Combination vaccine

Abstract

The present invention pertains to a vaccine comprising (a) an immunologically effective amount of a Streptococcus suis IgM protease antigen, (b) an immunologically effective amount of an Escherichia coli fibmrial antigen, and (c) an immunologically effective amount of a Clostridium toxoid, and also pertains to use of the vaccine in a method for protecting pigs against a pathogenic infection with Streptococcus suis, Escherichia coli and Clostridium.

Claims

1. A vaccine comprising components (a), (b) and (c) of: (a) an immunologically effective amount of a Streptococcus suis IgM protease antigen, (b) an immunologically effective amount of an Escherichia coli fimbrial antigen, and (c) an immunologically effective amount of a Clostridium toxoid.

2. The vaccine according to claim 1, characterized in that component (b) comprises one or more Escherichia coli fimbrial antigens selected from F4, F5, F6, F18, and F41.

3. The vaccine according to claim 2, characterized in that component (b) comprises at least the fimbrial Escherichia coli antigens F4, F5 and F6.

4. The vaccine according to claim 1, characterized in that component (b) further comprises an Escherichia coli toxoid.

5. The vaccine according to claim 4, characterized in that the Escherichia coli toxoid is Escherichia coli LT toxoid.

6. The vaccine according to claim 1, characterized in that component (c) comprises Clostridium perfringens Type C toxoid.

7. The vaccine according to claim 6, characterized in that component (c) further comprises Clostridium perfringens Type B toxoid.

8. The vaccine according to claim 1, characterized in that component (b) comprises the Escherichia coli fimbrial antigens F4, F5, and F6 and component (c) comprises the Clostridium perfringens type C toxoid.

9. The vaccine according to claim 1, characterized in that the vaccine comprises an adjuvant.

10. The vaccine according to claim 1, characterized in that the vaccine is adapted for intramuscular injection.

11. A method for protecting a pig against Streptococcus suis, Escherichia coli and Clostridium comprising administering the vaccine of claim 1 to the pig.

12. A method for protecting a piglet against a pathogenic infection with Streptococcus suis, Escherichia coli and Clostridium, comprising administering the vaccine of claim 1 to a female pig in order to protect the piglet against a pathogenic infection with Streptococcus suis through the intake by the piglet of colostrum from the female pig following said administering of the vaccine to the female pig.

13. A kit of parts comprising multiple separate vaccine containers, one of which comprises an immunologically effective amount of a Streptococcus suis IgM protease antigen, and one or more additional containers in combination comprise an immunologically effective amount of an Escherichia coli fimbrial antigen, and an immunologically effective amount of a Clostridium toxoid.

14. A method for protecting an animal against Streptococcus suis infection, Escherichia coli infection and Clostridium infection, comprising administering a vaccine comprising an immunologically effective amount of a Streptococcus suis IgM protease antigen; wherein the IgM protease antigen is mixed with an immunologically effective amount of an Escherichia coli fimbrial antigen, and an immunologically effective amount of a Clostridium toxoid, before administration of the vaccine.

Description

DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

(1) Component (a) of the vaccine according to the invention comprises an immunologically effective amount of Streptococcus suis IgM protease antigen in order to provide protection against an infection by S. suis.

(2) Component (a) thus is conventionally included for conferring protection against clinical signs associated with a pathogenic infection with Streptococcus suis. Typical clinical signs associated with a pathogenic infection with Streptococcus suis are increased rectal temperature, impaired locomotion (limping, swollen joints), increased respiration rate and neurological signs (e.g. tremors, convulsions, torticollosis, ataxia). Preventing, amelioration or curing one or more of these signs will be beneficial for the pig, not only since it is an indication that the pathogenic infection is being suppressed. In yet another embodiment the vaccine is for conferring protection against an increased mortality associated with a pathogenic infection with Streptococcus suis.

(3) The vaccine according to the present invention typically comprises the IgM protease antigen in an amount below 250 μg per dosis of the vaccine, preferably at 120 μg per dosis or below. The minimum amount is the amount at which protective immunity can still be obtained. This can be established by routine experimentation and depends i. a. on the immunogenic properties of the IgM protease antigen chosen but also on the required level of protection. For the current vaccine, a minimum amount is believed to be 1 μg of the antigen per dosis, but it may be any higher dosis such as 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60 or any higher integer in the range 61-119 up to and including 120 μg per dosis.

