Superconducting switch

Abstract

The various embodiments described herein include methods, devices, and circuits for reducing switch transition time of superconductor switches. In some embodiments, an electrical circuit includes: (i) an input component configured to generate heat in response to an electrical input; and (ii) a first superconducting component thermally-coupled to the input component. The electrical circuit is configured such that, in the absence of the electrical input, at least a portion of the first superconducting component is maintained in a non-superconducting state in the absence of the electrical input; and, in response to the electrical input, the first superconducting component transitions to a superconducting state.

Claims

1. An electrical circuit, comprising: an input component comprising a thermal detection element electrically coupled to a heat generating element, the input component configured to: generate heat, via the heat generating element, in an absence of a thermal input at the thermal detection element, and cease to generate the heat in response to receiving the thermal input at the thermal detection element; and a superconducting component thermally-coupled to and electrically-isolated from the input component, the superconducting component configured to transition from a non-superconducting state to a superconducting state in response to the input component ceasing to generate the heat; wherein the heat generated from the input component causes the at least a portion of the superconducting component to be in the non-superconducting state.

2. The electrical circuit of claim 1, wherein the superconducting component has a constricted region at a location adjacent to the heat generating element of the input component.

3. The electrical circuit of claim 1, further comprising an electrically-insulating component that thermally couples the superconducting component and the input component such that heat produced at the input component is transferred through the electrically-insulating component to the superconducting component.

4. The electrical circuit of claim 3, wherein the electrically-insulating component is composed of a dielectric material.

5. The electrical circuit of claim 3, wherein the electrically-insulating component comprises a superconducting material configured to operate in an insulating state.

6. The electrical circuit of claim 3, wherein the electrically-insulating component is composed of a same material as the superconducting component.

7. The electrical circuit of claim 3, wherein the electrically-insulating component is an electrically-insulating, thermally-conductive connector positioned between the superconducting component and the input component.

8. The electrical circuit of claim 1, wherein the electrical circuit is configured to operate as a logical NOT gate; and wherein a first terminal of the superconducting component corresponds to a source of the logical NOT gate, and wherein a second terminal of the superconducting component corresponds to a drain of the logical NOT gate.

9. The electrical circuit of claim 1, wherein the input component comprises a superconducting element configured to transition from the superconducting state to the non-superconducting state in response to the thermal input.

10. The electrical circuit of claim 1, wherein the heat generating element comprises a resistive component that generates resistive heat in response to the thermal input.

11. The electrical circuit of claim 1, further comprising an output circuit electrically-coupled to the superconducting component.

12. The electrical circuit of claim 11, wherein the output circuit comprises a feed-forward circuit.

13. The electrical circuit of claim 1, further comprising a current source electrically coupled to the superconducting component, the current source configured to provide a bias current to the superconducting component.

14. The electrical circuit of claim 1, further comprising a photon detection component coupled to the input component and configured to generate the thermal input in response to one or more incident photons.

15. The electrical circuit of claim 1, wherein the superconducting component comprises a superconducting nanowire.

16. The electrical circuit of claim 1, wherein the input component and the superconducting component are arranged so as to inhibit tunneling effects between the input component and superconducting component.

17. A method, comprising: maintaining a superconducting component in a non-superconducting state; while maintaining the superconducting component in the non-superconducting state, receiving a thermal input at an input component that is thermally-coupled to and electrically-isolated from the superconducting component; in response to receiving the thermal input, ceasing to generate heat at the input component; and in response to ceasing to generate the heat, transitioning the superconducting component from the non-superconducting state to a superconducting state.

18. The method of claim 17, further comprising generating the thermal input in response to detecting one or more incident photons.

19. The method of claim 18, wherein the thermal input is generated by a heating element electrically coupled to a photon detector that is thermally coupled to the input component.

20. The method of claim 17, further comprising providing, via a current source, a bias current to the superconducting component.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) For a better understanding of the various described embodiments, reference should be made to the Detailed Description below, in conjunction with the following drawings in which like reference numerals refer to corresponding parts throughout the figures.

(2) FIG. 1A is a circuit diagram illustrating a representative circuit in accordance with some embodiments.

(3) FIG. 1B shows a side view of an electronic device that includes at least a portion of the circuit of FIG. 1A fabricated on and/or integrated with a substrate, in accordance with some embodiments.

(4) FIGS. 2A-2B are circuit diagrams illustrating representative operating states of the circuit of FIG. 1A in accordance with some embodiments.

(5) FIGS. 3A-3B are circuit diagrams illustrating representative circuits in accordance with some embodiments.

(6) FIG. 4 is a graph illustrating representative timing for the superconducting component of FIG. 1A in accordance with some embodiments.

(7) FIG. 5 is a block diagram illustrating a representative circuit in accordance with some embodiments.

