APPARATUS WITH A REPEATING TRAPEZOIDAL MECHANISM THAT ENABLES AN ALTERNATING PRESSURE SUPPORT SURFACE FOR PREVENTING PRESSURE INJURY

Abstract

A pressure sore prevention mattress is provided alternating pressure points on the body of an occupant that is easily transformable between two stable configurations. The four-layer mattress construction has a top foam pad, a webbing layer, a dynamic layer of deformable panels trapezoid-shaped four-bar mechanisms that deform to produce an undulating pattern of peaks, and a base. Panel geometry can determine peak height. The mattress has a spatially hollow geometry that allows natural air convection through the breathable top foam pad to enable drying of moisture as well as the use of forced air convective drying or cooling. The mattress can be transformed from one configuration to the other while the occupant is on the mattress.

Claims

1. An apparatus for preventing pressure injury, the apparatus comprising: (a) a foundation layer which supports the apparatus; (b) a dynamic layer comprising a plurality of mechanism panels, wherein each mechanism panel comprises a plurality of legs extending from a base to a strip formed by a series of adjacently connected top bars on either side of said strip, wherein said base of each said mechanism panel is connected to extend orthogonally from said foundation layer; (c) wherein each said mechanism panel in said plurality of mechanism panels comprises a unit cell, said unit cell comprising said first and second legs in said plurality of legs, said first and second legs having proximal ends attached to rotatable joints at said base, said first and second legs having distal ends attached at rotatable joints at said strip, said first and second legs arranged in a trapezoidal shape wherein the proximal end of each said leg is attached to either end of the said base and wherein the distal end of each said leg is attached to either end of said strip thereby forming a trapezoid, wherein movement of said strip in a first direction causes said first rigid leg to create a peak in said strip and said second leg to create a valley in said strip, and wherein movement of said strip in a second direction causes said first leg to create a valley in said strip and said second leg to create a peak in said strip which creates undulations in a top surface of the apparatus; (d) a stop which limits the extent to which the first and second legs can move at their respective rotatable joints and that said strip can move in said first direction and said second direction; and (e) wherein said dynamic layer of said apparatus upon being moved between said first positional state and said second positional state, in response to application of horizontal force, alternates the pattern of pressure being applied to a body of an occupant received thereon, wherein pressure peak points become pressure valleys, and pressure valleys become pressure peak points, to prevent bed sores which can arise when the pattern of pressure peak points remains static.

2. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a topmost layer, said topmost layer comprising a compliant layer that provides a desired level of padding, said topmost layer positioned above said strips of said mechanism panels.

3. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the compliant layer comprises a material selected from the group of materials consisting of memory foam and foam rubber.

4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said plurality of mechanism panels are coupled with straps, at least one of said straps configured for coupling with a strip of a mechanism panel.

5. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein there is at least one padding layer over the straps which comprises a foam pad with periodically positioned holes through the pad, the holes configured for air circulation.

6. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein said at least one padding layer comprises a foam pad made from a material selected from the group of materials consisting of memory foam and foam rubber.

7. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a topmost layer, said topmost layer comprising a plurality of layers of a foam pad with periodically positioned holes through the foam pad, wherein said holes are configured for air circulation through the foam pad, said topmost layer positioned above said strips of said mechanism panels.

8. The apparatus of claim 1: wherein the plurality of mechanism panels comprises a plurality of first mechanism panels and a plurality of second mechanism panels; wherein the mechanism panels in said first plurality of mechanism panels are configured with an offset that is out of phase from the mechanism patents in said second plurality of mechanism panels; and wherein the mechanism panels in said first plurality of mechanism panels and the mechanism panels in said second plurality of mechanism panels are positioned in a sequentially alternating pattern.

9. The apparatus of claim 8: wherein unit cells of adjacent mechanism panels, as attached to the base, are staggered so that the peaks and valleys created in the associated strips and carried through the entire apparatus by straps and/or topmost compliant layer, when switching between said first and second directions thereby creating a two-dimensional checkerboard pattern of peaks and valleys.

10. The apparatus of claim 1: wherein the plurality of mechanism panels comprises a plurality of first mechanism panels and a plurality of second mechanism panels; wherein the mechanism panels in said first plurality of mechanism panels are configured without an offset to be in phase from the mechanism panels in said second plurality of mechanism panels and; wherein unit cells of adjacent mechanism panels are staggered so that the peaks and valleys created in associated strips and carried through the apparatus by straps and/or topmost compliant layer, when switching between said first and second directions create a one-dimensional sinusoidal pattern of peaks and valleys.

11. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the base of each said mechanism panel has a bottom configured for mounting to said foundation layer.

12. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the foundation layer can bend along a length of the apparatus, or bend along a width of the apparatus.

13. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the foundation layer can bend along a lengthwise or widthwise direction of the apparatus.

14. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said foundation layer comprises a plurality of horizontal segments.

15. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said stop comprises a triangular shaped stop.

16. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein unit cells of adjacent mechanism panels are staggered by approximately one-half of a distance between adjacent unit cells in a lengthwise direction of each said mechanism panel.

17. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said foundation layer comprises a plurality of horizontal segments joined to each other toward allowing free in-plane angular rotation.

18. The apparatus of claim 1: wherein each mechanism panel in the plurality of mechanism panels comprises a series of trapezoid-shaped four-bar mechanisms; and wherein each bar in the four-bar mechanisms is joined to the mechanism panel by rotatable joints that rotates under load to produce an undulating pattern.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS

[0025] The technology described herein will be more fully understood by reference to the following drawings which are for illustrative purposes only:

[0026] FIG. 1 is a diagram of an expanded view of a mattress structure with four layers according to one embodiment of the technology.

[0027] FIG. 2 is a diagram of an assembled mattress of the four layers shown in FIG. 1 with an arrow that indicates the direction of actuation.

[0028] FIG. 3 is a diagram of two different panels that are arranged sequentially, in parallel and out of phase.

[0029] FIG. 4A is a schematic side view of a panel section showing the trapezoid-shaped four-bars within each panel design shown with diamond flexures on top and in an unloaded state. The direction of actuation is also shown.

[0030] FIG. 4B is a schematic side view of a panel section in a loaded state from above showing the four-bar mechanism deforms into one of its two stable configurations when it is loaded from above thus producing undulating pressure points.

[0031] FIG. 5 is a side view of a panel section with a top layer with diamond shaped flexures in an unloaded state.

[0032] FIG. 6 is a side view of a panel section with a top layer with diamond shaped flexures of FIG. 5 in a loaded state and in a first configuration.

[0033] FIG. 7 is a side view of a panel section with a top layer with diamond shaped flexures of FIG. 6 in a loaded state transitioning to a second configuration.

[0034] FIG. 8 is a perspective view of a sections of panels with alternating panels out of phase coupled to a grid of straps in an unloaded state or an intermediate transition state between configurations.

[0035] FIG. 9 is a perspective view of the sections of FIG. 8 in a loaded state and in a first configuration producing a first set of pressure points in the mattress.

[0036] FIG. 10 is a perspective view of the sections of FIG. 9 in a loaded state moved to a second stable configuration producing a second set of pressure points in the mattress.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0037] Referring more specifically to the drawings, for illustrative purposes, devices, systems and methods for decreasing pressure points and pressure sores in immobile and aging patients are generally shown. Several embodiments of the technology are described generally in FIG. 1 to FIG. 10 to illustrate the characteristics and functionality of the devices, systems, materials and methods. It will be appreciated that the methods may vary as to the specific steps and sequence and the systems and apparatus may vary as to structural details without departing from the basic concepts as disclosed herein. The method steps are merely exemplary of the order that these steps may occur. The steps may occur in any order that is desired, such that it still performs the goals of the claimed technology.

[0038] Turning now to FIG. 1, an embodiment of affordable, lightweight mattress that utilizes multi-stable compliant mechanisms is used to generally illustrate the bed or cushioning platform. The bi-stable compliant-mechanism-based mattress 10 is a platform that periodically shifts pressure points on the body of the occupant of the bed or cushion to avoid pressure related sores. The shifting of pressure points by the mattress platform also reduces the need for turning hospital patients every two hours and the associated secondary injuries to patients and staff that can occur with the frequent repositioning of heavy patients.