(4) Component (b) of the vaccine according to the invention comprises an immunologically effective amount of an E. coli fimbrial antigen and optionally a toxoid in order to provide protection against an infection by E. coli. Component (b) thus is conventionally included for conferring protection against clinical signs associated with a pathogenic infection with E. coli including profuse watery diarrhea with rapid dehydration, acidosis, and death is common. Rarely, pigs may collapse and die before diarrhea begins.

(5) Pathogenic infection by E. coli typically comprises, without being limited thereto, infection caused by enterotoxigenic E. coli as well as infection caused by enteropathogenic E. coli strains.

(6) E. coli can be categorized based on elements that can elicit an immune response in animals, i.e. E. coli antigens. These antigens can be used for vaccination singly or in combination in order to provide protection against E. coli infection. E. coli antigens comprise the O antigens forming part of the lipopolysaccharide layer, the K antigen forming the capsule, the H antigens forming flagellin, and the fimbrial F antigens. Component (b) of the vaccine according to the invention at least comprises one or more F antigens.

(7) In addition, one or more of E. coli toxins, such as enterotoxins, may be used as toxoids in a vaccine according to the invention. E. coli enterotoxins include, but are not limited to, ST enterotoxin and LT enterotoxin. The most important antigens and enterotoxins causing enteric colibacillosis are, for example, described in Luppi A., Swine enteric colibacillosis: diagnosis, therapy and antimicrobial resistance, Porcine Health Manag. 2017; 3: 16; Zhang W. Progress and Challenges in Vaccine development against enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC)—Associated porcine Post-weaning Diarrhea (PWD) J Vet Med Res. 2014; 1(2):1006.

(8) Typically, the vaccine according to the invention comprises one or more E. coli F antigens and optionally E. coli LT toxoid. In a preferred embodiment, the vaccine comprises one or more antigens selected from fimbrial proteins F4, including F4ab(=K88ab) and F4ac(=K88ac), F5(=K99), F6(=987P), F18, F41 and optionally Escherichia coli LT toxoid. More preferably, it comprises at least the fimbrial E. coli antigens F4, including F4ab(=K88ab) and F4ac(=K88ac), F5 and F6. In another preferred embodiment, the vaccine comprises the fimbrial antigens F4, including F4ab(=K88ab) and F4ac(=K88ac), F5, F6, and optionally E. coli LT toxoid.

(9) Component (c) of the vaccine according to the invention comprises an immunologically effective amount of Clostridium toxoid in order to provide protection against an infection by Clostridium. Component (c) thus is conventionally included for conferring protection against clinical signs associated with a pathogenic infection with Clostridium including diarrhea, dyspnea, abdominal distention, and scrotal edema.

(10) Preferably, component (c) comprises one or more Clostridium toxoids selected from Clostridium toxoid B and Clostridium toxoid C. More preferably, component (c) comprises one or more toxoids selected from Clostridium perfringens type B toxoid (perfB), Clostridium perfringens type C toxoid (perfC) and Clostridium novyi type B toxoid (novyiB), and most preferably the Clostridium perfringens type C toxoid (perfC). In a most preferred embodiment, component (c) comprises Clostridium perfringens type C toxoid, and may optionally further comprise Clostridium perfringens type B toxoid.

(11) In a particularly preferred embodiment according to the invention, component (b) comprises at least the E. coli fimbrial antigens F4, F5, and F6 and component (c) comprises the Clostridium perfringens type C toxoid.

(12) In a further preferred embodiment, the immunologically effective component of the vaccine according to the invention consists of the Streptococcus suis IgM protease antigen, the E. coli antigens F4, F5 and F6 and optionally LT toxoid, and the Clostridium perfringens type C toxoid.

(13) In a vaccine according to the invention, the antigen is typically combined with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, i.e. a biocompatible medium, i.e. a medium that after administration does not induce significant adverse reactions in the subject animal, capable of presenting the antigen to the immune system of the host animal after administration of the vaccine. Such a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier may for example be a liquid containing water and/or any other biocompatible solvent or a solid carrier such as commonly used to obtain freeze-dried vaccines (based on sugars and/or proteins), optionally comprising immunostimulating agents (adjuvants). Optionally other substances such as stabilisers, viscosity modifiers or other components are added depending on the intended use or required properties of the vaccine.

