt. % of a dielectric filler comprising an inorganic, non-conductive, non-platelet nanomaterial comprising silica nanoparticles; and 0.25-5.00 wt. % of a polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane trisilanol dispersing agent.

2. A composition as claimed in claim 1, comprising: 0.50-5.00 wt. % of the conductive nanomaterials; and 0.5-5.00 wt. % of the dispersing agent.

3. A composition as claimed in claim 1, comprising at least 90 wt. % of polyamide 12 as the single polyamide polymer.

4. A composition as claimed in claim 1, comprising: 95.00-99.00 wt. % of the single polyamide polymer; 1.00-2.00 wt. % of the conductive nanomaterials; 0.50-1.50 wt. % of the dielectric filler; and 0.50-1.50 wt. % of the dispersing agent.

5. A composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein the single polyamide polymer is polyamide 12, polyamide 6-3-T, polyamide 66, polyamide 4,6, or polyamide 6.

6. A composition as claimed in claim 1, comprising at least 95 wt. % of the single polyamide polymer.

7. A composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein the conductive nano materials are selected from single-walled carbon nanotubes, multiwall carbon nanotubes, carbon nanostructures, carbon nanofibers, graphene, silver nanoparticles, and copper nanoparticles.

8. A composition as claimed in claim 1, wherein the dielectric filler material comprises a spherical nanomaterial.

9. A composition as claimed in claim 1, consisting of: 96.50 wt. % of a polyamide 12 polymer; 1.50 wt. % of carbon nanotubes; 1.00 wt. % of the nanosilica; and 1.00 wt. % of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane trisilanol dispersing agent.

10. A method of making a composite product, comprising: 85.00-99.00 wt. % of a single polyamide; 0.25-5.00 wt. % of conductive nanomaterials; 0.25-5.00 wt. % of a dielectric filler comprising an inorganic, non-conductive, non-platelet nanomaterial comprising silica nanoparticles; and 0.25-5.00 wt. % of a polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane trisilanol dispersing agent; the method comprising: drying and premixing the single polyamide polymer, the conductive nanomaterials, the dielectric filler, and the dispersing agent; compounding the dried and premixed components; and forming pellets of the compounded composition.

11. A method as claimed in claim 10, further comprising: melting pellets of the compounded composition; and extruding the melted composition through a die to form a shaped article.

12. A method as claimed in claim 11, comprising forming a tube as the shaped article.

13. An article, comprising a shaped member formed from a composition comprising: 85.00-99.00 wt. % of a single polyamide polymer; 0.25-5.00 wt. % of conductive nanomaterials; 0.25-5.00 wt. % of a dielectric filler comprising an inorganic, non-conductive, non-platelet nanomaterial comprising silica nanoparticles; and 0.25-5.00 wt. % of a polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane trisilanol dispersing agent.

14. An article as claimed in claim 13, wherein the shaped article is a tube.

15. An article as claimed in claim 14, wherein the tube is a fuel tube for carrying fuel and has an operating pressure of at least 120 psi (0.8 MPa); and a burst pressure of at least 300 psi (2.1 MPa) at 85 deg C.

16. An article as claimed in claim 15, wherein the fuel tube has an electrical resistance of 100 K/m-2.5 M/m, and an operating temperature of 65-185 F. (54-85 C.).

17. The composition of claim 1, wherein the dielectric filler further comprises an inorganic, non-conductive, non-platelet nanomaterial selected from alumina nanoparticles, alumina nanotubes, aluminum oxide nanoparticles, boron nitride nanoparticles, boron nanotubes, fumed silica, fumed alumina, and mixtures thereof.

18. The method of claim 10, wherein the single polyamide is polyamide 12.

19. The article of claim 13, wherein the single polyamide is polyamide 12.

20. The composition of claim 1, wherein the silica nanoparticles comprise fumed silica.

21. The article of claim 13, wherein the silica nanoparticles comprise fumed silica.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) FIGS. 1-3 show the results of comparative coupon tests at 73 F. (22.8 C.) for tensile strength, elongation at break.

(2) FIGS. 4-6 show the results of comparative coupon tests at 180 F. (82.2 C.) for tensile strength, elongation at break.

(3) FIG. 7 shows the comparative results for an injection molding tensile bar impact test.

(4) FIG. 8 shows the waveform of voltage applied in an electrical test.

(5) FIGS. 9-12 show the results of comparative sample tests at 55 C. for change in resistance over time after immersion in jet fuel or Skydrol.