(8) FIGS. 6A-6B illustrate a representative photonic circuit employing a superconducting switch in accordance with some embodiments.

(9) FIG. 7 is a flow chart illustrating a method of switching a superconducting component in accordance with some embodiments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

(10) Reference will now be made in detail to embodiments, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. In the following detailed description, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the various described embodiments. However, it will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that the various described embodiments may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known methods, procedures, components, circuits, and networks have not been described in detail so as not to unnecessarily obscure aspects of the embodiments.

(11) Many modifications and variations of this disclosure can be made without departing from its spirit and scope, as will be apparent to those skilled in the art. The specific embodiments described herein are offered by way of example only, and the disclosure is to be limited only by the terms of the appended claims, along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled.

(12) In accordance with some embodiments, superconductor components are provided that are configured to transition between superconducting and non-superconducting states in response to an input. Such superconducting components may be used as switches in electrical circuits.

(13) As noted above, superconductors are materials capable of operating in a superconducting state with zero electrical impedance under particular conditions. For example, superconductors typically have thresholds values for temperature, current density, and applied magnetic field, above which the superconductors will operate in a non-superconducting state (e.g., a state with non-zero electrical resistance). Moreover, the presence of one of these conditions may impact the threshold for another. Thus, in some circumstances, raising the temperature of a superconductor, while still below its superconducting threshold temperature, will typically lower the superconductor's current density threshold.

(14) Some embodiments of the present disclosure take advantage of these effects by controlling the state of a superconducting component (e.g., from the superconducting state to the non-superconducting state, or vice versa) by raising or lowering the temperature of the superconducting component, such that a current applied through the semiconductor exceeds the threshold current density in some cases but not others, thus turning the superconducting component on and off as a conductor. Stated another way, some embodiments provide thermally-assisted switching of superconducting components. This thermally-assisted switching of superconducting components can be used in devices and methods for impedance amplification, as described above in the summary.

(15) One challenge that arises in thermally-assisted switching of superconductors is that, for a superconductor to operate in the superconducting state for large currents, the superconductor must have a suitably large size. Otherwise, the large current would exceed the threshold current density even in the absence of heating. However, the size of the superconductor impacts the superconductor's transition time for transitioning from a superconducting state to a non-superconducting state (e.g., larger size superconductors take longer to transition). Importantly, the superconductor's size has significantly less impact on the superconductor's transition time for transitioning from the non-superconducting state to the superconducting state than from the superconducting state to the non-superconducting state.

(16) In some circumstances and embodiments, a superconductor's transition time for transitioning from a superconducting state to a non-superconducting is on the order of nanoseconds (e.g., based on the superconductor's size and geometry). That same superconductor's transition time for transitioning from the non-superconducting state to the superconducting state may be on the order of picoseconds (e.g., based on substrate cooling capacity). Therefore, it is advantageous to utilize the transition from the non-superconducting state to the superconducting state for high speed applications.

(17) FIG. 1A is a circuit diagram illustrating a circuit 100 in accordance with some embodiments. As shown in FIG. 1A, the circuit 100 includes a superconducting component 116 electrically-coupled to an output node 120 and thermally-coupled to a gate component 180 (sometimes called an input component). The circuit 100 further includes an electrical source 104 (e.g., a current or voltage source) electrically-coupled to the heating component 102 (e.g., a heating element). In some embodiments, the electrical source 104 is an input circuit such as a photon detection circuit that generates a current or voltage in response to an incident photon (or set of photons).

(18) The gate component 180 includes a heating component 114 thermally-coupled to the superconducting component 116. In accordance with some embodiments, the heating component 114 and the superconducting component 116 are sized, positioned, and configured so that heat generated by the heating component 114 is sufficient to transition the superconducting component 116 from a superconducting state to a non-superconducting state (e.g., heat applied while a current is flowing through the superconducting component 116). The gate component 180 further includes a superconducting component 106 and resistive component 110 electrically-coupled to the heating component 114 and a current source 108. As shown in FIG. 1A, the resistive component 110 is coupled in parallel with the combination of the superconducting component 106 and the heating component 114.

(19) In some embodiments, the superconducting component 116 has a constricted region at a location adjacent to the heating component 114. For example, superconducting component 116 comprises a wide portion 117-a and a narrow portion 117-b. The narrow portion 117-b of superconducting component 116 forms the constricted region in superconducting component 116. In some circumstances, having a constricted region in superconducting component 116 reduces the thermal reaction time (both for heating and cooling) allowing the superconducting component to transition from a superconducting state to a non-superconducting state (e.g., in response heat from the heating component 114), and vice versa, faster. In some embodiments, the constricted region is 10%, 20%, or 30% narrower than the wide portion 117-a.