(14) The vaccine according to the present invention typically comprises an adjuvant. Conventional adjuvants, well-known in the art are e.g. Freund's Complete and Incomplete adjuvant, tocopherol-alpha, vitamin E, non-ionic block polymers, muramyl dipeptides, Quill A®, mineral oil, e.g. Bayol® or Markol®, vegetable oil, and Carbopol® (a homopolymer), or Diluvac® Forte.

(15) The vaccine may also comprise a so-called “vehicle”. A vehicle is a compound to which the polypeptide adheres, without being covalently bound to it. Often used vehicle compounds are e.g. aluminum hydroxide, -phosphate or -oxide, silica, Kaolin, and Bentonite.

(16) The vaccine according to the present invention may be administered by any suitable route of administration, including parenteral administration, e.g. through all routes of injection into or through the skin, e.g. intramuscular, intravenous, intraperitoneal, intradermal, submucosal, or subcutaneous, but is typically adapted, i.e. suitable, for intramuscular injection.

(17) In another embodiment, the present invention relates to a vaccine as described herein for use in a method for protecting pigs against a pathogenic infection with Streptococcus suis, Escherichia coli and Clostridium.

(18) In another embodiment, the present invention relates to the use of a vaccine as described herein for the manufacture of a medicament for use in protecting pigs against a pathogenic infection with Streptococcus suis, Escherichia coli and Clostridium.

(19) The vaccine of the present invention is in particular used for the passive immunization of progeny by active immunization of sows and gilts to reduce mortality and/or clinical signs of pathogenic infections caused by S. suis, caused by those E. coli strains, which express in particular the adhesins F4ab (K88ab), F4ac (K88ac), F5 (K99) and/or F6 (987P), and caused by C. perfringens type C.

(20) A commercially available vaccine for providing protection against such infections caused by E. coli and Clostridium is Porcilis ColiClos® available from MSD Animal Health, including the E. coli components F4ab fimbrial, F4ac fimbrial adhesin, F5 fimbrial adhesin, F6 fimbrial adhesin, LT toxoid; and the Clostridium perfringens component Type C (strain 578) beta. Thus, in another preferred embodiment, the vaccine according to the invention may be prepared by mixing the commercially available vaccine Porcilis ColiClos® with a suitable amount of the S. suis IgM antigen.

(21) Surprisingly, it has been found that by using an IgM protease antigen (thus even when using a vaccine that comprises as porcine antigen only the IgM protease antigen of Streptococcus suis), to induce antibodies in a female animal, piglets arrive at adequate protection against Streptococcus suis through the intake of colostrum of the vaccinated animal. Therefore, an antigen that was shown to have a protective effect in piglets, has been shown to be useful for vaccinating sows to arrive at a clear protective effect in piglets, typically at least in the window of 2-3 weeks after weaning.

(22) The invention thus also pertains to the use of an IgM protease antigen of Streptococcus suis for the manufacture of a combination vaccine for protecting a piglet against Streptococcus suis, E. coli and Clostridium by administering the combination vaccine to a female pig and allowing the piglet to take up colostrum form the vaccinated female pig. As indicated here above, to arrive at optimum protection, the colostrum is typically taken up within 48 hours, in particular within 24 hours after birth of the piglet.

(23) In another preferred embodiment, the vaccine according to the invention is administered to a female pig in order to protect a piglet against a pathogenic infection with Streptococcus suis, Escherichia coli and Clostridium through the intake of colostrum of the vaccinated female pig.

(24) Further, the present invention is described by way of the following non-limiting examples.

EXAMPLES

Example 1

(25) Objective

(26) The objective of this study was to test the efficacy of an IgM protease subunit vaccine in pregnant sows against Streptococcus suis challenge of the offspring at different ages, viz. at 4, 6, 8 and 10 weeks of age.

