Semiconductor light emitting device

Abstract

A semiconductor light-emitting device has an emitter matrix with an arrangement of emitter cells interspersed with non-emitter cells. The emitter cell has a semiconductor emitter, and a non-emitter cell does not have a semiconductor emitter. A number of bond pads for connection to a power supply and a plurality of wirebonds are present. Each wirebond extends from a bond pad to the semiconductor emitter of an emitter cell. An imaging arrangement includes a light source for illuminating a scene. The light source has a pair of such semiconductor light-emitting devices. A method of manufacturing such a semiconductor light-emitting device is also described.

Claims

1. A light-emitting device, comprising: an emitter matrix comprising an arrangement of emitter cells and non-emitter cells in an array having at least one of a plurality of emitter cells and a plurality of non-emitter cells in at least one row and at least one column of the array such that at least each set of at least one of the emitter cells in one of the at least one row and one of the at least one column is adjacent to at least one of the non-emitter cells, each emitter cell containing a semiconductor emitter configured to emit light, and each non-emitter cell not configured to emit light; circuitry configured to individually control light emission from each of the semiconductor emitters in the emitter cells; wirebonds physically coupled to each emitter cell to provide current to the semiconductor emitters of the emitter cells to provide current to the semiconductor emitters in the emitter cells to control the light emission from the semiconductor emitters in the emitter cells; bond pads adjacent to the emitter matrix, the wirebonds extending between the bond pads and the emitter cells, no wirebonds extending between the bond pads and the non-emitter cells; and each non-emitter cell containing at least one element selected from elements including: a semiconductor emitter, and a switching element but does not contain a semiconductor emitter.

2. The light-emitting device of claim 1, wherein each non-emitter cell contains a semiconductor emitter.

3. The light-emitting device of claim 1, wherein each non-emitter cell contains a switching element but does not contain a semiconductor emitter.

4. The light-emitting device of claim 1, wherein: each emitter cell comprises a discrete die, each non-emitter cell comprises a discrete switching element, the discrete dies are mounted on a carrier, and each die is wirebonded to a switching element in a neighboring non-emitter cell.

5. The light-emitting device of claim 4, wherein the carrier comprises a printed circuit board (PCB), the PCB comprising a body that contains conductive tracks embedded therein to the circuitry.

6. The light-emitting device of claim 5, wherein: each emitter die is electrically coupled to the conductive tracks via an underside contact and a topside contact to which one of the wirebonds is physically connected, and the circuitry comprises a driver electrically coupled to each emitter die through at least one of the underside contact and topside contact.

7. The light-emitting device of claim 1, wherein: each emitter cell is adjacent to at least one non-emitter cell, each non-emitter cell is adjacent to at least one emitter cell, and each wirebond extends from one of the emitter cells to an adjacent non-emitter cell to couple the one of the emitter cells to the adjacent non-emitter cell.

8. The light-emitting device of claim 7, wherein each non-emitter cell comprises a switching element configured to control current to an adjacent emitter cell.

9. The light-emitting device of claim 1, wherein the emitter cells and non-emitter cells have identical sizes and do not overlap.

10. The light-emitting device of claim 1, wherein the emitter cells and non-emitter cells are arranged in a checkerboard pattern of alternating emitter cells and non-emitter cells.

11. The light-emitting device of claim 1, wherein the emitter cells and non-emitter cells are arranged in a pattern of multiple emitter cells separated by at least one non-emitter cell.

12. The light-emitting device of claim 1, wherein the light-emitting device is disposed in a smart phone.

13. The light-emitting device of claim 1, wherein the switching elements comprise transistors.

14. A camera comprising: a light source comprising a pair of semiconductor light-emitting devices, each semiconductor light-emitting device configured to illuminate a scene and comprising: an emitter matrix comprising an arrangement of emitter cells and non-emitter cells in an array having at least one of a plurality of emitter cells and a plurality of non-emitter cells in at least one row and at least one column of the array such that at least each set of at least one of the emitter cells in one of the at least one row and one of the at least one column is adjacent to at least one of the non-emitter cells, each emitter cell containing a semiconductor emitter configured to emit light, and each non-emitter cell not configured to emit light; switching elements, each switching element coupled to a different one of the semiconductor emitters; and wirebonds physically coupled to each emitter cell to provide current to the semiconductor emitters of the emitter cells; a driver configured to individually drive each semiconductor emitter via the switching element; and an image sensor arrangement for capturing an image of the scene illuminated by the light source, the emitter matrices of the semiconductor light-emitting devices being complementary.