[0039] In the expanded embodiment of FIG. 1, the compliant-mechanism-based mattress 10 comprises four layers. The top layer is a rectangular foam pad 12 with periodic holes 14 punched through the pad 12. The purpose of the top pad 12 is to provide a comfortable interface surface for the occupant. The holes 14 of pad 12 are there to help circulate air from underneath the mattress to passively prevent bed sores by helping to prevent the formation of sweat and to provide openings for the movement of air to and away from the surface of the reclining body of the occupant. Although the pad 12 preferably has holes, the pad may be solid in one embodiment. The foam pad 12 can be made of conventional foam rubber, memory foam or similar material.

[0040] Below the bottom surface of top pad 12 is an open grid of straps 16 that allows air to pass through its geometry into the holes 14 of the foam pad 12 of the mattress 10. The straps of the grid 16 are preferably oriented orthogonally to form a grid with openings to allow the flow of air through holes 14 of pad 12. In one embodiment, the intersections of the vertical and horizontal straps may be joined together. In another embodiment, the vertical and horizontal straps simply overlap.

[0041] The straps of grid 16 also provide lateral support for the elongate horizontal compliant panels below them in the dynamic mechanism layer 18. In one embodiment, corresponding straps of grid 16 are oriented and mounted to the top surface of each of the parallel horizontal compliant panels forming the dynamic mechanism layer 18 of the mattress 10.

[0042] The individual panels forming the dynamic mechanism layer 18 are mounted to a foundation layer 20 that supports the whole mattress. The foundation layer 20 may segmented or sectioned across the width as shown in FIG. 1 and FIG. 2 or the foundation 20 may be a solid sheet. The horizontal segments forming of foundation 20, may be held together with straps or flexible hinges so that the foundation layer 20 is flexible lengthwise but inflexible widthwise. In one embodiment, the foundation layer is made from a flexible material that is resilient and can stretch and flex.

[0043] The four layers affixed together forming the mattress 10 are shown in FIG. 2. The arrow that is depicted on the top surface of the top pad 12 indicates the side to side direction of actuation of the panels of the dynamic mechanism layer 18.

[0044] As shown in detail in FIG. 3 through FIG. 10, the dynamic layer 18 of the mattress is formed with an array of parallel horizontal compliant panels that can move between two stable states. Each panel is preferably planar and mounted on a base edge to the foundation layer 20. In one preferred embodiment, the panels are produced from an elongate piece that is cut from a single flat slab using a planar fabrication processes such as waterjet, wire EDM, CNC milling process, etc. Since the panels are two-dimensional extrusions in this embodiment, the design can be fabricated rapidly with conventional planar processes and using minimal steps allowing high-throughput and low-cost manufacturing. The design is also easily customizable for individual patients without increasing the cost of making each mattress.

[0045] There are two panels 22, 24 illustrated in FIG. 3. These panels are essentially identical to each other, but in different phases and are configured to be mounted parallel to each other so that one panel is offset out of phase from the other by a distance, d. The parallel horizontal panels that form the dynamic layer 18 are preferably separated from each other with a spacing of the same distance, d, in one embodiment. It is also preferred that each of the panel types are sequentially alternated from one phase to the other along the entire length of the dynamic layer 18 of the mattress 10.

[0046] The individual panels 22 have a base with triangle shaped stops 28 along its length with two rigid legs 26 spaced and mounted between the triangles with thin compliant and resilient hinges or joints 30 as seen in the detail of FIG. 3. The hinges 30 allow the legs 26 to pivot back and forth in the direction of either adjacent triangular stops 28 within the plane of the panel.

[0047] The top end of each of the legs 26 is mounted to an upper layer 34 with thin compliant hinges or joints 32. The top hinges 30 and the bottom hinges 32 of the legs 26 are also resilient in one embodiment so that the legs 26 return to a starting position.

[0048] The upper layer 34 of the panel is preferably formed from top 42 and bottom 44 flexible strips separated by a layer of deformable diamond elements 38. The base of the panel with triangular shaped stops is mounted to the foundation 20 layer with bolts, glue or other type of fastener. The top strip of the upper layer 34 with the deformable diamonds 38 of each panel 22, 24 is mounted to the strips of the grid layer 16.

[0049] As seen in the side views of FIG. 4A and FIG. 4B each of the panels are designed to be a series of trapezoid-shaped four-bar mechanisms. The bars forming the mechanism shape are highlighted by solid lines 40 shown in FIG. 4A and FIG. 4B. The rigid bodies that constitute each bar that are joined together by thin compliant hinges or joints 30, 32. These joints deform when the mattress is loaded thus producing the undulating pattern shown in FIG. 4B. The possible horizontal direction of movements of the top surface of the panel with respect to the base section as a result of the movement of the legs 26 and hinges 30, 32 is shown in FIG. 4A.

