Apparatus for tissue transport and preservation

Abstract

Systems and methods of the invention generally relate to prolonging viability of bodily tissue, especially an organ such as a lung, by adjusting pressure as needed to maintain a constant pressure within the organ even during external pressure fluctuations due, for example, to transportation of the organ in an airplane. Gas passing into and out of the organ may be conditioned to prolong tissue viability.

Claims

1. A system for storage of an organ, the system comprising: a transport container; a pump configured to direct gas through a channel into an airway of a lung; nested containers configured to be disposed within the transport container, the nested containers configured to contain the lung; a relief valve configured to release gas from the channel while the pump is directing gas through the channel; and a lung adapter configured to be in fluid communication with the channel, the channel configured to extend from an exterior of the nested containers to an interior of the nested containers, and the lung adapter operable to form a closed air system with the airway of the lung, wherein the nested containers are configured to only allow gas to pass from the exterior of the nested containers to the interior of the nested containers through the channel.

2. The system of claim 1, further comprising eutectic cooling material disposed within the transport container and outside the nested containers, the eutectic cooling material configured to maintain a temperature of the lung.

3. The system of claim 1, wherein the airway of the lung is selected from a group consisting of a trachea or bronchus of the lung.

4. The system of claim 1, further comprising one or more sensors configured to sense a parameter within the system.

5. The system of claim 4, wherein the parameter is selected from a group consisting of temperature and pressure.

6. The system of claim 2, wherein the eutectic cooling material is in-line between the pump and the airway of the lung and operable to cool gas traveling therebetween.

7. The system of claim 1, further comprising a humidifying element in-line between the pump and the airway of the lung and operable to humidify gas traveling therebetween.

8. The system of claim 1, further comprising a compressive sleeve operable to compress the lung.

9. The system of claim 2, wherein the eutectic cooling material comprises one or more pouches of phase change material (PCM) for surrounding and cooling the transport container.

10. A method for storage of an organ, the method comprising: providing an organ container comprising: a pump configured to direct gas through a channel into an airway of a lung; nested containers; a relief valve configured to release gas from the channel while the pump is directing gas through the channel; and a lung adapter configured to be in fluid communication with the channel, the channel configured to extend from an exterior of the nested containers to an interior of the nested containers, and the lung adapter operable to form a closed air system with the airway of the lung, placing the lung in the nested containers; coupling the airway of the lung to the lung adapter such that gas can only pass from the exterior of the nested containers to the interior of the nested containers through the channel; and placing the nested containers in the organ container.

11. The method of claim 10, further comprising arranging eutectic cooling material within the organ container and outside the nested containers, the eutectic cooling material configured to maintain a temperature of the lung.

12. The method of claim 10, wherein the airway of the lung is selected from a group consisting of a trachea or bronchus of the lung.

13. The method of claim 10, further comprising cooling the gas travelling between the pump and the airway of the lung with an in-line cooling element.

14. The method of claim 10, further comprising humidifying the gas travelling between the pump and the airway of the lung with an in-line humidifying element.

15. The method of claim 10, further comprising compressing the lung in a cyclic pattern to provide pulsatile compressive force on the lung by inflating and deflating one or more inflatable cavities in a compressive sleeve using a second pump.

16. The method of claim 11, wherein arranging the eutectic cooling material within the organ container comprises placing one or more pouches of phase change material (PCM) around the nested containers.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) FIG. 1 shows a system including a contained bellows-type expandable accumulator.

(2) FIG. 2 shows a system including an exposed bellows-type expandable accumulator.

(3) FIG. 3 shows a system including a rolling diaphragm expandable accumulator with a spring in compression providing expansion resistance.

(4) FIG. 4 shows a system including a rolling diaphragm expandable accumulator with a spring in tension providing expansion resistance.

(5) FIG. 5 shows a system including a balloon-type expandable accumulator.

(6) FIG. 6 shows a system including a contained bellows-type expandable accumulator with a weight providing expansion resistance.

(7) FIG. 7 shows a perfusion-type organ storage container with an expandable accumulator providing pressure control for a lumen of a stored organ.

(8) FIGS. 8A and 8B show an organ container with a raised central portion.

(9) FIG. 9 shows a pair of lungs disposed on the raised central portion of an organ container

(10) FIGS. 10A and 10B show an organ adapter.

(11) FIG. 11 shows an external view of a closed organ container with an accumulator according to certain embodiments.

(12) FIG. 12 shows an exploded view of an organ container with an accumulator according to certain embodiments.

(13) FIG. 13 shows a cross-sectional view of a closed organ container with an accumulator according to certain embodiments.

(14) FIG. 14 shows an external view of an open organ container with an accumulator according to certain embodiments.

(15) FIG. 15 shows an external view of an open organ container with an accumulator and a support tray according to certain embodiments.

(16) FIG. 16A shows a transverse cross-sectional view of an approximately empty accumulator according to certain embodiments.

(17) FIG. 16B shows a lateral cross-sectional view of an approximately empty accumulator according to certain embodiments.

(18) FIG. 17 shows a lateral cross-sectional view of an approximately half full accumulator according to certain embodiments.

(19) FIG. 18 shows a lateral cross-sectional view of an approximately full accumulator according to certain embodiments.

(20) FIG. 19 shows an exploded view of an accumulator according to certain embodiments.

(21) FIG. 20 shows a pressure vs. volume curve for an ex-vivo lung model.

(22) FIG. 21 shows lung pressure and volume across a range of ambient (atmospheric) pressures during transit without an accumulator based on various atmospheric pressures at recovery.

(23) FIG. 22 shows lung pressure and volume across a range of ambient (atmospheric) pressures during transit without an accumulator with recovery at 1 atm.

(24) FIG. 23 shows lung pressure and volume across a range of ambient (atmospheric) pressures during transit with a spring-based accumulator based on various atmospheric pressures at recovery.

(25) FIG. 24 shows lung pressure and volume across a range of ambient (atmospheric) pressures during transit with a spring-based accumulator with recovery at 1 atm.

(26) FIG. 25 shows lung pressure and volume across a range of ambient (atmospheric) pressures during transit with a weight-based accumulator based on various atmospheric pressures at recovery.

(27) FIG. 26 shows lung pressure and volume across a range of ambient (atmospheric) pressures during transit with a weight-based accumulator with recovery at 1 atm.

(28) FIG. 27 shows an exemplary filtration assembly for connecting an organ to an accumulator.

(29) FIG. 28 shows a bottom view of an exemplary filtration assembly.

(30) FIG. 29 shows a top view of an exemplary filtration assembly with the filter removed.

(31) FIG. 30 shows an exploded view of an exemplary pressure-controlled lung transporter.

(32) FIG. 31 shows an exemplary airline connector for a pressure-controlled lung storage device.

(33) FIG. 32 diagrams an exemplary gas exchange line.

(34) FIG. 33 diagrams an exemplary gas exchange line with humidifier.

(35) FIG. 34 diagrams an exemplary gas exchange line with humidifier and separate cooling mechanism.

(36) FIG. 35 diagrams an exemplary gas exchange line with humidifier with integrated cooling mechanism.

(37) FIG. 36 diagrams an exemplary gas exchange line with cooling mechanism.

(38) FIG. 37 diagrams an exemplary gas exchange line with insulating jacketing.

(39) FIG. 38 diagrams an exemplary gas exchange line with constant mass driven air cycling.

(40) FIG. 39 diagrams an exemplary gas exchange line with pulsatile fluid-driven air cycling FIG. 40 diagrams an exemplary gas exchange line with static fluid-driven air cycling.

(41) FIG. 41 shows an exemplary two-piece gas exchange line connector.

(42) FIG. 42 shows an exemplary one-piece gas exchange line connector.

(43) FIGS. 43A and 43B show different views of an exemplary gas exchange line connector.

(44) FIG. 44 shows an exemplary accumulator with a relief valve.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

(45) Devices, systems and methods are described herein that are configured for extracorporeal preservation and transportation of bodily tissue. Specifically, devices for monitoring and stabilizing pressure within inflated lungs are described including organ connectors to filter air moving to and from the lung and to permit any leaked air to escape the preservation fluid-filled container. Systems and methods can compensate for pressure changes resulting from, for example, increases and decreases in altitude during air transport of the organ. By bleeding off and returning excess gases, volumetric expansion of the lung (i.e., over-inflation) may be prevented, avoiding damaging the organ which can result in decreased organ viability and decreased survival rates for transplant recipients. Additional aspects include contoured storage and transport chambers that can replicate the in-vivo anatomical orientation and geometry for a given organ. For example, a pair of donor lungs may be placed against a smooth, raised, central saddle designed to replicate the spine that the lungs would be resting against in vivo. Organs, such as lungs or hearts, may be suspended in an upright position to replicate the organ's orientation in a standing human and to prevent tissue damage caused by pressure from the organ's own weight resting on itself.

(46) Pressure modulation can be carried out using various combinations of compressed gas, pressure regulators, pressure relief valves, filters, pressure accumulators, and compressive features. The pressure modulating apparatuses may be connected to the interior airways of a stored lung in order to add and remove gas to maintain a desired pressure. The air connection is preferably sealed to allow the pressure regulation to function and to maintain a sterile environment. A coupled compressed gas source may comprise oxygen in order to provide oxygen to the living tissue being stored. A pressure regulator may sense pressure within the system and open a connection to the compressed gas source in order to increase pressure when the system pressure falls below a selected threshold that may result in tissue damage. Similarly, if pressure within the system is above a safe threshold to avoid tissue damage, one or more pressure relief valves may release excess gas volume until the desired internal pressure is achieved. Any point of access for adding or releasing gas may include a filter to avoid contamination of the sterile environment.

(47) FIG. 30 shows an exploded view of an exemplary storage container with pressure control mechanism. The container can include cooling and/or insulating materials to cool the tissue to a desired temperature and maintain that temperature for an extended period. The system may use any of a number of cooling media to maintain the temperature inside an insulated transport container during transport. Cooling media may comprise eutectic cooling blocks, which have been engineered to have a stable temperature between 2-10 C., for example. The cooling media can be arranged in recesses in the interior of the insulated vessel. The recesses may be a slot or the recess may be a press-fit, or the cooling media may be coupled to the walls of the insulated vessel using a snap, screw, hook and loop, or another suitable connecter. Eutectic cooling media suitable for use with the invention is available from TCP Reliable Inc. Edison, N.J. 08837, as well as other suppliers. Other media, such as containerized water, containerized water-alcohol mixtures, or containerized water-glycol mixtures may also be used. The container need not be rigid, for example the cooling media may be contained in a bag which is placed in the recess. Using the cooling media, e.g. eutectic cooling blocks, the invention is capable of maintaining the temperature of the sample in the range of 2-10 C. for at least 60 minutes, e.g., for greater than 4 hours, for greater than 8 hours, for greater than 12 hours, or for greater than 16 hours.

(48) In various embodiments, cooling blocks may include eutectic cooling media or other phase change material (PCM) such as savENRG packs with PCM-HSOIP material commercially available from RGEES, LLC or Akuratemp, LLC (Arden, N.C.). Exemplary PCM specifications including a freezing temperature of 0 C.+/0.5 C., a melting temperature of 1 C.+/0.75 C., latent heat of 310 J/g+/10 J/g, and density of 0.95 gram/ml+/0.05 gram/ml. Pouch dimensions may vary depending on application specifics such as tissue to be transported and the internal dimensions of the transport container and external dimensions of the tissue storage device, chamber, or canister. PCM may be included in pouches approximately 10 inches by 6 inches having approximately 230 g of PCM therein. Pouches may be approximately 8.5 mm thick and weigh about 235 g to 247 g. In some embodiments, pouches may be approximately 6.25 inches by 7.75 inches with a thickness of less than about 8.5 mm and a weight of between about 193 g and about 201 g. Other exemplary dimensions may include about 6.25 inches by about 10 inches. Pouches may be stacked or layered, for example in groups of 3 or 4 to increase the total thickness and amount of PCM. In certain embodiments, PCM containing pouches may be joined side to side to form a band of coupled PCM pouches. Such a band may be readily manipulated to wrap around the circumference of a cylindrical storage container and may have dimensions of about 6 inches by about 26 inches consisting of approximately 8 individual pouches joined together in the band. Pouches may be formed of a film for containing the PCM having a desirable moisture vapor transmission rate to avoid PCM mass loss over time. Suitable films include X2030 EVOH and nylon pouch film available from Protect-all (Darien, Wis.) and plus plain laminate 162 OP nylon multilayer film 350 mm available from Shrinath Rotopack Pvt. Ltd. (India).