15. The camera of claim 14, further comprising beam-forming optics configured to shape the light emitted by each of the emitter matrices to cover the scene.

16. The camera of claim 14, wherein the camera is disposed in a smartphone.

17. A light-emitting device, comprising: an emitter matrix comprising an arrangement of emitter cells and non-emitter cells in an array having at least one of a plurality of emitter cells and a plurality of non-emitter cells in at least one row and at least one column of the array such that at least each set of at least one of the emitter cells in one of the at least one row and one of the at least one column is adjacent to at least one of the non-emitter cells, each emitter cell containing a semiconductor emitter configured to emit light, and each non-emitter cell not configured to emit light; circuitry configured to individually control light emission from each of the semiconductor emitters in the emitter cells; and wirebonds physically coupled to each emitter cell to provide current to the semiconductor emitters of the emitter cells to provide current to the semiconductor emitters in the emitter cells to control the light emission from the semiconductor emitters in the emitter cells, further comprising at least one element selected from elements of: each non-emitter cell comprises a semiconductor emitter but no wirebond is physically coupled to an adjacent non-emitter cell, and each emitter cell comprises a discrete die, each non-emitter cell comprises a discrete switching element, the discrete dies are mounted on a carrier, and each discrete die is wirebonded to a switching element in a neighboring non-emitter cell.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) Examples will now be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:

(2) FIG. 1 shows an embodiment of a semiconductor light-emitting device;

(3) FIG. 2 shows a side view of the device of FIG. 1;

(4) FIG. 3 shows an embodiment of another semiconductor light-emitting device;

(5) FIG. 4 shows a side view of the device of FIG. 3;

(6) FIG. 5 shows an embodiment of an imaging arrangement;

(7) FIG. 6 shows another embodiment of an imaging arrangement;

(8) FIG. 7 shows a further embodiment of a semiconductor light-emitting device;

(9) FIG. 8 shows simplified circuit diagram of an emitter circuit; and

(10) FIG. 9 shows a further embodiment of the semiconductor light-emitting device implementing the circuit of FIG. 8.

(11) In the drawings, like numbers refer to like objects throughout. Objects in the diagrams are not necessarily drawn to scale.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS

(12) A semiconductor light-emitting device, a method of manufacturing a semiconductor light-emitting device; and an imaging arrangement of claim are described herein.

(13) In some embodiments, a semiconductor light-emitting device includes an emitter matrix having an arrangement of emitter cells interspersed with non-emitter cells. An emitter cell includes a semiconductor emitter, and a non-emitter cell does not include a semiconductor emitter. Bond pads are used for connection to a power supply. A plurality of wirebonds are used in which each wirebond extends from a bond pad to the semiconductor emitter of an emitter cell.

(14) The semiconductor light-emitting device is used to illuminate a scene. The semiconductor emitter is manufactured to achieve a luminous intensity of 5-100 Mcd/m.sup.2 (megacandela per square meter).

(15) The ratio of emitter cells to non-emitter cells in the emitter matrix is preferably 1:1 or as close to this ratio as possible, although other ratios (e.g., 0.75) are possible.

(16) Because the emitter matrix (or emitter array) is formed as an arrangement of emitter cells interspersed with empty cells or non-emitter cells, the arrangement of wirebonds is favourably sparse. This means that the wirebonds extending into the center of the emitter matrix can be significantly shorter than equivalent wirebonds of an emitter matrix comprising only emitter cells. The semiconductor light-emitting device therefore uses less headroom or clearance. Because the emitter cells are interspersed with non-emitter cells, the number of emitters traversed by a wirebond is less than in an emitter array that is filled with emitters. This means that a considerably lower fraction of the total emitted light is blocked by the wirebonds, so that the ratio of emitted light to net light output compares favourably with other emitter arrays. The number of wirebond shadows that are projected onto the scene is also reduced. In addition, the larger spread of emitters (the emitter cells being interspersed with empty cells) leads to an improvement in thermal performance. This is because the heat generated by any active emitter cell can dissipate more rapidly, since heat can also dissipate through the neighbouring empty or non-emitter cells.

