LIGHT-EMITTING DEVICE INCLUDING AMINE-CONTAINING COMPOUND, ELECTRONIC APPARATUS INCLUDING THE LIGHT-EMITTING DEVICE, AND THE AMINE-CONTAINING COMPOUND

Abstract

A light-emitting device including an amine-containing compound represented by Formula 1, an electronic apparatus including the light-emitting device, and the amine-containing compound represented by Formula 1 are provided.

##STR00001##

Claims

1. A light-emitting device comprising: a first electrode; a second electrode facing the first electrode; an interlayer between the first electrode and the second electrode and comprising an emission layer; and an amine-containing compound represented by Formula 1: ##STR00221## wherein, in Formula 1, R.sub.1 to R.sub.5 are each independently hydrogen, deuterium, F, Cl, Br, I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkylthio group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, C(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2)(Q.sub.3), Si(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2)(Q.sub.3), B(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2), C(O)(Q.sub.1), S(O).sub.2(Q.sub.1), or P(O)(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2), L.sub.1 to L.sub.6 are each independently a C.sub.3-C.sub.30 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a or a C.sub.1-C.sub.30 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, Ar.sub.1 to Ar.sub.4 are each independently a C.sub.3-C.sub.30 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a or a C.sub.1-C.sub.30 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a1 and a3 are each independently an integer from 1 to 4, a2 and a4 are each independently an integer from 1 to 5, a5 is 1 or 2, b1 to b6 are each independently an integer from 0 to 5, wherein *-(L.sub.1).sub.b1-* is a single bond when b1 is 0, *-(L.sub.2).sub.b2-* is a single bond when b2 is 0, *-(L.sub.3).sub.b3-* is a single bond when b3 is 0, *-(L.sub.4).sub.b4-* is a single bond when b4 is 0, *-(L.sub.5).sub.b5-* is a single bond when b5 is 0, and *-(L.sub.6).sub.b6-* is a single bond when b6 is 0, c1 to c4 are each independently an integer from 1 to 5, and R.sub.10a is: hydrogen, F, Cl, Br, I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, or a nitro group; a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group, or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, F, Cl, Br, I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group, Si(Q.sub.11)(Q.sub.12)(Q.sub.13), N(Q.sub.11)(Q.sub.12), B(Q.sub.11)(Q.sub.12), C(O)(Q.sub.11), S(O).sub.2(Q.sub.11), P(O)(Q.sub.11)(Q.sub.12), or any combination thereof; a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group, or a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, F, Cl, Br, I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group, a C.sub.5-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group, Si(Q.sub.21)(Q.sub.22)(Q.sub.23), N(Q.sub.21)(Q.sub.22), B(Q.sub.21)(Q.sub.22), C(O)(Q.sub.21), S(O).sub.2(Q.sub.21), P(O)(Q.sub.21)(Q.sub.22), or any combination thereof; or Si(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32)(Q.sub.33), N(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32), B(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32), C(O)(Q.sub.31), S(O).sub.2(Q.sub.31), or P(O)(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32), and Q.sub.1 to Q.sub.3, Q.sub.11 to Q.sub.13, Q.sub.21 to Q.sub.23, and Q.sub.31 to Q.sub.33 are each independently: hydrogen; deuterium; F; Cl; Br; I; a hydroxyl group; a cyano group; a nitro group; a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group; a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group; a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group; a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group; or a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, F, a cyano group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, or any combination thereof.

2. The light-emitting device of claim 1, wherein the first electrode is an anode, the second electrode is a cathode, and the interlayer further comprises a hole transport region between the first electrode and the emission layer and an electron transport region between the emission layer and the second electrode, and wherein the hole transport region comprises a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, an emission auxiliary layer, an electron blocking layer, or any combination thereof, and the electron transport region comprises a hole blocking layer, an electron transport layer, an electron injection layer, or any combination thereof.

3. The light-emitting device of claim 2, wherein the hole transport region comprises the amine-containing compound.

4. The light-emitting device of claim 2, further comprising: a first capping layer on a surface of the first electrode; and/or a second capping layer on a surface of the second electrode, wherein at least one of the first capping layer or the second capping layer comprises the amine-containing compound.

5. The light-emitting device of claim 1, wherein the emission layer is configured to emit blue light.

6. An electronic apparatus comprising the light-emitting device of claim 1.

7. The electronic apparatus of claim 6, further comprising a thin-film transistor, wherein the thin-film transistor comprises a source electrode and a drain electrode, and the first electrode of the light-emitting device is electrically connected to the source electrode or the drain electrode of the thin-film transistor.

8. The electronic apparatus of claim 6, further comprising a color filter, a color conversion layer, a touch screen layer, a polarizing layer, or any combination thereof.

9. An electronic equipment comprising the light-emitting device of claim 1.

10. The electronic equipment of claim 9, wherein the electronic equipment is at least one of a flat panel display, a curved display, a computer monitor, a medical monitor, a television, a billboard, an indoor or outdoor lighting and/or signaling light, a head-up display, a fully or partially transparent display, a flexible display, a rollable display, a foldable display, a stretchable display, a laser printer, a telephone, a mobile phone, a tablet, a phablet, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a wearable device, a laptop computer, a digital camera, a camcorder, a viewfinder, a micro display, a three-dimensional (3D) display, a virtual or augmented reality display, a vehicle, a video wall with multiple displays tiled together, a theater or stadium screen, a phototherapy device, or a signboard.

11. An amine-containing compound represented by Formula 1: ##STR00222## wherein, in Formula 1, R.sub.1 to R.sub.5 are each independently hydrogen, deuterium, F, Cl, Br, I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkylthio group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, C(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2)(Q.sub.3), Si(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2)(Q.sub.3), B(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2), C(O)(Q.sub.1), S(O).sub.2(Q.sub.1), or P(O)(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2), L.sub.1 to L.sub.6 are each independently a C.sub.3-C.sub.30 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a or a C.sub.1-C.sub.30 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, Ar.sub.1 to Ar.sub.4 are each independently a C.sub.3-C.sub.30 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a or a C.sub.1-C.sub.30 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a1 and a3 are each independently an integer from 1 to 4, a2 and a4 are each independently an integer from 1 to 5, a5 is 1 or 2, b1 to b6 are each independently an integer from 0 to 5, wherein *-(L.sub.1).sub.b1-* is a single bond when b1 is 0, *-(L.sub.2).sub.b2-* is a single bond when b2 is 0, *-(L.sub.3).sub.b3-* is a single bond when b3 is 0, *-(L.sub.4).sub.b4-* is a single bond when b4 is 0, *-(L.sub.5).sub.b5-* is a single bond when b5 is 0, and *-(L.sub.6).sub.b6-* is a single bond when b6 is 0, c1 to c4 are each independently an integer from 1 to 5, and R.sub.10a is: hydrogen, F, Cl, Br, I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, or a nitro group; a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group, or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, F, Cl, Br, I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C.sub.5-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group, Si(Q.sub.11)(Q.sub.12)(Q.sub.13), N(Q.sub.11)(Q.sub.12), B(Q.sub.11)(Q.sub.12), C(O)(Q.sub.11), S(O).sub.2(Q.sub.11), P(O)(Q.sub.11)(Q.sub.12), or any combination thereof; a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group, or a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, F, Cl, Br, I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group, a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group, Si(Q.sub.21)(Q.sub.22)(Q.sub.23), N(Q.sub.21)(Q.sub.22), B(Q.sub.21)(Q.sub.22), C(O)(Q.sub.21), S(O).sub.2(Q.sub.21), P(O)(Q.sub.21)(Q.sub.22), or any combination thereof; or Si(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32)(Q.sub.33), N(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32), B(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32), C(O)(Q.sub.31), S(O).sub.2(Q.sub.31), or P(O)(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32), and Q.sub.1 to Q.sub.3, Q.sub.11 to Q.sub.13, Q.sub.21 to Q.sub.23, and Q.sub.31 to Q.sub.33 are each independently: hydrogen; deuterium; F; Cl; Br; I; a hydroxyl group; a cyano group; a nitro group; a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group; a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group; a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group; a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group; or a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, F, a cyano group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, or any combination thereof.

12. The amine-containing compound of claim 11, wherein R.sub.1 to R.sub.5 are each independently: hydrogen, deuterium, F, Cl, Br, I, a cyano group, or a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkyl group; a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkyl group substituted with deuterium, F, Cl, Br, I, CD.sub.3, CD.sub.2H, CDH.sub.2, CF.sub.3, CF.sub.2H, CFH.sub.2, a cyano group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.10 alkyl group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclooctyl group, an adamantanyl group, a norbornanyl group, a norbornenyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, a cycloheptenyl group, or any combination thereof; a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclooctyl group, an adamantanyl group, a norbornanyl group, a norbornenyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, or a cycloheptenyl group, each unsubstituted or substituted with hydrogen, F, Cl, Br, I, CD.sub.3, CD.sub.2H, CDH.sub.2, CF.sub.3, CF.sub.2H, CFH.sub.2, a cyano group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkyl group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclooctyl group, an adamantanyl group, a norbornanyl group, a norbornenyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, a cycloheptenyl group, Si(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32)(Q.sub.33), or any combination thereof; or C(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2)(Q.sub.3) or Si(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2)(Q.sub.3), and Q.sub.1 to Q.sub.3 and Q.sub.31 to Q.sub.33 are each independently hydrogen, deuterium, F, Cl, Br, I, a cyano group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group, or a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group.

13. The amine-containing compound of claim 11, wherein R.sub.1 to R.sub.5 are each independently hydrogen or deuterium.

14. The amine-containing compound of claim 11, wherein L.sub.1 to L.sub.6 are each independently a benzene group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a naphthalene group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a carbazole group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a fluorene group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a dibenzofuran group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, or a dibenzothiophene group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a.

15. The amine-containing compound of claim 11, wherein L.sub.1 to L.sub.6 are each independently one selected from among groups represented by Formulae L1 to L3 and L7 to L13: ##STR00223## and wherein, in Formulae L1 to L3 and L7 to L13, R.sub.6 is the same as defined in Formula 1 with regard to R.sub.10a, a64 is an integer from 0 to 4, a66 is an integer from 0 to 6, and * and * each indicate a binding site with a neighboring atom.

16. The amine-containing compound of claim 11, wherein b5 and b6 are each 0.

17. The amine-containing compound of claim 11, wherein Ar.sub.1 to Ar.sub.4 are each independently selected from among groups represented by Formulae AR1 to AR16: ##STR00224## ##STR00225## ##STR00226## and wherein, in Formulae AR1 to AR16, CY.sub.1 to CY.sub.4 are each independently a C.sub.3-C.sub.30 carbocyclic group or a C.sub.1-C.sub.30 heterocyclic group, Y.sub.1 is O, S, N(T.sub.5), P(T.sub.5), C(T.sub.5)(T.sub.6), or Si(T.sub.5)(T.sub.6), Y.sub.2 is N, P, C(T.sub.5), or Si(T.sub.5), T.sub.1 to T.sub.6 are each independently the same as defined in Formula 1 with regard to R.sub.10a, c3 is an integer from 0 to 3, c4 is an integer from 0 to 4, c5 is an integer from 0 to 5, c7 is an integer from 0 to 7, c9 is an integer from 0 to 9, ca to cd are each independently an integer from 0 to 10, and * indicates a binding site with a neighboring atom.

18. The amine-containing compound of claim 17, wherein at least one selected from among Ar.sub.1 to Ar.sub.4 is selected from among the groups represented by Formulae AR14 to AR16.

19. The amine-containing compound of claim 11, wherein the amine-containing compound satisfies at least one condition selected from among Conditions 1 to 4: Condition 1 Ar.sub.1 in Formula 1 is different from at least one of Ar.sub.2, Ar.sub.3, or Ar.sub.4 Condition 2 Ar.sub.2 in Formula 1 is different from at least one of Ar.sub.1, Ar.sub.3, or Ar.sub.4 Condition 3 Ar.sub.3 in Formula 1 is different from at least one of Ar.sub.1, Ar.sub.2, or Ar.sub.4 Condition 4 Ar.sub.4 in Formula 1 is different from at least one of Ar.sub.1, Ar.sub.2, or Ar.sub.3.