(20) In accordance with some embodiments, the resistive component 110 has a resistance value that is greater than a resistance value of the combination of the superconducting component 106 and the heating component 114 while the superconducting component 106 is in a superconducting state. For example, since the superconducting component 106 has zero electrical resistance in the superconducting state, the resistance of the resistive component 110 is greater than the resistance of the heating component 114. In this way, a majority of the current from the current source 108 flows through the combination of the superconducting component 106 and the heating component 114 to the electrical ground 112 while the superconducting component 106 is in the superconducting state.

(21) In accordance with some embodiments, the resistive component 110 has a resistance value that is less than a resistance value of the combination of the superconducting component 106 and the heating component 114 while the superconducting component 106 is in a non-superconducting state. For example, since the superconducting component 106 has a non-zero electrical resistance in the non-superconducting state, the resistance of the resistive component 110 is less than the combined resistance of the superconducting component 106 and the heating component 114. In this way, a majority of the current from the current source 108 flows through the resistive component 110 to the electrical ground 112 while the superconducting component 106 is in the non-superconducting state.

(22) In some embodiments, the heating component 114 is composed of a superconducting material and generates heat while operating in a non-superconducting state. In some embodiments, the heating component 114 is composed of a non-superconducting material, such as a metal, metal alloy, or semiconducting material. In some embodiments, the heating component 114 includes a constricted region at a location nearest to the superconducting component 116 such that resistive heat is generated in the constricted region and transfers to the superconducting component 116.

(23) FIG. 1B shows a side view of an electronic device 103 that includes at least a portion of the circuit 100 of FIG. 1A fabricated on and/or integrated with a substrate 105, in accordance with some embodiments. For example, the electronic device 103 includes gate component 118 and/or superconducting component 116 fabricated on and/or integrated with substrate 105. In some embodiments, electronic device 103 is operable under certain operating conditions for the electronic device 103. For example, electronic device 103 is operable while operating in a cryogenic environment. For example, although the operation of the disclosed embodiments is explained in greater detail below, in some circumstances the electronic device 103 has a range of ambient operating temperatures (e.g., below a critical temperature of the superconducting component 106 and/or the superconducting component 116). In some embodiments, as long as the ambient temperature of the electronic device 103 is maintained in the range of ambient operating temperatures, the superconducting component 116 remains in a non-superconducting state (and superconducting component 106 in a superconducting state) in the absence of the gate component 118 receiving an electrical input from electrical source 104 (FIG. 1A). In some embodiments, the ambient temperature is the temperature of substrate 105. Thus, in some embodiments, as long as the temperature of the substrate 105 (e.g., the bulk temperature of the substrate 105) is maintained in the range of ambient operating temperatures, superconducting component 116 remains in a non-superconducting state (and superconducting component 106 in a superconducting state) in the absence of the input component receiving the electrical input.

(24) FIGS. 2A-2B are circuit diagrams illustrating representative operating states of the circuit of FIG. 1A in accordance with some embodiments. In FIG. 2A, no current is supplied be the electrical source 104. Alternatively, the electrical source 104 is supplying a current that is insufficient for the heating component 102 to generate sufficient heat to transition the superconducting component 106 from the superconducting state to the non-superconducting state. While the superconducting component 106 is operating in the superconducting state, a current 202 from the current source 108 flows through the superconducting component 106 and the heating component 114. The flow of the current 202 through the heating component 114 cause the heating component 114 to generate heat 210. The heat 210 transfers to the superconducting component 116 and, in response, a region 204 of the superconducting component 116 operates in the non-superconducting state. In accordance with some embodiments, the transferred heat lowers a superconducting current threshold for superconducting component 116 and a current 207 supplied to the superconducting component 116 exceeds the lowered threshold, thus transitioning region 204 to the non-superconducting state. Thus, in the absence of sufficient current from the electrical source 104, the superconducting component 116 operates in the non-superconducting state.

(25) In FIG. 2B, the electrical source 104 is supplying a current 220 that is sufficient for the heating component 102 to generate sufficient heat 222 to transition the superconducting component 106 (or at least a region 224 of superconducting component 106) from the superconducting state to the non-superconducting state. While the superconducting component 106 is operating in the non-superconducting state, the current 202 from the current source 108 flows through the resistive component 110. In other words, current flowing through the heating component 114 while the superconducting component 106 is in the non-superconducting state is insufficient for the heating component 114 to generate sufficient heat to maintain the superconducting component 116 in the non-superconducting state. Cessation of the transferred heat allows the superconducting component 116 to cool and the superconducting current threshold for superconducting component 116 increases. In accordance with some embodiments, the current 207 supplied to the superconducting component 116 does not exceed the increased threshold, thus allowing transition of the region 204 back to the superconducting state. Thus, in the presence of sufficient current from the electrical source 104, the superconducting component 116 operates in the superconducting state. As shown in FIGS. 2A-2B, in response to the current 220, the superconducting component 116 transitions from the non-superconducting state to the superconducting state in accordance with some embodiments.

