NOVEL USE OF ROCHELLE SALT

Abstract

The present invention relates to new uses of seignette salt and can be used in the field of dental and oral care products.

Claims

1. (canceled)

2. (canceled)

3. (canceled)

4. (canceled)

5. (canceled)

6. (canceled)

7. (canceled)

8. (canceled)

9. (canceled)

10. A toothpaste, comprising: purified water 20-80 wt %; thickener 0.5-1.5 wt %; potassium sodium tartrate (seignette salt) 0.01-5 wt %; abrasive 0.01-20%; preservative 0.01-0.5 wt %; and surfactant 0.01-1 wt %.

11. The toothpaste of claim 10, further comprising glycerol 1-15 wt %.

12. The toothpaste of claim 10, further comprising moisturizer 10-30 wt %.

13. The toothpaste of claim 12, wherein the moisturizer is sorbitol.

14. The toothpaste of claim 10, wherein the thickener is sodium carboxylmethylcellulose.

15. The toothpaste of claim 14, further comprising a second thickener of xanthan gum 0.1-0.5 wt %.

16. The toothpaste of claim 10, further comprising a dry extract of stevia 0.01-1 wt %.

17. The toothpaste of claim 10, further comprising a sweetener 0.01-1 wt %.

18. The toothpaste of claim 10, further comprising trimethylglycine 0.01-1 wt %.

19. The toothpaste of claim 10, wherein the abrasive is silicon dioxide.

20. The toothpaste of claim 10, wherein the silicon dioxide is any of Sorbosil TC 15, Sorbosil AC 43 or Sorbosil AC 36.

21. The toothpaste of claim 10, wherein the surfactant is laurylsarcosinate.

22. The toothpaste of claim 10, wherein the preservative is bisabolol.

23. The toothpaste of claim 10, wherein the seignette salt is 0.1-2.5 wt %.

24. The toothpaste of claim 10, wherein the seignette salt is 0.5-1.5 wt %.

25. A toothpaste, comprising: water 20-80 wt %; potassium sodium tartrate (seignette salt) 0.01-5 wt %; abrasive 0.01-30 wt %; and surfactant 0.01-1 wt %.

26. The toothpaste of claim 25, further comprising a thickener 0.5-1.5 wt %.

27. The toothpaste of claim 25, further comprising a preservative 0.01-0.5 wt %.

28. The toothpaste of claim 25, wherein the abrasive is 0.01-20 wt %.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE ATTACHED DRAWINGS

[0043] The accompanying drawings, which are included to provide a further understanding of the invention and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate embodiments of the invention and together with the description serve to explain the principles of the invention.

[0044] In the drawings:

[0045] FIG. 1 illustrates working conditions of one of the experiments.

[0046] FIG. 2 illustrates working conditions of another one of the experiments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION

[0047] Reference will now be made in detail to the preferred embodiments of the present invention, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings.

[0048] The present invention relates to new uses of seignette salt. The aspects of the invention of the present application are the following.

[0049] Use of seignette salt in a dental and/or oral cavity care product as a whitening component.

[0050] Use of seignette salt in a dental and/or oral cavity care product as a whitening component that does not cause a significant/substantial enamel surface microstructure change. Seignette salt as a whitening component does not cause a significant/substantial enamel surface microstructure change comparing to conventional peroxide systems.

[0051] Use of seignette salt in a dental and/or oral cavity care product as a whitening component that does not cause a significant/substantial enamel microhardness change. Seignette salt as a whitening component does not cause a significant/substantial enamel microhardness change comparing to conventional peroxide systems.

[0052] Use of any of the above mentioned aspects, wherein the product is toothpaste, prophylactic toothpaste, tooth powder, a polishing teeth care product, tooth gel, chewing gum, sweet, candy, mouth rinse, whitening strip, dental floss with a coating, tooth brush with a coating, coloring gel, lacquer, syringe or dental tray containing gel or paste, whitening and/or remineralizing strips, tooth powder.

[0053] Use of a combination of seignette salt and silicon dioxide in a dental and/or oral cavity care product as an abrasive.

[0054] Use of a combination of seignette salt and silicon dioxide in a dental and/or oral cavity care product as a preservative.

[0055] Use of seignette salt in a dental and/or oral cavity care product as an antioxidant.