20. The amine-containing compound of claim 11, wherein the amine-containing compound is selected from among Compounds 1 to 308: ##STR00227## ##STR00228## ##STR00229## ##STR00230## ##STR00231## ##STR00232## ##STR00233## ##STR00234## ##STR00235## ##STR00236## ##STR00237## ##STR00238## ##STR00239## ##STR00240## ##STR00241## ##STR00242## ##STR00243## ##STR00244## ##STR00245## ##STR00246## ##STR00247## ##STR00248## ##STR00249## ##STR00250## ##STR00251## ##STR00252## ##STR00253## ##STR00254## ##STR00255## ##STR00256## ##STR00257## ##STR00258## ##STR00259## ##STR00260## ##STR00261## ##STR00262## ##STR00263## ##STR00264## ##STR00265## ##STR00266## ##STR00267## ##STR00268## ##STR00269## ##STR00270## ##STR00271## ##STR00272## ##STR00273## ##STR00274## ##STR00275## ##STR00276## ##STR00277## ##STR00278## ##STR00279## ##STR00280## ##STR00281##

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0031] The accompanying drawings are included to provide a further understanding of the present disclosure and are incorporated in and constitute a part of the present disclosure. The drawings illustrate embodiments of the present disclosure and, together with the description, serve to explain principles of the present disclosure. The above and other aspects, features, and advantages of certain embodiments of the disclosure will be more apparent from the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:

[0032] FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a structure of a light-emitting device according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0033] FIG. 2 is a schematic view of a structure of an electronic apparatus according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0034] FIG. 3 is a schematic view of a structure of an electronic apparatus according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure; and

[0035] FIGS. 4, 5, 6A, 6B, and 6C are each a schematic view of a structure of electronic equipment according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0036] Reference will now be made in more detail to embodiments, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings, wherein like reference numerals refer to like elements throughout the present disclosure, and duplicative descriptions thereof may not be provided for conciseness. In this regard, the embodiments of the present disclosure may have different forms and should not be construed as being limited to the descriptions set forth herein. Accordingly, the embodiments of the present disclosure are merely described, by referring to the drawings, to explain aspects of the present disclosure. As utilized herein, the term and/or or or may include any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. Throughout the disclosure, the expressions such as at least one of, one of, and selected from, when preceding a list of elements, modify the entire list of elements and do not modify the individual elements of the list. For example, at least one of a, b or c, at least one selected from a, b, and c, at least one selected from among a to c, etc., may indicate only a, only b, only c, both (e.g., simultaneously) a and b, both (e.g., simultaneously) a and c, both (e.g., simultaneously) b and c, all of a, b, and c, or variations thereof. The / utilized herein may be interpreted as and or as or depending on the situation.

[0037] According to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure, provided is an amine-containing compound represented by Formula 1:

##STR00003##

[0038] wherein, in Formula 1, R.sub.1 to R.sub.5 may each independently be hydrogen, deuterium, F, Cl, Br, I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkylthio group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, C(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2)(Q.sub.3), Si(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2)(Q.sub.3), B(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2), C(O)(Q.sub.1), S(O).sub.2(Q.sub.1), or P(O)(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2).

[0039] Details on R.sub.10a and Q.sub.1 to Q.sub.3 may be referred to the descriptions provided elsewhere herein.

[0040] In Formula 1, a1 and a3 may each independently be an integer from 1 to 4, a2 and a4 may each independently be an integer from 1 to 5, and a5 may be 1 or 2. When a1 is 2 or more, two or more of R.sub.1(s) may be identical to or different from each other, when a2 is 2 or more, two or more of R.sub.2(s) may be identical to or different from each other, when a3 is 2 or more, two or more of R.sub.3(s) may be identical to or different from each other, when a4 is 2 or more, two or more of R.sub.4(s) may be identical to or different from each other, and when a5 is 2, two R.sub.5(s) may be identical to or different from each other.

[0041] In one or more embodiments, R.sub.1 to R.sub.5 may each independently be: [0042] hydrogen, deuterium, F, Cl, Br, I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkyl group, or a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkoxy group; [0043] a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkyl group or a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkoxy group, each substituted with deuterium, F, Cl, Br, I, CD.sub.3, CD.sub.2H, CDH.sub.2, CF.sub.3, CF.sub.2H, CFH.sub.2, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.10 alkyl group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclooctyl group, an adamantanyl group, a norbornanyl group, a norbornenyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, a cycloheptenyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, or any combination thereof; [0044] a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclooctyl group, an adamantanyl group, a norbornanyl group, a norbornenyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, or a cycloheptenyl group, each unsubstituted or substituted with hydrogen, F, Cl, Br, I, CD.sub.3, CD.sub.2H, CDH.sub.2, CF.sub.3, CF.sub.2H, CFH.sub.2, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkoxy group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclooctyl group, an adamantanyl group, a norbornanyl group, a norbornenyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, a cycloheptenyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a (C.sub.1-C.sub.10 alkyl) phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a pyrrolyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, an imidazolyl group, a pyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, an isoindolyl group, an indolyl group, an indazolyl group, a purinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, a carbazolyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a benzimidazolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a benzothiazolyl group, a benzoisoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group, a triazinyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, an imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinyl group, O(Q.sub.31), S(Q.sub.31), Si(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32)(Q.sub.33), N(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32), B(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32), P(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32), C(O)(Q.sub.31), S(O).sub.2(Q.sub.31), P(O)(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32), or any combination thereof; or [0045] C(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2)(Q.sub.3), Si(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2)(Q.sub.3), B(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2), C(O)(Q.sub.1), S(O).sub.2(Q.sub.1), or P(O)(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2), and [0046] Q.sub.1 to Q.sub.3 and Q.sub.31 to Q.sub.33 may each independently be: hydrogen; deuterium; F; Cl; Br; I; a hydroxyl group; a cyano group; a nitro group; a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group; a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group; a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group; a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group; or a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, F, a cyano group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, or any combination thereof.

[0047] In one or more embodiments, R.sub.1 to R.sub.5 may each independently be: [0048] hydrogen, deuterium, F, Cl, Br, I, a cyano group, or a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkyl group; [0049] a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkyl group substituted with deuterium, F, Cl, Br, I, CD.sub.3, CD.sub.2H, CDH.sub.2, CF.sub.3, CF.sub.2H, CFH.sub.2, a cyano group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.10 alkyl group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclooctyl group, an adamantanyl group, a norbornanyl group, a norbornenyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, a cycloheptenyl group, or any combination thereof; [0050] a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclooctyl group, an adamantanyl group, a norbornanyl group, a norbornenyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, or a cycloheptenyl group, each unsubstituted or substituted with hydrogen, F, Cl, Br, I, CD.sub.3, CD.sub.2H, CDH.sub.2, CF.sub.3, CF.sub.2H, CFH.sub.2, a cyano group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkyl group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclooctyl group, an adamantanyl group, a norbornanyl group, a norbornenyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, a cycloheptenyl group, Si(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32)(Q.sub.33), or any combination thereof; or [0051] C(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2)(Q.sub.3) or Si(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2)(Q.sub.3), and [0052] Q.sub.1 to Q.sub.3 and Q.sub.31 to Q.sub.33 may each independently be hydrogen, deuterium, F, Cl, Br, I, a cyano group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group, or a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group.

[0053] In one or more embodiments, R.sub.1 to R.sub.5 may each independently be hydrogen or deuterium.

[0054] In Formula 1, L.sub.1 to L.sub.6 may each independently be a C.sub.3-C.sub.30 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, or a C.sub.1-C.sub.30 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a.

[0055] Details on R.sub.10a may be referred to the descriptions provided herein.

[0056] In Formula 1, b1 to b6 may each independently be an integer from 0 to 5. When b1 is 2 or more, two or more of L.sub.1(s) may be identical to or different from each other, when b2 is 2 or more, two or more of L.sub.2(s) may be identical to or different from each other, when b3 is 2 or more, two or more of L.sub.3(s) may be identical to or different from each other, when b4 is 2 or more, two more of L.sub.4(s) may be identical to or different from each other, when b5 is 2 or more, two or more of L.sub.5(s) may be identical to or different from each other, and when b6 is 2 or more, two or more of L.sub.6(s) may be identical to or different from each other.

[0057] In one or more embodiments, *-(L.sub.1).sub.b1-* may be a single bond when b1 is 0, *-(L.sub.2).sub.b2-* may be a single bond when b2 is 0, *-(L.sub.3).sub.b3-* may be a single bond when b3 is 0, *-(L.sub.4).sub.b4-* may be a single bond when b4 is 0, *-(L.sub.5).sub.b5-* may be a single bond when b5 is 0, and *-(L.sub.6).sub.b6-* may be a single bond when b6 is 0.

[0058] In one or more embodiments, L.sub.1 to L.sub.6 may each independently be:

[0059] a benzene group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a naphthalene group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a carbazole group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a fluorene group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a dibenzofuran group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, or a dibenzothiophene group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a.

[0060] In one or more embodiments, L.sub.1 to L.sub.6 may each independently be a group represented by one selected from among Formulae L1 to L3 and L7 to L13:

##STR00004## ##STR00005## [0061] wherein, in Formulae L1 to L3 and L7 to L13, [0062] R.sub.6 is the same as defined herein with regard to R.sub.10a, [0063] a64 may be an integer from 0 to 4, [0064] a66 may be an integer from 0 to 6, and [0065] and * each denote a binding site with a neighboring atom.

[0066] In one or more embodiments, b5 and b6 may each be 0.

[0067] In Formula 1, Ar.sub.1 to Ar.sub.4 may each independently be a C.sub.3-C.sub.30 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a or a C.sub.1-C.sub.30 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a.

[0068] Details on R.sub.10a may be referred to the descriptions provided herein.

[0069] In Formula 1, c1 to c4 may each independently be an integer from 1 to 5. When c1 is 2 or more, two or more of Ar.sub.1(s) may be identical to or different from each other, when c2 is 2 or more, two or more of Ar.sub.2(s) may be identical to or different from each other, when c3 is 2 or more, two or more of Ar.sub.3(s) may be identical to or different from each other, and when c4 is 2 or more, two or more of Ar.sub.4(s) may be identical to or different from each other.

[0070] In one or more embodiments, Ar.sub.1 to Ar.sub.4 may each independently be a group represented by one selected from among Formulae AR1 to AR16:

##STR00006## ##STR00007## ##STR00008## [0071] wherein, in Formulae AR1 to AR16, [0072] CY.sub.1 to CY.sub.4 may each independently be a C.sub.5-C.sub.30 carbocyclic group or a C.sub.1-C.sub.30 heterocyclic group, [0073] Y.sub.1 may be O, S, N(T.sub.5), P(T.sub.5), C(T.sub.5)(T.sub.6), or Si(T.sub.5)(T.sub.6), [0074] Y.sub.2 may be N, P, C(T.sub.5), or Si(T.sub.5), [0075] T.sub.1 to T.sub.6 may each independently be the same as defined herein with regard to R.sub.10a, [0076] c3 may be an integer from 0 to 3, [0077] c4 may be an integer from 0 to 4, [0078] c5 may be an integer from 0 to 5, [0079] c7 may be an integer from 0 to 7, [0080] c9 may be an integer from 0 to 9, [0081] ca to cd may each independently be an integer from 0 to 10, and [0082] * indicates a binding site with a neighboring atom.

[0083] In one or more embodiments, at least one selected from among Ar.sub.1 to Ar.sub.4 may be selected from among groups represented by Formulae AR14 to AR16.

[0084] In one or more embodiments, CY.sub.1 to CY.sub.4 may each independently be benzene or naphthalene.

[0085] In one or more embodiment, Y.sub.1 may be O, S, or C(T.sub.5)(T.sub.6), and Y.sub.2 may be C(T.sub.5).

[0086] In one or more embodiments, the amine-containing compound may satisfy at least one condition selected from among Conditions 1 to 4:

Condition 1

[0087] Ar.sub.1 in Formula 1 is different from at least one of Ar.sub.2, Ar.sub.3 or Ar.sub.4

Condition 2

[0088] Ar.sub.2 in Formula 1 is different from at least one of Ar.sub.1, Ar.sub.3, or Ar.sub.4

Condition 3

[0089] Ar.sub.3 in Formula 1 is different from at least one of Ar.sub.1, Ar.sub.2, or Ar.sub.4

Condition 4

[0090] Ar.sub.4 in Formula 1 is different from at least one of Ar.sub.1, Ar.sub.2, or Ar.sub.3.