(27) Study Design

(28) For this study, 12 pregnant gilts were used. Six gilts were vaccinated at 6 and 2 weeks before estimated parturition with a recombinant rIde.sub.Ssuis IgM protease antigen (Seele et al: Vaccine 33:2207-2212; 5 May 2015, par. 2.2.) at 120 μg per dose (as established by a Bradford protein assay using BSA as a standard) in XSolve adjuvant (MSD Animal Health, Boxmeer, The Netherlands). Six gilts were left as unvaccinated controls. After delivery the piglets of the sows were divided into four challenge groups of 20 piglets each (10 piglets from vaccinated sows and 10 piglets from control sows), providing an even distribution of the different litters over the groups. The four groups were challenged at 4, 6, 8 and 10 weeks of age, respectively with a virulent culture of S. suis serotype 2. During 9-11 days after challenge the piglets were daily observed for clinical signs of S. suis infection such as depression, locomotory problems and/or neurological signs using a regular scoring system going from 0 (no signs) to 3 for severe cases. The same scoring system (0 for parameter not visible, the highest number for severe cases) was used for each parameter. Animals reaching the humane endpoint were euthanized. At regular times before and after vaccination (sows) and just before challenge (piglets) serum blood was collected for antibody determination. At regular times before and after challenge heparin blood was collected from the piglets for re-isolation of challenge strain. Thirteen weeks after booster vaccination, 4 sows were necropsied and the injection site was examined for local reactions or vaccine remnants.

(29) Results

(30) Four vaccinated sows were subjected to a post-mortem examination of the injection site. Two animals had a small (2-3 cm diameter) local reaction at the booster injection site consisting of a discoloration with increased tissue consistency. No abscesses or vaccine remnants were observed. It could therefore be concluded that the vaccine was safe to administer.

(31) On day of first vaccination (6 weeks before estimated delivery) the gilts had (low) IgG antibody titres against the antigen. After vaccination, the vaccinated gilts showed a clear seroconversion whereas the control animals remained at a low level. Average IgG titres in colostrum were 8.8 log.sub.2 higher in vaccinated animals as compared to the controls. After suckling, the piglets of the vaccinated dams had approximately 7.7 log.sub.2 higher serum titres compared to control animals. The difference in average titre at 4, 6, 8 and 10 weeks of age were 6.7, 5.3, 4.8 and 3.6 log.sub.2, respectively. The post challenge data for the period before euthanisation (days 9-11) are indicated in Table 1.

(32) TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Results post-challenge Clinical # euth. per Survival time Age Group score (av) total (av-davs)  4 weeks Vaccine 17.1 3/10  9.5 Control 31.6 6/10  8.0  6 weeks Vaccine  5.8.sup.a 2/10.sup.b  8.8.sup.a Control 59.7 9/10  2.7  8 weeks Vaccine  2.3.sup.a 0/10.sup.b 11.0.sup.a Control 59.5 8/10  4.7 10 weeks Vaccine  0.7.sup.a 0/10 10.0 Control 15.6 2/10  8.8 .sup.asignificantly different from control group (Mann Whitney U test, p < 0.05) .sup.bsignificantly different from control group (Fisher's exact test, p < 0.05)

(33) Conclusion

(34) From the results it can be concluded that sow vaccination with the IgM protease subunit vaccine is an adequate vaccination strategy to control Streptococcus suis infections in piglets. The vaccine induced markedly better protection against Streptococcus suis challenge up to 10 weeks of age when compared with the protection arrived at in piglets receiving colostrum from naturally infected mother animals. This shows that the piglets can be protected in the complete period of 2-3 weeks after weaning, i.e. within the period when the piglets have an age of 4-7 weeks, and even beyond that period.

Example 2

(35) Objective

(36) The aim of this study was to test the serological response of different combination vaccines including the recombinant S. suis IgM antigen rIde.sub.Ssuis compared to the single vaccines. In particular the combination with a combined E. coli/Clostridium vaccine (comprising fimbrial E. coli antigens and Clostridium perfringens Type C toxoid), as well as with a combined Pasteurella/Bordetella vaccine (comprising Pasteurella toxin and inactivated Bordetalla cells) was assessed. Specifically, the serological response was tested after associated mixed use of a rIde.sub.Ssuis subunit vaccine with the commercial vaccines Porcilis® ColiClos or Porcilis® AR-T DF compared to the single vaccines.