[0056] Embodiment of the invention can be illustrated with the following examples.

Example 1. Test of the Cleaning and Whitening Ability of FtCl (Ft Cleaning) 300

[0057] To determine resistance of dental enamel to attrition on a Martindale tester (hereinafterTester) the sets were analyzedsamples of solutions of piezoelectric materials and tooth brushes based on the following indicator: [0058] FtCl (Ft Cleaning) 300, characterizes the cleaning ability of a solution (paste) by making 300 cleaning movements (mah) in a suspension of piezoelectric materials. The indicator is used as an analog of PCR (Pellicle Cleaning Ration) and it enables quantitative assessment of the cleaning and whitening action of a solution (paste) in case of a single-time cleaning.

[0059] The minimum equipment set for the tests was represented by the following instruments: [0060] a Martindale tester (toothbrush model) produced by ATLAS; [0061] a chroma meter KONICA MINOLTRA CR-400 or another chroma meter (spectrophotometer) with the possibility of measuring color change in Lab coordinates and with max. size of the finishing mask of =12 mm; [0062] analytical balances with accuracy up to 0.1 mg, upper weighing limit min. 300 g; [0063] base plates of hydroxyapatite (hereinafterHAP base plates) based on the size of the hole in the Martindale tester brush-plate, with the whiteness value (L) 90-94; [0064] a supersoft slate pencil KOH-I-NOOR HARDMUTH 1500 7B.

[0065] The working conditions are illustrated in FIG. 1.

[0066] Determination of FtCl300 for a solution of piezoelectric materials: [0067] path: L=25 mm, [0068] rate 150 mah/min, [0069] impact300 mah, [0070] brush load 325 g, [0071] minimum quantity of parallel determinationsone per each paste with a test brush, [0072] a test tooth brush: tooth brush PROFESSIONAL COMPLETE of medium hardness, [0073] use one brush head for not more than 3-4 cycles, i.e. for 900-1200 mah, owing to wear out of bristles; then replace the brush head with a new one.

Test Methods.

[0074] Preparation of base plates of hydroxyapatite discs: [0075] 1) the quality of base plates is estimatedall base plates with cracks, chips, traces of any geometric deformation were excluded; [0076] 2) whiteness of the base plate surface was measured (Lin.): [0077] 3) the chromatometer was switched on and calibrated; [0078] 4) settings of the instrument measuring system were checked (this test requires Lab color coordinates); [0079] 5) a tablet was placed on the measuring table, its whiteness was measured three times; [0080] 6) sequential numbers were written on the opposite side of the tablet; [0081] 7) the base plate of hydroxyapatite discs was colored; [0082] 8) the base plate surface was carefully hatched with a supersoft slate pencil KOH-I-NOOR HARDMUTH 1500 7B in several directions; [0083] 9) the hatching was rubbed out with a thick unwaxed paper sheet and the tablet surface was polished to a shine; [0084] 10) a ready tablet has a distinctive metal shine of colored surface, the pigment has distinctive pigment adhesion to the base plate surface and does not color the expert's hands during contact and tests; [0085] 11) the whiteness of the colored base plate (Lcol) was measured.

[0086] The tester preparation for the test included the following stages: [0087] 1) individual portions of the suspension of paste in water (see the section of preparation of solutions) with the ratio of 1:2: 10 g of paste in 20 g of water were prepared for each cell; [0088] 2) the base plates were placed in holes of brush plates with their colored side up, suspensions were added. The tester was started for abrasion of base plates of colored hydroxyapatite discs. [0089] 3) the base plates were dried with filtration paper, then dried in air for 5-10 min, thenwith an air blow dryer with air temperature under 40 C. during 12-15 minutes, with periodic turnovers.

[0090] FtCl300 values were calculated by the formula:

FtCl300=100*(LclLcol)/(LinLcol)

Preparation of Solutions:

[0091] 1. The test solution: toothpaste with seignette salt: 1 (10 ml) part of toothpaste with seignette salt2 (20 ml) parts of distilled water; [0092] 2. Reference: toothpaste with barium titanate: 1 (10 ml) part of toothpaste with barium titanate2 (20 ml) parts of distilled water; [0093] 3. Zinc oxide paste solution: 1 (10 ml) part of toothpaste with zinc oxide2 (20 ml) parts of distilled water; [0094] 4. Positive control: SPLAT Special Blackwood toothpaste solution: 1 (10 ml) part of toothpaste: 2 (20 ml) parts of distilled water; [0095] 5. Negative control: 3 (30 ml) parts of water.