(26) In some embodiments, an electrical circuit (e.g., circuit 100) includes: a first superconducting component (e.g., superconducting component 116); and a gate component (e.g., gate component 180) thermally coupled to, and electrically insulated from, the first superconducting component. In some embodiments, the gate component is electrically coupled to an electrical source (e.g., electrical source 104) to receive an electrical input from the electrical source. In some embodiments, the gate component includes: a first heating component (e.g., heating component 102) electrically coupled to the electrical source; a second superconducting component (e.g., superconducting component 106) thermally coupled to, and electrically insulated from, the first heating component; a second heating component (e.g., heating component 114) thermally coupled to, and electrically insulated from, the first superconducting component; a resistive component (e.g., resistive component 110); and a current source (e.g., current source 108) electrically coupled to the second superconducting component, the second heating component, and the resistive component, such that the resistive component is coupled in parallel with a combination of the second superconducting component and the second heating component connected in series. In some embodiments, in the absence of the gate component receiving the electrical input the first superconducting component is in a non-superconducting state (e.g., as illustrated in FIG. 2A); and the first superconducting component transitions from the non-superconducting state to a superconducting state in response to the gate component receiving the electrical input (e.g., as illustrated in FIG. 2B).

(27) In some embodiments, an electrical circuit (e.g., circuit 100) includes: a gate component (e.g., gate component 180) configured to (e.g., under operating conditions) generate heat in response to an electrical input; and a first superconducting component (e.g., superconducting component 116) thermally coupled to the gate component. In some embodiments, the electrical circuit is configured such that, in the absence of the electrical input, at least a portion of the first superconducting component is maintained in a non-superconducting state (e.g., as illustrated in FIG. 2A); and the first superconducting component transitions to a superconducting state in response to the electrical input (e.g., as illustrated in FIG. 2B). In this way, the circuit 100 operates as a logical NOT gate (e.g., an inverter). In some embodiments, the first superconducting component is a superconducting nanowire.

(28) In some embodiments, the gate component includes a superconducting element (e.g., superconducting component 106) configured to (e.g., under operating conditions) transition from a superconducting state to a non-superconducting state in response to the electrical input. In some embodiments, a current supplied by the electrical input exceeds a current threshold of the superconducting element. In some embodiments, the gate component includes a resistive component (e.g., resistive component 110) that generates resistive heat in response to the electrical input.

(29) In some embodiments, the gate component includes: a first heating component (e.g., heating component 102); a second superconducting component (e.g., superconducting component 106) thermally coupled to the first heating component such that heat generated by the first heating component is transferred to the second superconducting component; and a heating component (e.g., heating component 114) electrically coupled to the second superconducting component such that: (i) while the second superconducting component is in a superconducting state, at least a threshold amount of current from a current source flows through the heating component via the second superconducting component (e.g., as illustrated in FIG. 2A), and (ii) while the second superconducting component is in a non-superconducting state, less than the threshold amount of current from the current source flows through the heating component (e.g., as illustrated in FIG. 2B). In some embodiments, the heating component is thermally coupled to the first superconducting component such that heat (e.g., heat 210) generated by the heating component in response to the threshold amount of current transfers to the first superconducting component and transitions the first superconducting component to a non-superconducting state. In some embodiments, the electrical circuit is configured such that the heat generated by the heating component is sufficient to transition the first superconducting component from a superconducting state to a non-superconducting state (e.g., as illustrated in FIG. 2A). In some embodiments, the threshold amount of current is an amount of current sufficient for the first heating component to maintain the first superconducting component in a non-superconducting state (e.g., through resistive heating).

(30) In some embodiments, the gate component further includes: a resistor (e.g., resistive component 110) having a resistance that: (i) exceeds a combined resistance of the second superconducting component and the heating component while the second superconducting component is in the superconducting state, and (ii) does not exceed a combined resistance of the second superconducting component and the heating component while the second superconducting component is in the non-superconducting state; and a current source (e.g., current source 108) electrically coupled to the resistor, the heating component, and the second superconducting component such that the resistor is in parallel with a combination of the second superconducting component and the heating component connected in series, where the current source is configured to supply at least the threshold amount of current. In some embodiments, a reference node is coupled to the current source such that current flows from the current source to the reference node via the resistor (while the second superconducting component is non-superconducting) and via the heating component (while the second superconducting component is superconducting).

(31) In some embodiments, the first superconducting component has a constricted region at a location adjacent to the heating component (e.g., narrow portion 117-b, FIG. 1A).

(32) In some embodiments, the heating component has a constricted region at a location adjacent to the first superconducting component, e.g., to direct or focus heat to the superconducting component. In some embodiments, the constriction reduces width or cross section of first superconducting component by at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, or at least 50%.