(37) Study Design

(38) For this study 48 healthy 17-week-old pigs were used, allotted to six groups of 8 animals each. Group 1 was vaccinated with the subunit antigen in Diluvac® Forte adjuvant, group 2 was vaccinated with the subunit antigen in Porcilis® ColiClos, group 3 was vaccinated with the subunit antigen in Porcilis® AR-T DF, and groups 4 and 5 were vaccinated with either Porcilis® ColiClos or Porcilis® AR-T DF, respectively. Vaccinations were administered intramuscularly in the neck at 17 weeks of age and 21 weeks of age. At 23 weeks of age all animals were post-mortem examined for local reactions at the injection sites. Blood samples were collected just before each vaccination and during euthanasia at post-mortem.

(39) Materials and Methods

(40) Concentrated rIde.sub.Ssuis Subunit Antigen

(41) Product name: Subunit antigen (rIde.sub.Ssuis)

(42) Pharmaceutical form: Suspension containing 0.64 mg/ml antigen

(43) Presentation: 1.50 ml fill (1.8 ml cryotubes)

(44) Diluvac® Forte Adjuvant

(45) Product name: Diluvac® Forte

(46) Pharmaceutical form: Emulsion for intramuscular application

(47) Presentation: 20 ml fill (20 ml PET vial)

(48) Vaccine Porcilis® ColiClos

(49) Product name: Porcilis® ColiClos

(50) Pharmaceutical form: Emulsion for intramuscular application

(51) Presentation: 20 ml fill (20 ml PET vial)

(52) Vaccine Porcilis® AR-T DF

(53) Product name: Porcilis® AR-T DF

(54) Pharmaceutical form: Emulsion for intramuscular application

(55) Presentation: 20 ml fill (20 ml PET vial)

(56) rIde.sub.Ssuis Vaccines

(57) rIde.sub.Ssuis vaccines in Diluvac Forte, Porcilis ColiClos and Porcilis AR-T DF were prepared just before use by adding 1.3 ml purified rIde.sub.Ssuis (concentration 0.64 mg/ml) to one vial (20 ml) of either Diluvac Forte, Porcilis ColiClos or Porcilis AR-T DF, resulting in a vaccine containing 40 μg/ml=80 μg per dose. The vaccine was transported at 2-8° C.

(58) Test System

(59) Animals, Identification, Housing and Husbandry

(60) Forty-eight pigs, identified by numbered ear tags were used. At day of first vaccination the pigs were 17 weeks of age. One week before first treatment the pigs were housed. During the experiment the pigs were fed according to standard procedures and had access to fresh tap water ad libitum. The acclimatization was one week. Only healthy animals were included in the experiment. Pigs were assigned to the 5 treatment groups and vaccinated as they came to hand.

(61) Treatment

(62) The pigs were vaccinated as described below.

(63) TABLE-US-00002 vaccination volume/ group #pigs vaccine route/age bloodsampling 1 8 rIde.sub.Ssuis + Diluvac Forte 2 mL/IM/ 17w, 21w, 23w 2 8 rIde.sub.Ssuis + Porcilis 17w and 21w ColiClos 3 8 rIde.sub.Ssuis + Porcilis AR-T DF 4 8 Porcilis ColiClos 5 8 Porcilis AR-T DF

(64) Therefore, group 2 represents a combination vaccine according to the invention whereas groups 1 and 3 to 5 represent comparative vaccines (control groups).

(65) Animal Experimental Procedures

(66) During the experiment the pigs were observed daily for any abnormalities of general health and behavior by the responsible animal technician or animal caretaker according to standard procedures. All abnormalities (including the presence of any local reactions) were recorded. In case of abnormalities the responsible veterinarian was consulted. Blood samples (serum) were collected just before each vaccination and two weeks after booster vaccination. The samples were transported for blood sampling at ambient temperature. After coagulation the sera were stored frozen until testing in an experimental rIde.sub.Ssuis antibody ELISA. Three weeks after booster vaccination, all animals were subjected to a post-mortem examination of the injection sites according to standard procedures.