[0096] Formulation of test pastes (with a single concentration of different piezoelectric materials) is shown in Table 1.

TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Raw material, procedure % Purified water 0-80 Sorbitol 70% NEOSORB 70/70B 10-30 Sodium carboxylmethylcellulose 0.5-1.5 Walocel CRT 2000 PA 07 Xanthan gum Keldent 0.1-0.5 Glycerol 99.5% AAK SWEDEN AB 1-15 Potassium sodium tartrate Seignette 0.01-5 salt/Zinc oxide/Barium titanate Dry extract of Stevia PE Trimethylglycine Genencare 0.01-1 OSMS BA Silicon dioxide Sorbosil TC 15 0.01-1 Silicon dioxide Sorbosil AC 43 0.01-20 Silicon dioxide Sorbosil AC 36 0.01-20 Flavoring Naturally Cool Flavor 0.01-20 513539 T To taste Bisabolol rac 0.01-0.5 Laurylsarcosinate 0.01-1

[0097] Formulation Toothpaste SPLAT Special Blackwood@: Aqua, Hydrated Silica, Hydrogenated Starch Hydrolysate, Glycerin, Maltooligosyl Glucoside, Sodium Lauroyl Sarcosinate, Cellulose Gum, Aroma, Charcoal Powder, Capryloyl/Caproyl Methyl Glucamide, Lauroyl/Myristoyl Methyl Glucamide, Sodium Benzoate, Stevia ebaudiana Leaf Extract, Potassium Sorbate, Menthol, o-Cymen-5-ol, Juniperus communis Sprout Extract, Limonene.

[0098] Test results. The lightness level was estimated by CIE LAB scale. The Lab color model was created by the International Commission on Illumination (CIE). The color was described not in terms of elements reproduced by devices, but with the use of three components of human color vision. In this model any color is determined with lightness (L-Lightness) and two chromatic components: channel acolors from dark green through gray to purple, channel bcolors from blue through gray to yellow. Channels a and b change from 128 to 127, while L parameterfrom 0 to 100. The zero value of color components with brightness of 50 corresponds to gray color in RGB model (119,119,119). Brightness value of 100 gives white color, 0black.

[0099] The cleaning level is assessed by FtCln300 formula, where:

[0100] Lin is the whiteness value of hydroxyapatite discs before coloring.

[0101] Lcol is the whiteness value of hydroxyapatite discs after coloring.

[0102] Lcl is the whiteness value of hydroxyapatite discs after cleaning with toothpaste solutions.

FtCl300=100*(LclLcol)/(LinLcol), [0103] where the main constant is LLightness, which with the value of 100 denotes white color, so, the higher the FtCl value is, the more effective cleaning of the surface of hydroxyapatite discs was (Table 2).

TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 1 cycle 2 cycle Sample No. FtCl300 Sample No. FtCl300 1 (toothpaste with 70.43 1 (toothpaste with 68.78 seignette salt) seignette salt) 2 (toothpaste with 69.16 2 (toothpaste with 71.34 barium titanate) barium titanate) 3 (toothpaste with 56.19 3 (toothpaste with 54.17 zinc oxide) zinc oxide) 4 (Blackwood 63.85 4 (Blackwood 67.23 toothpaste) toothpaste) 5 (negative 35.70 5 (negative 33.45 control water) control water) 3 cycle 4 cycle 1 (toothpaste with 73.56 1 (toothpaste with 69.98 seignette salt) seignette salt) 2 (toothpaste with 73.68 2 (toothpaste with 69.3 barium titanate) barium titanate) 3 (toothpaste with 58.98 3 (toothpaste with 56.7 zinc oxide) zinc oxide) 4 (Blackwood 64.54 4 (Blackwood 64.26 toothpaste) toothpaste) 5 (negative 30.87 5 (negative 34.45 control water) control water) by 4 cycles 1 (toothpaste with 70.68 seignette salt) 2 (toothpaste with 70.87 barium titanate) 3 (toothpaste with 56.5 zinc oxide) 4 (Blackwood 64.97 toothpaste) 5 (negative 33.61 control water)