[0091] Unless otherwise defined, R.sub.10a in Formula 1 may be: [0092] hydrogen, F, Cl, Br, I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, or a nitro group; [0093] a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group, or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, F, Cl, Br, I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C.sub.5-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group, Si(Q.sub.11)(Q.sub.12)(Q.sub.13), N(Q.sub.11)(Q.sub.12), B(Q.sub.11)(Q.sub.12), C(O)(Q.sub.11), S(O).sub.2(Q.sub.11), P(O)(Q.sub.11)(Q.sub.12), or any combination thereof; [0094] a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group, or a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, F, Cl, Br, I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group, a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group, Si(Q.sub.21)(Q.sub.22)(Q.sub.23), N(Q.sub.21)(Q.sub.22), B(Q.sub.21)(Q.sub.22), C(O)(Q.sub.21), S(O).sub.2(Q.sub.21), P(O)(Q.sub.21)(Q.sub.22), or any combination thereof; or [0095] Si(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32)(Q.sub.33), N(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32), B(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32), C(O)(Q.sub.31), S(O).sub.2(Q.sub.31), or P(O)(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32).

[0096] Unless defined otherwise, Q.sub.1 to Q.sub.3, Q.sub.11 to Q.sub.13, Q.sub.21 to Q.sub.23, and Q.sub.31 to Q.sub.33 in Formula 1 may each independently be: hydrogen; deuterium; F; Cl; Br; I; a hydroxyl group; a cyano group; a nitro group; a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group; a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group; a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group; a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group; or a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, F, a cyano group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, or any combination thereof.

[0097] In one or more embodiments, the amine-containing compound may be selected from among Compounds 1 to 308:

##STR00009## ##STR00010## ##STR00011## ##STR00012## ##STR00013## ##STR00014## ##STR00015## ##STR00016## ##STR00017## ##STR00018## ##STR00019## ##STR00020## ##STR00021##

##STR00022## ##STR00023## ##STR00024## ##STR00025## ##STR00026## ##STR00027## ##STR00028## ##STR00029## ##STR00030## ##STR00031## ##STR00032## ##STR00033## ##STR00034## ##STR00035## ##STR00036## ##STR00037## ##STR00038## ##STR00039## ##STR00040## ##STR00041## ##STR00042## ##STR00043## ##STR00044## ##STR00045## ##STR00046## ##STR00047## ##STR00048## ##STR00049## ##STR00050## ##STR00051## ##STR00052## ##STR00053## ##STR00054## ##STR00055## ##STR00056## ##STR00057##

##STR00058## ##STR00059## ##STR00060## ##STR00061## ##STR00062## ##STR00063## ##STR00064## ##STR00065## ##STR00066## ##STR00067##

[0098] The amine-containing compound represented by Formula 1 includes a p-terphenyl group, through linkers connecting a plurality of amines, that is substituted with two phenyl groups, and the two phenyl groups substituted on p-terphenyl group do not contain a substituent such as an aryl group, a heteroaryl group, and/or the like. Accordingly, the amine-containing compound represented by Formula 1 may exhibit excellent or suitable hole transport ability while maintaining a relatively small molecular weight. Therefore, the amine-containing compound represented by Formula 1 may have a low sublimation temperature and excellent or suitable thermal stability, compared to comparative compounds including p-terphenyl group substituted with two phenyl groups containing substituents with large molecular weights, such as an aryl group, a heteroaryl group, and/or the like. In one or more embodiments, the amine-containing compound represented by Formula 1 causes relatively less stacking, compared to comparative compounds including p-terphenyl group substituted with two phenyl groups containing substituents having large molecular weights, such as an aryl group, a heteroaryl group, and/or the like. Thus, assuming the same molecular weight, an increase in sublimation temperature compared to an increase in molecular weight may be relatively small. Due to such low sublimation temperature and excellent or suitable thermal stability, the amine-containing compound represented by Formula 1 may exhibit enhanced efficiency during a deposition process. For example, the thermal stability of the amine-containing compound may be determined through a first derivative peak temperature (Tp) in vacuum thermogravimetric analysis.

[0099] In one or more embodiments, in the amine-containing compound represented by Formula 1, two amine groups are linked by a p-terphenyl group substituted with two phenyl groups, and the p-terphenyl group substituted with two phenyl groups does not contain additional amine substituents such as N(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2) and/or the like. Accordingly, the amine-containing compound represented by Formula 1 satisfies an appropriate or suitable energy level for injecting holes into an emission layer, thus exhibiting improved hole transport ability, and thus, when applied to a light-emitting device, the driving voltage may be reduced. For example, the appropriate or suitable energy level for injecting holes into an emission layer may be determined through a highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy level of the amine-containing compound.

[0100] Therefore, by utilizing the amine-containing compound represented by Formula 1, an electronic device (e.g., an organic light-emitting device) with a reduced driving voltage, enhanced efficiency and luminance, and increased lifespan may be implemented.

[0101] Synthesis methods of the amine-containing compound represented by Formula 1 may be recognized by those of ordinary skill in the art with reference to Synthesis Examples and/or Examples, which will be described later.

[0102] According to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure, at least one of the amine-containing compounds represented by Formula 1 may be utilized in a light-emitting device (e.g., an organic light-emitting device). Therefore, provided is a light-emitting device which may include: a first electrode; a second electrode facing the first electrode; and an interlayer between the first electrode and the second electrode and including an emission layer, the interlayer including the amine-containing compound represented by Formula 1 as described herein.

[0103] In one or more embodiments, [0104] the first electrode of the light-emitting device may be an anode, [0105] the second electrode of the light-emitting device may be a cathode, [0106] the interlayer may further include a hole transport region between the first electrode and the emission layer and an electron transport region between the emission layer and the second electrode, [0107] the hole transport region may include a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, an emission auxiliary layer, an electron blocking layer, or any combination thereof, and [0108] the electron transport region may include a buffer layer, a hole blocking layer, an electron control layer, an electron transport layer, an electron injection layer, or any combination thereof.

[0109] In one or more embodiments, the amine-containing compound may be included between the first electrode and the second electrode of the light-emitting device. Accordingly, the amine-containing compound may be included in the interlayer of the light-emitting device, for example, in the hole transport region of the interlayer.

[0110] In one or more embodiments, the hole transport layer may include the amine-containing compound.

[0111] In one or more embodiments, the emission layer in the interlayer of the light-emitting device may include a dopant and a host. The emission layer may be to emit red light, green light, blue light, or white light (e.g., combined white light). For example, in some embodiments, the emission layer may be to emit blue light. The blue light may have a maximum emission wavelength of, for example, about 400 nm to about 490 nm.

[0112] In one or more embodiments, the maximum emission wavelength of the blue light may be in a range of about 430 nm to about 480 nm, about 430 nm to about 475 nm, about 440 nm to about 475 nm, about 450 nm to about 475 nm, about 430 nm to about 470 nm, about 440 nm to about 470 nm, about 450 nm to about 470 nm, about 430 nm to about 465 nm, about 440 nm to about 465 nm, about 450 nm to about 465 nm, about 430 nm to about 460 nm, about 440 nm to about 460 nm, or about 450 nm to about 460 nm.

[0113] In one or more embodiments, the host may include the amine-containing compound. For example, the amine-containing compound may act as a host.

[0114] In one or more embodiments, the emission layer in the interlayer of the light-emitting device may include a dopant and a host, the dopant may include a transition metal-containing compound, and the transition metal-containing compound may include a transition metal and m ligand(s). In this regard, m may be an integer from 1 to 6, the m ligands may be identical to or different from each other, at least one of the m ligands and the transition metal may be linked to each other via a carbon-transition metal bond, and the carbon-transition metal bond may be a coordinate bond. For example, at least one of the m ligands may be a carbene ligand (e.g., Ir(pmp).sub.3 and/or the like). The transition metal may be, for example, iridium, platinum, osmium, palladium, rhodium, gold, or the like. In one or more embodiments, the dopant may be to emit blue light. More details on the emission layer and the dopant may be referred to the descriptions provided herein.

##STR00068##

[0115] In one or more embodiments, the emission layer in the interlayer of the light-emitting device may include a dopant (e.g., as a first compound) and a host, the host may include a second compound including at least one IT electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, and a third compound including a group represented by Formula 3, and the dopant may be to emit blue light. In the light-emitting device, the second compound and the third compound may be different from each other.

[0116] In one or more embodiments, the second compound and the third compound may form an exciplex.

[0117] For example, in some embodiments, the second compound may include a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, a triazine group, or any combination thereof.

[0118] In one or more embodiments, the second compound may include a compound represented by Formula 2:

##STR00069## [0119] wherein, in Formula 2, [0120] L.sub.51 to L.sub.53 may each independently be a single bond, a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, [0121] b51 to b53 may each independently be an integer from 1 to 5, [0122] X.sub.54 may be N or C(R.sub.54), X.sub.55 may be N or C(R.sub.55), X.sub.56 may be N or C(R.sub.56), at least one selected from among X.sub.54 to X.sub.56 may be N, and [0123] R.sub.51 to R.sub.56 may each independently be hydrogen, deuterium, F, Cl, Br, I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.7-C.sub.60 arylalkyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 heteroarylalkyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, C(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2)(Q.sub.3), Si(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2)(Q.sub.3), N(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2), B(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2), C(O)(Q.sub.1), S(O).sub.2(Q.sub.1), or P(O)(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2).

[0124] Details on R.sub.10a and Q.sub.1 to Q.sub.3 may be referred to the descriptions provided herein.

##STR00070## [0125] wherein, in Formula 3, [0126] rings CY.sub.71 and CY.sub.72 may each independently be a electron-rich C.sub.3-C.sub.60 cyclic group or a pyridine group, [0127] X.sub.71 may be a single bond or a linking group including O, S, N, B, C, Si, or any combination thereof, and [0128] * indicates a binding site with any atom included in the remaining portion other than the group represented by Formula 3 in the third compound.

[0129] For example, in one or more embodiments, the third compound may not include (e.g., may exclude) a compound represented by Formula 3-1 described herein. In present disclosure, not include a or any component exclude a or any component, component-free, and/or the like refers to that the component not being added, selected or utilized as a component in the composition/element, but, in some embodiments, the component of less than a suitable amount may still be included due to other impurities and/or external factors.

[0130] For example, in some embodiments, the third compound may not include (e.g., may exclude) the following compounds.

##STR00071##

[0131] In one or more embodiments, the third compound may include a compound represented by Formula 3-1, a compound represented by Formula 3-2, a compound represented by Formula 3-3, a compound represented by Formula 3-4, a compound represented by Formula 3-5, or any combination thereof:

##STR00072## ##STR00073## [0132] wherein, in Formulae 3-1 to 3-5, [0133] rings CY.sub.71 to CY.sub.74 may each independently be a electron-rich C.sub.3-C.sub.60 cyclic group or a pyridine group, [0134] X.sub.82 may be a single bond, O, S, N[(L.sub.82).sub.b82-R.sub.82], C(R.sub.82a) (R.sub.82b), or Si(R.sub.82a)(R.sub.82b), [0135] X.sub.83 may be a single bond, O, S, N[(L.sub.83).sub.b83-R.sub.83], C(R.sub.83a)(R.sub.83b), or Si(R.sub.83a)(R.sub.83b), [0136] X.sub.84 may be O, S, N[(L.sub.84).sub.b84-R.sub.84], C(R.sub.84a)(R.sub.84b), or Si(R.sub.84a) (R.sub.84b), [0137] X.sub.85 may be C or Si, [0138] L.sub.81 to L.sub.85 may each independently be a single bond, *C(Q.sub.4)(Q.sub.5)-*, *Si(Q.sub.4)(Q.sub.5)-*, a electron-rich C.sub.3-C.sub.60 cyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, or a pyridine group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, wherein Q.sub.4 and Q.sub.5 may each be the same as described with regard to Q.sub.1, [0139] b81 to b85 may each independently be an integer from 1 to 5, [0140] R.sub.71 to R.sub.74, R.sub.81 to R.sub.85, R.sub.82a, R.sub.82b, R.sub.83a, R.sub.83b, R.sub.84a, and R.sub.84b may each independently be hydrogen, deuterium, F, Cl, Br, I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.7-C.sub.60 arylalkyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 heteroarylalkyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, C(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2)(Q.sub.3), Si(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2)(Q.sub.3), N(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2), B(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2), C(O)(Q.sub.1), S(O).sub.2(Q.sub.1), or P(O)(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2), [0141] a71 to a74 may each independently be an integer from 0 to 20, and [0142] details on R.sub.10a and Q.sub.1 to Q.sub.3 may be referred to the descriptions provided herein.