(33) In some embodiments, the circuit further includes an electrically-insulating component (e.g., coupling component 510, FIG. 5) that thermally couples the first superconducting component and the heating component such that heat produced at the heating component is transferred through the electrically-insulating component to the first superconducting component. In some embodiments, the electrically-insulating component is an electrically-insulating, thermally-conductive connector positioned between the first superconducting component and the heating component.

(34) In some embodiments, the electrical circuit is configured to (e.g., under operating conditions) operate as a logical NOT gate; and a first terminal of the first superconducting component corresponds to a source of the logical NOT gate, and a second terminal of the first superconducting component corresponds to a drain of the logical NOT gate, e.g., as described and illustrated in FIG. 3A.

(35) In some embodiments, the circuit includes an output circuit (e.g., output circuit 302, FIG. 3A) electrically coupled to the first superconducting component. In some embodiments, the output circuit is sensitive to whether the first superconducting component is in the superconducting state or the non-superconducting state (e.g., more current is directed to the output circuit when the superconducting component is in the non-superconducting state). In some embodiments, the output circuit is configured to measure an impedance, or voltage drop, of the first superconductor. In some embodiments, the output circuit is or includes a feed-forward circuit (e.g., an RC circuit (optical switch) coupled to the first superconducting component).

(36) In some embodiments, the circuit further includes a current source (e.g., electrical source 304) electrically coupled to the first superconducting component, the current source configured to provide a first current to the first superconducting component. In some embodiments, the current source is configured to bias the first superconducting component near a superconducting threshold current such that heat from the gate component is sufficient to transition the first superconducting component to a non-superconducting state.

(37) In some embodiments, the circuit further includes a photon detection component (e.g., represented as electrical source 104, FIG. 1A) electrically coupled to the gate component and configured to generate the electrical input in response to one or more incident photons.

(38) FIGS. 3A-3B are circuit diagrams illustrating representative circuits in accordance with some embodiments. FIG. 3A shows a circuit 300 that includes the gate component 180 thermally-coupled to the superconducting component 116. The circuit 300 also includes an electrical source 304 and an output circuit 302 coupled to the superconducting component 116. In accordance with some embodiments, the output circuit 302 is responsive to transitions of the superconducting component 116 (e.g., changes state based on whether the superconducting component 116 is in the superconducting state or the non-superconducting state). In some embodiments, (not shown) the output circuit 302 is coupled in parallel with the superconducting component 116. In some embodiments, the electrical source 304 is coupled in other configurations not shown, e.g., is a current source configured to supply a current to the superconducting component 116.

(39) FIG. 3B shows components of the output circuit 302 in accordance with some embodiments. As shown in FIG. 3B, the output circuit 302 optionally includes an RC circuit, e.g., includes a capacitor 308 and a resistor 306. In some embodiments, the output circuit 302 is, or includes, an optical switch, such as the switch 616 described in FIG. 6B below. For example, in response to the superconducting component 116 transitioning from the non-superconducting state to the superconducting state, the optical switch optically-couples a first input waveguide to an output waveguide.

(40) FIG. 4 is a graph illustrating representative timing for the superconducting component 116 of FIG. 1A in accordance with some embodiments. As shown in FIG. 4, the superconducting component 116 has an associated rise time 402, representing the time for the superconducting component 116 to transition from a superconducting state to a non-superconducting state (e.g., a state at which the superconducting component 116 has a resistance 406). The rise time 402 is based on a size of the superconducting component 116, e.g., the greater the width of the component the longer the rise time. The rise time 402 is also based on a geometry of the superconducting component, e.g., is based on current crowding effects. The superconducting component 116 also has an associated fall time 404, representing the time for the superconducting component 116 to transition from the non-superconducting state to the superconducting state. The fall time 404 is based on a cooling capacity of the superconducting device, e.g., a cooling capacity of the substrate on which the superconducting component 116 is arranged (and optionally the cooling capacity of other adjacent layers and materials). The cooling capacity of the substrate is based on their material properties. In this way, the fall time 404 is less dependent on the size and geometry of the superconducting component 116 as compared to the rise time 402.

(41) As an example, a superconducting component having a resistance on the order of megaohms while in the non-superconducting state may have an associated rise time on the order of nanoseconds (e.g., 5-10 ns), e.g., because the rise time increases with increased resistance targets. The same superconducting component may have a fall time on the order of picoseconds (e.g., 10-100 ps), e.g., because the substrate cooling occurs concurrently throughout the superconducting component. Thus, in this example, the superconducting component operates significantly faster (e.g., 100 faster) in transitioning from the non-superconducting state to the superconducting state, as compared to transitioning from the superconducting state to the non-superconducting state.