(6) FIGS. 13-16 show the results of comparative coupon tests at 55 C. for change in weight over time after immersion in jet fuel or Skydrol.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

(7) This invention proposes a high strength, electrostatic and lightning compatible polymer nanocomposite solution, embodiments of which can be suitable for replacing metallic fuel tubing of the type currently used in aircraft. Embodiments of these polymer nanocomposites materials can have lower conducting additive content (<5% wt) than has been previously proposed and can achieve high strength and good elongation while maintaining electrical and mechanical properties under long term fluid immersion.

(8) Compositions of the invention are based on a Nylon single polymer system including conductive nanomaterials, a dielectric strength filler and, a dispersing agent.

(9) In the following examples, amounts, such as composition percentages are rounded to the significant figure stated for that amount.

(10) Nylon Polymer

(11) Nylon polymers are considered to be suitable for aircraft fuels systems. They have good mechanical performance, stable chemical properties, are easily processed, and are of low cost.

(12) Suitable polymers have good resistance to aircraft fluids such as jet fuel, phosphate ester hydraulic fluids such as Skydrol, and cleaning agents routinely used in aircraft applications. The polymers will also have low moisture absorption and be suitable for extrusion and subsequent bending. Nylon 12 and Trogamid are examples of suitable polymer systems. Other possible Nylon polymers are Nylon 66, Nylon 4,6, and Nylon 6.

(13) Trogamid (available from Evonik Resource Efficiency GmbH, Essen, Germany) is a polymer system based on a polymer of dimethyl terephthalate and trimethylhexamethylene diamine. Trogamid T grades have ISO 1043 nomenclature PA 6-3-T and ISO 1874 nomenclature PA NDT/INDT and are based on trimethyl hexamethylene diamine terephthalic acid monomers.

(14) The Nylon polymer system is a single polymer, i.e. it does not comprise a polymer blend. The amount of Nylon polymer is at least 85 wt. %, such as at least 90 wt. %, or at least 95 wt. %. The amount of single polymer can be as high as 99 wt. %.

(15) Conductive Nanomaterials

(16) Conductive nanomaterials are added to the Nylon polymer to provide suitable ESD properties. For example, an extruded fuel pipe for aircraft use may have ab electrical resistance from 100 k/m to 2.5M/m at an applied voltage of 500V DC.

(17) Suitable nanomaterials may be comprised of conductive materials such as single-walled carbon nanotubes, multiwall carbon nanotubes, carbon nanostructures, carbon nanofibers, graphene, silver nanoparticles, and copper nanoparticles.

(18) Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are used in the specific example given below.

(19) Dielectric Filler

(20) The filler materials are added to enhance the material toughness and strength of the polymer. The materials will be dielectric, i.e. non-conducting, and so will not affect the ESD properties provided by the conductive nanomaterials. Non-platelet type nanomaterials are used as the dielectric filler, such as non-conductive spherical nanofillers such as alumina nanoparticles, alumina nanotubes, aluminum oxide nanoparticles, silica nanoparticles, boron nitride nanoparticles, boron nanotubes, fumed silica, fumed alumina, or combinations thereof for functional improvements. The synergy effect of different materials can further enhance the materials toughness and dielectric strength. Suitable materials can be selected according to performance in lightning strike or ESD tests, i.e. no sparking or arcing, no hot spots, no significant resistance drop.

(21) Dispersing Agent

(22) The dispersing agent is a processing additive such as to Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane (POSS) to assist polymer flow during processing and resultant good nanomaterials dispersion. Other suitable dispersing agent include silanes.

(23) In order to test the performance of an example of the invention, a composition consisting of 96.50 wt. % of a Nylon 12 polymer; 1.50 wt. % of carbon nanotubes; 1.00 wt. % of nanosilica; and 1.00 wt. % of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane trisilanol (POSS) dispersing agent is prepared. The polymer and fillers are dried and premixed. The mixture is compounded using a twin-screw extruder to form pellets of the polymer composition. The composition pellets are then melted in a screw extruder and extruded through an appropriate die to form the required test piece (e.g. a tube). Flanges can be formed on a tube by over molding the flange onto the tube.

(24) Mechanical Tests

(25) A series of mechanical tests are conducted on a standard coupon-sized sample of the composition defined above.

(26) FIGS. 1-3 show the results of coupon tests at 73 F. (22.8 C.) for tensile strength, elongation at break, and tensile modulus for a commercial Nylon 12 ESD grade polymer (C) and for the composition defined above (E). FIGS. 4-6 show the corresponding results at 180 F. (82.2 C.