(67) Laboratory Experimental Procedures

(68) Serology rIde.sub.Ssuis

(69) The serum samples were tested in an experimental rIde.sub.Ssuis ELISA. In short, rIde.sub.Ssuis antigen was coated onto microtiter plates. After coating the plates were washed and serial dilutions of sera were made. After incubation and subsequent washing the bound antibodies were quantified using anti-pig IgG conjugate and TMB as substrate. Titres were expressed in log.sub.2. In this test <4.3 is considered negative. For calculation purposes <4.3 is replaced by 3.3.

(70) Serology E. coli

(71) The serum samples were tested for K88ab, K88ac, K99, 987P and LT antibody titers. In short, the respective E. coli antigens were coated onto microtitre plates. After coating the plates were washed and serial dilutions of sera were made. After incubation and subsequent washing the bound antibodies were quantified by using anti-swine IgG conjugate and TMB as substrate. Titres were expressed in log.sub.2. In this test titres <5.6 are considered negative. For calculation purposes <5.6 is replaced by 4.6.

(72) Serology C. perfringens

(73) For C. perfringens beta toxin antibody titers were tested in an ELISA method. In short, C. perfringens (strain 578) β-toxin was coated onto microtitre plates. After coating and subsequent blocking of the plates, the plates were washed and two-fold serial dilutions of sera were made. After incubation and subsequent washing the bound antibodies were quantified by using anti-ruminant conjugate and TMB as substrate. Titres are expressed in log.sub.2. In this test titres <4.6 are considered negative. For calculation purposes <4.6 is replaced by 3.6.

(74) Serology P. multocida

(75) P. multocida toxin (PMT) neutralizing antibodies were measured as follows: two-fold serial dilutions of sera were pre-incubated with P. multocida type 1 toxin in microtiter plates and then inoculated on a VERO monolayer. The cells were incubated and the inhibition of the cytopathic effect (CPE) of the toxin was measured. Titres are expressed as log.sub.2 of the reciprocal highest dilution where no CPE is observed. In this test a titre <3 is considered negative. For calculation purposes <3 is replaced by 2.

(76) Serology B. bronchiseptica

(77) B. bronchiseptica agglutinating antibodies were measured in the Blobel test. In short, two-fold serial dilutions of sera were incubated with a B. bronchiseptica suspension and agglutination is read. Titres were expressed as the log.sub.2 reciprocal of the highest serum dilution that gave complete agglutination. In this test a titre <1 is considered negative. For calculation purposes <1 is replaced by 0.

(78) Evaluation of Results and Statistical Analysis

(79) The serological results for all vaccine components will be compared between groups i.e. associated mixed use groups will be compared with the respective single vaccine groups. Selected groups were compared using two-sided two-sample t-test and the statistical programme Minitab 17. The test was valid if clear seroconversion was observed in the single vaccine groups post-vaccination.

(80) Results

(81) rIdeSsuis Serology

(82) At the start of the study all pigs were seronegative for rIde.sub.Ssuis (Table 2). The two associated use groups with Porcilis ColiClos and Porcilis AR-T DF were 3.3 and 2.1 log.sub.2 lower compared to the single vaccines, respectively. These differences were statistically significant: p=0.003 and p=0.020, respectively. The two control groups 4 and 5 remained seronegative during the study.

(83) Porcilis ColiClos Serology: K88ab, K88ac, K99, 987P, LT and Antigens β-Toxin

(84) The addition of rIde.sub.S.suis had no negative effect on the serological response against the antigens in Porcilis ColiClos (Table 3-8). A negative trend for 987P response in the associated mixed use group was observed (p=0.061) but the difference in 987P titre was very small (only l log.sub.2) and probably not biologically relevant.

(85) The respective control groups were seronegative at the start of the study and remained at a low level during the study.

(86) Porcilis AR-T DF Serology: PMT Toxin and B. bronchiseptica

(87) At the start of the study the pigs were seronegative for PMT toxin (Table). An apparent statistically significant negative effect of the rIde.sub.Ssuis antigen on PMT toxin antibody development was found (p=0.021) and which precludes the combined use of these two vaccine antigens.

(88) After vaccination, no negative effect of the associated mixed use was observed on the Bordetella antibody titres.