(42) Referring to FIG. 2B, the superconducting component 106 is optionally sized to have a rise time on the order of picoseconds, e.g., is small compared to the size of superconducting component 116. Thus, in accordance with some embodiments, in response to the current 220 from the electrical source 104, there is a rise time transition delay of 10-100 picoseconds for superconducting component 106 and a fall time transition delay of 10-100 picoseconds for the superconducting component 116 and therefore an input-output response time of the circuit 100 is 200 picoseconds or less. In embodiments in which the superconducting component 116 is sufficiently large to provide megaohms of resistance while in the non-superconducting state, the rise time transition delay of the superconducting component 116 is 5-10 ns, and thus utility the fall time transition (as illustrated in FIG. 2B) results in a significantly faster response time.

Thermal Inputs

(43) FIG. 5 is a block diagram illustrating a circuit 500 in accordance with some embodiments. FIG. 5 shows the circuit 500 having a heating component 502 (e.g., the heating component 102 or 114 in FIG. 1A) and a superconducting component 512 (e.g., the superconducting component 106 or 116 in FIG. 1A). FIG. 5 further shows terminals 504 and 506 connected to the heating component 502 and terminals 514 and 516 connected to the superconducting component 512. The heating component 502 includes constricted region 508 adjacent to a coupling component 510, which thermally-couples the heating component 502 to superconducting component 512. In some embodiments, the heating component 502 is a non-superconducting component, e.g., a resistive component formed from a metal material, a semiconducting material or any other resistive material. In some embodiments, the heating component 502 is a superconductor (e.g., that selectively operates in the non-superconducting state). In some embodiments, the coupling component 510 is composed of a thermally-conductive, electrically-insulating material. In some embodiments, the coupling component 510 is composed of a same material as the superconducting component 512, but is sized such that it operates in an insulating state rather than a superconducting state. In some embodiments in which the coupling component 510 is composed of a potentially-superconducting material, the coupling component 510 has a width in the range of 5 nanometers (nm) to 20 nm. In some embodiments, the coupling component 510 is on a distinct plane from the heating component 502 and superconducting component 512. In some embodiments, the coupling component 510 is composed of a dielectric material. In some embodiments in which the coupling component 510 is composed of a non-superconducting material, the coupling component 510 has a width in the range of 5 nm to 100 nm. In some embodiments, the coupling component 510 has a length long enough so as to inhibit tunneling effects between the heating component 502 and superconducting component 512 and short enough so as to be less than a phonon's mean free path (e.g., in the range of 5 nm to 1 micron).

(44) In some embodiments, the constricted region 508 has a width, denoted W.sub.1, large enough to be able to operate in the superconducting state (e.g., greater than 10 nm) and minimized to reduce power consumption of the circuit (e.g., a width in the range of 10 nm to 200 nm). In some embodiments, the constricted region 508 has a length, denoted Li, large enough to be able to operate in the superconducting state (e.g., greater than 10 nm) and minimized to reduce power consumption of the circuit (e.g., a length in the range of 10 nm to 200 nm). In some embodiments, the adjacent portions of the component 502 are sized to facilitate heat dissipation from the constricted region 508 (e.g., 5, 10, or 20 times as large as the constricted region 508). In some embodiments, the superconducting component 512 has a length, denoted W.sub.2, in the range of 10 nm to 200 nm. The shapes of the superconducting components, constricted regions, and coupling components shown in FIG. 5 are intended as non-limiting examples. As one skilled in the art would recognize after reading the instant application, other geometric and irregular shapes could be used.

Photonic Systems

(45) FIGS. 6A-6B show examples of a photonic system that can employ one or more superconducting circuits in accordance with one or more embodiments. In the embodiments shown in FIGS. 6A-6B, a superconducting circuit, e.g., circuit 100 or 300, and/or any of the arrangements described above can be employed as one or more superconducting switches. More specifically, the FIGS. 6A-6B illustrate a heralded single photon source in accordance with some embodiments. Such a source can be used within any system for which a source of single photons is useful, e.g., within a quantum communications system and/or a quantum computer that employs entangled photons as the physical qubits.

(46) Turning to FIG. 6A, a heralded single photon source 600 is illustrated in accordance with some embodiments. Thick black lines in the figure represent optical waveguides and thin black lines represent electrical interconnects (e.g. wires that may be formed from superconducting or non-superconducting materials). The system is a hybrid photonic/electrical circuit that includes a pumped photon pair generator 603, a wavelength division multiplexer (WDM) 605 (which is a 12 WDM in this example), a superconducting photon detector 607, a superconducting amplifier circuit 609, and an optical switch 611. One or more components of the system can be housed in a cryogenic environment, such as a cryostat, held at a temperature that is lower than the threshold temperature for superconductivity, as described above.