Results of Experiment 1:

[0104] 1) the test active ingredient was piezoelectric material seignette salt; [0105] 2) the reference toothpaste for cleaning was the high-abrasive toothpaste SPLAT Special Blackwood, which in clinical studies demonstrates the best results in whitening, equal to 2.5 tones by VITA scale; [0106] 3) the reference piezoelectric material was barium titanate, which has a typical piezoelectric tetrahedral structure and therefore is to demonstrate the best results; [0107] 4) also there was prepared toothpaste with zinc oxide, which is also a commercially available piezoelectric material.

[0108] At the end of the experiment, the best results were shown by barium titanate, which cannot be used in oral care products because of prohibition of use of barium salts in perfumery and cosmetics. With the difference of 0.19 the experiment confirmed effectiveness of seignette salt; seignette salt demonstrated better results than zinc oxide and reference toothpaste Splat Special Blackwood, which in its turn speaks of prominent cleaning abilities of the composition with seignette salt.

Example 2. Test of the Cleaning and Whitening Ability of FtCl (Ft Cleaning) 300

[0109] To determine resistance of dental enamel to attrition on a Martindale tester (hereinafterTester) the sets were analysedsamples of solutions of piezoelectric materials and tooth brushes based on the following indicator: [0110] FtCl (Ft Cleaning) 300, characterizes the cleaning ability of a solution (paste) by making 300 cleaning movements (mah) in a suspension of piezoelectric materials. The indicator is used as an analog of PCR (Pellicle Cleaning Ration) and it enables quantitative assessment of the cleaning and whitening action of a solution (paste) in case of a single-time cleaning.

[0111] The minimum equipment set for the tests was represented by the following instruments: [0112] 1) a Martindale tester (toothbrush model) produced by ATLAS; [0113] 2) a chroma meter KONICA MINOLTA CR-400 or another chroma meter (spectrophotometer) with the possibility of measuring color change in Lab coordinates and with max. size of the finishing mask of =12 mm; [0114] 3) Analytical balances with accuracy up to 0.1 mg, upper weighing limit min. 300 g; [0115] 4) base plates of hydroxyapatite (hereinafterHAP base plates) based on the size of the hole in the Martindale tester brush-plate, with the whiteness value (L) 90-94; [0116] 5) a supersoft slate pencil KOH-I-NOOR HARDMUTH 1500 7B.

[0117] The working conditions are illustrated in FIG. 2.

[0118] Determination of FtCl300 for a solution of piezoelectric materials: [0119] path: L=25 mm, [0120] rate 150 mah/min, [0121] impact300 mah, [0122] brush load 325 g, [0123] minimum quantity of parallel determinationsone per each paste with a test brush, [0124] a test tooth brush: tooth brush PROFESSIONAL COMPLETE of medium hardness [0125] use one brush head for not more than 3-4 cycles, i.e. for 900-1200 mah, owing to wear out of bristles; then replace the brush head with a new one.

Test Procedure:

Preparation of Base Plates of Hydroxyapatite Discs

[0126] 1) the quality of base plates is estimatedall base plates with cracks, chips, traces of any geometric deformation were excluded. [0127] 2) whiteness of the base plate surface was measured (Lin.): [0128] 3) the chromatometer was switched on and calibrated; [0129] 4) settings of the instrument measuring system were checked (this test requires Lab color coordinates) [0130] 5) a tablet was placed on the measuring table, its whiteness was measured three times. [0131] 6) sequential numbers were written on the opposite side of the tablet. [0132] 7) the base plates of hydroxyapatite discs were colored: [0133] 8) the base plate surface was carefully hatched with a supersoft slate pencil KOH-I-NOOR HARDMUTH 1500 7B in several directions. [0134] 9) the hatching was rubbed out with a thick unwaxed paper sheet and the tablet surface was polished to a shine. [0135] 10) a ready tablet has to have a distinctive metal shine of colored surface, the pigment has to have distinctive pigment adhesion to the base plate surface and should not color the expert's hands during contact and tests. [0136] 11) the whiteness of the colored base plate (Lcol) was measured.