[0143] In one or more embodiments, the emission layer in the interlayer of the light-emitting device may include a dopant and a host, and the dopant may include a transition metal-containing compound, a delayed fluorescence material, or any combination thereof. The delayed fluorescence material may be a compound having a difference between a triplet energy level (eV) and a singlet energy level (eV) of about 0 eV to about 0.5 eV (or about 0 eV to 0.3 eV).

[0144] In one or more embodiments, the delayed fluorescence material may be a compound including at least one cyclic group containing boron (B) and nitrogen (N) as ring-forming atoms.

[0145] In one or more embodiments, the delayed fluorescence material may be a C.sub.8-C.sub.60 polycyclic group-containing compound including at least two condensed cyclic groups that share boron (B) (e.g., one being a first ring and another being a second ring).

[0146] In one or more embodiments, the delayed fluorescence material may include a condensed ring in which at least one third ring is condensed with at least one fourth ring, for example, to form the condensed ring including four or more rings, [0147] the third ring of the delayed fluorescence material may be a cyclopentane group, a cyclohexane group, a cycloheptane group, a cyclooctane group, a cyclopentene group, a cyclohexene group, a cycloheptene group, a cyclooctene group, an adamantane group, a norbornene group, a norbornane group, a bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane group, a bicyclo[2.1.1]hexane group, a bicyclo[2.2.2]octane group, a benzene group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyridazine group, a pyrazine group, or a triazine group, and [0148] the fourth ring of the delayed fluorescence material may be a 1,2-azaborinine group, a 1,3-azaborinine group, a 1,4-azaborinine group, a 1,2-dihydro-1,2-azaborinine group, a 1,4-oxaborinine group, a 1,4-thiaborinine group, or a 1,4-dihydroborinine group.

[0149] In one or more embodiments, the delayed fluorescence material may include a compound represented by Formula 502, a compound represented by Formula 503, or any combination thereof:

##STR00074## [0150] wherein, in Formulae 502 and 503, [0151] ring A.sub.501 to ring A.sub.504 may each independently be a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, [0152] Y.sub.505 may be O, S, N(R.sub.505), B(R.sub.505), C(R.sub.505a)(R.sub.505b), or Si(R.sub.505a)(R.sub.505b), [0153] Y.sub.506 may be O, S, N(R.sub.506), B(R.sub.506), C(R.sub.506a)(R.sub.506b), or Si(R.sub.506a)(R.sub.506b), [0154] Y.sub.507 may be O, S, N(R.sub.507), B(R.sub.507), C(R.sub.507a)(R.sub.507b), or Si (R.sub.507a)(R.sub.507b), [0155] Y.sub.508 may be O, S, N(R.sub.508), B(R.sub.508), C(R.sub.508a)(R.sub.508b), or Si(R.sub.508a)(R.sub.508b), [0156] Y.sub.51 and Y.sub.52 may each independently be B, P(O), or S(O), [0157] R.sub.500a, R.sub.500b, R.sub.501 to R.sub.508, R.sub.505a, R.sub.505b, R.sub.506a, R.sub.506b, R.sub.507a, R.sub.507b, R.sub.508a, and R.sub.508b may each independently be hydrogen, deuterium, F, Cl, Br, I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.7-C.sub.60 arylalkyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 heteroarylalkyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, C(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2)(Q.sub.3), Si(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2)(Q.sub.3), N(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2), B(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2), C(O)(Q.sub.1), S(O).sub.2(Q.sub.1), or P(O)(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2), and [0158] a501 to a504 may each independently be an integer from 0 to 20.

[0159] Details on R.sub.10a and Q.sub.1 to Q.sub.3 may be referred to the descriptions provided herein.

[0160] In one or more embodiments, the light-emitting device may satisfy at least one condition selected from among Conditions 5 to 8:

Condition 5

[0161] Lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy level (eV) of the third compound >LUMO energy level (eV) of the transition metal-containing compound

Condition 6

[0162] LUMO energy level (eV) of the transition metal-containing compound >LUMO energy level (eV) of the second compound

Condition 7

[0163] HOMO energy level (eV) of the transition metal-containing compound >HOMO energy level (eV) of the third compound

Condition 8

[0164] HOMO energy level (eV) of the third compound >HOMO energy level (eV) of the second compound.

[0165] Each of the HOMO energy level and LUMO energy level of each of the transition metal-containing compound, the second compound, and the third compound may be a negative value, and may be measured according to a suitable method.

[0166] In one or more embodiments, an absolute value of a difference between the LUMO energy level of the transition metal-containing compound and the LUMO energy level of the second compound may be in a range of about 0.1 eV to about 1.0 eV, an absolute value of a difference between the LUMO energy level of the transition metal-containing compound and the LUMO energy level of the third compound may be in a range of about 0.1 eV to about 1.0 eV, an absolute value of a difference between the HOMO energy level of the transition metal-containing compound and the HOMO energy level of the second compound may be 1.25 eV or less (e.g., in a range of about 1.25 eV to about 0.2 eV), or an absolute value of a difference between the HOMO energy level of the transition metal-containing compound and the HOMO energy level of the third compound may be 1.25 eV or less (e.g., in a range of about 1.25 eV to about 0.2 eV).

[0167] When the relationships between LUMO energy level and HOMO energy level satisfy the conditions as described above, a balance between holes and electrons injected into the emission layer may be made.

[0168] In one or more embodiments, the electron transport region of the light-emitting device may include a hole blocking layer, and the hole blocking layer may include a phosphine oxide-containing compound, a silicon-containing compound, or any combination thereof. In one or more embodiments, the hole blocking layer may directly contact the emission layer.

[0169] In one or more embodiments, the light-emitting device may include a capping layer arranged outside (e.g., on) the first electrode and/or outside (e.g., on) the second electrode.

[0170] For example, in one or more embodiments, the light-emitting device may further include at least one of a first capping layer on (e.g., disposed on) a surface of the first electrode or a second capping layer on (e.g., disposed on) a surface of the second electrode, and at least one of the first capping layer or the second capping layer may include the amine-containing compound represented by Formula 1. More details on the first capping layer and/or the second capping layer may be referred to the descriptions provided herein.

[0171] In one or more embodiments, the light-emitting device may include: [0172] a first capping layer on (e.g., arranged on) a surface of the first electrode and including the amine-containing compound represented by Formula 1; [0173] a second capping layer on (e.g., arranged on) a surface of the second electrode and including the amine-containing compound represented by Formula 1; or [0174] the first capping layer and the second capping layer.

[0175] The expression (an interlayer and/or a capping layer) includes an amine-containing compound as utilized herein may be construed as (an interlayer and/or a capping layer) may include one type or kind of amine-containing compound represented by Formula 1 or at least two different types (kinds) of amine-containing compounds represented by Formula 1.

[0176] For example, in some embodiments, the interlayer and/or the capping layer may include Compound 1 alone as the amine-containing compound. In these embodiments, Compound 1 may be present in the electron transport region of the light-emitting device. In one or more embodiments, the interlayer may include Compound 1 and Compound 2 as the amine-containing compounds. In this regard, Compound 1 and Compound 2 may be present in substantially the same layer (for example, both (e.g., simultaneously) Compounds 1 and 2 may be present in the hole transport region), or may be present in different layers (for example, Compound 1 may be present in the hole transport region and Compound 2 may be present in the electron transport region).

[0177] The term interlayer as utilized herein may refer to a single layer and/or all of a plurality of layers between the first electrode and the second electrode of the light-emitting device.

[0178] According to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure, an electronic apparatus may include the light-emitting device described above. In one or more embodiments, the electronic apparatus may further include a thin-film transistor. For example, the electronic apparatus may further include a thin-film transistor including a source electrode and a drain electrode, and the first electrode of the light-emitting device may be electrically connected to the source electrode or the drain electrode of the thin-film transistor. In one or more embodiments, the electronic apparatus may further include a color filter, a color conversion layer, a touch screen layer, a polarizing layer, or any combination thereof. More details on the electronic apparatus may be referred to the descriptions provided herein.

[0179] According to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure, electronic equipment may include the light-emitting device described above. For example, the electronic equipment may be at least one of a flat panel display, a curved display, a computer monitor, a medical monitor, a television, a billboard, an indoor or outdoor lighting and/or signaling light, a head-up display, a fully or partially transparent display, a flexible display, a rollable display, a foldable display, a stretchable display, a laser printer, a telephone, a mobile phone, a tablet, a phablet, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a wearable device, a laptop computer, a digital camera, a camcorder, a viewfinder, a micro display, a three-dimensional (3D) display, a virtual or augmented reality display, a vehicle, a video wall with multiple displays tiled together, a theater or stadium screen, a phototherapy device, or a signboard. More details on the electronic equipment may be referred to the descriptions provided herein.

Description of FIG. 1

[0180] FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a light-emitting device 10 according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. The light-emitting device 10 may include a first electrode 110, an interlayer 130, and a second electrode 150.

[0181] Hereinafter, the structure of the light-emitting device 10 according to one or more embodiments and a method of manufacturing the light-emitting device 10 will be described with reference to FIG. 1.

First Electrode 110

[0182] In FIG. 1, in one or more embodiments, a substrate may be further provided and disposed under the first electrode 110 and/or on the second electrode 150. The substrate may be a glass substrate or a plastic substrate. In one or more embodiments, the substrate may be a flexible substrate, and may include, for example, plastics with excellent or suitable heat resistance and durability, such as polyimide, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polycarbonate, polyethylene naphthalate, polyarylate (PAR), polyetherimide, or any combination thereof.

[0183] The first electrode 110 may be formed by, for example, depositing or sputtering a material for forming the first electrode 110 on the substrate. When the first electrode 110 is an anode, a high-work function material that facilitates injection of holes may be utilized as a material for forming the first electrode 110.

[0184] The first electrode 110 may be a reflective electrode, a semi-transmissive electrode, or a transmissive electrode. In one or more embodiments, when the first electrode 110 is a transmissive electrode, a material for forming the first electrode 110 may include indium tin oxide (ITO), indium zinc oxide (IZO), tin oxide (SnO.sub.2), zinc oxide (ZnO), or any combination thereof. In one or more embodiments, when the first electrode 110 is a semi-transmissive electrode or a reflective electrode, magnesium (Mg), silver (Ag), aluminum (AI), aluminum-lithium (AlLi), calcium (Ca), magnesium-indium (MgIn ), magnesium-silver (MgAg), or any combination thereof may be utilized as a material for forming the first electrode 110.

[0185] The first electrode 110 may have a single-layered structure including (e.g., consisting of) a single layer or a multi-layered structure including a plurality of layers. For example, in some embodiments, the first electrode 110 may have a three-layered structure of ITO/Ag/ITO.

Interlayer 130

[0186] The interlayer 130 may be disposed on the first electrode 110. The interlayer 130 may include an emission layer.

[0187] In one or more embodiments, the interlayer 130 may further include a hole transport region between the first electrode 110 and the emission layer, and an electron transport region between the emission layer and the second electrode 150.

[0188] In one or more embodiments, the interlayer 130 may further include, in addition to one or more suitable organic materials, a metal-containing compound such as an organometallic compound, an inorganic material such as quantum dots, and/or the like.

[0189] In one or more embodiments, the interlayer 130 may include i) at least two emitting units sequentially stacked between the first electrode 110 and the second electrode 150 and ii) a charge generation layer between the at least two emitting units. When the interlayer 130 includes the emitting units and the charge generation layer as described above, the light-emitting device 10 may be a tandem light-emitting device.