(47) An input optical waveguide 619a optically couples a pump photon source (not shown) to photon pair generator 603. A pump photon 602 enters the pumped photon pair generator 603 via input optical waveguide 619a. For the sake of illustration, any photons illustrated here are depicted outside of the waveguides, but one of ordinary skill will appreciate that in a physical device, these photons will propagate within one or more guided modes of the waveguide. In some embodiments, the pumped photon pair generator 603 can include a nonlinear optical material that generates two output photons, referred to as signal photon 604 and idler photon 606 from one or more input pump photons 602. For example, the pumped photon pair generator 603 can generate a pair of output photons using a process known as spontaneous four wave mixing. The pair of output photons, signal photon 604 and idler photon 606, are typically generated having different wavelengths/frequencies, e.g., with the sum of the energies of the signal and idler equal to the energy of the pump photon. After generation, signal photon 604 and idler photon 606 are optically coupled to the input of WDM 605 via waveguide 608. Because photons 604 and 606 have different wavelengths/frequencies, WDM 605 redirects each photon along a different output waveguide, e.g., signal photon 604 is directed along the heralding waveguide path 613 and idler photon 606 is redirected along the switched output waveguide path 615. Which photon is directed to which path is not critical and the path of the idler photon and signal photon can be exchanged without departing from the scope of the present disclosure.

(48) In this example, a superconducting photon detector 607, e.g., a superconducting nanowire single photon detector, is optically coupled to the heralding waveguide path 613 and can produce an electrical signal (e.g. a current pulse, also referred to as a photon heralding signal) in response to the detection of the signal photon 604. Because the signal photon 604 and idler photon 606 were generated nearly simultaneously as a pair, the electrical signal generated by the photon detector 607 signals (i.e., heralds) the presence of the idler photon 606 in the switched output waveguide path 615. The heralding signal is often a small amplitude current signal, e.g., microamps or less, and can be provided to the superconducting amplifier circuit 609 (e.g., the circuit 100, FIG. 1A) where it is amplified to a larger output signal that can be used to more effectively drive any downstream electronic and/or photonic circuits. Referring momentarily to the FIGS. 2A-2B described above, the small heralding signal corresponds to the current 220 (FIG. 2B) that provides a small current to the gate component 180, which results in the superconducting component 116 transitioning from the non-superconducting state to the superconducting state. The amplified signal (e.g., an output of the superconducting component 116) is then provided to the optical switch 611 (e.g., the output circuit 302, FIG. 3A) via output electrical signal line 614. Accordingly, the use of the superconducting amplifier circuit 609 provides for a system that can drive higher current loads than would be the case with photon detector 607 operating on its own. Moreover, the use of the transition of the superconducting component 116 from the non-superconducting state to the superconducting state allows for a faster switching of the optical switch 611, which reduces loss resulting from delay of the idler photon 606. After being switched, the idler photon 606 is provided via output waveguide 619b, e.g., for use in constructing a highly entangled resource state for use in a downstream optical quantum computing system (not shown).

(49) FIG. 6B illustrates how several single photon sources similar to photon source 600 can be multiplexed to increase the reliability of the photon generation process. Such a system is beneficial because of the non-deterministic nature of the conversion between the pump photon and the photon pair in the photon pair generator 603. More specifically, because the photon pair generation process is a quantum mechanical process, it is inherently probabilistic, and thus it is not guaranteed that every pump photon that enters a photon pair generator 603 will result in the generation of a photon pair at the output. In fact, in some instances, the photon pair creation can fail entirely. Thus, to improve the reliability of the photon generation process, several single photon generators 600-1, 600-2, . . . , 600-n, each receiving its own pump photon per generation cycle, can be arranged in parallel and optically (and electrically) coupled to a Nx1 switch 616, as shown. As with the heralded single photon source 600, each single photon generator 600-1, 600-2, . . . , 600-n possesses, or has an output coupled to, a corresponding dedicated heralding electrical signal line 610-1, 610-2, . . . , 610-n, which can provide a heralding signal that informs a downstream circuit element of the successful generation of a photon by that particular photon source. In some embodiments, the heralding electrical signal lines 610-1, 610-2, . . . , 610-n are electrically coupled to the Nx1 switch 616. Nx1 switch 616 includes digital logic that interprets the heralding electrical signals and switches the input port of the Nx1 switch 616 accordingly so as to provide the generated idler photon to the output port 617. Thus, in this case, each photon source 600 includes a superconducting amplifier circuit whose internal arrangement of current sources and parallel superconducting wires provides for enough amplification to drive the logic stage of the Nx1 switch. In other examples, a small signal logic circuit can be employed before the amplifier and Nx1 switch. One of ordinary skill will appreciate that other arrangements are possible without departing from the scope of the present disclosure.