(89) Local Reactions Injection Site

(90) Necropsy of the vaccine injection sites was done 2 weeks post-vaccination when max/peak reactions are expected, and showed the presence of local reactions after priming (right side) and/or booster (left side) vaccination (not shown). The addition of rIde.sub.Ssuis to Porcilis ColiClos or Porcilis AR-T DF did not exacerbate the local reaction compared to those of the single vaccines.

(91) Results of serology tests are shown in the following Tables 2-10. As each group consisted of eight pigs, the antibody titres given in the tables for groups 1 to 5 (groups 1 and 3-5 represent comparative examples) are an average of eight values.

(92) TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 2 rIde.sub.Ssuis antibody titre antibody titre (log.sub.2) on post-vaccination day Group 0 28 42 Group 1 rIde.sub.Ssuis + Diluvac Forte 3.3 7.8 10.1 Group 2 rIde.sub.Ssuis + Porcilis 3.8 7.4 8.7 ColiClos Group 3 rIde.sub.Ssuis + Porcilis 3.6 5.1 8.0 AR-T DF Group 4 Porcilis ColiClos 3.4 3.3 3.3 Group 5 Porcilis AR-T DF 3.7 3.6 3.4

(93) TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 3 E. coli F4ab (═K88ab) antibody titre antibody titre (log.sub.2) on post-vaccination day Group 0 28 42 Group 1 rIde.sub.Ssuis + Diluvac Forte 4.6 4.6 4.8 Group 2 rIde.sub.Ssuis + Porcilis 4.6 6.8 9.9 ColiClos Group 3 rIde.sub.Ssuis + Porcilis 4.6 4.6 4.6 AR-T DF Group 4 Porcilis ColiClos 4.6 5.7 9.1 Group 5 Porcilis AR-T DF 4.6 4.6 4.6

(94) TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 4 E. coli F4ac (═K88ac) antibody titre antibody titre (log.sub.2) on post-vaccination day Group 0 28 42 Group 1 rIde.sub.Ssuis + Diluvac Forte 4.7 4.8 4.9 Group 2 rIde.sub.Ssuis + Porcilis 4.6 5.5 9.7 ColiClos Group 3 rIde.sub.Ssuis + Porcilis 4.6 5.9 4.6 AR-T DF Group 4 Porcilis ColiClos 4.6 5.1 9.0 Group 5 Porcilis AR-T DF 4.6 4.6 4.6

(95) TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 5 E. coli F5 (═K99) antibody titre antibody titre (log.sub.2) on post-vaccination day Group 0 28 42 Group 1 rIde.sub.Ssuis + Diluvac Forte 5.5 5.6 6.3 Group 2 rIde.sub.Ssuis + Porcilis 4.6 7.3 9.8 ColiClos Group 3 rIde.sub.Ssuis + Porcilis 4.6 5.0 5.3 AR-T DF Group 4 Porcilis ColiClos 4.6 7.0 9.5 Group 5 Porcilis AR-T DF 4.6 5.0 5.6

(96) TABLE-US-00007 TABLE 6 E. coli F6 (═987P) antibody titre antibody titre (log.sub.2) on post-vaccination day Group 0 28 42 Group 1 rIde.sub.Ssuis + Diluvac Forte 6.3 8.5 9.7 Group 2 rIde.sub.Ssuis + Porcilis 5.5 10.4 14.1 ColiClos Group 3 rIde.sub.Ssuis + Porcilis 5.0 7.1 8.6 AR-T DF Group 4 Porcilis ColiClos 4.8 10.8 15.3 Group 5 Porcilis AR-T DF 4.7 7.9 8.6

(97) TABLE-US-00008 TABLE 7 E. coli LT antibody titre antibody titre (log.sub.2) on post-vaccination day Group 0 28 42 Group 1 rIde.sub.Ssuis + Diluvac Forte 6.1 7.2 7.5 Group 2 rIde.sub.Ssuis + Porcilis 5.6 7.8 10.1 ColiClos Group 3 rIde.sub.Ssuis + Porcilis 5.1 5.6 6.1 AR-T DF Group 4 Porcilis ColiClos 4.9 7.6 9.6 Group 5 Porcilis AR-T DF 5.2 6.0 5.9