Hole Transport Region in Interlayer 130

[0190] The hole transport region may have: i) a single-layered structure including (e.g., consisting of) a single layer including (e.g., consisting of) a single material, ii) a single-layered structure including (e.g., consisting of) a single layer including a plurality of different materials, or iii) a multi-layered structure including a plurality of layers including a plurality of different materials.

[0191] The hole transport region may include a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, an emission auxiliary layer, an electron blocking layer, or any combination thereof.

[0192] For example, in one or more embodiments, the hole transport region may have a multi-layered structure including a hole injection layer/hole transport layer structure, a hole injection layer/hole transport layer/emission auxiliary layer structure, a hole injection layer/emission auxiliary layer structure, a hole transport layer/emission auxiliary layer structure, or a hole injection layer/hole transport layer/electron blocking layer structure, in which constituent layers of each structure are stacked sequentially from the first electrode 110 in the stated order.

[0193] In one or more embodiments, the hole transport region may include a compound represented by Formula 201, a compound represented by Formula 202, or any combination thereof:

##STR00075## [0194] wherein, in Formulae 201 and 202, [0195] L.sub.201 to L.sub.204 may each independently be a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, [0196] L.sub.205 may be *O*, *S*, *N(Q.sub.201)*, a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkylene group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.2-C.sub.20 alkenylene group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, [0197] xa1 to xa4 may each independently be an integer from 0 to 5, [0198] xa5 may be an integer from 1 to 10, [0199] R.sub.201 to R.sub.204 and Q.sub.201 may each independently be a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, [0200] R.sub.201 and R.sub.202 may optionally be linked to each other via a single bond, a C.sub.1-C.sub.5 alkylene group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, or a C.sub.2-C.sub.5 alkenylene group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, to form a C.sub.8-C.sub.60 polycyclic group (for example, a carbazole group, etc.) unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a (for example, see Compound HT16 and/or the like), [0201] R.sub.203 and R.sub.204 may optionally be linked to each other via a single bond, a C.sub.1-C.sub.5 alkylene group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, or a C.sub.2-C.sub.5 alkenylene group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, to form a C.sub.8-C.sub.60 polycyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, and [0202] na1 may be an integer from 1 to 4.

[0203] For example, in some embodiments, each of Formulae 201 and 202 may include at least one selected from among groups represented by Formulae CY201 to CY217:

##STR00076## ##STR00077## ##STR00078## ##STR00079## ##STR00080## ##STR00081## ##STR00082##

[0204] In Formulae CY201 to CY217, R.sub.10b and R.sub.10c may each be the same as described with regard to R.sub.10a, rings CY.sub.201 to CY.sub.204 may each independently be a C.sub.3-C.sub.20 carbocyclic group or a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 heterocyclic group, and at least one hydrogen in Formulae CY201 to CY217 may be unsubstituted or substituted with R.sub.10a.

[0205] In one or more embodiments, rings CY.sub.201 to CY.sub.204 in Formulae CY201 to CY217 may each independently be a benzene group, a naphthalene group, a phenanthrene group, or an anthracene group.

[0206] In one or more embodiments, each of Formulae 201 and 202 may include at least one selected from among the groups represented by Formulae CY201 to CY203.

[0207] In one or more embodiments, Formula 201 may include at least one selected from among the groups represented by Formulae CY201 to CY203 and at least one selected from among the groups represented by Formulae CY204 to CY217.

[0208] In one or more embodiments, in Formula 201, xa1 may be 1, R.sub.201 may be one selected from among the groups represented by Formulae CY201 to CY203, xa2 may be 0, and R.sub.202 may be one selected from among the groups represented by Formulae CY204 to CY207.

[0209] In one or more embodiments, each of Formulae 201 and 202 may not include (e.g., may exclude) any group represented by Formulae CY201 to CY203.

[0210] In one or more embodiments, each of Formulae 201 and 202 may not include (e.g., may exclude) any group represented by Formulae CY201 to CY203, and may include at least one selected from among the groups represented by Formulae CY204 to CY217.

[0211] In one or more embodiments, each of Formulae 201 and 202 may not include (e.g., may exclude) any group represented by Formulae CY201 to CY217.

[0212] For example, in one or more embodiments, the hole transport region may include at least one selected from among Compounds HT1 to HT46, 4,4,4-[tris (3-methylphenyl) phenylamino]triphenylamine (m-MTDATA), 4,4,4-tris (N,N-diphenylamino) triphenylamine (TDATA), 4,4,4-tris [N-(2-naphthyl)-N-phenylamino]-triphenylamine (2-TNATA), N,N-di (naphthalen-1-yl)-N,N-diphenyl-benzidine (NPB(NPD)), -NPB, N,N-bis(3-methylphenyl)-N,N-diphenyl-[1,1-biphenyl]-4,4-diamine (TPD), Spiro-TPD, Spiro-NPB, methylated NPB, 4,4-cyclohexylidene bis[N,N-bis(4-methylphenyl) benzenamine] (TAPC), 4,4-bis [N,N-(3-tolyl)amino]-3,3-dimethylbiphenyl (HMTPD), 4,4,4-tris (N-carbazolyl) triphenylamine (TCTA), polyaniline/dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid (PANI/DBSA), poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT/PSS), polyaniline/camphor sulfonic acid (Pani/CSA), polyaniline/poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PANI/PSS), or any combination thereof:

##STR00083## ##STR00084## ##STR00085## ##STR00086## ##STR00087## ##STR00088## ##STR00089## ##STR00090## ##STR00091## ##STR00092## ##STR00093##

[0213] A thickness of the hole transport region may be in a range of about 50 to about 10,000 , for example, about 100 to about 4,000 . When the hole transport region includes a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, or any combination thereof, a thickness of the hole injection layer may be in a range of about 100 to about 9,000 , for example, about 100 to about 1,000 , and a thickness of the hole transport layer may be in a range of about 50 to about 2,000 , for example, about 100 to about 1,500 . When the thicknesses of the hole transport region, the hole injection layer, and the hole transport layer are within these ranges, satisfactory hole transporting characteristics may be obtained without a substantial increase in driving voltage.

[0214] The emission auxiliary layer may serve to increase light-emission efficiency by compensating for an optical resonance distance according to the wavelength of light emitted by the emission layer, and the electron blocking layer may serve to prevent or reduce electron leakage from the emission layer to the hole transport region. Materials that may be included in the hole transport region may be included in the emission auxiliary layer and the electron blocking layer.

p-dopant

[0215] In one or more embodiments, the hole transport region may include, in addition to the materials described above, a charge-generation material for the improvement of conductive properties. The charge-generation material may be substantially uniformly or non-uniformly dispersed in the hole transport region (for example, in the form of a single layer including (e.g., consisting of) a charge-generation material).

[0216] The charge-generation material may be, for example, a p-dopant.

[0217] For example, in some embodiments, the p-dopant may have a LUMO energy level of about 3.5 eV or less.

[0218] In one or more embodiments, the p-dopant may include a quinone derivative, a cyano group-containing compound, a compound including element EL1 and element EL2, or any combination thereof.

[0219] Non-limiting examples of the quinone derivative may include tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ), 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (F4-TCNQ), and/or the like.

[0220] Non-limiting examples of the cyano group-containing compound may include dipyrazino [2,3-f: 2,3-h] quinoxaline-2,3,6,7,10,11-hexacarbonitrile (HAT-CN), a compound represented by Formula 221, and/or the like:

##STR00094## [0221] wherein, in Formula 221, [0222] R.sub.221 to R.sub.223 may each independently be a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, and [0223] at least one selected from among R.sub.221 to R.sub.223 may each independently be a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, each substituted with: a cyano group; F; Cl; Br; I; a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkyl group substituted with a cyano group, F, Cl, Br, I, or any combination thereof; or any combination thereof.

[0224] In the compound including element EL1 and element EL2, element EL1 may be metal, metalloid, or any combination thereof, and element EL2 may be non-metal, metalloid, or any combination thereof.

[0225] Non-limiting examples of the metal may include: an alkali metal (for example, lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), rubidium (Rb), cesium (Cs), and/or the like); an alkaline earth metal (for example, beryllium (Be), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), barium (Ba), and/or the like); a transition metal (for example, titanium (Ti), zirconium (Zr), hafnium (Hf), vanadium (V), niobium (Nb), tantalum (Ta), chromium (Cr), molybdenum (Mo), tungsten (W), manganese (Mn), technetium (Tc), rhenium (Re), iron (Fe), ruthenium (Ru), osmium (Os), cobalt (Co), rhodium (Rh), iridium (Ir), nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), copper (Cu), silver (Ag), gold (Au), and/or the like); a post-transition metal (e.g., zinc (Zn), indium (In), tin (Sn), and/or the like); a lanthanide metal (for example, lanthanum (La), cerium (Ce), praseodymium (Pr), neodymium (Nd), promethium (Pm), samarium (Sm), europium (Eu), gadolinium (Gd), terbium (Tb), dysprosium (Dy), holmium (Ho), erbium (Er), thulium (Tm), ytterbium (Yb), lutetium (Lu), and/or the like); and/or the like.

[0226] Non-limiting examples of the metalloid may include silicon (Si), antimony (Sb), tellurium (Te), and/or the like.

[0227] Non-limiting examples of the non-metal may include oxygen (O), a halogen (for example, F, Cl, Br, I, and/or the like), and/or the like.

[0228] For example, in one or more embodiments, the compound containing element EL1 and element EL2 may include a metal oxide, a metal halide (e.g., metal fluoride, metal chloride, metal bromide, metal iodide, and/or the like), a metalloid halide (e.g., metalloid fluoride, metalloid chloride, metalloid bromide, metalloid iodide, and/or the like), a metal telluride, or any combination thereof.

[0229] Non-limiting examples of the metal oxide may include a tungsten oxide (e.g., WO, W.sub.2O.sub.3, WO.sub.2, WO.sub.3, W.sub.2O.sub.5, and/or the like), a vanadium oxide (e.g., VO, V.sub.2O.sub.3, VO.sub.2, V.sub.2O.sub.5, and/or the like), a molybdenum oxide (e.g., MoO, Mo.sub.2O.sub.3, MoO.sub.2, MoO.sub.3, Mo.sub.2O.sub.5, and/or the like), a rhenium oxide (e.g., ReO.sub.3 and/or the like), and/or the like.

[0230] Non-limiting examples of the metal halide may include an alkali metal halide, an alkaline earth metal halide, a transition metal halide, a post-transition metal halide, a lanthanide metal halide, and/or the like.

[0231] Non-limiting examples of the alkali metal halide may include LiF, NaF, KF, RbF, CsF, LiCI, NaCl, KCl, RbCI, CsCl, LiBr, NaBr, KBr, RbBr, CsBr, LiI, NaI, KI, RbI, CsI, and/or the like.

[0232] Non-limiting examples of the alkaline earth metal halide may include BeF.sub.2, MgF.sub.2, CaF.sub.2, SrF.sub.2, BaF.sub.2, BeCl.sub.2, MgCl.sub.2, CaCl.sub.2, SrCl.sub.2, BaCl.sub.2, BeBr.sub.2, MgBr.sub.2, CaBr.sub.2, SrBr.sub.2, BaBr.sub.2, BeI.sub.2, MgI.sub.2, CaI.sub.2, SrI.sub.2, BaI.sub.2, and/or the like.