(49) One or more racks may be included below and/or above the organ and may include a pattern of holes. The holes may receive support rods which can be placed in different patterns of holes depending on the size and shape of the tissue being transported to maintain the tissue in a desired position and prevent lateral movement thereof during transportation and storage. Systems and methods of the invention may include sterile, nested containers for isolating stored tissue from the external environment and the potentially contaminated interior of various storage and transport apparatuses. In preferred embodiments as shown in FIG. 30, the containers include a nested series of three sealed bags with the organ (e.g., lungs) being placed in the inner most bag and that bag being then sealed in two additional bags.

(50) The bags may have one or more connectors allowing gasses or other fluids to move between the bags, the tissue, and the external environment. For example, FIG. 27 illustrates an exemplary connector 2701. The connector 2701, includes three tie off notches 2711 for sealing a nested series of three containers to the connector. Once sealed, the all gasses and fluids must pass through the connector 2701 to access the interiors of the nested bags. The connector may include an eyelet 2707 or other means for suspending the connector 2701 within the transport container. The connector 2701 may include a connection point 2807 for securing an endotracheal tube or otherwise attaching lungs to the connector 2701 as shown in the bottom view of FIG. 28. The connection point 2807 should form a tight seal such that the only gas or fluid access to the internal lung is through the air line 2703 and filter 2907. The air line 2703 may have a clamp 2709 to seal off the internal lung during connection and disconnection from the pressure regulating apparatus. An inner surface 2705 provides filtered access to the inner-most container and exterior of the tissue. The inner surface 2705 can be seen in the top-down view of the connector 2701 in FIG. 29. Three bag filters 2905 allow filtered access to the inner-most container when sealed to the connector 2701. Accordingly, any gas that may be formed or leak from the interior of the tissue can be vented out through the bag filters 2905. Another filter 2907 is included centrally to filter gas passing between the lung internals and the air line 2703.

(51) In certain embodiments, each nested container may include its own connector as shown in FIG. 31 (with containers/bags removed). Each connector may include a flange to be sealed to its nested container and may include its own filter. Exemplary connectors are shown in FIGS. 41 and 42. FIG. 41 shows an exploded two-piece connector 4101 including a flanged portion 4103 to be sealed to a container and a second portion 4105 to be compression fit in the flanged portion 4103. FIG. 42 shows an exploded one-piece connector where its scaled flanged portion 4203 receives a pegged second portion 4205 are joined to form a single piece. In both embodiments, the flanged portions 4103, 4203 may be formed from HDPE and the second portions 4105, 4205 may be formed of silicone (e.g., 60 durometer) to aid in scaling connectors inserted therein. FIGS. 43A and 43B show a top and bottom perspective view (respectively) of another embodiment of a connector 4301 including a sealed flange portion 4303 receives a notched second portion 4305 that can be joined to form a single piece.

(52) In certain embodiments, a single filter may be used on the air line (as shown in FIG. 31). Joining the connectors, filters, and tubing can provide a sterile, sealed connection between a pressure source (e.g., compressed gas cylinder) or pressure accumulator via a quick connect and the internal lung via an endotracheal tube.

(53) As discussed, nested containers may be configured in a series of 2 or more (preferably 3) sterile nested bags allowing for venting of air via 1-way check valves with integrated hydrophobic filtration media with communication allowed through a series of interconnected ports to a controlled plug (e.g., the accumulator element, relief valve, or gas source), system temperature can be monitored by a temperature probe placed in contact with the outside of the bag. Additional useful information regarding preservation solution temperature, pH, ionic chemistry, and other aspects may be obtained and monitored via a series of integrated probes (temp, pH, ion-specific, conductivity, etc.) which may pass into the bags through a series of bulkhead fittings or similar or be placed within the inner bag and communicate in a wireless fashion through near field communications or Bluetooth connectivity or similar to an external device which processes the signal. In certain embodiments, such probes may be affixed to the inner bag. In some embodiments, probes may be in a free-floating assembly placed into the bag prior to use. In certain embodiments, probes can be in communication with a user interface such as a display on the device or a remote display. Accordingly, user monitoring can be permitted to allow for environmental parameter recording and/or intervention. In certain embodiments, such probes can be in communication with a computer device including a non-transitory, tangible memory and a processor operable to receive information from the various probes and sensors and engage various apparatuses for maintaining or altering environmental parameters. For example, an active solution management tool may be used to dynamically adjust preservation solution properties to optimize the organ storage environment based on pH, ionic chemistry, or composition by adding or removing compounds from the preservation fluid. The computer may also manipulate cooling or heating elements and or the pressure control mechanisms described herein to maintain optimal storage conditions in response to changes detected via the connected probes.

(54) In certain embodiments, the containers or nested containers may be rigid cassettes instead of flexible bags. In such embodiments, it might be desirable to have a larger reservoir of aqueous solution for thermal reasons than might be economically or functionally practical. It might also be of advantage or necessary to provide a rigid container to an organ in transit which would not be provided by flexible bags. In such cases, a sterile, disposable, rigid enclosure may be used to contain the organ and some small volume of preservation solution directly, afterwards being inserted into the standard bag system containing a larger volume of aqueous media (preservation solution or otherwise) that may serve as a thermal reservoir/inertial dampener.

(55) In some embodiments, such enclosures may be completely sealed and may not communicate with the surrounding aqueous media in order to maintain an isolated sterile environment while still realizing certain thermal benefits of a larger fluid reservoir.

(56) In certain embodiments, such enclosures may be perforated such that the fluid inside the enclosure communicates passively with the surrounding aqueous media. In some embodiments, perforated enclosures can communicate actively with the surrounding aqueous media by means of a pump or other means of introducing fluid flow. In certain embodiments, active communication can occur with a reservoir of liquid or gas external to the sterile enclosures for a variety of reasons such as achieving gas exchange for the preservation medium, for example, to actively maintain either nominal equilibration with air or a gas-enriched environment (for example oxygen rich) for tissue preservation. Active communication with an external reservoir can also be used for chemistry exchange for the preservation medium including adjusting dissolved species in the aqueous species over time in either a fixed or dynamic fashion (e.g., introduction of a drug, therapeutic, dilute acid or base to maintain pH, etc.).

(57) Solution exchange (e.g., simply cycling out some fraction of spent solution for fresh) and thermal exchange (e.g., creating an isolated microenvironment either surrounding or potentially within the organ that is slightly different from nominal system temp) are other potential functions of an external reservoir in active communication with the sterile cassette. While pressure modulating apparatuses described herein are especially useful in lung storage and transportation, the aforementioned storage containers (e.g., flexible bags, rigid cassettes, or some combination) can also be used to store or transport other tissue or organs including heart, kidney, liver, or pancreas for example. In such embodiments, various organ-specific cassettes or bags may be used that are sized to accommodate the organ being stored or transported. Similarly, organ-specific preservation solutions may also be used and may be pre-loaded into the appropriate container.

(58) The gas entering and leaving the lung may be conditioned to create a favorable preservation environment. The gas may be oxygenated, cooled, humidity-controlled, and/or cycled to provide the preferred characteristics for tissue viability post-transport. FIGS. 32-40 illustrate various combinations of such connections. In the example of air travel, as a plane gains altitude, external pressure will drop while the amount of gas sealed within the lung will stay the same causing a pressure differential between the internal and external lung driving expansion of the tissue. A pressure accumulator, regulator, or relief valve will augment the internal sealed volume or allow excess gas to escape, relieving any pressure differential and avoiding stress on the tissue. As the plane descends, external pressure will increase while internal gas volume remains the same causing a compressive pressure differential on the lung. To compensate, a pressure regulator can add oxygen or other gasses from a high-pressure compressed gas source to oppose the compressive force and avoid tissue damage. In the case of a pressure accumulator, the effective volume of the internal system will decrease in response to an increase in external pressure, thereby equalizing the pressure differential without damaging the tissue.

(59) In certain embodiments, the gas passing from the compressed gas source or pressure accumulator may be conditioned as described above. FIGS. 32-40 illustrate compressed gas systems but the gas cylinder and regulator depicted therein can be substituted for a pressure accumulator as well depending on the application.

(60) FIG. 32 shows a gas exchange line that connects a compressed gas source to the internal lung environment via sealed silicone tubing. Included in the system may be a pressure regulator for controlling when gas is added to the system, one or more check valves for preventing back-flow of gas in the event of an empty tank, one or more pressure relief valves for allowing excess gas to escape the lungs, and one or more connectors to facilitate system setup. Pressure is preferably maintained between 10-15 cmH.sub.2O by the regulator and relief valves.

(61) FIG. 33 shows a gas exchange line similar to that depicted in FIG. 32 but with the addition of a humidifier element. The humidifier can add moisture to the gas to minimize stress on the organ during transport and to mitigate the potential for organ desiccation that may occur during repeated gas exchange. In humidifier embodiments, any soluble compound (e.g., antimicrobials) may be added to the humidifying liquid in order to treat the tissue or organ. Additionally, by adding moisture to the gas passing into the lung, its thermal mass can be increased increasing the cooling or heating effect of the conditioned air on the tissue.

(62) The gas may be cooled as well to assist in maintaining a desired organ temperature for preservation. The overall organ is placed in cooled media or surrounded with cooling material but the repeated gas exchange of a warmer gas could raise the organ temperature, particularly at the internal points of contact, resulting in tissue degradation. FIGS. 34-37 illustrate cooled gas embodiments. In FIG. 34 the gas itself is cooled at its source (e.g., compressed gas cylinder) and an in-line humidifier is also included. In FIG. 35, the gas is cooled in-line via a cooling element which may be incorporated into the humidifier element. In any embodiment, the connecting tubing may be insulated or jacketed with cooling fluid. FIG. 36 depicts a gas exchange line with a cooled gas source without humidification and FIG. 37 diagrams a gas exchange line with humidification and insulated tubing. Any of the above methods could also be used to heat the air (e.g., passing heated fluid through a tubing jacket). In various embodiments, a temperature sensor may be included to provide feedback for thermostatic control of heating or cooling elements to achieve and maintain a desired temperature of the air entering the organ or tissue.

(63) Similarly, the gas used to initially inflate the lung at the donor site can be treated in any of the aforementioned ways (e.g., gas sources or lines may be heated, cooled, or humidified) to help ready the organ for storage or transport.

(64) Additionally, as air temperature, humidity, and pressure are interrelated, attempts to maintain a static pressure in a transported organ can be aided by also maintaining a desired humidity and temperature level.

(65) In various embodiments, constant or pulsatile compressive pressure may be applied to the organ to drive gas exchange in order to provide fresh humidified, oxygenated, and/or cooled gas to the internal lung. As shown in FIG. 38, a constant compressive force may be applied, for example, through the use of an elastic sleeve around the organ. That constant compression, combined with the compressed gas source and pressure relief valve(s) can create a cyclic flow of fresh gas into and out of the lung tissue, providing opportunities for the internal lung to be cooled, oxygenated, and/or humidified to prolong tissue viability.

(66) Alternatively, instead of passing air in and out of the same orifice via simulated breaths, additional outlets may be provided (either naturally occurring or surgically added) to allow air to pass through the passages of the tissue. By providing one or more outlets at the farthest points from the air inlet, penetration of treated gas throughout the tissue can be assured.

(67) In FIGS. 39 and 40, compressive pressure is provided by adding gas or other fluids to cavities within or between the storage containers/bags. The addition of such gas or fluid can inflate the cavities, reducing the effective dimensions of the inner-most bag and resulting in a compressive force on the stored organ. In FIG. 39, the gas or other fluid is added and removed from the cavities in a pulsatile nature to drive cyclic compression of the lung externally. In FIG. 40, the compression provided by the inflated cavities is constant, operating similar to the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 38.