[0050] The layer with diamond shaped flexures 38 of the upper layer 34, shown in FIG. 4B on top of the trapezoid-shaped four-bar mechanisms, help to smooth out the undulating pattern so that it is more sinusoidal and gradual than the sharp triangles that the four-bars would alone produce. These undulations not only occur along the length of each panel but also occur in two-dimensions along the length of the bed when the bed is loaded as shown with vertical arrows in FIG. 4B. This two-dimensional undulation produced by the panels is enabled because of the two alternating offset series of panels as described and shown in FIG. 3.

[0051] The sections of the panels that are shown in FIG. 3 through FIG. 10 are uniform in size and geometry to illustrate the function of the panels of the dynamic layer 18. However, the geometry of the panels and the organization of the panel types in the dynamic layer 18 can be selected to control the height and location of undulations and pattern of pressure points in each configuration. As seen in FIG. 4B, for example, the deformations of the top level 34 of the panel form sinusoidal undulations with a height or peak and wavelength that is determined by the geometry of the leg and triangular stop elements and spacing of elements in each panel. In one embodiment, the pitch (wavelength of the sine wave i.e., the distance between two peaks) can vary within the panel. Consequently, it is possible to design the dynamic layer 18 and panels with a smaller pitch in the middle of the bed in the more sensitive areas like the sacrum (upper hip, buttocks), scapula (the bones in the back under either shoulder), head and the ankles. Smaller pitch will enable finer alternation of pressure points and will eliminate dead zones (areas where there is no change in pressure) and reduce the unnecessary cost of creating planar features with small pitch in the entire bed.

[0052] The movement of the elements of the panels and the mechanism of deformation into one of its two stable configurations when it is loaded from above producing undulating pressure points on the patient's body are shown in the side views of FIG. 5, FIG. 6 and FIG. 7 and the perspective views of FIG. 8, FIG. 9 and FIG. 10.

[0053] Referring now to FIG. 5, the resting state of the panels of the dynamic layer 18 is depicted in a side view. In this unloaded state, the legs 26 are not in contact with the triangular stop elements 28 of the base section of the panel 22 and the top layer 34 with diamond shaped flexures 38 is approximately horizontal. This configuration in FIG. 5 also illustrates a transition state between the two stable positions shown in FIG. 9 and FIG. 10, for example.

[0054] With the application of a load, as shown in FIG. 4B and FIG. 6, the legs 26 move about hinge 30 to engage the triangular stop 28 causing the deformation of the lower strip section 44, the flexure of diamond flexures 38 and the deformation top surface strip 42 of top layer 34. The pair of legs 26 are positioned so that one leg 26 can move about the axis of the bottom hinge 30 and engage an adjacent triangular stop 28 while the second leg of the pair of legs moves in the same direction as the first leg about the axis of its lower hinge 30 but does not engage a triangular stop 28. The geometry of the deformations can also be changed with the angle of the triangular stop elements 28 or the selection of the distances between the hinges 30 and the triangular stops 28.

[0055] These deformations result in the creation of a stable undulation 48 in the panels and a pressure point on the load. These undulations 48 transfer through the foam pad 12 onto the back of the occupant to produce a grid or pattern of stable pressure points configured by the panel deformations.

[0056] The parallel panels 22 can also be moved to a second stable position by moving legs 26 of the panel from engaging one triangular stop 28 to engage an adjacent triangular stop 28 as illustrated in FIG. 7 and FIG. 10. When the panel is moved in one actuation direction, the left leg 26 will engage a triangular stop 28 and when the panel is moved in the opposite direction the right leg 26 will engage a second triangular stop 28.

[0057] The reconfiguration to the second stable position as shown in FIG. 7 will produce a second grid of undulations 50. Since the lattice of horizontal compliant panels can be reconfigured to two different stable positions, the bed can be actuated back and forth along the actuation direction, shown in FIG. 2, and the grid of pressure points can be alternated on any desired timetable. By pushing or pulling on the mattress along its actuation direction, the mattress can be reconfigured in either of these two configurations with minimal actuation power so the pressure points on the body of the occupant changes and the occupant is protected from accruing bed sores.