[0233] Non-limiting examples of the transition metal halide may include a titanium halide (for example, TiF.sub.4, TiCl.sub.4, TiBr.sub.4, TiI.sub.4, and/or the like), a zirconium halide (for example, ZrF.sub.4, ZrCl.sub.4, ZrBr.sub.4, ZrI.sub.4, and/or the like), a hafnium halide (for example, HfF.sub.4, HfCl.sub.4, HfBr.sub.4, HfI.sub.4, and/or the like), a vanadium halide (for example, VF.sub.3, VCl.sub.3, VBr.sub.3, VI.sub.3, and/or the like), a niobium halide (for example, NbF.sub.3, NbCl.sub.3, NbBr.sub.3, NbI.sub.3, and/or the like), a tantalum halide (for example, TaF.sub.3, TaCl.sub.3, TaBr.sub.3, TaI.sub.3, and/or the like), a chromium halide (for example, CrF.sub.3, CrCl.sub.3, CrBr.sub.3, CrI.sub.3, and/or the like), a molybdenum halide (for example, MoF.sub.3, MoCl.sub.3, MoBr.sub.3, MoI.sub.3, and/or the like), a tungsten halide (for example, WF.sub.3, WCl.sub.3, WBr.sub.3, WI.sub.3, and/or the like), a manganese halide (for example, MnF.sub.2, MnCl.sub.2, MnBr.sub.2, MnI.sub.2, and/or the like), a technetium halide (for example, TcF.sub.2, TcCl.sub.2, TcBr.sub.2, TcI.sub.2, and/or the like), a rhenium halide (for example, ReF.sub.2, ReCl.sub.2, ReBr.sub.2, ReI.sub.2, and/or the like), a ferrous halide (for example, FeF.sub.2, FeCl.sub.2, FeBr.sub.2, FeI.sub.2, and/or the like), a ruthenium halide (for example, RuF.sub.2, RuCl.sub.2, RuBr.sub.2, RuI.sub.2, and/or the like), an osmium halide (for example, OsF.sub.2, OsCl.sub.2, OsBr.sub.2, OsI.sub.2, and/or the like), a cobalt halide (for example, CoF.sub.2, CoCl.sub.2, CoBr.sub.2, CoI.sub.2, and/or the like), a rhodium halide (for example, RhF.sub.2, RhCl.sub.2, RhBr.sub.2, RhI.sub.2, and/or the like), an iridium halide (for example, IrF.sub.2, IrCl.sub.2, IrBr.sub.2, IrI.sub.2, and/or the like), a nickel halide (for example, NiF.sub.2, NiCl.sub.2, NiBr.sub.2, NiI.sub.2, and/or the like), a palladium halide (for example, PdF.sub.2, PdCl.sub.2, PdBr.sub.2, PdI.sub.2, and/or the like), a platinum halide (for example, PtF.sub.2, PtCl.sub.2, PtBr.sub.2, PtI.sub.2, and/or the like), a cuprous halide (for example, CuF, CuCl, CuBr, CuI, and/or the like), a silver halide (for example, AgF, AgCl, AgBr, AgI, and/or the like), a gold halide (for example, AuF, AuCl, AuBr, AuI, and/or the like), and/or the like.

[0234] Non-limiting examples of the post-transition metal halide may include a zinc halide (e.g., ZnF.sub.2, ZnCl.sub.2, ZnBr.sub.2, ZnI.sub.2, and/or the like), an indium halide (e.g., InI.sub.3 and/or the like), a tin halide (e.g., SnI.sub.2 and/or the like), and/or the like.

[0235] Non-limiting examples of the lanthanide metal halide may include YbF, YbF.sub.2, YbF.sub.3, SmF.sub.3, YbCl, YbCl.sub.2, YbCl.sub.3, SmCl.sub.3, YbBr, YbBr.sub.2, YbBr.sub.3, SmBr.sub.3, YbI, YbI.sub.2, YbI.sub.3, SmI.sub.3, and/or the like.

[0236] Non-limiting examples of the metalloid halide may include an antimony halide (e.g., SbCl.sub.5 and/or the like) and/or the like.

[0237] Non-limiting examples of the metal telluride may include an alkali metal telluride (e.g., Li.sub.2Te, Na.sub.2Te, K.sub.2Te, Rb.sub.2Te, Cs.sub.2Te, and/or the like), an alkaline earth metal telluride (e.g., BeTe, MgTe, CaTe, SrTe, BaTe, and/or the like), a transition metal telluride (e.g., TiTe.sub.2, ZrTe.sub.2, HfTe.sub.2, V.sub.2Te.sub.3, Nb.sub.2Te.sub.3, Ta.sub.2Te.sub.3, Cr.sub.2Te.sub.3, Mo.sub.2Te.sub.3, W.sub.2Te.sub.3, MnTe, TcTe, ReTe, FeTe, RuTe, OsTe, CoTe, RhTe, IrTe, NiTe, PdTe, PtTe, Cu.sub.2Te, CuTe, Ag.sub.2Te, AgTe, Au.sub.2Te, and/or the like), a post-transition metal telluride (e.g., ZnTe and/or the like), a lanthanide metal telluride (e.g., LaTe, CeTe, PrTe, NdTe, PmTe, EuTe, GdTe, TbTe, DyTe, HoTe, ErTe, TmTe, YbTe, LuTe, and/or the like), and/or the like.

Emission Layer in Interlayer 130

[0238] When the light-emitting device 10 is a full-color light-emitting device, the emission layer may be patterned into a red emission layer, a green emission layer, and/or a blue emission layer, according to a sub-pixel. In one or more embodiments, the emission layer may have a stacked structure of two or more layers selected from a red emission layer, a green emission layer, and a blue emission layer, in which the two or more layers contact each other or are separated from each other, to emit white light (e.g., combined white light). In one or more embodiments, the emission layer may include two or more materials selected from a red light-emitting material, a green light-emitting material, and a blue light-emitting material, in which the two or more materials are mixed with each other in a single layer, to emit white light (e.g., combined white light).

[0239] In one or more embodiments, the emission layer may include a host and a dopant. The dopant may include a phosphorescent dopant, a fluorescent dopant, or any combination thereof.

[0240] An amount of the dopant in the emission layer may be in a range of about 0.01 parts by weight to about 15 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the host.

[0241] In one or more embodiments, the emission layer may include a quantum dot.

[0242] In one or more embodiments, the emission layer may include a delayed fluorescence material. The delayed fluorescence material may act as a host or a dopant in the emission layer.

[0243] A thickness of the emission layer may be in a range of about 100 to about 1,000 , for example, about 200 to about 600 . When the thickness of the emission layer is within these ranges, excellent or suitable luminescence characteristics may be obtained without a substantial increase in driving voltage.

Host

[0244] In one or more embodiments, the host may include a compound represented by Formula 301:

[Ar.sub.301].sub.xb11-[(L.sub.301).sub.xb1-R.sub.301].sub.xb21,Formula 301 [0245] wherein, in Formula 301, [0246] Ar.sub.301 and L.sub.301 may each independently be a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, [0247] xb11 may be 1, 2, or 3, [0248] xb1 may be an integer from 0 to 5, [0249] R.sub.301 may be hydrogen, deuterium, F, Cl, Br, I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, Si(Q.sub.301)(Q.sub.302)(Q.sub.303), N(Q.sub.301)(Q.sub.302), B(Q.sub.301)(Q.sub.302), C(O)(Q.sub.301), S(O).sub.2(Q.sub.301), or P(O)(Q.sub.301)(Q.sub.302), [0250] xb21 may be an integer from 1 to 5, and [0251] Q.sub.301 to Q.sub.303 may each be the same as described with respect to Q.sub.1.

[0252] For example, in some embodiments, when xb11 in Formula 301 is 2 or more, two or more of Ar.sub.301(s) may be linked to each other via a single bond.

[0253] In one or more embodiments, the host may include a compound represented by Formula 301-1, a compound represented by Formula 301-2, or any combination thereof:

##STR00095## [0254] wherein, in Formula 301-1 and 301-2, [0255] rings A.sub.301 to A.sub.304 may each independently be a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, [0256] X.sub.301 may be O, S, N[(L.sub.304).sub.xb4-R.sub.304], C(R.sub.304)(R.sub.305), or Si(R.sub.304)(R.sub.305), [0257] xb22 and xb23 may each independently be 0, 1, or 2, [0258] details on L.sub.301, xb1, and R.sub.301 may be referred to the descriptions provided herein, [0259] L.sub.302 to L.sub.304 may each independently be the same as described herein with respect to L.sub.301, [0260] xb2 to xb4 may each independently be the same as described with respect to xb1, and [0261] R.sub.302 to R.sub.305 and R.sub.311 to R.sub.314 may each independently be the same as described with respect to R.sub.301.

[0262] In one or more embodiments, the host may include an alkaline earth metal complex, a post-transition metal complex, or any combination thereof. In one or more embodiments, the host may include a Be complex (for example, Compound H55), an Mg complex, a Zn complex, or any combination thereof.

[0263] In one or more embodiments, the host may include: at least one selected from among Compounds H1 to H128; 9,10-di (2-naphthyl) anthracene (ADN); 2-methyl-9,10-bis (naphthalen-2-yl) anthracene (MADN); 9,10-di-(2-naphthyl)-2-t-butyl-anthracene (TBADN); 4,4-bis (N-carbazolyl)-1,1-biphenyl (CBP); 1,3-di (9H-carbazol-9-yl) benzene (mCP); 1,3,5-tri (carbazol-9-yl) benzene (TCP); or any combination thereof:

##STR00096## ##STR00097## ##STR00098## ##STR00099## ##STR00100## ##STR00101## ##STR00102## ##STR00103## ##STR00104## ##STR00105## ##STR00106## ##STR00107## ##STR00108## ##STR00109## ##STR00110## ##STR00111## ##STR00112## ##STR00113## ##STR00114## ##STR00115## ##STR00116## ##STR00117## ##STR00118## ##STR00119## ##STR00120## ##STR00121## ##STR00122## ##STR00123## ##STR00124##

##STR00125## ##STR00126## ##STR00127##

Phosphorescent Dopant

[0264] The phosphorescent dopant may include at least one transition metal as a core metal.

[0265] The phosphorescent dopant may include a monodentate ligand, a bidentate ligand, a tridentate ligand, a tetradentate ligand, a pentadentate ligand, a hexadentate ligand, or any combination thereof.

[0266] In one or more embodiments, the phosphorescent dopant may be electrically neutral.

[0267] For example, in some embodiments, the phosphorescent dopant may include an organometallic compound represented by Formula 401:

##STR00128## [0268] wherein, in Formulae 401 and 402, [0269] M may be a transition metal (for example, iridium (Ir), platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), osmium (Os), titanium (Ti), gold (Au), hafnium (Hf), europium (Eu), terbium (Tb), rhodium (Rh), rhenium (Re), or thulium (Tm)), [0270] L.sub.401 may be a ligand represented by Formula 402, and xc1 may be 1, 2, or 3, wherein, when xc1 is 2 or more, two or more of L.sub.401(s) may be identical to or different from each other, [0271] L.sub.402 may be an organic ligand, and xc2 may be 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4, wherein, when xc2 is 2 or more, two or more of L.sub.402(s) may be identical to or different from each other, [0272] X.sub.401 and X.sub.402 may each independently be N or C, [0273] rings A.sub.401 and A.sub.402 may each independently be a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, [0274] T.sub.401 may be a single bond, *O*, *S*, *C(O)*, *N(Q.sub.411)*, *C(Q.sub.411)(Q.sub.412)*, *C(Q.sub.411)C (Q.sub.412)*, *C(Q.sub.411)*, or *C*, [0275] X.sub.403 and X.sub.404 may each independently be a chemical bond (for example, a covalent bond or a coordinate bond), O, S, N(Q.sub.413), B(Q.sub.413), P(Q.sub.413), C(Q.sub.413)(Q.sub.414), or Si(Q.sub.413)(Q.sub.414), [0276] Q.sub.411 to Q.sub.414 may each be the same as described with respect to Q.sub.1, [0277] R.sub.401 and R.sub.402 may each independently be hydrogen, deuterium, F, Cl, Br, I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkoxy group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, Si(Q.sub.401)(Q.sub.402)(Q.sub.403), N(Q.sub.401)(Q.sub.402), B(Q.sub.401)(Q.sub.402), C(O)(Q.sub.401), S(O).sub.2(Q.sub.401), or P(O)(Q.sub.401)(Q.sub.402), [0278] Q.sub.401 to Q.sub.403 may each be the same as described with respect to Q.sub.1, [0279] xc11 and xc12 may each independently be an integer from 0 to 10, and [0280] * and * in Formula 402 each indicate a binding site with M in Formula 401.

[0281] For example, in some embodiments, in Formula 402, i) X.sub.401 may be nitrogen and X.sub.402 may be carbon, or ii) X.sub.401 and X.sub.402 may each be nitrogen.