(68) FIG. 1 illustrates a tissue preservation and transportation system 101 according to certain embodiments. An organ adapter 107 is adapted to be coupled to the airways (e.g., by the trachea or bronchus) of a lung 103. The organ adapter 107 may comprise a lumen that, when the organ adapter 107 is coupled to the lung 103, is in fluid communication with the airways of the lung 103.

(69) The organ adapter 107 is coupled to an expandable accumulator 105 and the lumen of the organ adapter 107 is in fluid communication with a sealed interior volume of the expandable accumulator 105. The expandable accumulator 105 may be coupled by a valve 109, to an inlet 113. The inlet 113 has a lumen that, when the valve 109 is open, is in fluid communication with the interior volume of the expandable accumulator 105, the lumen of the organ adapter 107, and the airways of the lung 103. When the valve 109 is closed, the interior volume of the expandable accumulator 105, the lumen of the organ adaptor 107, and the airways of the lung 103 form an air-tight, closed environment that is sealed from the outside environment including, for example, any preservation fluid present within the organ container 111. The organ container 111 may include one or more boxes or bags configured to contain both the organ and any preservation fluid (e.g., temperature regulated, oxygenated fluid) in a sterilized environment. In preferred embodiments, the organ is placed into one or more sterile bags or boxes. For example, a lung may be placed in three concentric sterile bags fitted with a through-the-bag-wall cannula leading into the trachea plug. The cannula may include a filter for each bag (e.g., a 0.2-micron sterile filter). Accordingly, both the exterior surface and interior, pressure-dampened lumen of the organ are surrounded by three sterile layers.

(70) A filtration assembly may be placed in-line between the accumulator and the organ. The filtration assembly connects the lungs or other organ to the accumulator and provides filtration to the air moving therebetween. FIG. 27 shows an exemplary filtration assembly 2701 according to various embodiments. The filtration assembly 2701 can include an outer housing which can include tie-off locations 2711 for securing sterile isolation bags such as described above. The tic-off locations 2711 can, as shown, comprise circumferential indentations in the outer surface of the filtration assembly 2701 to provide purchase for the tie-off mechanism and prevent incidental separation of the sterile isolation bag from the assembly 2701.

(71) In various embodiments, the accumulator may have an interior volume (fully expanded) of about, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.25, 0.1.5, 1.75, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, or more liters. In preferred embodiments, the accumulator has a fully expanded interior volume of about 1 liter.

(72) System 101 is configured to permit gas to move back and forth between the airways of the lung 103 through the lumen of the organ adapter 107, and into the interior volume of the expandable accumulator 105. When the valve 109 is open, the system 101 is configured to permit gas flow from the inlet 113, through the valve 109, into the lumen of the organ adaptor 107, and finally into the airways of the lung 103. The expansion resistance of the expandable accumulator 105 may be adjustable, fixed, or progressive.

(73) The organ adapter 107 may be configured to substantially retain the bodily tissue (e.g., lung) with respect to the expandable accumulator 105. The organ adapter 107 may be configured to permit movement of a gas from the expandable accumulator 105, into the airways of the lung 103, and back. The organ adapter 107 can be configured to be coupled to a bodily tissue such as a lung 103. The organ adapter 107 can be coupled to the bodily tissue in any suitable manner. For example, in some embodiments, the organ adapter 107 can configured to be sutured to the bodily tissue. In another example, the organ adapter 107 is coupleable to the bodily tissue via an intervening structure, such as silastic or other tubing. In some embodiments, at least a portion of the organ adapter 107, or the intervening structure, is configured to be inserted into the bodily tissue such as the lumen of a trachea, bronchus, or other air passage of a lung 103. For example, in some embodiments, the lumen of the organ adapter 107 (or a lumen of the intervening structure) is configured to be fluidically coupled to a lumen of the bodily tissue such as an air passage of the lung 103.

(74) In various embodiments including the use of one or more sterile bags or other containers for the organ, the organ adapter may be contained in or integral to the inner most sterile bag and coupled to a through-the-bag-wall cannula that transverses each of the bags or other containers. The cannula, at the outer most bag or other container, may include an adapter to be removably coupled to the accumulator in the systems described herein. Accordingly, the bagged organ may be easily and quickly connected to the accumulator and inflated during loading and easily and quickly disconnected upon arrival at the transplantation site.

(75) In some embodiments, the organ adapter (or simply referred as the adapter) can be configured to support the bodily tissue when the bodily tissue is coupled to the adapter. For example, in some embodiments, the adapter can include a retention mechanism (not shown) configured to be disposed about at least a portion of the bodily tissue and to help retain the bodily tissue with respect to the adapter. The retention mechanism can be, for example, a net, a cage, a sling, or the like. In some embodiments, the system can include a basket (not shown) or other support mechanism configured to support the bodily tissue when the bodily tissue is coupled to the adapter or otherwise received in the system. The organ adapter may be rigidly coupled to an interior wall (e.g. a lid) of an organ container such that the organ may be suspended via its connection point to the adapter.

(76) The portion of the adapter that is inserted into a lumen of the organ may include a series of tapered steps such that a distal end of the adapter portion is narrower than a proximal end. In this manner, the adapter is configured to be inserted into a range of lumen sizes.

(77) The lumen may be secured or sealed to the organ adapter via any means including elastic tension in the organ lumen itself or through the use of sutures, elastic band, or other securing mechanisms on the outside of the lumen applying pressure thereupon to form an air-tight seal between the lumen of the organ and the lumen of the adapter.

(78) The expandable accumulator is configured to expand to accept relative increases in gas volume within the closed system in response to pressure differential changes between the closed system and the surrounding environment (e.g., during flight). The interior volume of the expandable accumulator should resist expansion with an opposing force that is less than that of the lung. Accordingly, decreases in internal pressure of the closed system due to decreases in the pressure of the surrounding environment (e.g. during flight) will be borne by the expandable accumulator such that the pressure within the system drops without volumetric expansion of the lung airways (which could cause tissue damage or rupture the airways).

(79) The expandable accumulator is configured to be in constant communication with the internal (closed system) pressure and the external (surrounding environment) pressure, and to establish a nearly-constant differential between the two while having compliance higher than the lung's compliance. The pressure differential is such that the internal pressure is greater than the environment pressure. The pressure differential keeps the lungs inflated. The pressure differential would commonly be referred to as the gauge pressure. When the system is initially prepared, the external pressure may be 1 bar (absolute) and the internal pressure would be 1+x bar, absolute (where the x is a suitable value chosen for best storage performance). The gauge pressure of the closed system is therefore x bar, and the differential pressure across the lung is also x bar. At a later time, in transport, the external pressure may be 0.75 bar for instance due to airplane cabin pressure when in flight. The internal pressure would be 0.75+x bar, so the gauge pressure is again x bar, as is the pressure across the lung. In this manner the expandable accumulator maintains a nearly-constant pressure differential across the lung (from inside to outside).

(80) In order to maintain the nearly-constant pressure differential the expandable accumulator will have a very high compliance, for example much higher than the lung compliance. In certain embodiments, the system may be configured to maintain about a 15 cm H.sub.2O gauge pressure inside the organ. The pressure may be fixed or may be tunable or adjustable using variable weight, spring tension, or other means depending on the accumulator mechanism. Pressure in the system may be set by filling the system to a desired fixed pressure or may be controlled using an adjustable accumulator which may be acted on by a computer based on inputs received from a pressure or other sensor as described below.

(81) An inlet of the system may be used to add or remove a gas from the lumen of the organ (e.g., airways of a lung). For example, where donor lungs are at least partially inflated for storage and transport, a retrieved lung may be secured to an organ adapter as shown in FIGS. 1-6. The inlet may be then connected to a gas source such as a compressed air tank or a source of oxygen or another gas or combinations thereof. In certain embodiments, the gas source may comprise a pump or bulb for manually filling the system with ambient air or other gas. The pump or bulb may be integral to the transport container and travel with the container or may be used to establish pressure and removed after a valve located between the pump or bulb and the organ is closed. The valve connecting the inlet to the closed system of the lung airways, lumen of the adapter, and interior volume of the expandable accumulator may then be opened and oxygen or another gas or mixture of gasses may then be allowed to flow into the closed system. In certain embodiments (e.g., lung transport), gasses such as oxygen may damage the tissue and, as such, the fill gas will be selected accordingly (e.g., ambient air). The closed system may be inflated to a desired pressure which may be monitored with a pressure gauge or sensor located on the gas source or on the closed system. The pressure sensor may be electric and include a wireless sender located on the closed system such that pressure may be wirelessly monitored from outside an organ transport container during transport.

(82) During inflation, as gas is admitted to the system, both the lungs and the expandable accumulator will inflate until reaching the desired gauge pressure (designated x above). As additional gas is thereafter admitted, the gas would preferentially fill the expandable accumulator given that component's higher compliance. When the expandable accumulator is entirely filled, the pressure would begin to rise above the x target, and the system would not have any remaining capacity. Therefore, when the system is filled the volume of gas may be adjusted such that a movable element of the expandable accumulator rests at a target position (for instance 25% of travel). Once the expandable accumulator is at that target position, the valve can be closed and the closed system is sealed and ready for transport.

(83) Once the lung has been inflated to a desired pressure, the valve may be closed, sealing off the closed system. The lung coupled to the expandable accumulator by the organ adapter along with the closed valve and the inlet may be then be placed in an organ container for storage or transport and may be at least partially submerged in a fluid such as a preservation fluid as known in the art. Examples of preservation fluid and static and perfusion-based tissue containers compatible with systems and methods of the invention are described in U.S. application Ser. No. 14/460,489, incorporated herein by reference.

(84) The fill of the accumulator can be adjusted at organ recovery according to the local ambient (e.g. barometric) pressure. A smaller accumulator would thereby be able to work identically whether filled in Denver Colo., or Boston Mass., whatever the weather conditions. The accumulator may include a scale or other indicator in customary barometric pressure units. An exemplary pressure indicator 1115 is shown in FIGS. 11, 14, 15, and 19. An ambient pressure sensor or meter may also be included for reading ambient pressure at recovery. The system may then be filled until the piston reaches a mark on the scale or indicator on the accumulator that matches the local barometric pressure reading. If not adjusted to local pressure conditions, a larger accumulator may be used.

(85) The expandable accumulator may be of any configuration that permits expansion of its interior volume with less resistance than that of the lung's airways. Examples of expandable accumulators are shown in FIGS. 1-6. Materials for transport and storage containers of the invention may be selected to reduce weight in key components such as the accumulator. For example, accumulators such as the rolling diaphragm types depicted in FIGS. 3 and 4 may comprise a piston that slides within a cylinder to adjust volume to dampen pressure changes in the tissue. The piston or other accumulator components may be constructed of lightweight materials such as aluminum, plastics, or carbon fiber or may be constructed with lightweight techniques including low material thickness with structural bracing for example. Reducing the weight or mass of the moving pieces of the accumulator helps to minimize pressure changes resulting from movement (e.g., tilting) of the container or accumulator therein. Pressure generating force is thereby primarily established by an accumulator spring and relatively unaffected by gravity.

(86) The expandable accumulator 105 depicted in FIG. 1 comprises a bellows-type interior bladder that permits expansion. The bellows may be contained within a shell that may be rigid to preserve an open interior volume into which the bellows can expand. The bellows may rely on inherent shape memory in the material of the bellows itself to provide resistance to expansion or may use, for example, springs opposing the expansion of the bellows via compression or tension. Any known spring type may be used including coiled materials or elastic bands to provide expansion resistance. The spring rate can be selected such that the expansion resistance provided to the interior volume of the accumulator is less than the expansion resistance of the lung's airways. The expansion resisting force may be a single rate or may be progressive or adjustable. The expansion resisting force can be modeled on the expansion resistance profile of lung airways in order to better maintain a constant pressure within the lung. In various embodiments, a constant force spring can be used to maintain internal pressure. Constant force springs are springs for which the force they exert over their range of motion is relatively constant. Constant force springs may be constructed from rolled ribbons of, for example, spring steel. In certain embodiments, the springs used in the systems depicted in FIGS. 3 and 4 may be constant force springs. In some embodiments, a pair of constant force springs may be used in a back-to-back orientation.