(17) A method of manufacturing such a semiconductor light-emitting device includes manufacturing an emitter matrix to include an arrangement of emitter cells interspersed with non-emitter cells, whereby a semiconductor emitter is formed in each emitter cell, and no semiconductor emitter is formed in a non-emitter cell. The method further includes forming a number of bond pads at one or more edges of the semiconductor light-emitting device, and connecting a wirebond between each semiconductor emitter and a bond pad.

(18) The method can result in a relatively economical semiconductor light-emitting device, since it is easier to connect wirebonds to the semiconductor emitters on account of the non-emitter cells interspersed throughout the emitter matrix.

(19) In some embodiments, the imaging arrangement includes a light source for illuminating a scene, which light source includes a pair of such semiconductor light-emitting devices, wherein the emitter array of a first semiconductor light-emitting device is arranged to illuminate essentially one half of the scene and the emitter array of the second semiconductor light-emitting device is arranged to illuminate essentially the other half of the scene. The imaging arrangement further includes an image sensor arrangement for capturing an image of the scene illuminated by the light source.

(20) The imaging arrangement below also uses less clearance or headroom compared to other light sources having a single emitter array with a comparable number of emitters. This is because the wirebonds of emitter arrays can be formed in a more compact manner. As indicated above, the quantity of emitted light of the disclosed device compares favourably with other emitter arrays (with the same number of emitters) because any wirebond in the disclosed device traverses relatively few emitters. The imaging arrangement also reduces power consumption compared to an imaging arrangement that does not avail of a segmented light source. The imaging arrangement also improved thermal behaviour of the sparsely populated emitter arrays than comparable imaging arrangements.

(21) The imaging arrangement can be used in any application that can benefit from using a wirebonded die in an adaptive light source, for example time-of-flight systems, robotic systems, drones, cell phones or security cameras

(22) In an embodiment, the emitter matrix includes at least 9 cells in a 33 array, for example with a total of five emitter cells (one emitter cell in the center of the array and one at each corner). In the semiconductor light-emitting device, the emitter cells of the emitter matrix may be smaller than the non-emitter cells, or vice versa; an emitter cell can be essentially square, or may be rectangular; and the pitch in the X-direction may be the same as the pitch in the Y-direction, or the pitch in the X-direction may be different from the pitch in the Y-direction. In the following, but without restriction in any way, it may be assumed that emitter cells and non-emitter cells are essentially the same size, i.e., an emitter cell and a non-emitter cell each occupy the same area of the semiconductor device, and the pitch in the X-direction is the same as the pitch in the Y-direction. A wirebond may have a diameter of about 30 m, and the bond pad will be about three to five times larger. Since a cell is to provide at least enough room for a wirebond, the area of a cell may be in the order of 5,000 m.sup.2.

(23) As indicated above, infrared semiconductor devices (e.g., IR-LEDs) may be used in various irradiance applications, for example in a depth map generator, a time-of-flight system, etc., and are generally wirebonded in order to improve current efficiency. Therefore, without restriction in any way, it may be assumed in the following that an emitter is an infrared light-emitting diode (IR-LED).

(24) An emitter matrix can be formed to have any suitable distribution of emitter cells and interspersed non-emitter cells. For example, the emitter cells may be grouped in 22 arrangements, separated by empty space, i.e., by non-emitter cells. An embodiment of the light source could have the other emitter matrix realised as the inverse in order to be able to completely illuminate a scene.

(25) In an embodiment, an emitter matrix includes a simple alternating arrangement of emitter cells and non-emitter cells. For example, the cells can be arranged in a checkerboard pattern or a stripe pattern. In some cases, a checkerboard pattern includes an arrangement in which single emitter cells alternate with single non-emitter cells. Similarly, in some cases, a stripe pattern includes an arrangement in which single rows (or columns) of emitter cells alternate with single rows (or columns) of non-emitter cells.