[0058] These undulations not only occur along the length of each panel but also occur in two-dimensions along the length of the bed when the bed is loaded as shown in FIG. 8, FIG. 9 and FIG. 10. This two-dimensional undulation is enabled because of the two alternating panel designs shown in FIG. 3. These undulations transfer through the foam pad onto the back of the reclining occupant to produce a grid of pressure points that is dynamic.

[0059] Referring now to FIG. 8, a section of the dynamic mechanism layer 18 with three panels out of phase with the adjacent panel is shown with the grid 16 of straps 52 mounted to the top surface of the parallel panels. The section depicted in FIG. 8 is shown in an unloaded state as also illustrated in the cross-sections FIG. 4A and FIG. 5. In this embodiment, the joints 30, 32 and the flexible diamonds are compliant and resilient and bring the mattress to an even planar state. In another embodiment, the hinges 30, 32 at each end of the legs 26 are flexible but not resilient.

[0060] It can also be seen that there is a lot of open space between the panels for air to pass through the straps and the holes in the foam mattress to passively flow air to and from the body of the occupant from below.

[0061] The application of a load on the mattress will cause the formation of undulations 54 from deformations in the top layer of the panels with the pivoting movements of the legs 26 as illustrated in FIG. 9. The triangle-shaped rigid bodies in the center of each trapezoid in the panels illustrated in FIG. 4B act as hard-stops so the four bars stop deforming when their legs 26 hit the triangular stops 28 and the bed remains in a stable configuration. The trapezoid-shaped four-bar mechanisms help to smooth out the undulating pattern so that it is more sinusoidal and gradual than the sharp triangles that the four-bars would produce alone.

[0062] As shown in FIG. 10 the pattern of undulations on the mattress can be changed with the actuation of panels from the first position illustrated in FIG. 9 to a second position shown in FIG. 10 producing new undulations 56. As also shown in FIG. 6 and FIG. 7, the legs 26 pivot around hinge 30 in the opposite direction so that an adjacent leg 26 engages an adjacent triangular stop 28 causing a different deformation of the top panel surface and a new undulation or pressure point 56 and overall producing a new pattern of pressure points by the mattress.

[0063] A particularly attractive feature of the design is that when the patient lays on the bed, the mattress passively deforms to one of the two configurations shown in FIG. 9 or FIG. 10. Since the compliant hinges 30, 32 labeled in FIG. 5 remain deformed in that configuration, that strain energy is reclaimed when the caregiver pulls the bed along the actuation direction shown in FIG. 2 and FIG. 4A. Once the caregiver pulls the mattress past that configuration, the mattress will again passively click into its second stable configuration. So, because the panels are compliant and resilient, they substantially reduce the force required to lift the patient and change the bed between its two stable positions as illustrated in FIG. 9 and FIG. 10. Thus, caregivers won't strain their muscles reconfiguring the bed. If the bed is actuated back and forth every hour or so, the pressure points are guaranteed to change at all points on the body of the occupant so that the occupant never develops bed sores.

[0064] One important feature of the mattress is that the patient can move with the mattress during transition between stable states. As a consequence, there is no relative motion and friction between the occupant and the mattress. There is also no pulling or pushing of any portion of the body of the occupant required eliminating any shear forces on the skin during transition.

[0065] Although manual actuation of the dynamic panel elements from a first configuration to a second configuration is illustrated, it will be understood that the configuration changes could be accomplished mechanically. For example, electric motors or solenoids could be used to perform the conformational changes. In one embodiment, a single linear motor could be automated to reconfigure the mattress to each of its two stable positions every hour or other designated time points. The motor would use minimal power since most of the energy necessary to lift the patient from one configuration to the next is passively stored as strain energy in the deformed compliant joints 30, 32 of the legs 26 (FIG. 3). The motor function and timing are programmed with a computer processor and programming providing automated control over configuration changes so that the occupant will be exposed to a new pattern of undulations and a different set of pressure points at controllable intervals.