(87) FIG. 2 shows a system 201 including a lung 203, an organ adapter 207, an expandable accumulator 205, a valve 209, and an inlet 213 all placed within an organ container 211. The components are configured and relate to each other in a similar manner to that shown in FIG. 1 aside from differences in the operation of the expandable accumulator 205. The expandable accumulator 205 comprises a bellows type accumulator 205 that is not contained in a shell such that the outer surface of the expandable accumulator 205 is in direct communication with the interior environment of the organ container 211. The expandable accumulator 205 may provide expansion resistance through its own material properties or through applied force from, for example, a spring.

(88) FIG. 3 shows a system 301 including a lung 303, an organ adapter 307, an expandable accumulator 305, a valve 309, and an inlet 313 all placed within an organ container 311. The components are configured and relate to each other in a similar manner to that shown in FIG. 1 aside from differences in the operation of the expandable accumulator 305. The expandable accumulator 305 comprises a rolling diaphragm and a spring in compression to provide expansion resistance.

(89) The rolling diaphragm contributes to a low-friction, low-hysteresis accumulator advantageous to tissue preservation as described herein, especially in lung preservation and transport apparatuses. The diaphragm may be constructed of any suitable material including latex, rubber, or silicon. An exemplary accumulator 4401 including a pressure relief valve that may release excess gas volume until the desired internal pressure is achieved.

(90) FIG. 4 shows a system 401 including a lung 403, an organ adapter 407, an expandable accumulator 405, a valve 409, and an inlet 413 all placed within an organ container 411. The components are configured and relate to each other in a similar manner to that shown in FIG. 3 aside from differences in the operation of the expandable accumulator 405. The expandable accumulator 405 comprises a rolling diaphragm and a spring in tension to provide expansion resistance.

(91) A diaphragm-type accumulator system as exemplified in FIGS. 3 and 4 may use a constant force spring to maintain a constant internal pressure in the lung or other organ. The diaphragm may be coupled to one or more springs in tension, compression, or some combination thereof (e.g., two opposing springs coupled to the diaphragm and providing expansion resistance through both compression and tension).

(92) FIG. 5 shows a system 501 including a lung 503, an organ adapter 507, an expandable accumulator 505, a valve 509, and an inlet 513 all placed within an organ container 511. The components are configured and relate to each other in a similar manner to that shown in FIG. 1 aside from differences in the operation of the expandable accumulator 205. The expandable accumulator 505 comprises a balloon-type bladder wherein expansion resistance is provided by the elasticity of the material comprising the walls of the expandable accumulator 505. As shown in FIG. 5, the lungs 503 are suspended in a vertical orientation from the organ adapter 507 providing the benefits described above.

(93) FIG. 6 shows a system 601 including a lung 603, an organ adapter 607, an expandable accumulator 605, a valve 609, and an inlet 613 all placed within an organ container 611. The components are configured and relate to each other in a similar manner to that shown in FIG. 1 aside from differences in the operation of the expandable accumulator 605. The expandable accumulator 105 depicted in FIG. 1 comprises a bellows-type interior bladder that permits expansion. The bellows may be contained within a shell that may be rigid to preserve an open interior volume into which the bellows can expand. The bellows may rely on inherent shape memory in the material of the bellows itself to provide resistance to expansion or may use, for example, gravity to provide the expansion resistance through a weight 615 placed on top of the bellows.

(94) As noted, systems of the invention are compatible with and may include any static or perfusion-type preservation apparatus. An example of such a configuration is shown in FIG. 7. An apparatus 10 is shown configured to oxygenate a perfusate (not shown) received in a pumping chamber 14 of the apparatus. The apparatus 10 includes a valve 12 configured to permit a fluid (e.g., oxygen) to be introduced into a first portion 16 of the pumping chamber 14. A membrane 20 is disposed between the first portion 16 of the pumping chamber 14 and a second portion 18 of the pumping chamber. The membrane 20 is configured to permit the flow of a gas between the first portion 16 of the pumping chamber 14 and the second portion 18 of the pumping chamber through the membrane. The membrane 20 is configured to substantially prevent the flow of a liquid between the second portion 18 of the pumping chamber 14 and the first portion 16 of the pumping chamber through the membrane. In this manner, the membrane can be characterized as being semi-permeable.

(95) The membrane 20 is disposed within the pumping chamber 14 along an axis A1 that is transverse to a horizontal axis A2. Said another way, the membrane 20 is inclined, for example, from a first side 22 to a second side 24 of the apparatus 10. As such, as described in more detail below, a rising fluid in the second portion 18 of the pumping chamber 14 will be directed by the inclined membrane 20 towards a port 38 disposed at the highest portion of the pumping chamber 14. The port 38 is configured to permit the fluid to flow from the pumping chamber 14 into the atmosphere external to the apparatus 10. In some embodiments, the port 38 is configured for unidirectional flow, and thus is configured to prevent a fluid from being introduced into the pumping chamber 14 via the port (e.g., from a source external to the apparatus 10). In some embodiments, the port 38 includes a luer lock.

(96) The second portion 18 of the pumping chamber 14 is configured to receive a fluid. In some embodiments, for example, the second portion 18 of the pumping chamber 14 is configured to receive a liquid perfusate. The second portion 18 of the pumping chamber 14 is in fluid communication with an adapter 26. The adapter 26 is configured to permit movement of the fluid from the pumping chamber 14 to a bodily tissue T. For example, in some embodiments, the pumping chamber 14 defines an aperture (not shown) configured to be in fluidic communication with a lumen (not shown) of the adapter 26. The adapter 26 is configured to be coupled to the bodily tissue T. The adapter 26 can be coupled to the bodily tissue T in any suitable manner. For example, in some embodiments, the adapter 26 is configured to be sutured to the bodily tissue T. In another example, the adapter 26 is coupleable to the bodily tissue T via an intervening structure, such as silastic or other tubing. In some embodiments, at least a portion of the adapter 26, or the intervening structure, is configured to be inserted into the bodily tissue T. For example, in some embodiments, the lumen of the adapter 26 (or a lumen of the intervening structure) is configured to be fluidically coupled to a vessel of the bodily tissue T.

(97) Where the tissue T is, for example a lung, the airways of the tissue T may be coupled to an expandable accumulator 705 and associated systems as described herein via an organ adapter 707 (e.g., via the trachea or bronchus).

(98) In some embodiments, the adapter 26 is configured to support the bodily tissue T when the bodily tissue T is coupled to the adapter. For example, in some embodiments, the adapter 26 includes a retention mechanism (not shown) configured to be disposed about at least a portion of the bodily tissue T and to help retain the bodily tissue T with respect to the adapter. The retention mechanism can be, for example, a net, a cage, a sling, or the like. In some embodiments, the apparatus 10 includes a basket (not shown) or other support mechanism configured to support the bodily tissue T when the bodily tissue Tis coupled to the adapter 26 or otherwise received in the apparatus 10.

(99) An organ chamber 30 is configured to receive the bodily tissue T and a fluid. In some embodiments, the apparatus 10 includes a port 34 that is extended through the apparatus 10 (e.g., through the pumping chamber 14) to the organ chamber 30. The port 34 is configured to permit fluid (e.g., perfusate) to be introduced to the organ chamber 30. In this manner, fluid can be introduced into the organ chamber 30 as desired by an operator of the apparatus. For example, in some embodiments, a desired amount of perfusate is introduced into the organ chamber 30 via the port 34, such as before disposing the bodily tissue T in the organ chamber 30 and/or while the bodily tissue T is received in the organ chamber. In some embodiments, the port 34 is a unidirectional port, and thus is configured to prevent the flow of fluid from the organ chamber 30 to an area external to the organ chamber through the port. In some embodiments, the port 34 includes a luer lock. The organ chamber 30 may be of any suitable volume necessary for receiving the bodily tissue T and a requisite amount of fluid for maintaining viability of the bodily tissue T. In one embodiment, for example, the volume of the organ chamber 30 is approximately 2 liters.

(100) The organ chamber 30 is formed by a canister 32 and a bottom portion 19 of the pumping chamber 14. In a similar manner as described above with respect to the membrane 20, an upper portion of the organ chamber (defined by the bottom portion 19 of the pumping chamber 14) can be inclined from the first side 22 towards the second side 24 of the apparatus. In this manner, as described in more detail below, a rising fluid in the organ chamber 30 will be directed by the inclined upper portion of the organ chamber towards a valve 36 disposed at a highest portion of the organ chamber. The valve 36 is configured to permit a fluid to flow from the organ chamber 30 to the pumping chamber 14. The valve 36 is configured to prevent flow of a fluid from the pumping chamber 14 to the organ chamber. The valve 36 can be any suitable valve for permitting unidirectional flow of the fluid, including, for example, a ball check valve.

(101) The canister 32 can be constructed of any suitable material. In some embodiments, the canister 32 is constructed of a material that permits an operator of the apparatus 10 to view at least one of the bodily tissue T or the perfusate received in the organ chamber 30. For example, in some embodiments, the canister 32 is substantially transparent. In another example, in some embodiments, the canister 32 is substantially translucent. The organ chamber 30 can be of any suitable shape and/or size. For example, in some embodiments, the organ chamber 30 can have a perimeter that is substantially oblong, oval, round, square, rectangular, cylindrical, or another suitable shape.

(102) In use, the bodily tissue T is coupled to the adapter 26. The pumping chamber 14 is coupled to the canister 32 such that the bodily tissue T is received in the organ chamber 30. In some embodiments, the pumping chamber 14 and the canister 32 are coupled such that the organ chamber 30 is hermetically sealed. A desired amount of perfusate is introduced into the organ chamber 30 via the port 34. The organ chamber 30 can be filled with the perfusate such that the perfusate volume rises to the highest portion of the organ chamber. The organ chamber 30 can be filled with an additional amount of perfusate such that the perfusate flows from the organ chamber 30 through the valve 36 into the second portion 18 of the pumping chamber 14. The organ chamber 30 can continue to be filled with additional perfusate until all atmospheric gas that initially filled the second portion 18 of the pumping chamber 14 rises along the inclined membrane 20 and escapes through the port 38. Because the gas will be expelled from the pumping chamber 14 via the port 38 before any excess perfusate is expelled (due to gas being lighter, and thus more easily expelled, than liquid), an operator of the apparatus 10 can determine that substantially all excess gas has been expelled from the pumping chamber when excess perfusate is released via the port. As such, the apparatus 10 can be characterized as self-purging. When perfusate begins to flow out of the port 38, the apparatus 10 is in a purged state (i.e., all atmospheric gas initially within the organ chamber 30 and the second portion 18 of the pumping chamber 14 has been replaced by perfusate). When the purged state is reached, the operator can close both ports 34 and 38, preparing the apparatus 10 for operation.

(103) Oxygen (or another suitable fluid, e.g., gas) is introduced into the first portion 16 of the pumping chamber 14 via the valve 12. A positive pressure generated by the introduction of oxygen into the pumping chamber 14 causes the oxygen to be diffused through the semi-permeable membrane 20 into the second portion 18 of the pumping chamber. Because oxygen is a gas, the oxygen expands to substantially fill the first portion 16 of the pumping chamber 14. As such, substantially the entire surface area of the membrane 20 between the first portion 16 and the second portion 18 of the pumping chamber 14 is used to diffuse the oxygen. The oxygen is diffused through the membrane 20 into the perfusate received in the second portion 18 of the pumping chamber 14, thereby oxygenating the perfusate.

(104) In the presence of the positive pressure, the oxygenated perfusate is moved from the second portion 18 of the pumping chamber 14 into the bodily tissue T via the adapter 26. For example, the positive pressure can cause the perfusate to move from the pumping chamber 14 through the lumen of the adapter 26 into the vessel of the bodily tissue T. The positive pressure is also configured to help move the perfusate through the bodily tissue T such that the bodily tissue T is perfused with oxygenated perfusate.