(26) One exemplary embodiment is given by a square array, i.e., an array or matrix in which the number of rows is the same as the number of columns. Two such square arrays can be prepared to complement each other. For example, two 33 checkerboard pattern arrays may be arranged side-by-side. A first 33 array includes five emitter cells, one in the center and one at each of the four corners. The complementary 33 array includes five non-emitter cells, one in the center and one at each of the four corners. In this embodiment, the light source includes a total of 9 emitters.

(27) In a further exemplary embodiment, two 55 stripe-pattern arrays may be arranged side-by-side. A first 55 array includes three columns of emitter cells and two columns of non-emitter cells. The complementary 55 array in this case includes three columns of non-emitter cells and two columns of emitter cells. In this embodiment, the light source includes a total of 25 emitters.

(28) In an embodiment, the emitter matrix may include an array of semiconductor emitters, of which only a subset will give rise to emitter cells. An emitter cell is effectively formed by connecting its semiconductor emitter as a diode into an electrical circuit, i.e., by connecting a wirebond between that cell and a bond pad. This step is used to connect the semiconductor emitter as part of an electric circuit. It follows that a non-emitter cell may actually include the structure of a semiconductor emitter. However, without any electrical connection to a bond pad, this structure may be unable to function as a semiconductor emitter. This straightforward approach permits existing masks and layer growth sequences to be applied during wafer manufacture, thereby avoiding the costs of providing dedicated masks, which may outweigh preparing regions that will not be used.

(29) A non-emitter cell can accommodate a switching element such as a transistor. In one approach, the switching elements (e.g., GaN/GaAs transistors) and the emitters can be formed at the same time by using appropriate masks and layer deposition sequences and/or epitaxial growth sequences.

(30) In one embodiment, discrete switching elements and emitter dies are mounted onto a substrate or carrier, for example onto a PCB or interposer. Each emitter die is mounted onto an emitter cell of the emitter matrix and is wirebonded to a switching element in a neighbouring non-emitter cell. Additional circuit connections can be provided in the body of the PCB using a suitable multilayer approach.

(31) The semiconductor light-emitting device also includes an interface for connection to a driver, which is realised to control the emitters individually, for example according to the momentary scene illumination at an instant in time. Each emitter can be switched separately, and the intensity of each emitter can be adjusted to the momentary scene illumination. There are various ways of managing a segmented irradiance unit, and the skilled person will be familiar with control of the corresponding driver, which are not discussed here in detail.

(32) In one embodiment, the imaging arrangement includes beam-forming optics for shaping the light emitted by the pair of semiconductor light-emitting devices. A beam-forming optic can spread the light from an emitter array to cover the entire scene. The resulting illumination pattern may be a copy of the emitter array pattern, i.e., with scene regions illuminated by the emitter cells, interspersed with non-illuminated scene regions (on account of the empty cells). Alternatively, a beam-forming optic can shape the light from the emitter cells to illuminate half the scene (when two emitter arrays are used). Similarly, a beam-forming optic can shape the light from the emitter cells of a single emitter array to illuminate the entire scene.

(33) As mentioned above, each semiconductor light-emitting device of the light source can effectively illuminate one half of the scene, for example one emitter matrix can illuminate the left-hand side of a scene, while the other emitter matrix can illuminate the right-hand side of the scene. However, other arrangements are possible. For example, each emitter matrix may be used to cast light over the entire field of view, whereby the illumination pattern has the same checkerboard characteristic as the emitter matrix. Therefore, in such an embodiment, the semiconductor light-emitting devices may be complementary to each other, i.e., the emitter matrix of the first semiconductor light-emitting device is the complement of the emitter matrix of the second semiconductor light-emitting device. For example, the emitter matrix of the first semiconductor light-emitting device may be able to illuminate the upper left-hand corner of the scene and the lower right-hand corner of the scene, and not be able to illuminate the upper right-hand corner of the scene and the lower left-hand corner of the scene. The emitter matrix of the complementary second semiconductor light-emitting device is then able to illuminate the upper right-hand corner and the lower left-hand corner of the scene, but is not able to illuminate the upper left-hand corner and the lower right-hand corner of the scene. The same applies to all other cells in the illumination patterns that are cast onto the scene.