(50) FIG. 7 is a flow chart illustrating a method 700 of switching a superconducting component in accordance with some embodiments. In some embodiments, the method is performed at an electrical circuit that includes (i) an input component configured to generate heat in response to an electrical input (e.g., gate component 118, FIGS. 1A-1B, which includes heating component 114 to generate heat); and (ii) a first superconducting component thermally coupled to the input component (e.g., superconducting component 116, FIGS. 1A-1B).

(51) In some embodiments, method 700 includes cooling (702) the electrical circuit to a temperature that is below a superconducting threshold temperature of the first superconducting component. In some embodiments, the method includes cooling the electrical circuit temperature that is below a superconducting threshold temperature of a second superconducting component that is part of the input component (e.g., superconducting component 106, FIG. 1A). In some embodiments, the first superconducting component and the second superconducting components are made of the same material, and thus their superconducting threshold temperatures are the same. In some embodiments, cooling the electrical circuit includes cooling a substrate upon which the electrical circuit is integrated and/or fabricated (e.g., substrate 105).

(52) In some embodiments, in the absence of the input component receiving an electrical input, the first superconducting component (or at least a portion of the first superconducting component, e.g., narrow region 117-a, FIG. 1A) is in a non-superconducting state. That is, as shown in FIGS. 2A-2B, in the absence of the input component receiving the electrical input, a heating component 114 is activated, which heats the first superconducting component into a non-superconducting state despite the fact that the ambient temperature (e.g., the temperature of the substrate) is cooled below the superconducting threshold temperature for the first superconducting component.

(53) In some embodiments, method 700 includes detecting (704) a photon using a photon detection component electrically coupled to the input component to generate the electrical input.

(54) Method 700 includes applying (706) the electrical input to the input component. The first superconducting component transitions to a superconducting state in response to the electrical input. For example, as shown in FIGS. 2A-2B, in response to current 220 (which may be a photocurrent or an amplified photocurrent from detecting operation 704), superconducting component 116 transitions to a superconducting state (e.g., by virtue of ambient cooling after heating component 114 is disabled by the electrical input).

(55) As used herein, a superconducting circuit or superconductor circuit is a circuit having one or more superconducting materials. For example, a superconductor switch circuit is a switch circuit that includes one or more superconducting materials. As used herein, a superconducting material is a material that is capable of operating in a superconducting state (under particular conditions). For example, a superconducting material is a material that operates as a superconductor (e.g., operates with zero electrical resistance) when cooled below a particular temperature (e.g., a threshold temperature) and having less than a threshold current flowing through it. A superconducting material is also sometimes called herein a superconduction-capable material. In some embodiments, the superconducting materials operate in an off state where little or no current is present. In some embodiments, the superconducting materials can operate in a non-superconducting state during which the materials have a non-zero electrical resistance (e.g., a resistance in the range of one thousand to ten thousand ohms). For example, a superconducting material supplied with a current greater than a threshold superconducting current for the superconducting material transitions from a superconducting state having zero electrical resistance to a non-superconducting state having non-zero electrical resistance.

(56) As used herein, a wire is a section of material configured for transferring electrical current. In some embodiments, a wire includes a section of material conditionally capable of transferring electrical current. For example, a wire made of a superconducting material that is capable of transferring electrical current while the wire is maintained at a temperature below a threshold temperature. As another example, a wire made of semiconducting material is capable of transferring electrical current while the wire is maintained at a temperature above a freeze-out temperature. A cross-section of a wire (e.g., a cross-section that is perpendicular to a length of the wire) optionally has a regular (e.g., flat or round) shape or an irregular shape. While some of the figures show wires having rectangular shapes, any shape could be used. In some embodiments, a length of a wire is greater than a width or a thickness of the wire (e.g., the length of a wire is at least 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 times greater than the width and the thickness of the wire). In some cases, a wire is a section of a superconducting layer.

(57) It will also be understood that, although the terms first, second, etc. are, in some instances, used herein to describe various elements, these elements should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element from another. For example, a first current could be termed a second current, and, similarly, a second current could be termed a first current, without departing from the scope of the various described embodiments. The first current and the second current are both currents, but they are not the same condition unless explicitly stated as such.

(58) The terminology used in the description of the various described embodiments herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting. As used in the description of the various described embodiments and the appended claims, the singular forms a, an and the are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will also be understood that the term and/or as used herein refers to and encompasses any and all possible combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. It will be further understood that the terms includes, including, comprises, and/or comprising, when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof.

(59) The foregoing description, for purpose of explanation, has been described with reference to specific embodiments. However, the illustrative discussions above are not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the scope of the claims to the precise forms disclosed. Many modifications and variations are possible in view of the above teachings. The embodiments were chosen in order to best explain the principles underlying the claims and their practical applications, to thereby enable others skilled in the art to best use the embodiments with various modifications as are suited to the particular uses contemplated.