(105) After the perfusate is perfused through the bodily tissue T, the perfusate is received in the organ chamber 30. In this manner, the perfusate that has been perfused through the bodily tissue T is combined with perfusate previously disposed in the organ chamber 30. In some embodiments, the volume of perfusate received from the bodily tissue T following perfusion combined with the volume of perfusate previously disposed in the organ chamber 30 exceeds a volume (e.g., a maximum fluid capacity) of the organ chamber 30. A portion of the organ chamber 30 is flexible and expands to accept this excess volume. The valve 12 can then allow oxygen to vent from the first portion 16 of the pumping chamber 14, thus, reducing the pressure in the pumping chamber 14. As the pressure in the pumping chamber 14 drops, the flexible portion of the organ chamber 30 relaxes, and the excess perfusate is moved through the valve 36 into the pumping chamber 14. The cycle of oxygenating perfusate and perfusing the bodily tissue T with the oxygenated perfusate can be repeated as desired.

(106) FIGS. 8A and 8B show an organ container 811 comprising a smooth raised portion 815 or saddle disposed on an interior wall of the organ container and designed to mimic the shape of the spine to replicate the in vivo environment of lungs being stored or transported. Such organ containers 811 are compatible with any other systems described herein including perfusing or static storage containers and various pressure regulating systems. FIG. 9 shows positioning of a pair of donor lungs 915 on a raised center portion 915 of an organ container 911 intended to mimic the spine in the lungs' in vivo environment.

(107) The interior of organ containers of the invention may contain a fixed or removable shelf or tray configured to support cooling materials (e.g., frozen gel packs). Such a tray allows the organ to be loaded into the container before the tray is in place and, once the tray is inserted, the tray supports the cooling materials keeping them proximate to the organ for cooling purposes but prevents the materials from contacting the organ which can cause damage thereto. The tray may further serve to locate the organ within the colder bottom portion of the container.

(108) In various embodiments, organ containers may comprise insulation material at least around the organ chamber. Preferably, all sides of the organ chamber are insulated, along with the pumping chamber in embodiments where a pumping chamber is included. Insulation material can comprise an aerogel. When used in conjunction with cooling blocks or packs within the insulated area, containers of the invention can maintain a desired temperature for extended periods of time of 18 hours or more. Aerogel insulation materials may be at least 1 mm, at least 2 mm, at least 3 mm, at least 4 mm, at least 5 mm, at least 6 mm, at least 7 mm, at least 8 mm, at least 9 mm, at least 10 mm, or at least 15 mm thick in various embodiments. The thickness of the aerogel insulation may vary at different points around the container (e.g., thicker at the top and bottom than the sides).

(109) FIGS. 10A and 10B show an organ adapter 1007 configured for insertion into the trachea of a donor lung to be transported using a tissue preservation and transportation system as described above. The organ adapter 1007 may taper as shown in FIGS. 10A and 10B to form an air-tight seal against the interior surface of the trachea or other organ opening to be transported and may include ridges 1017 to aid retention of the adapter 1007 within the organ opening once inserted. The organ adapter 1007 includes tubing 1015 for connecting to an expandable accumulator as described above and includes an inner lumen 1019 for providing fluid communication between the accumulator and the interior of the organ. Once inserted into the organ, the organ adapter 1007, interior space of the organ, and the accumulator form a closed, air-tight system.

(110) Systems of the invention may include a variety of sensors configured to sense and report, for example, temperature of the tissue, temperature of a preservation fluid or perfusate, pressure within the closed air system, pressure within the fluid, or ambient pressure. Displays for the sensors may be disposed on the outer surfaces of the organ transport or may be wirelessly linked to the internal sensors.

(111) In some embodiments, a temperature sensor may include a probe positioned in the transport cavity and attached by a flexible cable to a temperature datalogger. The probe may not be wetted (i.e., the probe would remain outside of any sterile bags or containers) and may be suspended in air by a bracket or support in order to avoid direct contact with any cooling materials. The probe would thereby record and/or report the cavity temperature rather than the lung tissue temperature.

(112) In certain embodiments, the sensor may comprise a mechanical flag that indicates the furthest expansion of the expandable accumulator and can therefore indicate if the accumulator reached maximum expansion presenting the possibility that additional pressure was absorbed by the lung tissue through over-inflation.

(113) FIG. 11 shows an exemplary organ container 1101 with an accumulator 1105 having an accumulator scale 1115 to indicate barometric pressure. As noted above, the indicator may be used by technicians when adjusting the accumulator to local pressure conditions. The organ container 1101 may include a recess, port, or other feature for retaining the accumulator 1105, preferably, as shown in FIG. 11, in a position that allows for external monitoring of the accumulator 1105. The organ container may include wheels and an extendable handle as shown for case of transport and storage.

(114) FIG. 12 shows an exploded view of an exemplary organ container 1101. The organ container 1101 features an accumulator 1105, a gas source 1113 (e.g., a bulb) for pressurizing the system, and an organ adapter 1107 (e.g., a trachea plug) for interfacing an organ with the system. The organ container 1101 also includes tubing 1111 or connectors for coupling the gas source 1113 and the organ adapter 1107 to the accumulator 1105. The organ container 1101 may also use a valve 1109 (e.g., a roller clamp) operable to regulate fluid communication between the gas source 1113 and the accumulator 1105 by, for example, acting on the tubing 1111.

(115) FIG. 13 shows a cross-sectional view of an exemplary organ container 1101 illustrating an exemplary configuration of various components described herein including an accumulator 1105 an organ adapter 1107 (not coupled to an organ) and connecting tubing 1111. A sensor 1117 (e.g., a temperature sensor) as described above, is also included at the bottom of the organ camber and, while potentially wireless in some embodiments, is depicted in FIG. 13 in a wired format in electronic communication with an external display 1119 (e.g., an LCD screen) to display data obtained from the sensor 1117. An organ such as a lung would rest on the bottom of the cavity.

(116) FIG. 14 shows an external view of an open organ container 1101 with an accumulator 1105 according to certain embodiments. With the lid removed from the exemplary organ container 1101, it is ready to accept or deliver an organ. The accumulator 1105 with a pressure indicator 1115 is shown placed in a fitted receptacle on the organ container 1101. A gas source 1113 is connected by tubing 1111 to the accumulator 1105 and that connection is regulated by a valve 1109. The organ container 1101 also features a storage pocket 1121 for receiving and storing the gas source 1113, valve 1109, and tubing 1111 when not in use. The illustrated organ container 1101 does not have an organ loaded and so the organ adapter 1107 inside the cavity is seen.

(117) FIG. 15 shows an external view of an open organ container 1101 with an accumulator 1105 with pressure indicator 1115. A tray 1123 is adapted to be positioned above a loaded organ in the cavity of the organ container 1101 to hold cooling materials such as frozen gel packs off of the organ tissue surface. The tray may be supported by, for example, indentions in the interior walls of the cavity. The gas source 1113 is shown stored in the storage pocket 1121 for transport.

(118) FIG. 16A shows a transverse cross-sectional view of an approximately empty accumulator 1105 according to certain embodiments and FIG. 16B shows a lateral cross-sectional view. The accumulator 1105 includes a piston 1125 and a rolling diaphragm 1127 as described above. As seen in FIG. 16B, a pair of back-to-back constant force springs 1129 comprising rolled ribbons of, for example, spring steel.

(119) FIG. 17 shows a lateral cross-sectional view of an approximately half full accumulator 1105 and FIG. 18 shows a lateral cross-sectional view of an approximately full accumulator 1105. As seen in FIGS. 16B-18, as the accumulator 1105 is filled or expands, the rolling diaphragm 1127 unfolds while the ribbons of the constant force springs 1129 unwind thereby providing resistance against said expansion. As noted earlier, the rolling diaphragm 1127 helps maintain a seal between the outer surface of the piston 1125 and the inner wall of the accumulator 1105 while minimizing friction between the two surfaces that might interfere with the expansion or operation of the accumulator 1105.

(120) FIG. 19 shows an exploded view of an accumulator 1105. The outer barrel of the accumulator 1105 may be constructed of a material such as polycarbonate plastic and is preferably transparent enough for the position of the piston 1125 therein to be externally readable against a pressure indicator 1115 on the accumulator 1105. For example, the top edge of the piston 1125 may align with a mark on the pressure indicator 1115 to indicate a pressure setting. A clear outer barrel may also allow for monitoring of the state of the piston 1125 within the accumulator 1105 during transport to observe, for example, a maximum displacement thereof. FIG. 19 shows a pair of constant force springs 1129 and a pair of connectors 1131 configured to couple to tubing to provide fluid communication between the interior of the accumulator 1105 and a gas source and an organ via an organ adapter.

(121) As one skilled in the art would recognize as necessary or best-suited for the systems and methods of the invention, systems and methods of the invention may include computers that may include one or more of processor (e.g., a central processing unit (CPU), a graphics processing unit (GPU), etc.), computer-readable storage device (e.g., main memory, static memory, etc.), or combinations thereof which communicate with each other via a bus. Computers may include mobile devices (e.g., cell phones), personal computers, and server computers. In various embodiments, computers may be configured to communicate with one another via a network in order to display image series or allow remote storage, viewing, or selection of images of a given series.

(122) A processor may include any suitable processor known in the art, such as the processor sold under the trademark XEON E7 by Intel (Santa Clara, Calif.) or the processor sold under the trademark OPTERON 6200 by AMD (Sunnyvale, Calif.).

(123) Memory preferably includes at least one tangible, non-transitory medium capable of storing: one or more sets of instructions executable to cause the system to perform functions described herein (e.g., software embodying any methodology or function found herein); data (e.g., portions of the tangible medium newly re-arranged to represent real world physical objects of interest accessible as, for example, a picture of an object like a motorcycle); or both. While the computer-readable storage device can in an exemplary embodiment be a single medium, the term computer-readable storage device should be taken to include a single medium or multiple media (e.g., a centralized or distributed database, and/or associated caches and servers) that store the instructions or data. The term computer-readable storage device shall accordingly be taken to include, without limit, solid-state memories (e.g., subscriber identity module (SIM) card, secure digital card (SD card), micro SD card, or solid-state drive (SSD)), optical and magnetic media, hard drives, disk drives, and any other tangible storage media.

(124) Input/output devices according to the invention may include one or more of a video display unit (e.g., a liquid crystal display (LCD) or a cathode ray tube (CRT) monitor), an alphanumeric input device (e.g., a keyboard), any temperature, pressure, or other sensor described herein, a cursor control device (e.g., a mouse or trackpad), a disk drive unit, a signal generation device (e.g., a speaker), a touchscreen, a button, an accelerometer, a microphone, a cellular radio frequency antenna, a network interface device, which can be, for example, a network interface card (NIC), Wi-Fi card, or cellular modem, or any combination thereof.

(125) One of skill in the art will recognize that any suitable development environment or programming language may be employed to allow the operability described herein for various systems and methods of the invention. For example, systems and methods herein can be implemented using Perl, Python, C++, C#, Java, JavaScript, Visual Basic, Ruby on Rails, Groovy and Grails, or any other suitable tool. For a computer, it may be preferred to use native xCode or Android Java.

EXAMPLES

Example 1Modeling of Lung Pressure Changes During Transport

(126) Lung volume and pressure conditions were modeled during transport without an accumulator, with a spring-based accumulator, and with a weight based accumulator (as described above). Since PV=nRT (ideal gas law) the trapped volume inside the lung will obey pV/T=constant or p.sub.fV.sub.f/T.sub.f=p.sub.oV.sub.o/T.sub.o where o refers to starting and f to final conditions.

(127) P is the atmospheric pressure, absolute. p is the internal pressure, absolute, biased somewhat above P. V is the contained volume (lung, tubing, accumulator) T is the temperature in Kelvin.

(128) For pressure the model defines and uses cmH.sub.2O and atm (the SI unit standard). Pressure measurements are absolute unless otherwise stated.