Tester Preparation for Tests:

[0137] 1) individual portions of the suspension of paste in water (see the section of preparation of solutions) with the ratio of 1:2: 10 g of paste in 20 g of water were prepared for each cell. [0138] 2) the base plates were placed in holes of brush plates with their colored side up, suspensions were added. The tester was started for abrasion of base plates of colored hydroxyapatite discs. [0139] 3) the base plates were dried with filtration paper, then dried in air for 5-10 min, thenwith an air blow dryer with air temperature under 40 C. during 12-15 minutes, with periodic turnovers.

[0140] FtCl300 values were calculated by the formula:

FtCl300=100*(LclLcol)/(LinLcol)

[0141] Preparation of test solutions.

[0142] Two toothpastes with the following formulations were prepared: [0143] 1) Toothpaste free of active ingredients, with the exception of seignette salt with thickening silicaSilicon dioxide Sorbosil TC15 and abrasive silicaSilicon dioxide Sorbosil AC39, Silicon dioxide Sorbosil AC43: [0144] Formulation: Purified water, Sorbitol, Xanthan gum, Sodium carboxymethylcellulose, Glycerol, Formulation: Seignette salt, Silicon dioxide Sorbosil TC15, Silicon dioxide Sorbosil AC39, Silicon dioxide Sorbosil AC43, Potassium sorbate+sodium benzoate, Sodium lauroylsarcosinate [0145] 2) Toothpaste free of active ingredients, with the exception of seignette salt with thickening silicaSilicon dioxide Sorbosil TC15 and without abrasive silica: [0146] Purified water, Sorbitol, Xanthan gum, Sodium carboxymethylcellulose, Glycerol, Formulation: Seignette salt, Silicon dioxide Sorbosil TC15, Potassium sorbate+sodium benzoate, Sodium lauroylsarcosinate [0147] 3) Negative controlwater (Table 3).

TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 1 cycle 2 cycle Sample No. FtCl300 Sample No. FtCl300 1 (toothpaste with 71.80 1 (toothpaste with 71.42 seignette seignette salt + abrasive) salt + abrasive) 2 (toothpaste with 55.68 2 (toothpaste with 54.90 seignette salt w/o seignette salt w/o abrasive) abrasive) 3 (negative 31.29 3 (negative 31.45 control water) control water) 3 cycle 4 cycle 1 (toothpaste with 72.3 1 (toothpaste with 71.44 seignette seignette salt + abrasive) salt + abrasive) 2 (toothpaste with 55.9 2 (toothpaste with 55.27 seignette salt w/o seignette salt w/o abrasive) abrasive) 3 (negative 29.16 3 (negative 30.6 control water) control water) by 4 cycles 1 (toothpaste with 71.74 seignette salt + abrasive) 2 (toothpaste with seignette 55.43 salt w/o abrasive) 3 (negative control water) 30.62

[0148] Test results. The lightness level was estimated by CIE LAB scale.

[0149] The Lab color model was created by the International Commission on Illumination (CIE). The color was described not in terms of elements reproduced by devices, but with the use of three components of human color vision. In this model any color is determined with lightness (L-Lightness) and two chromatic components: channel acolors from dark green through gray to purple, channel bcolors from blue through gray to yellow. Channels a and b change from 128 to 127, while L parameterfrom 0 to 100. The zero value of color components with brightness of 50 corresponds to gray color in RGB model (119,119,119). Brightness value of 100 gives white color, 0black.

[0150] The cleaning level is assessed by FtC1300 formula, where:

[0151] Lin is the whiteness value of hydroxyapatite discs before coloring.

[0152] Lcol is the whiteness value of hydroxyapatite discs after coloring.

[0153] Lcl is the whiteness value of hydroxyapatite discs after cleaning with toothpaste solutions.

[0154] FtC1300=100*(LclLcol)/(LinLcol), where the main constant is LLightness, which with the value of 100 denotes white color, so, the higher the FtCl value is, the more effective cleaning of the surface of hydroxyapatite discs was.

[0155] As a result of the tests the toothpaste solutions demonstrated the following results (with FtCl going down):

[0156] Seignette salt+abrasive>Seignette salt w/o abrasive>negative control water.

[0157] Thus, seignette salt in combination with an abrasive system consisting of silica demonstrated the best results in cleaning the surface of hydroxyapatite discs.