[0282] In one or more embodiments, when xc1 in Formula 401 is 2 or more, two rings A.sub.401(s) among two or more of L.sub.401(s) may optionally be linked to each other via T.sub.402, which is a linking group, and/or two rings A.sub.402(s) among two or more of L.sub.401(s) may optionally be linked to each other via T.sub.403, which is a linking group (see Compounds PD1 to PD4 and PD7). T.sub.402 and T.sub.403 may each independently be the same as described with respect to T.sub.401.

[0283] In Formula 401, L.sub.402 may be an organic ligand. For example, L.sub.402 may include a halogen, a diketone group (for example, an acetylacetonate group), a carboxylic acid group (for example, a picolinate group), C(O), an isonitrile group, a CN group, a phosphorus-containing group (for example, a phosphine group, a phosphite group, and/or the like), or any combination thereof.

[0284] In one or more embodiments, the phosphorescent dopant may include, for example, at least one selected from among Compounds PD1 to PD39, or any combination thereof:

##STR00129## ##STR00130## ##STR00131## ##STR00132## ##STR00133## ##STR00134## ##STR00135## ##STR00136## ##STR00137##

Fluorescent Dopant

[0285] The fluorescent dopant may include an amine group-containing compound, a styryl group-containing compound, or any combination thereof. For example, in one or more embodiments, the fluorescent dopant may include a compound represented by Formula 501:

##STR00138## [0286] wherein, in Formula 501, [0287] Ar.sub.501, L.sub.501 to L.sub.503, R.sub.501, and R.sub.502 may each independently be a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, [0288] xd1 to xd3 may each independently be 0, 1, 2, or 3, and [0289] xd4 may be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.

[0290] For example, in some embodiments, Ar.sub.501 in Formula 501 may be a condensed cyclic group (for example, an anthracene group, a chrysene group, a pyrene group, and/or the like) in which three or more monocyclic groups are condensed together.

[0291] In one or more embodiments, xd4 in Formula 501 may be 2.

[0292] For example, in one or more embodiments, the fluorescent dopant may include: at least one selected from among Compounds FD1 to FD37; 4,4-bis(2,2-diphenylvinyl)-1,1-biphenyl (DPVBi); 4,4-bis [4-(N,N-diphenylamino) styryl]biphenyl (DPAVBi); or any combination thereof:

##STR00139## ##STR00140## ##STR00141## ##STR00142## ##STR00143## ##STR00144##

Delayed Fluorescence Material

[0293] In one or more embodiments, the emission layer may include a delayed fluorescence material.

[0294] In the present disclosure, the delayed fluorescence material may be selected from compounds capable of emitting delayed fluorescence based on a delayed fluorescence emission mechanism.

[0295] The delayed fluorescence material included in the emission layer may act as a host or a dopant depending on the types (kinds) of other materials included in the emission layer.

[0296] In one or more embodiments, a difference between a triplet energy level (eV) of the delayed fluorescence material and a singlet energy level (eV) of the delayed fluorescence material may be in a range of about 0 eV to about 0.5 eV. When the difference between the triplet energy level (eV) of the delayed fluorescence material and the singlet energy level (eV) of the delayed fluorescence material is within the above range, up-conversion from the triplet state to the singlet state of the delayed fluorescence materials may effectively occur, and thus, the light-emitting device 10 may have improved luminescence efficiency.

[0297] For example, in one or more embodiments, the delayed fluorescence material may include i) a material including at least one electron donor (e.g., a electron-rich C.sub.3-C.sub.60 cyclic group, such as a carbazole group) and at least one electron acceptor (e.g., a sulfoxide group, a cyano group, a electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C.sub.1-C.sub.60 cyclic group, and/or the like), and/or ii) a material including a C.sub.8-C.sub.60 polycyclic group including at least two cyclic groups condensed to each other while sharing boron (B).

[0298] Non-limiting examples of the delayed fluorescence material may include at least one selected from among Compounds DF1 to DF14:

##STR00145## ##STR00146## ##STR00147## ##STR00148##

Quantum Dots

[0299] In one or more embodiments, the emission layer may include quantum dots.

[0300] The term quantum dot as utilized herein refers to a crystal of a semiconductor compound, and may include any material capable of emitting light of one or more suitable emission wavelengths according to the size of the crystal.

[0301] A diameter of the quantum dot may be, for example, in a range of about 1 nm to about 10 nm. In the present disclosure, when dot, dots, or dot particles are spherical, diameter indicates a particle diameter or an average particle diameter, and when the particles are non-spherical, the diameter indicates a major axis length or an average major axis length. The diameter of the particles may be measured utilizing a scanning electron microscope or a particle size analyzer. As the particle size analyzer, for example, HORIBA, LA-950 laser particle size analyzer, may be utilized. When the size of the particles is measured utilizing a particle size analyzer, the average particle diameter is referred to as D50. D50 refers to the average diameter of particles whose cumulative volume corresponds to 50 vol % in the particle size distribution (e.g., cumulative distribution), and refers to the value of the particle size corresponding to 50% from the smallest particle when the total number of particles is 100% in the distribution curve accumulated in the order of the smallest particle size to the largest particle size.

[0302] The quantum dots may be synthesized by a wet chemical process, a metal organic chemical vapor deposition process, a molecular beam epitaxy process, or any similar process.

[0303] The wet chemical process is a method in which a precursor material of a quantum dot is mixed with an organic solvent, followed by growth of a quantum dot particle crystal. When the crystal grows, the organic solvent may naturally serve as a dispersant coordinated on the surface of the quantum dot crystal and may control the growth of the crystal. Thus, the wet chemical method may be easier to perform than the vapor deposition process such as metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) or molecular beam epitaxy (MBE)), and the growth of quantum dot particles may be controlled or selected through a low-cost process.

[0304] The quantum dots may include: a Group II-VI semiconductor compound; a Group III-V semiconductor compound; a Group III-VI semiconductor compound; a Group I-III-VI semiconductor compound; a Group IV-VI semiconductor compound; a Group IV element or compound; or any combination thereof.

[0305] Non-limiting examples of the Group II-VI semiconductor compound may include: a binary compound, such as CdS, CdSe, CdTe, ZnS, ZnSe, ZnTe, ZnO, HgS, HgSe, HgTe, MgSe, MgS, and/or the like; a ternary compound, such as CdSeS, CdSeTe, CdSTe, ZnSeS, ZnSeTe, ZnSTe, HgSeS, HgSeTe, HgSTe, CdZnS, CdZnSe, CdZnTe, CdHgS, CdHgSe, CdHgTe, HgZnS, HgZnSe, HgZnTe, MgZnSe, MgZnS, and/or the like; a quaternary compound, such as CdZnSeS, CdZnSeTe, CdZnSTe, CdHgSeS, CdHgSeTe, CdHgSTe, HgZnSeS, HgZnSeTe, HgZnSTe, and/or the like; or any combination thereof.

[0306] Non-limiting examples of the Group III-V semiconductor compound may include: a binary compound, such as GaN, GaP, GaAs, GaSb, AlN, AlP, AlAs, AlSb, InN, InP, InAs, InSb, and/or the like; a ternary compound, such as GaNP, GaNAs, GaNSb, GaPAs, GaPSb, AlNP, AlNAs, AlNSb, AlPAS, AlPSb, InGaP, InNP, InAlP, InNAs, InNSb, InPAs, InPSb, and/or the like; a quaternary compound, such as GaAlNP, GaAlNAs, GaAlNSb, GaAlPAs, GaAlPSb, GaInNP, GaInNAs, GaInNSb, GaInPAs, GaInPSb, InAlNP, InAlNAs, InAlNSb, InAlPAs, InAlPSb, and/or the like; or any combination thereof. In one or more embodiments, the Group III-V semiconductor compound may further include a Group II element. Non-limiting examples of the Group III-V semiconductor compound further including a Group II element may include InZnP, InGaZnP, InAIZnP, and/or the like.

[0307] Non-limiting examples of the Group III-VI semiconductor compound may include: a binary compound, such as GaS, GaSe, GazSes, GaTe, InS, InSe, In.sub.2S.sub.3, In.sub.2Se.sub.3, InTe, and/or the like; a ternary compound, such as InGaSs, InGaSes, and/or the like; or any combination thereof.

[0308] Non-limiting examples of the Group I-III-VI semiconductor compound may include: a ternary compound, such as AgInS, AgInS.sub.2, CuInS, CuInS.sub.2, CuGaO.sub.2, AgGaO.sub.2, AgAlO.sub.2, and/or the like; or any combination thereof.

[0309] Non-limiting examples of the Group IV-VI semiconductor compound may include: a binary compound, such as SnS, SnSe, SnTe, PbS, PbSe, or PbTe; a ternary compound, such as SnSeS, SnSeTe, SnSTe, PbSeS, PbSeTe, PbSTe, SnPbS, SnPbSe, SnPbTe, and/or the like; a quaternary compound, such as SnPbSSe, SnPbSeTe, SnPbSTe, and/or the like; or any combination thereof.

[0310] The Group IV element or compound may include: a single element compound, such as Si, Ge, and/or the like; a binary compound, such as SiC, SiGe, and/or the like; or any combination thereof.

[0311] Each element included in a multi-element compound, such as the binary compound, the ternary compound, and the quaternary compound, may be present at a substantially uniform concentration or non-substantially uniform concentration in a particle.

[0312] In one or more embodiments, the quantum dot may have a single structure in which the concentration of each element in the quantum dot is substantially uniform, or may have a core-shell dual structure. For example, a material included in the core and a material included in the shell may be different from each other.

[0313] The shell of the quantum dot (e.g., the shell around the core of the quantum dot) may act as a protective layer that prevents chemical denaturation of the core to maintain semiconductor characteristics, and/or as a charging layer that imparts electrophoretic characteristics to the quantum dot. The shell may be a single layer or a multi-layer. The interface between the core and the shell may have a concentration gradient in which the concentration of elements present in the shell decreases toward the core.

[0314] Non-limiting examples of the shell of the quantum dot may include an oxide of a metal, a metalloid, or a non-metal, a semiconductor compound, or a combination thereof. Non-limiting examples of the oxide of a metal, a metalloid, or a non-metal may include: a binary compound, such as SiO.sub.2, Al.sub.2O.sub.3, TiO.sub.2, ZnO, MnO, Mn.sub.2O.sub.3, Mn.sub.3O.sub.4, CuO, FeO, Fe.sub.2O.sub.3, Fe.sub.3O.sub.4, CoO, Co.sub.3O.sub.4, or NiO; a ternary compound, such as MgAl.sub.2O.sub.4, CoFe.sub.2O.sub.4, NiFe.sub.2O.sub.4, or CoMn.sub.2O.sub.4; or any combination thereof. As described herein, examples of the semiconductor compound may include: a Group II-VI semiconductor compound; a Group III-V semiconductor compound; a Group III-VI semiconductor compound; a Group I-III-VI semiconductor compound; a Group IV-VI semiconductor compound; or any combination thereof. For example, the semiconductor compound suitable as a shell may include CdS, CdSe, CdTe, ZnS, ZnSe, ZnTe, ZnSeS, ZnTeS, GaAs, GaP, GaSb, HgS, HgSe, HgTe, InAs, InP, InGaP, InSb, AlAs, AlP, AlSb, or any combination thereof.

[0315] The quantum dot may have a full width at half maximum (FWHM) of an emission spectrum of about 45 nm or less, for example, about 40 nm or less, for example, about 30 nm or less. When the FWHM the emission spectrum of the quantum dot is within the above range, color purity or color reproducibility of the quantum dot may be improved. In some embodiments, because light emitted through the quantum dot is emitted in all directions, the wide viewing angle may be improved.

[0316] In some embodiments, the quantum dot may be, for example, a spherical nanoparticle, a pyramidal nanoparticle, multi-arm nanoparticle, or a cubic nanoparticle, a nanotube, a nanowire, a nanofiber, or a nanoplate particle.