(129) $\mathrm{cmH}2O=\frac{\mathrm{gm}.Math.g}{{\mathrm{cm}}^2}$$1\mathrm{atm}=1.033{10}^3.Math.\mathrm{cmH}2O$$1\mathrm{atm}=14.696.Math.\mathrm{psi}$
Ambient Condition Ranges:

(130) Ambient Pressure (P) can range between the following (note that weather measurements are usually in inHg):
1 atm=29.921 in.sub.HgPatm.sub.min:=25.69 in_Hg=0.859.Math.atm Patm.sub.max=32.06 in_Hg: 1.071.Math.atm

(131) Altitude at recovery should be accounted for. For example, the typical pressure in a city such as Denver, Colo. may be calculated as:

(132) $p_{\mathrm{atmosphere}}\left(h\right):=1\mathrm{atm}.Math.\exp \left(\frac{-g.Math.0.0289644\frac{\mathrm{kg}}{\mathrm{mol}}.Math.h}{8.31447\frac{J}{K.Math.\mathrm{mol}}.Math.288.15K}\right)$$p_{\mathrm{atmosphere}}\left(5280\mathrm{ft}\right)=0.826.Math.\mathrm{atm}$

(133) The range of P.sub.o is from .sup.0.8 to .sup.1.08 atm. Lung temperature (T) can range between the following (assumes that recovery occurs in cold operating rooms and transport is under not as cold conditions):
T.sub.o_min:=2 C.=275.15K and T.sub.o_max=65 F.=291.483K
Travel Conditions:

(134) To model transit conditions, it is assumed that T stays approximately constant. Allowing Tf to rise to 8 C. is conservative. Extremes of pressure will be seen in airplane cabins and is approximated as follows for various aircraft (Cabin Pressure is typically measured in equivalent altitude): Regulatory Maximum=2400 m (p.sub.atmosphere(2400 m)=0.752 atm) Boeing 767=2100 m (p.sub.atmosphere(2100 m)=0.780 atm) (typical of older airliners) Airbus A380=1868 m (p.sub.atmosphere(1868 m)=0.801 atm) Boeing 747400=1572 m (p.sub.atmosphere(1572 m)=0.830 atm) So flight pressures can range from 0.752 up to 0.830 atm.
Range Values for Exploring Solution Space: i=0 . . . 50 (where i is the ambient pressure index); j=0 . . . 2 (where j is the initial conditions index for solutions of multiple cases simultaneously); p.sub.min==0.75 atm and p.sub.max==1.10 atm

(135) $P_{{\mathrm{travel}}_i}:=P_{min}+\frac{\left(P_{m\mathrm{ax}}-P_{min}\right)}{50}.Math.i$
Lung Parameters:

(136) The lung values used herein are taken from literature. The volumes at 40 cmH.sub.2O and above are extrapolated. The resulting interpolated lung pressure-volume model is large: volume is 4.74 liters at 15 cmH2O. The pressure-volume model was scaled to establish a resting volume of 3.5 L at 15 cmH2O.

(137) ${\mathrm{Lung}}_p:=\left(\begin{array}{c}-20\\ -16\\ -12\\ -8\\ -4\\ 0\\ 4\\ 8\\ 12\\ 16\\ 20\\ 24\\ 28\\ 32\\ 36\\ 40\\ 50\\ 60\\ 70\\ 80\\ 100\end{array}\right)\mathrm{cmH}2O{\mathrm{Lung}}_v:=\left(\begin{array}{c}0.600\\ 0.635\\ 0.670\\ 0.695\\ 0.710\\ 0.815\\ 1.100\\ 2.400\\ 3.90\\ 4.600\\ 5.040\\ 5.250\\ 5.370\\ 5.470\\ 5.500\\ 5.525\\ 5.543754952\\ 5.557634961\\ 5.567219684\\ 5.572870767\\ 5574845677\end{array}\right)L$$V_{\mathrm{rest}}:=3.5L;P_{\mathrm{rest}}:=15\mathrm{cmH}2O$$\mathrm{Lung}V(P_{\mathrm{rest}},0\mathrm{cmH}2O=4.474L$${\mathrm{Vlung}}_{m\mathrm{ax}}=5L\left(\mathrm{this}\mathrm{simulates}a\mathrm{volume}\mathrm{constraint}\mathrm{from}a\mathrm{perfectly}\mathrm{rigid}\mathrm{lung}\right)$

(138) The scaled, max-limited Lung Volume formula is then:

(139) $V_{\mathrm{lung}}\left(p,P\right):=\min \left(V{\mathrm{lung}}_{max},\mathrm{Lung}V,\left(p,P\right).Math.\frac{V_{\mathrm{rest}}}{\mathrm{Lung}V(P_{\mathrm{rest}},0\mathrm{cmH}2O}\right)$
(where p=internal and P=external pressure, absolute)

(140) A graph of the lung curve can be modeled using the following equation:
Plung.sub.min=min(Lung.sub.p)=20.Math.cmH2O

(141) ${\mathrm{Plung}}_{m\mathrm{ax}}:=\max \left({\mathrm{Lung}}_p\right)=100.Math.\mathrm{cm}H2O$${\mathrm{Plung}}_i={\mathrm{Plung}}_{min}+\frac{\left({\mathrm{Plung}}_{m\mathrm{ax}}-P{\mathrm{lung}}_{min}\right)}{50}.Math.i$

(142) A graph of the target volume, pressure and target compliance can be created as follows:

(143) $K_{\mathrm{target}}:=\frac{200\mathrm{mL}}{\mathrm{cmH}2O}$$\mathrm{TargetLine}Y:=\left(\begin{array}{c}10L\\ V_{\mathrm{rest}}\\ -1L\end{array}\right)$$\mathrm{Target}\mathrm{Line}X:=\left[\begin{array}{c}{P}_{\mathrm{rest}}=\frac{\left({\mathrm{TargetLineY}}_0-V_{\mathrm{rest}}\right)}{K_{\mathrm{target}}}\\ P_{\mathrm{rest}}+\frac{\left({\mathrm{TargetLineY}}_2-V_{\mathrm{rest}}\right)}{K_{\mathrm{target}}}\end{array}\right]$

(144) The curve of an ex-vivo lung model, volume vs. pressure is shown in FIG. 20. The target shown is a lung volume of 3.5 L at 15 cmH2O. The curve is taken from literature and scaled (on Y axis) to pass through target. Values for pressure >36 cmH2O are extrapolated.

(145) Accumulator parameters for the model were varied based on the accumulator used as follows:

(146) 1) No Accumulator:

(147) $\mathrm{AccumPresent}=0\left(\mathrm{When}\mathrm{this}\mathrm{is}\mathrm{zero},\mathrm{there}\text{'}s\mathrm{no}\mathrm{accumulator}\mathrm{in}\mathrm{the}\mathrm{system}\right).$${\mathrm{Vacmltr}}_{min}=50\mathrm{mL}{\mathrm{Vacmltr}}_{m\mathrm{ax}}=1500.\mathrm{mL}\left(\mathrm{These}\mathrm{values}\mathrm{represent}\mathrm{the}\mathrm{designed}\mathrm{volume}\mathrm{range}\right)$${\mathrm{Vacmltr}}_{\mathrm{recovery}}=\left(\begin{array}{c}1.\\ 0.35\\ 0.05\end{array}\right).Math.L$
(this is set by the recovery team, e.g. system is filled with air until accumulator is at the stipulated volume, which may vary based on ambient pressure at time/place of recovery)

(148) $\mathrm{Kacmltr}=400..Math.\frac{\mathrm{mL}}{\mathrm{cmH}2O}$
(Higher numbers here represent a weight-loaded design; lower numbers represent a spring-loaded design) P.sub.acmltr=15.Math.cmH2O (This is the nominal accumulator pressure, at Vacmltr.sub.recovery1, e.g., when the piston is at the target volume for the nominal pressure case. It is set by the weight or spring)

(149) 0$V_{\mathrm{acmltr}}\left(p,P\right):=\max \left[{\mathrm{Vacmltr}}_{min},\min \left[{\mathrm{Vacmltr}}_{m\mathrm{ax}},{\mathrm{Vacmltr}}_{\mathrm{recovery}1}+\mathrm{Kacmltr}.Math.\left(p-P-P_{\mathrm{acmltr}}\right)\right]\right]$${\mathrm{Hacmltr}}_{m\mathrm{ax}}:=20\mathrm{cm}$${\mathrm{Hacmltr}}_{\mathrm{ma}x}:=7.874\mathrm{in}$$\mathrm{Dacltr}:=\sqrt{\frac{4{\mathrm{Vacmltr}}_{m\mathrm{ax}}}{.Math.{\mathrm{Hacmltr}}_{m\mathrm{ax}}}}=9.772.Math.\mathrm{cm}$${\mathrm{Fspring}}_{min}:=P_{\mathrm{acmltr}}.Math.\frac{}{4}.Math.{\mathrm{Dacltr}}^2=2.48.Math.\mathrm{lbf}$$F{\mathrm{spring}}_{m\mathrm{ax}}:={\mathrm{Fspring}}_{min}+\frac{\left({\mathrm{Vacmltr}}_{m\mathrm{ax}}-{\mathrm{Vacmltr}}_{min}\right)}{\mathrm{Kacmltr}}.Math.\left(\frac{}{4}.Math.{\mathrm{Dacltr}}^2\right)=3.08.Math.\mathrm{lbf}$$\mathrm{Kspring}:=\frac{{\mathrm{Fspring}}_{m\mathrm{ax}}-{\mathrm{Fspring}}_{min}}{{\mathrm{Hacmltr}}_{m\mathrm{ax}}}=0.076.Math.\frac{\mathrm{lbf}}{\mathrm{in}}$${\mathrm{Hspring}}_{min}:=1\mathrm{in}\left(\mathrm{This}\mathrm{is}\mathrm{the}\mathrm{spring}\mathrm{height}\mathrm{at}\max \mathrm{compression}\right)$${\mathrm{Hspring}}_{\mathrm{free}}:={\mathrm{Hspring}}_{min}+{\mathrm{Hacmltr}}_{m\mathrm{ax}}+\frac{{\mathrm{Fspring}}_{min}}{\mathrm{Kspring}}=41.456.Math.\mathrm{in}$ (This is the free height of the spring and not meaningful for weight-biased designs)
2) Spring-Based Accumulator:

(150) Parameters are same as for no accumulator above aside from the following:

(151) $\mathrm{AccumPresent}=1$$\mathrm{Kacmltr}=350..Math.\frac{\mathrm{mL}}{\mathrm{cmH}2O}$${\mathrm{Fspring}}_{\mathrm{ma}x}:={\mathrm{Fspring}}_{min}+\frac{\left({\mathrm{Vacmltr}}_{m\mathrm{ax}}-{\mathrm{Vacmltr}}_{min}\right)}{\mathrm{Kacmltr}}.Math.\left(\frac{}{4}.Math.{\mathrm{Dacltr}}^2\right)=3.165.Math.\mathrm{lbf}$$\mathrm{Kspring}:=\frac{{\mathrm{Fspring}}_{\mathrm{ma}x}-{\mathrm{Fspring}}_{min}}{{\mathrm{Hacmltr}}_{max}}=0.087-\frac{\mathrm{lbf}}{in}$${\mathrm{Hspring}}_{\mathrm{free}}:={\mathrm{Hspring}}_{min}+{\mathrm{Hacmltr}}_{\mathrm{ma}x}+\frac{{\mathrm{Fspring}}_{min}}{\mathrm{Kspring}}=37.383.Math.\mathrm{in}$
3) Weight-Based Accumulator:

(152) Parameters are same as for no accumulator above aside from the following

(153) $\mathrm{AccumPresent}=1$${\mathrm{Vacmltr}}_{\mathrm{recovery}}=\left(\begin{array}{c}0.9\\ 0.3\\ 0.01\end{array}\right).Math.L$$\mathrm{Kacmltr}=10000..Math.\frac{\mathrm{mL}}{\mathrm{cmH}2O}$${\mathrm{Fspring}}_{max}:=F{\mathrm{spring}}_{min}+\frac{\left({\mathrm{Vacmltr}}_{max}-{\mathrm{Vacmltr}}_{min}\right)}{\mathrm{Kacmltr}}.Math.\left(\frac{}{4}.Math.{\mathrm{Dacltr}}^2\right)=2.504.Math.\mathrm{lbf}$$\mathrm{Kspring}:=\frac{{\mathrm{Fspring}}_{m\mathrm{ax}}-{\mathrm{Fspring}}_{min}}{{\mathrm{Hacmltr}}_{m\mathrm{ax}}}=3.045{10}^{-3}\frac{\mathrm{lbf}}{\mathrm{in}}$${\mathrm{Hspring}}_{\mathrm{free}}:={\mathrm{Hspring}}_{min}+{\mathrm{Hacmltr}}_{m\mathrm{ax}}+\frac{{\mathrm{Fspring}}_{min}}{\mathrm{Kspring}}=823.427.Math.\mathrm{in}$
Initial Conditions:

(154) $T_o=\left[\begin{array}{c}4\\ 4\\ 4\end{array}\right]C.P_o=\left[\begin{array}{c}0.860\\ 1.000\\ 1.080\end{array}\right]$ atm where P.sub.o is the external environmental pressure.