Example 3. Preservation Ability Test

[0158] Two systems were tested for suppression of contamination with microorganisms by their formulations.

[0159] Two systems were seeded with the following microorganisms in specified concentrations (Tables 4 and 5).

TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 System 1: Aqueous solution with silica w/o seignette salt w/preservative - benzyl alcohol Concentration of test-microorganism in contaminated sample, CFU/g Lg N/Rx Kind of microorganism Initial Pseudomonas aeruginosa 8.2 10.sup.6 ATCC 9027 6.9 Escherichia coli 7.0 10.sup.6 ATCC 25922 6.8 Staphylococcus aureus 7.3 10.sup.6 ATCC 6538-P 6.9 Candida albicans 6.2 10.sup.5 ATCC 10231 5.8 Aspergillus brasiliensis 4.8 10.sup.5 ATCC 16404 5.7

TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 5 System 2: Aqueous solution w/silica and seignette salt w/o preservative Concentration of test-microorganism in contaminated sample, CFU/g Lg N/Rx Kind of microorganism Initial Pseudomonas aeruginosa 8.0 10.sup.6 ATCC 9027 6.9 Escherichia coli 7.5 10.sup.6 ATCC 25922 6.9 Staphylococcus aureus 7.8 10.sup.6 ATCC 6538-P 6.9 Candida albicans 5.6 10.sup.5 ATCC 10231 5.7 Aspergillus brasiliensis 5.3 10.sup.5 ATCC 16404 5.7

[0160] Results. After seven days the systems were analyzed for bacterial load and the following results were obtained (Tables 6 and 7):

TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 6 System 1: Aqueous solution w/silica w/o seignette salt w/preservative benzyl alcohol Concentration of test-microorganism in contaminated sample, CFU/g Lg N/Rx Kind of microorganism Initial After 7 days Pseudomonas aeruginosa 8.2 106 Under 10 ATCC 9027 6.9 /6.9 Escherichia coli 7.0 106 Under 10 ATCC 25922 6.8 /6.8 Staphylococcus aureus 7.3 106 Under 10 ATCC 6538-P 6.9 /6.9 Candida albicans 6.2 105 Under 10 ATCC 10231 5.8 /5.8 Aspergillus brasiliensis 4.8 105 Under 10 ATCC 16404 5.7 /5.7

TABLE-US-00007 TABLE 7 System 2: Aqueous solution w/silica and seignette salt w/o preservative Concentration of test-microorganism in contaminated sample, CFU/g Lg N/Rx Kind of microorganism Initial After 7 days Pseudomonas aeruginosa 8.0 106 Under 10 ATCC 9027 6.9 /6.9 Escherichia coli 7.5 106 Under 10 ATCC 25922 6.9 /6.9 Staphylococcus aureus 7.8 106 Under 10 ATCC 6538-P 6.9 /6.9 Candida albicans 5.6 105 Under 10 ATCC 10231 5.7 /5.7 Aspergillus brasiliensis 5.3 105 Under 10 ATCC 16404 5.7 /5.7

[0161] Conclusion: it was proven with the experiment that the preservation ability of a combination of silica and seignette salt is as effective as that of a combination of silica with benzyl alcohol preservative.

Example 4. Determination of Antioxidant Activity in Relation to Ascorbic Acid for a Liquid Sample by the Ferricyanide Spectrophotometric Method

[0162] Materials and methods. The test item was 2% seignette salt solution in distilled water. The measuring was done by Ferricyanide spectrophotometric method with the use of a spectrophotometer Konika Minolta [34] [0163] AOAantioxidant activity [0164] AOA (in moleq/l)=(D.sub.0D.sub.i)/1035 [0165] where D.sub.0 is optical density of the mediator system solution in distilled water (D.sub.0=1035). [0166] D.sub.i is optical density of the mediator system solution in the test sample. [0167] Experiment results: 2% seignette salt solution has 13.7% higher antioxidant activity comparing to vitamin C (Table 8).

TABLE-US-00008 TABLE 8 AOA in relation to vitamin C Indicator RD for method mol-eq/l % Antioxidant Ferricyanide 0.00013 13.7 activity spectrophotometric method [34]

[0168] It should also be appreciated that various modifications, adaptations, and alternative embodiments thereof may be made within the scope and spirit of the present invention. The invention is further defined by the following claims.

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