(34) The imaging arrangement may be dimensioned for use in a compact mobile application such as in a compact camera or in a smartphone or also in any other space-constrained and/or battery-powered application such as a robot, a drone, an automobile dashboard, etc.

(35) FIG. 1 shows an embodiment of a semiconductor light-emitting device 1. In this exemplary embodiment, the emitter matrix 10 comprises a 55 square array with emitter cells 10E alternating with non-emitter cells 10e. Each emitter cell 10E accommodates an IR-LED 10L. Each non-emitter cell 10e is empty in the sense that it does not accommodate a circuit component. In this exemplary embodiment, the emitter matrix 10 is suitable carrier such as a printed circuit board (PCB) prepared with copper tracks, an interposer, etc. To populate the emitter matrix, emitter dies 10L are mounted onto the carrier. An emitter such as an IR-LED can have one contact (e.g., the anode contact) at its underside, and another contact (e.g., the cathode contact) on top. The underside contact can be electrically connected to a circuit by a solder bond, while the topside contact can be electrically connected to the circuit by a wirebond. Here, one contact of each emitter die 10L is wirebonded to a bond pad at the edge of the emitter matrix 10, and the other contact is solder-bonded to a copper track, for example by a via extending into a multilayer PCB. The diagram shows a number of bond pads 10B for connection to a power supply and wirebonds 10W extending from the bond pads to the IR-LEDs 10L mounted on the emitter cells 10E. In this exemplary embodiment, the emitter array 10 is realised as an alternating pattern of emitter cells 10E and empty cells 10e, i.e., each emitter cell 10E (and therefore each emitter 10L) is flanked along its sides by an empty cell 10e, and vice versa.

(36) In this 55 array, the center cell is an empty cell 10e. The longest wirebonds therefore may avoid extending to the center cell. As shown in FIG. 2, which gives a cross-section A-A through the device 1 of FIG. 1, the headroom or clearance C1 is therefore favourably small. With a favourably short connection and a wirebond that is arranged close to the surface, a clearance as low as 30 m can be achieved. This is about 20% less than the headroom used by an equivalent emitter array. The overall headroom of the device 1 are lower than a comparable 55 array in which all cells are realised as emitter cells 10E. This is illustrated in FIG. 3 and FIG. 4, which show such another semiconductor light-emitting device 2 in plan view (FIG. 3) and in cross-section B-B (FIG. 4). The reduction in headroom can be a significant, since headroom is a factor in many compact applications.

(37) The emitter array 3 of FIG. 3 has wirebonds to all emitters 30L. Because of the small cell size, some wirebonds arc over other wirebonds, and a relatively long wirebond is used to reach the center cell. As shown in FIG. 4, which gives a side view of the device 3 of FIG. 3, the headroom or clearance C3 is therefore quite large, so that the overall space of the device 3 is greater than the device 1 of FIG. 1. In addition, the amount of light that is blocked by the wirebonds, which cross a greater number of emitters compared to the device 1, is larger in device 3. It is likely that device 3, when used to illuminate a scene, projects many wirebond shadows onto the scene.

(38) A single such emitter array 1 could be used as a light source or irradiance unit to illuminate a complete scene (so that an image can be captured by an imaging sensor). However, the light source may be split into two smaller devices to allow each smaller irradiance unit to illuminate half a scene. FIG. 5 shows such an embodiment of the imaging arrangement 5. Here, a light source 1L comprises two semiconductor light-emitting devices that are arranged side-by-side. The emitter array 10 of each semiconductor light-emitting device is used to illuminate half of a scene S. In this exemplary embodiment, each emitter array 10 is a 33 array with an alternating arrangement of emitters 10L and empty cells 10e as described in FIG. 1 above. So that each emitter array 10 can cover its complete scene half, a beam shaping optic 50 is arranged in the light path of each emitter array 10. Here, the beam shaping optic 50 forms the individual light beams from the alternating emitters 10L so that the resulting beam can completely illuminate the scene half when all five emitters are active.