(155) The accumulator's behavior was used to determine p.sub.o and V.sub.o, e.g., the initial internal pressure volume at the above P.sub.o and T.sub.o given all other parameters. The accumulator is filled to the target volume, which sets the internal pressure.

(156) $p_o:=\frac{{\mathrm{Vacmltr}}_{\mathrm{recovery}}}{\mathrm{Kacmltr}}.Math.0+P_{\mathrm{acmltr}}+P_o=\left(\begin{array}{c}903.576\\ 1048.227\\ 1130.886\end{array}\right)-\mathrm{cmH}2{Op}_o-P_o\left(\begin{array}{c}15\\ 15\\ 15\end{array}\right)-\mathrm{cmH}2O$

(157) The lung volume was determined by the initial and external pressures as:
Vlung.sub.initial=V.sub.lung(p.sub.o,P.sub.o)=3.5 L

(158) The Contained Volume V.sub.o is the sum of accumulator and lung volumes. This is the initial volume of air inside the system. This mass of air will remain unchanged, so the ideal gas law governs its subsequent behavior (relationship of pressure to volume). V.sub.o can be defined as follows for the various accumulator types:

(159) No Accumulator:

(160) $V_o:=\mathrm{AccumPresent}.Math.{\mathrm{Vacmltr}}_{\mathrm{recovery}}+{\mathrm{Vlung}}_{\mathrm{initial}}=\left(\begin{array}{c}3.5\\ 3.5\\ 3.5\end{array}\right)L$
Spring-Based Accumulator:

(161) $V_o:=\mathrm{AccumPresent}.Math.{\mathrm{Vacmltr}}_{\mathrm{recovery}}+{\mathrm{Vlung}}_{\mathrm{initial}}=\left(\begin{array}{c}4.5\\ 3.85\\ 3.55\end{array}\right)L$
Weight-Based Accumulator:

(162) $V_o:=\mathrm{AccumPresent}.Math.{\mathrm{Vacmltr}}_{\mathrm{recovery}}+{\mathrm{Vlung}}_{\mathrm{initial}}=\left(\begin{array}{c}4.4\\ 3.8\\ 3.51\end{array}\right)L$

(163) The equation for final volume Ve is based on the ideal gas law for contained volume,

(164) $\frac{p_f.Math.V_f}{T_f}=\frac{p_o.Math.V_o}{T_o}$ solved for Vf:

(165) $V_f=\frac{p_o.Math.V_o}{T_o}.Math.\frac{T_f}{p_f}$

(166) The adapted equation was used in the solve function below:
p.sub.guess:=1.2.Math.p.sub.o.sub.2 given:

(167) 0$\frac{p_o.Math.V_o}{T_o}.Math.\frac{T_f}{p_{\mathrm{guess}}}=\mathrm{AccumPresent}.Math.V_{\mathrm{acmltr}}\left(p_{\mathrm{guess}},\mathrm{Ptravel}\right)+V_{\mathrm{lung}}\left(p_{\mathrm{guess}},\mathrm{Ptravel}\right)$ with the following constraint added:
p.sub.guess>P.sub.travel providing a solution of:
ptravel(po,Vo,To,Tf,Ptravel):=Find.sub.(p.sub.guess.sub.)

(168) The inputs to this function are the initial conditions together with travel pressure and temperature. The output of this function is the internal pressure.

(169) The solution for a defined range of conditions can then be found:
p.sub.travel.sub.i,j=ptravel(p.sub.o.sub.j,V.sub.o.sub.j,T.sub.f,P.sub.travel.sub.i)
Vlung.sub.travel.sub.i,j:=V.sub.lung(p.sub.travel.sub.i,j,P.sub.travel.sub.i)
V.sub.acmltrtravel.sub.i,j=AccumPresent.Math.V.sub.acmltr(p.sub.travel.sub.i,j,P.sub.travel.sub.i)
P.sub.lung.sub.i,j=p.sub.travel.sub.i,jP.sub.travel.sub.i

(170) FIGS. 21 and 22 show lung pressure and volume in no-accumulator systems given various parameters. Lung pressure and volume were plotted in FIG. 21 given the following:

(171) Initial Conditions:

(172) $P_o\left(\begin{array}{c}\text{.86}\\ 1\\ 1.08\end{array}\right)1\mathrm{atm}\begin{array}{c}\mathrm{Atmospheric}\\ \mathrm{Pressure}\mathrm{at}\\ \mathrm{Recovery}\end{array}$$T_o\left(\begin{array}{c}4\\ 4\\ 4\end{array}\right)C.\begin{array}{c}\mathrm{Internal}\\ \mathrm{Temperature}\mathrm{at}\\ \mathrm{Recovery}\end{array}$
Lung Parameters:
Vlung.sub.max=5 L limiting bag/box volume
Accumulator Design Parameters:

(173) $\mathrm{AccumPresent}0\left(0=\mathrm{no}\mathrm{accum}.\right)$$\mathrm{Kacmltr}400.Math.\frac{\mathrm{mL}}{\mathrm{cmH}2O}$$\mathrm{Realistic}\mathrm{spring}~400\mathrm{mL}/\mathrm{cmH}2O.$$\mathrm{Weighted}\mathrm{piston}>5000\mathrm{mL}/\mathrm{cmH}2O$$P_{\mathrm{acmltr}}15\mathrm{cm}H2O\mathrm{recovery}\mathrm{pressure}$${\mathrm{Vacmltr}}_{\mathrm{ma}x}1.5L\mathrm{maximum}\mathrm{volume}$${\mathrm{Vacmltr}}_{min}50\mathrm{mL}\mathrm{minimum}\mathrm{volume}$${\mathrm{Vacmltr}}_{\mathrm{recovery}}\left(\begin{array}{c}1000\mathrm{mL}\\ 350\mathrm{mL}\\ 50\mathrm{mL}\end{array}\right)\begin{array}{c}\mathrm{Accum}.\\ \mathrm{volume}\mathrm{as}\mathrm{set}\\ \mathrm{by}\mathrm{recovery}\\ \mathrm{team}\end{array}$
In-Transit Temperature:
T.sub.f=8 C.
Airplane Cabin Pressures: Reguatory Minimum=0.75 atm Older Airplanes==0.78 atm Newer Aiplanes=0.80-0.83 atm

(174) Given the above values, FIG. 21 shows lung pressure and volume across a range of ambient (atmospheric) pressures during transit without an accumulator based on three different atmospheric pressures at recovery (0.86 atm, 1 atm, and 1.08 atm). Lung volume, recovery at 0.86 Patm 1201, lung volume, recovery at 1 Patm 1202, lung volume, recovery at 1.08 Patm 1203, and accumulator volume 1207 (set to zero here to represent a lack of accumulator) are plotted against the left hand scale. Lung pressure, recovery at 0.86 Patm 1204, lung pressure recovery at 1 Patm 1205, and lung pressure, recovery at 1.08 Patm 1206 are plotted against the right hand scale.

(175) FIG. 22 shows lung pressure and volume across a range of ambient (atmospheric) pressures during transit without an accumulator with recovery at 1 atm. The values are the same as given for the nominal (1 atm recovery pressure) plot in FIG. 21.

(176) As shown in FIGS. 21 and 22, the lung volume and pressure vary markedly in response to changes in the in-transit ambient pressure from airplane ascent and descent. These changes can cause damage to the lung tissue and negatively impact viability of the organ for transplant.

(177) FIGS. 23 and 24 show lung pressure and volume in spring-based accumulator systems given various parameters. Lung pressure and volume were plotted in FIG. 23 given the following:

(178) Initial Conditions:

(179) $P_o\left(\begin{array}{c}\text{.86}\\ 1\\ 1.08\end{array}\right)1\mathrm{atm}\begin{array}{c}\mathrm{Atmospheric}\\ \mathrm{Pressure}\mathrm{at}\\ \mathrm{Recovery}\end{array}$$T_o\left(\begin{array}{c}4\\ 4\\ 4\end{array}\right)C.\begin{array}{c}\mathrm{Internal}\\ \mathrm{Temperature}\mathrm{at}\\ \mathrm{Recovery}\end{array}$
Lung Parameters:
Vlung.sub.max=5 L limiting bag/box volume
Accumulator Design Parameters:

(180) $\mathrm{AccumPresent}1\left(0=\mathrm{no}\mathrm{accum}.\right)$$\mathrm{Kacmltr}350.Math.\frac{\mathrm{mL}}{\mathrm{cmH}2O}$$\mathrm{Realistic}\mathrm{spring}~400\mathrm{mL}/\mathrm{cmH}2O$$\mathrm{Weighted}\mathrm{piston}>5000\mathrm{mL}/\mathrm{cmH}2O$$P_{\mathrm{acmltr}}15\mathrm{cmH}2O\mathrm{recovery}\mathrm{pressure}$${\mathrm{Vacmltr}}_{m\mathrm{ax}}1.5L\mathrm{maximum}\mathrm{volume}$${\mathrm{Vacmltr}}_{min}50\mathrm{mL}\mathrm{minimum}\mathrm{volume}$${\mathrm{Vacmltr}}_{\mathrm{recovery}}\left(\begin{array}{c}1000\mathrm{mL}\\ 350\mathrm{mL}\\ 50\mathrm{mL}\end{array}\right)\begin{array}{c}\mathrm{Accum}.\\ \mathrm{volume}\mathrm{as}\mathrm{set}\\ \mathrm{by}\mathrm{recovery}\\ \mathrm{team}\end{array}$
In-Transit temperature:
T.sub.f=8 C.
Airplane Cabin Pressures: Regulatory Minimum=0.75 atm Older Airplanes=0.78 atm Newer Airplanes=0.80-283 atm

(181) Given the above values, FIG. 23 shows lung pressure and volume across a range of ambient (atmospheric) pressures during transit with a spring-based accumulator based on three different atmospheric pressures at recovery (0.86 atm, 1 atm, and 1.08 atm). Lung volume, recovery at 0.86 atm, 1 atm, and 1.08 atm 1401 and accumulator volume 1407 are plotted against the left hand scale. Lung pressure, recovery at 0.86 atm, 1 atm, and 1.08 atm 1406 are plotted against the right hand scale. Of note compared to FIG. 21, the lung volume, lung pressure, and accumulator volume curves are consistent across the various atmospheric pressure conditions at recovery because the accumulator volume set at the time of recover compensates for these differences. Furthermore, as shown in FIGS. 23-26, the lung volume and lung pressure curves are much flatter than those in FIGS. 21 and 22 (without an accumulator) while the accumulator volume changes to offset pressure differentials caused by changes in cabin pressure.

(182) FIG. 24 shows lung pressure and volume across a range of ambient (atmospheric) pressures during transit without an accumulator with recovery at 1 atm. The values are the same as given for the nominal (1 atm recovery pressure) plot in FIG. 23.