(98) TABLE-US-00009 TABLE 8 C. perfringens beta-toxin antibody titre antibody titre (log.sub.2) on post-vaccination day Group 0 28 42 Group 1 rIde.sub.Ssuis + Diluvac Forte 3.6 3.6 3.6 Group 2 rIde.sub.Ssuis + Porcilis 3.6 5.7 8.9 ColiClos Group 3 rIde.sub.Ssuis + Porcilis 3.6 3.6 3.6 AR-T DF Group 4 Porcilis ColiClos 3.6 6.0 8.7 Group 5 Porcilis AR-T DF 3.6 3.6 3.8

(99) TABLE-US-00010 TABLE 9 P. multocida type 1 toxin antibody titre antibody titre (log.sub.2) on post-vaccination day Group 0 28 42 Group 1 rIde.sub.Ssuis + Diluvac Forte 0.0 0.0 0.0 Group 2 rIde.sub.Ssuis + Porcilis 0.0 0.0 0.0 ColiClos Group 3 rIde.sub.Ssuis + Porcilis 0.0 0.0 1.0 AR-T DF Group 4 Porcilis ColiClos 0.0 0.0 0.0 Group 5 Porcilis AR-T DF 0.0 0.0 2.8

(100) TABLE-US-00011 TABLE 10 B. bronchiseptica agglutinating antibody titre antibody titre (log.sub.2) on post-vaccination day Group 0 28 42 Group 1 rIde.sub.Ssuis + Diluvac Forte 1.8 2.3 2.1 Group 2 rIde.sub.Ssuis + Porcilis 1.6 1.0 0.8 ColiClos Group 3 rIde.sub.Ssuis + Porcilis 1.0 4.6 7.1 AR-T DF Group 4 Porcilis ColiClos 0.8 0.4 0.0 Group 5 Porcilis AR-T DF 1.4 5.3 8.1

(101) Conclusions

(102) As can be seen from the results in Tables 2-10, the addition of rIde.sub.S.suis had no negative effect on the serological response of the antigens in Porcilis ColiClos. The addition of rIde.sub.Ssuis also had no negative effect on the serological response against the Bordetella antigen in Porcilis AR-T DF but did have a significant negative effect on P. multocida titre.

(103) In particular, at the first time point of 28 days after vaccination the response against the rIde.sub.S.suis antigen is almost at the same level for the combination vaccine with Porcilis ColiClos when compared with the positive control (rIde.sub.S.suis only), but substantially lower for the combination vaccine with Porcilis ART-DF (Table 2). Therefore, the Porcilis ColiClos antigens have less negative influence on the response against rIde.sub.S.suis than the Porcilis ART antigens. In addition, at the second time point of 42 days after vaccination the response against P. multocida is substantially lower for the combination of rIde.sub.S.suis and Porcilis AR-T DF compared to Porcilis AR-T DF (Table 9). Hence, the presence of rIde.sub.S.suis in the combination vaccine has a significant negative influence on the response against P. multocida.

(104) These findings show that the combination of the rIde.sub.S.suis antigen with the P. multocida and B. bronchisepta antigens and toxoids included in Porcilis AR-T DF is not feasible, whereas the combination of rIde.sub.S.suis with E. coli and Clostridium antigens and toxoids included in Porcilis ColiClos results in excellent results, making this combination particular suitable for the provision of a combination vaccine. Inherently, the same can be concluded for a combination vaccine comprising less antigens, for example only the fimbrial antigens of Eschericha coli which are the essential antigens to provide adequate protection against E. coli.

(105) From the results in can thus be concluded that the combination of rIde.sub.S.suis with E. coli and Clostridium antigens and toxoids is suitable for use in a combination vaccine for providing protection against pathogenic infections caused by S. suis, E. coli and Clostridium. Thus, it has surprisingly become possible in the present invention to provide a vaccine, which provides protection against a combination of diseases including pathogenic infections caused by S. suis, E. coli and Clostridium and which is suitable for sow vaccination. Also, given the fact that it was shown that offspring could be adequately protected against an infection with Streptococcus suis via the intake of colostrum (for the other antigens this effect is known form the prior art), it is believed that the combination vaccine, providing high titers in the vaccinated female animals, is able to provide adequate protection against all three pathogens via the intake of colostrum.