(39) FIG. 6 shows a further embodiment of the imaging arrangement 5. Again, the light source 1L comprises two semiconductor light-emitting devices arranged side-by-side, and the emitter array 10 of a semiconductor light-emitting device is used to illuminate half of a scene S. Here also, each emitter array 10 is a 33 array with an alternating arrangement of emitters 10L and empty cells 10e as described in FIG. 1 above. In this embodiment, each emitter array 10 can cover the entire scene S, casting an alternating pattern of illuminated regions (illuminated by its emitters 10L) and non-illuminated regions (on account of its empty cells 10e). In this exemplary embodiment, the emitter arrays 10 are complements of each other, so that a scene region that is not illuminated by one emitter array is illuminated by an emitter 10L of the other emitter array 10. Here also, a suitable beam shaping optic 51 is arranged in the light path of each emitter array 10 to form the individual light beams from the alternating emitters 10L into a beam that spreads to cover the entire scene S.

(40) FIG. 7 illustrates a further embodiment of the semiconductor light-emitting device, and shows an emitter array 10 in which each emitter is realised as a discrete IR-LED 10L, and in which each non-emitter cell 10e is used to connect a neighbouring IR-LED 10L into an electrical circuit. To this end, the carrier is a multilayer PCB, and each non-emitter cell has a via extending into a connection layer in the interior of the PCB. In this way, each emitter 10L can be connected to a driver using a very short wirebond 10W that may be limited to only reach to the adjacent empty cell 10e.

(41) In a further embodiment, the empty cells 10e can be used to accommodate a switching element, and each emitter can be electrically connected to a neighbouring switching element. A simplified circuit diagram of one such emitter/switch pair is shown in FIG. 8, which shows an emitter 10L with its anode connected to a driver 80 and its cathode connected to the drain of a switching element 10 switch. In this exemplary embodiment, the switching element 10.sub.switch is an enhancement-mode MOSFET. An embodiment using several such emitter/switch pairs is shown in FIG. 9, mounted on a multilayer PCB carrier. Here, the entire circuit comprises multiple such emitter/switch pairs connected in parallel. The anode of each emitter 10L is connected to a power supply of the driver 80 using conductive tracks embedded in the PCB carrier and a solder bond to the contact on the underside of the emitter 10L. The cathode of each emitter 10L is connected to the appropriate contact of the switching element 10.sub.switch (located in an adjacent non-emitter cell 10e) by a wirebond 10W. Of course, if the emitter 10L is realised as a flip-chip die, its cathode could be connected to the adjacent switching element 10.sub.switch by a conductive track of the PCB. The other terminals of the switching element 10.sub.switch are connected to the circuit by vias to conductive tracks embedded in the PCB carrier. By reducing the current loop to the maximum by having a switching element 10.sub.switch and ground in close proximity to an emitter 10L, the parasitic line impedance is reduced accordingly. This may be particularly desirable for an emitter array 10 with a high switching frequency (e.g., 10 MHz or more).

REFERENCE SIGNS

(42) semiconductor light-emitting device 1 light source 1L emitter matrix 10 emitter cell 10E emitter 10L non-emitter cell 10e bond pads 10B wirebond 10W switching element 10.sub.switch MOSFET gate control 10.sub.gate clearance C1 light source 1L beam-forming optics 50, 51 scene S prior art device 3 emitter matrix 30 emitter cells 30L bond pads 30B wirebond 30W clearance C3 power supply 80

(43) Although the above has been disclosed in the form of various embodiments and variations thereon, it will be understood that numerous additional modifications and variations could be made thereto without departing from the scope of the disclosure. For example, although the focus in the above has been on a matrix of infrared emitters, it shall be understood that other emitters may be used. The emitters of the emitter matrix may be vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs), for example, since such emitters may also benefit from close packing, the possibility of arranging an electronic component in close proximity to a VCSEL, the improved thermal performance, etc. Ribbon bonds may be used instead of or in addition to wirebonds.

(44) The features and example embodiments described above may equally pertain to the different aspects. In particular, with the disclosure of features relating to a lighting device according to the first aspect, also corresponding features relating to a method for production according to the second aspect and to the use according to the third aspect are disclosed.

(45) The dependent claims and the description provide embodiments and features of the embodiments. Features of the embodiments may be combined as appropriate. Features described in the context of one claim category can apply equally to another claim category.

(46) Other features will become apparent from the following detailed description considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. It is to be understood, however, that the drawings are designed solely for purposes of illustration and not as a definition of the limits of the embodiments.