(183) FIGS. 25 and 26 show lung pressure and volume in weight-based accumulator systems given various parameters. Lung pressure and volume were plotted in FIG. 25 given the following:

(184) Initial Conditions:

(185) $P_o\left(\begin{array}{c}\text{.86}\\ 1\\ 1.08\end{array}\right)1\mathrm{atm}\begin{array}{c}\mathrm{Atmospheri}\\ \mathrm{Pressure}\mathrm{at}\\ \mathrm{Recovery}\end{array}$$T_o\left(\begin{array}{c}4\\ 4\\ 4\end{array}\right)C.\begin{array}{c}\mathrm{Internal}\\ \mathrm{Temperature}\mathrm{at}\\ \mathrm{Recovery}\end{array}$
Lung Parameters:
Vlung.sub.max=5 L limiting bag/box volume
Accumulator Design Parameters

(186) $\mathrm{AccumPresent}1\left(0=\mathrm{no}\mathrm{accum}.\right)$$\mathrm{Kacmltr}10000.Math.\frac{\mathrm{mL}}{\mathrm{cmH}2O}$$\mathrm{Realistic}\mathrm{spring}~400\mathrm{mL}/\mathrm{cmH}2O$$\mathrm{Weighted}\mathrm{piston}>5000\mathrm{mL}/\mathrm{cmH}2O$$P_{\mathrm{acmltr}}15\mathrm{cmH}2O\mathrm{recovery}\mathrm{pressure}$${\mathrm{Vacmltr}}_{m\mathrm{ax}}1.5L\mathrm{maximum}\mathrm{volume}$${\mathrm{Vacmltr}}_{min}50\mathrm{mL}\mathrm{minimum}\mathrm{volume}$${\mathrm{Vacmltr}}_{\mathrm{recovery}}\left(\begin{array}{c}900\mathrm{mL}\\ 300\mathrm{mL}\\ 10\mathrm{mL}\end{array}\right)\begin{array}{c}\mathrm{Accum}.\\ \mathrm{volume}\mathrm{as}\mathrm{set}\\ \mathrm{by}\mathrm{recovery}\\ \mathrm{team}\end{array}$
In-Transit Temperature:
T.sub.f=8 C.
Airplane Cabin Pressures: Regulatory Minimum=0.75 atm Older Airplanes=0.78 atm Newer Airplanes=0.80-283 atm

(187) Given the above values, FIG. 25 shows lung pressure and volume across a range of ambient (atmospheric) pressures during transit with a weight-based accumulator based on three different atmospheric pressures at recovery (0.86 atm, 1 atm, and 1.08 atm). Lung volume, recovery at 0.86 atm, 1 atm, and 1.08 atm 1601 and accumulator volume 1607 are plotted against the left hand scale. Lung pressure, recovery at 0.86 atm, 1 atm, and 1.08 atm 1606 are plotted against the right hand scale. As with FIG. 23, the lung volume, lung pressure, and accumulator volume curves are consistent across the various atmospheric pressure conditions at recovery because the accumulator volume, set at the time of recover compensates for these differences. The lung volume and pressure curves are slightly flatter than the spring-based accumulator curves in FIG. 23.

(188) FIG. 26 shows lung pressure and volume across a range of ambient (atmospheric) pressures during transit without an accumulator with recovery at 1 atm. The values are the same as given for the nominal (1 atm recovery pressure) case in the plot in FIG. 25.

Example 2Accumulator System Testing

(189) Method

(190) Three shippers were used for this test. Each shipper was modified with the addition of a four-way Stopcock (Qosina P/N 88218) and male and female barb fittings to allow the pressure gauge to be attached to the system.

(191) Preconditioning

(192) The three sets of cooling ribbons and pouches were placed inside the Envirotronics chamber and subjected to a forty-eight-hour soak at 20 C. One CX402-T2M Data Logger s/n: 20593104 was placed inside the chamber to record chamber temperatures.

(193) At the same time the cooling ribbons and pouches were placed in the chamber, the three sets of porcine lungs were placed in the CSZ chamber for a forty-eight-hour soak at 6 C. Prior to placement in the chamber, each set of lungs was packaged to simulate use of the device. An Endotracheal Tube (ET tube, Medsource P/N MS-23265) was placed in the trachea and the cuff of the ET tube was inflated and secured with umbilical tape (DeRoyal P/N 30-410). The proximal end of the ET tube was attached to the standard 15 mm connector on the Filtration Assembly per typical device use. As even minor damage to a lung during retrieval can cause leakage of the organ itself, the porcine lungs were only relied upon for mass, form factor, representative handling, and forces within the system during testing. To negate the possibility of study interference from a leaky lung at this juncture, the leak-free volume expected of pristine lungs was represented by a balloon. This was accomplished by making an incision in the trachea closer to the bronchus after insertion of the initial ET tube per typical operation and installing a second ET tube oriented in opposition to the first, again inflating the cuff with water and securing with umbilical tape. This provides a continuous, leak-proof path from the accumulator to the 15 mm connector on the second ET tube, to which a balloon was affixed and then secured with umbilical tape.

(194) Each set of lungs was submerged in water prior to packaging and attached to the accumulator via the quick connect integral to the shipper to check for leaks. The hand bulb was used to fill the accumulators and provide air to the lung setup and balloon. All lung setups were able to be submerged without the detection of bubbles so packaging of the lungs continued. Each lung was then placed in a 3M Steri-Drape Bag (Ref 1003) with 2 L of Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS). This bag was tied, using the drawstrings integral to the bag, against the first ring on the Filtration Assembly. The bag containing the lung was placed in a second 3M Steri-Drape bag and filled with an additional 2 L of PBS. This bag was tied, using the drawstrings integral to the second bag, against the second ring on the Filtration Assembly. A third 3M Steri-Drape bag was added outside of the second bag and tied to the third ring on the Filtration Assembly via the drawstrings integral to the third bag. Each packaged lung was then placed in the 6 C. chamber. The average mass of the lungs was 1178 g measured with balance 090814.

(195) The purpose of preconditioning during this study was to ensure the payload had the relevant material properties and would behave as would be experienced during operation.

(196) Temperature was recorded per normal operational procedure and for information only.

(197) Altitude and Vibration Test Setup After preconditioning, the packaged porcine lung was placed on the rack within the Shipper. The quick connect on the Filtration Assembly was attached to the corresponding quick connect fitting integral to the Shipper. Each clamp on the Filtration Assembly was ensured to be opened. Each cooling tray was installed in the shipper and the Filtration Assembly was secured to it using umbilical tape. Three cooling ribbons and one pouch (.sup.2500 g) of cooling material was placed on the tray. The Shipper lid was then placed on the Shipper and secured with the integrated latches. The onboard datalogger was started.

(198) Success of this study will be demonstrated by the ability to maintain pressure within the range of 10 to 15 cmH2O (3.7 to 5.9 in H2O) during altitude and vibration testing per ASTM 4169.

(199) Additionally, this study checked the functionality of using the hand bulb to recharge the system.

(200) ASTM 4169 Altitude Test

(201) Each shipper was placed in the altitude chamber and the accumulator was filled to approximately 60% of the accumulator capacity using the hand bulb. The volume in the accumulator was chosen to accommodate air expansion within the system and balloon at altitude. A pressure gauge was connected to the four-way stopcock and was placed such that it could be read during the test. After use of the hand bulb, the clamp integral to the tubing between the hand bulb and pressure gauge was clamped.

(202) Each shipper was subjected to one hour of altitude at 14,000 ft. A pressure measurement was taken prior to test initiation, every fifteen minutes at altitude, and after the conclusion of the test when the shipper was at ambient pressure.

(203) ASTM 4169 Truck and Air Vibration Test

(204) The hand bulb was used to refill the accumulator between altitude and vibration tests to demonstrate accumulator can be recharged during nominal operating conditions through this mechanism. After use of the hand bulb, the clamp integral to the tubing between the hand bulb and pressure gauge was clamped.

(205) The pressure gauge was removed from stopcock and stopcock was switched to an off position to prevent damage to the pressure gauge during vibration testing. The three shippers were placed flat on the vibration table and subjected to thirty minutes of ASTM 4169 Truck Vibration and thirty minutes of ASTM 4169 Air Vibration.

(206) Note: ASTM 4169-09 was appropriate for this testing as 4169-16 requires packaging to be tested in multiple orientations. As this test is meant to evaluate use of the shippers and during a use scenario the shippers will always be accompanied by a doctor, only a single orientation was necessary.

(207) Results

(208) Preconditioning

(209) No visual deformities were found to the samples during Preconditioning testing.

(210) Altitude

(211) No visual deformities or operational problems were found to the shippers before or after Altitude testing.

(212) TABLE-US-00001 Lung #1 Lung #2 Lung #3 Test Time (in H2O) (in H2O) (in H2O) Before test started 5.2 4.5 4.3 15 minutes 5.4 5.8 4.2 30 minutes 4.4 5.0 5.0 45 minutes 4.5 5.0 5.0 1 hour 4.2 4.8 4.2 Ambient after test 4.1 4.4 4.2
Vibration

(213) No visual deformities or operational problems were found to the SherpaPak ALPS shippers before or after both Truck and Air Vibration testing.

(214) TABLE-US-00002 Lung #1 Lung #2 Lung #3 Test Time (in H2O) (in H2O) (in H2O) Before test started 5.2 5.0 5.4 After 30 minutes of Truck 5.2 5.0 5.2 After 30 minutes of Air 5.1 5.2 4.9 Note: After Air Vibration testing only, Lung #2 was not recording a pressure value until the Accumulator was lifted, possibly caused by a pinched tube.

(215) All shipper systems remained within the desired pressure range for both Altitude and Vibration testing per ASTM 4169. Additionally, the hand bulb was able to refill the accumulator between Altitude and Vibration tests to demonstrate that the accumulator can be recharged during nominal operating conditions through this mechanism.

Example 3Accumulator System Benchtop Testing

(216) Setup and Methods

(217) Three sets of shippers were presented for test. To test each Accumulator, the quick connect integral to the Shipper was connected to the corresponding quick connect on the Filtration Assembly. The Filtration Assembly was then connected to an Endotracheal Tube (ET tube, Medsource P/N MS-23265). A balloon was placed around the cuff of the ET tube, the cuff was inflated with water, and the balloon was secured with umbilical tape (DeRoyal P/N 30-410). This setup mimics how the shipper would be set up during normal use with the balloon acting as the lung for this study. Porcine lungs were not used as it was expected that damage during retrieval would cause leaks that would make it difficult to assess performance of the accumulator. Each shipper was modified with the addition of a 4-way Stopcock (Qosina P/N 88218) and male and female barb fittings to allow the pressure gauge to be attached to the system.

(218) To check for air leaks in the test system, the balloon and ET tube were submerged in water and each of the three Accumulators was filled to approximately 75% full volume using the Accumulator Hand Bulb. Each system was able to be submerged without detection of bubbles so set-up continued.

(219) After the accumulator was filled and passed the leak check, each shipper was placed on a flat surface, the tubing between the Accumulator and the hand bulb was clamped, and the test was initiated. The pressure in each accumulator was monitored using a pressure gauge.

(220) Pressure measurements of each accumulator were taken every hour during normal working hours over a twenty-four-hour period. Success criteria for this test is defined as maintenance of pressure between 10 to 15 cmH.sub.2O (3.7 to 5.9 inH.sub.2O) during the full test duration for each of the three systems.

(221) As stated in the Method Section, a pressure range of 10 to 15 cmH.sub.2O (3.7 to 5.9 inH.sub.2O) was acceptable. All three samples remained within the desired pressure range for the full twenty-four-hour bench test.

INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE

(222) References and citations to other documents, such as patents, patent applications, patent publications, journals, books, papers, web contents, have been made throughout this disclosure. All such documents are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entirety for all purposes.

EQUIVALENTS

(223) Various modifications of the invention and many further embodiments thereof, in addition to those shown and described herein, will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the full contents of this document, including references to the scientific and patent literature cited herein. The subject matter herein contains important information, exemplification and guidance that can be adapted to the practice of this invention in its various embodiments and equivalents thereof.