[0066] The mattress 10 embodiment shown in FIG. 1 has a segmented foundation 20 that can flex or bend along the length. The panels are mounted to the foundation 20 in the same direction as horizontal segments of the foundation 20 allowing the foundation 20 to bend. The segments forming the foundation may be flexibly coupled or hinged to move in relation to each other in one direction. In this embodiment, the mattress design with horizontal segments and panels can be adjusted along their length so that the patient's feet and torso can be lowered while their knees and head are lifted like traditional hospital beds without modification to the mattress design. Accordingly, the mattress can be bent at locations along the length of the patient's body to allow the patient to sit up in bed and lay down flat like other hospital bed mattresses in use and still allow patient to be exposed to a changing pattern of undulations and set of pressure points.

[0067] From the description herein, it will be appreciated that the present disclosure encompasses multiple embodiments which include, but are not limited to, the following: [0068] 1. A mattress apparatus for minimizing pressure ulcers, the apparatus comprising: (a) a foam pad with a top surface and a bottom surface; (b) a webbing layer mounted to the bottom surface of the foam pad; (c) a dynamic layer of a plurality of planar panels with a deformable strip coupled to the webbing layer, a base and two or more legs coupled to the deformable strip and base with resilient hinges; and (d) a foundation layer coupled to the base of the panels; (e) wherein the legs and deformable strip of the dynamic layer can move between two stable positions; and (f) wherein movement of the legs and deformable strip in relation to the base of each panel causes deformations in the deformable strip. [0069] 2. The apparatus of any preceding or following embodiment, wherein the foam pad comprises a foam pad with periodically positioned holes through the pad, the holes configured for air circulation through the foam pad. [0070] 3. The apparatus of any preceding or following embodiment, wherein the foam pad is made of a material selected from the group of materials consisting of memory foam and foam rubber. [0071] 4. The apparatus of any preceding or following embodiment, wherein the webbing layer comprises a grid of orthogonal straps, at least one of the straps configured for coupling with a deformable strip of each panel. [0072] 5. The apparatus of any preceding or following embodiment: wherein the plurality of panels comprises a plurality of first panels and a plurality of second panels; wherein the first panels configured with an offset that is out of phase from the second panels; and wherein the plurality of panels is configured such that the first and second panels are positioned in a sequentially alternating pattern. [0073] 6. The apparatus of any preceding or following embodiment, wherein the deformable strip of the planar panels comprises: a top panel layer; a resilient lower panel layer; and a plurality of diamond-shaped flexures disposed between the top panel layer and the lower panel layer. [0074] 7. The apparatus of any preceding or following embodiment, wherein the base of the planar panels further comprises: a linear outer edge configured for mounting to the foundation layer; an inner edge with triangular shaped rigid bodies spaced regularly along the inner edge of the base member; and pairs of legs flexibly coupled at one end to the inner edge of the base member between the triangular shaped rigid bodies with resilient hinges; wherein movement of the legs is limited by the triangular shaped rigid bodies. [0075] 8. The apparatus of any preceding or following embodiment, wherein the foundation layer is flexible. [0076] 9. The apparatus of any preceding or following embodiment, wherein the foundation layer comprises a plurality of rigid horizontal segments. [0077] 10. A mattress apparatus, comprising: (a) a support substrate; (b) a plurality of planar panels having an upper member coupled to a base member with a plurality of legs and flexible hinges, the base member mounted to the support substrate, the panels oriented parallel to each other; (c) a grid of straps joined to the upper member of the panels; and (d) a top layer coupled to the grid of straps; (e) wherein each upper member of the panels moves in relation to the base member from a first stable position to a second stable position. [0078] 11. The apparatus of any preceding or following embodiment, wherein the support substrate is flexible. [0079] 12. The apparatus of any preceding or following embodiment, wherein the support substrate comprises a plurality of rigid horizontal segments flexibly coupled to each other. [0080] 13. The apparatus of any preceding or following embodiment, wherein the upper member of the planar panels comprises: a top panel layer; a resilient lower panel layer; and a plurality of diamond-shaped flexures disposed between the top panel layer and the lower panel layer. [0081] 14. The apparatus of any preceding or following embodiment, wherein the base member of the planar panels further comprises: a linear outer edge configured for mounting to the support substrate; and an inner edge with triangular shaped rigid bodies spaced regularly along the inner edge of the base member; and pairs of legs flexibly coupled at one end to the inner edge of the base member between the triangular shaped rigid bodies with resilient hinges; wherein movement of the legs is limited by the triangular shaped rigid bodies. [0082] 15. The apparatus of any preceding or following embodiment: wherein the plurality of panels comprises a plurality of first panels and a plurality of second panels; wherein the first panels configured with an offset that is out of phase from the second panels; and wherein the plurality of panels is configured such that the first and second panels are positioned in a sequentially alternating pattern. [0083] 16. The apparatus of any preceding or following embodiment, wherein the top layer comprises a foam pad with periodically positioned holes through the pad, the holes configured for air circulation through the top layer. [0084] 17. The apparatus of any preceding or following embodiment, wherein the top layer comprises a foam pad made from a material selected from the group of materials consisting of memory foam and foam rubber. [0085] 18. A multi-stable compliant-mechanism mattress apparatus, comprising: a top layer comprising a foam pad with periodically positioned holes through the pad, the holes configured for air circulation through the top layer; a grid of straps beneath the top layer the straps configured for air circulation through the top layer; a plurality of horizontal compliant panels beneath the grid of straps, the grid of straps providing support for the panels, the plurality of panels forming a compliant web; and a support substrate beneath the panels; wherein the compliant web is configured to move between first and second stable positions in response to application of horizontal force. [0086] 19. The apparatus of any preceding or following embodiment: wherein each panel in the plurality of panels comprises a single planar component; wherein the plurality of panels comprises a plurality of first panels and a plurality of second panels; wherein the first panels are configured with an offset that is out of phase from the second panels; and wherein the plurality of panels is configured such that the first and second panels are positioned in a sequentially alternating pattern. [0087] 20. The apparatus of any preceding or following embodiment: wherein each panel in the plurality of panels comprises a series of trapezoid-shaped four-bar mechanisms; and wherein each bar in the four-bar mechanisms is joined to the panel by compliant joints that deform under load to produce an undulating pattern. [0088] 21. The apparatus of any preceding or following embodiment, further comprising a plurality of diamond-shaped flexures positioned adjacent the four-bar mechanisms and configured for smoothing the undulations.