(27) These tests show that the sample (E) is approximately 30% stronger than the commercial sample (C).

(28) FIG. 7 shows the comparative results for an injection molding tensile bar impact test for sample (C) and (E), together with e reference sample of Nylon 12 (N).

(29) Burst Test

(30) In order to demonstrate the burst test capabilities of tubes manufactured from the composition defined above, a standard test sample is prepared comprising a tube 0.5 m long and having an outer diameter of 1.5 inches (3.8 cm) and a wall thickness of approximately 0.097 inches (0.25 cm). The test samples are connected to a supply of pressurized test fluid by epoxy adhesive and O ring seals at each end of the sample. Testing is conducted at room temperature.

(31) The table below summarizes the results of the tests:

(32) TABLE-US-00001 Burst Pressure (psi/MPa) at Sample room temperature Result 1 800/5.5 Tube Broken 2 725/5.0 3 725/5.0 4 750/5.2 Epoxy sealing leaks Burst Pressure (psi) at 185 F. (85 C.) 5 360/2.5 Sidewall burst 6 390/2.7

(33) A typical aircraft fuel line will have an operating pressure of 120 psi (0.8 MPa); a burst pressure of 300 psi (2.1 MPa), and an operating temperature of 65-185 F. (54-85 C.).

(34) Impact Test

(35) An impact test will demonstrate the physical properties of the sample by dropping a known weight from a known height onto the test sample (same configuration of tube as above). The results of the test are shown in the table below:

(36) TABLE-US-00002 Impact Location Proof Distance Drop Pressure from Center Impact Energy Height 200 psi Sample Drop (in/cm) (angle) Joules Ft-lbs in/cm (1379 kPa) 1 1 0/0 0 50 36.9 2.39/6.1 No 2 1 0/0 0 50 36.9 2.39/6.1 Leakage 2 1/2.54 180 100 73.8 4.79/12.2 3 1 0/0 0 200 147.5 9.6/24.4 Puncture

(37) The ability of the sample to withstand 100 J impact energy in the test above indicates that the product is likely to be able to withstand impacts typical in a fuel system application of 35 J.

(38) Lightning Strike Tests

(39) A series of electrical tests are performed on pipe samples corresponding to those tested for physical performance. These tests indicate the behavior of the sample under conditions that might be expected in a lightning strike. During the tests, the resistance of the sample is measured, and the sample is observed for sparking, arcing, and hot spots.

(40) 1000V Waveform Test

(41) A voltage waveform as shown in FIG. 8 is applied to the sample. Five pulses are applied from each end of the sample. No sparking, arcing, or hot spots are observed. There is no significant change to resistance.

(42) Stepped Voltage Test

(43) A voltage is applied to the test sample and stepped up from 100V/m to 1500V/m. No sparking, arcing, or hot spots are observed. There is no significant change to resistance, resistance dropping 10%-25% after 3 minutes of testing.

(44) Minimum Breakdown Voltage Test

(45) A voltage is applied to the test sample and increased in 500V increments until breakdown (defined as a resistance change of greater than 10 times). There is no significant change to resistance even after 35000V (resistance drop less than 10%-25%).

(46) Immersion Tests

(47) The effects of long-term immersion in common aircraft fluids are tested on samples of pipes and on material test coupons. Pipe samples are tested for change in resistance over time after immersion, and coupons are tested for weight change.

(48) FIGS. 9-12 show the results of the resistance test. In each case, the range of 100 k/m to 2.5M/m is shown as a box in the resistance v. time plots. FIGS. 9 and 10 show results for a current commercial grade nylon pipe that includes carbon black in jet fuel and Skydrol at 55 C. In both cases, a significant drop in resistance is noted over time. FIGS. 11 and 12 show the corresponding plots for the material composition embodiment discussed above. The resistance changes little over the course of the test and remains within the range of 100 k/m to 2.5M/m.

(49) FIGS. 13-16 show the results of coupon weight change tests after immersion for materials corresponding to the samples tested above. FIGS. 13 and 14 show the weight change for the commercial grade Nylon with carbon black after immersion in jet fuel and Skydrol at 55 C. FIGS. 15 and 16 show the corresponding plots for the material composition embodiment discussed above. FIGS. 13 and 14 show a significant weight loss early in the test. In contrast, the results in FIGS. 15 and 16 show little change in weight for the duration of the test, indicating that the tested embodiment is more stable in these fluids.

(50) No change in tensile properties is detected for both materials.

(51) The exact properties of the materials of the invention can be tailored by varying the composition within the ranges specified.