[0089] As used herein, the singular terms a, an, and the may include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Reference to an object in the singular is not intended to mean one and only one unless explicitly so stated, but rather one or more.

[0090] As used herein, the term set refers to a collection of one or more objects. Thus, for example, a set of objects can include a single object or multiple objects.

[0091] As used herein, the terms substantially and about are used to describe and account for small variations. When used in conjunction with an event or circumstance, the terms can refer to instances in which the event or circumstance occurs precisely as well as instances in which the event or circumstance occurs to a close approximation. When used in conjunction with a numerical value, the terms can refer to a range of variation of less than or equal to 10% of that numerical value, such as less than or equal to 5%, less than or equal to 4%, less than or equal to 3%, less than or equal to 2%, less than or equal to 1%, less than or equal to 0.5%, less than or equal to 0.1%, or less than or equal to 0.05%. For example, substantially aligned can refer to a range of angular variation of less than or equal to 10, such as less than or equal to 5, less than or equal to 4, less than or equal to 3, less than or equal to 2, less than or equal to 1, less than or equal to 0.5, less than or equal to 0.1, or less than or equal to 0.05.

[0092] Additionally, amounts, ratios, and other numerical values may sometimes be presented herein in a range format. It is to be understood that such range format is used for convenience and brevity and should be understood flexibly to include numerical values explicitly specified as limits of a range, but also to include all individual numerical values or sub-ranges encompassed within that range as if each numerical value and sub-range is explicitly specified. For example, a ratio in the range of about 1 to about 200 should be understood to include the explicitly recited limits of about 1 and about 200, but also to include individual ratios such as about 2, about 3, and about 4, and sub-ranges such as about 10 to about 50, about 20 to about 100, and so forth.

[0093] Although the description herein contains many details, these should not be construed as limiting the scope of the disclosure but as merely providing illustrations of some of the presently preferred embodiments. Therefore, it will be appreciated that the scope of the disclosure fully encompasses other embodiments which may become obvious to those skilled in the art.

[0094] All structural and functional equivalents to the elements of the disclosed embodiments that are known to those of ordinary skill in the art are expressly incorporated herein by reference and are intended to be encompassed by the present claims. Furthermore, no element, component, or method step in the present disclosure is intended to be dedicated to the public regardless of whether the element, component, or method step is explicitly recited in the claims. No claim element herein is to be construed as a means plus function element unless the element is expressly recited using the phrase means for. No claim element herein is to be construed as a step plus function element unless the element is expressly recited using the phrase step for.