[0317] By adjusting the size of the quantum dot, the energy band gap of the quantum dot may be adjusted, and thus, light of one or more suitable wavelengths may be obtained in a quantum dot emission layer. Accordingly, by utilizing quantum dots with difference sizes, a light-emitting device that emits light of one or more suitable wavelengths may be realized. In one or more embodiments, the sizes of the quantum dots may be selected so that red light, green light, and/or blue light may be emitted. In some embodiments, the quantum dots with suitable sizes may be configured to emit white light by combination of light of one or more suitable colors.

Electron Transport Region in Interlayer 130

[0318] The electron transport region may have: i) a single-layered structure including (e.g., consisting of) a single layer including (e.g., consisting of) a single material, ii) a single-layered structure including (e.g., consisting of) a single layer including (e.g., consisting of) a plurality of different materials, or iii) a multi-layered structure including a plurality of layers including a plurality of different materials.

[0319] The electron transport region may include a buffer layer, a hole blocking layer, an electron control layer, an electron transport layer, an electron injection layer, or any combination thereof.

[0320] For example, in one or more embodiments, the electron transport region may have an electron transport layer/electron injection layer structure, a hole blocking layer/electron transport layer/electron injection layer structure, an electron control layer/electron transport layer/electron injection layer structure, a buffer layer/electron transport layer/electron injection layer structure, and/or the like, in which constituent layers of each structure are sequentially stacked from the emission layer in the stated order.

[0321] The electron transport region (e.g., a buffer layer, a hole blocking layer, an electron control layer, or an electron transport layer in the electron transport region) may include a metal-free compound including at least one IT electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C.sub.1-C.sub.60 cyclic group.

[0322] For example, in one or more embodiments, the electron transport region may include a compound represented by Formula 601:

[Ar.sub.601].sub.xe11-[(L.sub.601).sub.xe1-R.sub.601].sub.xe21,Formula 601 [0323] wherein, in Formula 601,

[0324] Ar.sub.601 and L.sub.601 may each independently be a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, [0325] xe11 may be 1, 2, or 3, [0326] xe1 may be 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5, [0327] R.sub.601 may be a C.sub.5-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, Si(Q.sub.601)(Q.sub.602)(Q.sub.603), C(O)(Q.sub.601), S(O).sub.2(Q.sub.601), or P(O)(Q.sub.601)(Q.sub.602), [0328] Q.sub.601 to Q.sub.603 may each be the same as described with respect to Q.sub.1, [0329] xe21 may be 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5, and [0330] at least one selected from among Ar.sub.601, L.sub.601, and R.sub.601 may each independently be a TT electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C.sub.1-C.sub.60 cyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a.

[0331] For example, in some embodiments, when xe11 in Formula 601 is 2 or more, two or more of Ar.sub.601(s) may be linked to each other via a single bond.

[0332] In one or more embodiments, Ar.sub.601 in Formula 601 may be an anthracene group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a.

[0333] In one or more embodiments, the electron transport region may include a compound represented by Formula 601-1:

##STR00149## [0334] wherein, in Formula 601-1, [0335] X.sub.614 may be N or C (R.sub.614), X.sub.615 may be N or C(R.sub.615), X.sub.616 may be N or C(R.sub.616), and at least one selected from among X.sub.614 to X.sub.616 may be N, [0336] L.sub.611 to L.sub.613 may each be the same as described with respect to L.sub.601, [0337] xe611 to xe613 may each be the same as described with respect to xe1, [0338] R.sub.611 to R.sub.613 may each be the same as described with respect to R.sub.601, and [0339] R.sub.614 to R.sub.616 may each independently be hydrogen, deuterium, F, Cl, Br, I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkoxy group, a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a.

[0340] For example, in some embodiments, xe1 and xe611 to xe613 in Formulae 601 and 601-1 may each independently be 0, 1, or 2.

[0341] In one or more embodiments, the electron transport region may include: at least one selected from among Compounds ET1 to ET45; 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (BCP); 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (Bphen); tris(8-hydroxyquinolinato)aluminum (Alq.sub.3); bis(2-methyl-8-quinolinolato-N1,O8)-(1,1-biphenyl-4-olato)aluminum (BAlq); 3-(4-biphenyl)-4-phenyl-5-tert-butylphenyl-1,2,4-triazole (TAZ); 4-(naphthalen-1-yl)-3,5-diphenyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole (NTAZ); or any combination thereof:

##STR00150## ##STR00151## ##STR00152## ##STR00153## ##STR00154## ##STR00155## ##STR00156## ##STR00157## ##STR00158## ##STR00159## ##STR00160## ##STR00161## ##STR00162## ##STR00163## ##STR00164##

[0342] A thickness of the electron transport region may be in a range of about 100 to about 5,000 , for example, about 160 to about 4,000 . When the electron transport region includes a buffer layer, a hole blocking layer, an electron control layer, an electron transport layer, or any combination thereof, the thickness of the buffer layer, the hole blocking layer, or the electron control layer may be in a range of about 20 to about 1,000 , for example, about 30 to about 300 , and the thickness of the electron transport layer may be in a range of about 100 to about 1,000 , for example, about 150 to about 500 . When the thicknesses of the buffer layer, the hole blocking layer, the electron control layer, the electron transport layer, and/or the electron transport region are within these ranges, satisfactory electron transporting characteristics may be obtained without a substantial increase in driving voltage.

[0343] In one or more embodiments, the electron transport region (for example, the electron transport layer in the electron transport region) may further include, in addition to the materials described above, a metal-containing material.

[0344] The metal-containing material may include an alkali metal complex, an alkaline earth metal complex, or any combination thereof. A metal ion of the alkali metal complex may be a Li ion, a Na ion, a K ion, a Rb ion, or a Cs ion, and a metal ion of the alkaline earth metal complex may be a Be ion, a Mg ion, a Ca ion, a Sr ion, or a Ba ion. Each ligand coordinated with the metal ion of the alkali metal complex or the metal ion of the alkaline earth-metal complex may include a hydroxyquinoline, a hydroxyisoquinoline, a hydroxybenzoquinoline, a hydroxyacridine, a hydroxyphenanthridine, a hydroxyphenyloxazole, a hydroxyphenylthiazole, a hydroxyphenyloxadiazole, a hydroxyphenylthiadiazole, a hydroxyphenylpyridine, a hydroxyphenylbenzimidazole, a hydroxyphenylbenzothiazole, a bipyridine, a phenanthroline, a cyclopentadiene, or any combination thereof.

[0345] For example, in some embodiments, the metal-containing material may include a Li complex. The Li complex may include, for example, Compound ET-D1 (LiQ) or ET-D2:

##STR00165##

[0346] In one or more embodiments, the electron transport region may include an electron injection layer that facilitates the injection of electrons from the second electrode 150. The electron injection layer may directly contact the second electrode 150.

[0347] The electron injection layer may have: i) a single-layered structure including (e.g., consisting of) a single layer including (e.g., consisting of) a single material, ii) a single-layered structure including (e.g., consisting of) a single layer including a plurality of different materials, or iii) a multi-layered structure having a plurality of layers including a plurality of different materials.

[0348] The electron injection layer may include an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, a rare earth metal, an alkali metal-containing compound, an alkaline earth metal-containing compound, a rare earth metal-containing compound, an alkali metal complex, an alkaline earth metal complex, a rare earth metal complex, or any combination thereof.

[0349] The alkali metal may include Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, or any combination thereof. The alkaline earth metal may include Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, or any combination thereof. The rare earth metal may include Sc, Y, Ce, Tb, Yb, Gd, or any combination thereof.

[0350] The alkali metal-containing compound, the alkaline earth metal-containing compound, and the rare earth metal-containing compound may be oxides, halides (for example, fluorides, chlorides, bromides, or iodides), or tellurides of each of the alkali metal, the alkaline earth metal, and the rare earth metal, respectively, or any combination thereof.

[0351] The alkali metal-containing compound may include alkali metal oxides such as Li.sub.2O, Cs.sub.2O, K.sub.2O, and/or the like, alkali metal halides such as LiF, NaF, CsF, KF, LiI, NaI, CsI, KI, and/or the like, or any combination thereof. The alkaline earth metal-containing compound may include alkaline earth metal compounds, such as BaO, SrO, CaO, Ba.sub.xSr.sub.1-xO (wherein x is a real number satisfying 0<x<1), Ba.sub.xCa.sub.1-xO (wherein x is a real number satisfying 0<x<1), and/or the like. The rare earth metal-containing compound may include YbF.sub.3, ScF.sub.3, SC.sub.2O.sub.3, Y.sub.2O.sub.3, Ce.sub.2O.sub.3, GdF.sub.3, TbF.sub.3, YbI.sub.3, ScI.sub.3, TbI.sub.3, or any combination thereof. In one or more embodiments, the rare earth metal-containing compound may include lanthanide metal tellurides. Non-limiting examples of the lanthanide metal telluride may include LaTe, CeTe, PrTe, NdTe, PmTe, SmTe, EuTe, GdTe, TbTe, DyTe, HoTe, ErTe, TmTe, YbTe, LuTe, La.sub.2Te.sub.3, Ce.sub.2Te.sub.3, Pr.sub.2Te.sub.3, Nd.sub.2Te.sub.3, Pm.sub.2Te.sub.3, Sm.sub.2Te.sub.3, Eu.sub.2Te.sub.3, Gd.sub.2Te.sub.3, Tb.sub.2Te.sub.3, Dy.sub.2Te.sub.3, Ho.sub.2Te.sub.3, Er.sub.2Te.sub.3, Tm.sub.2Te.sub.3, Yb.sub.2Te.sub.3, Lu.sub.2Te.sub.3, and/or the like.

[0352] The alkali metal complex, the alkaline earth metal complex, and the rare earth metal complex may include i) one of metal ions of the alkali metal, one of metal ions of the alkaline earth metal, and one of metal ions of the rare earth metal, respectively, and ii) a ligand bonded to the metal ion (i.e., bonded to the respective metal ion), for example, hydroxyquinoline, hydroxyisoquinoline, hydroxybenzoquinoline, hydroxyacridine, hydroxyphenanthridine, hydroxyphenyloxazole, hydroxyphenylthiazole, hydroxyphenyloxadiazole, hydroxyphenylthiadiazole, hydroxyphenylpyridine, hydroxyphenyl benzimidazole, hydroxyphenylbenzothiazole, bipyridine, phenanthroline, cyclopentadiene, or any combination thereof.

[0353] In one or more embodiments, the electron injection layer may include (e.g., consist of) an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, a rare earth metal, an alkali metal-containing compound, an alkaline earth metal-containing compound, a rare earth metal-containing compound, an alkali metal complex, an alkaline earth metal complex, a rare earth metal complex, or any combination thereof, as described above, and may further include an organic material (e.g., the compound represented by Formula 601).

[0354] In one or more embodiments, the electron injection layer may include (e.g., consist of) i) an alkali metal-containing compound (e.g., an alkali metal halide), or ii) a) an alkali metal-containing compound (e.g., an alkali metal halide), and b) an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, a rare earth metal, or any combination thereof. For example, in some embodiments, the electron injection layer may be a KI:Yb co-deposited layer, an RbI:Yb co-deposited layer, a LiF:Yb co-deposited layer, and/or the like.

[0355] When the electron injection layer further includes an organic material, the alkali metal, the alkaline earth metal, the rare earth metal, the alkali metal-containing compound, the alkaline earth metal-containing compound, the rare earth metal-containing compound, the alkali metal complex, the alkaline earth metal complex, the rare earth metal complex, or any combination thereof may be substantially uniformly or non-uniformly dispersed in a matrix including the organic material.

[0356] A thickness of the electron injection layer may be in a range of about 1 to about 100 , or, for example, about 3 to about 90 . When the thickness of the electron injection layer is within these ranges, satisfactory electron injection characteristics may be obtained without a substantial increase in driving voltage.

Second Electrode 150

[0357] The second electrode 150 may be on (e.g., arranged on) the interlayer 130 as described above. The second electrode 150 may be a cathode, which is an electron injection electrode. In this case, as a material for forming the second electrode 150, a metal, an alloy, an electrically conductive compound, or any combination thereof, each having a low-work function, may be utilized.

[0358] The second electrode 150 may include lithium (Li), silver (Ag), magnesium (Mg), aluminum (AI), aluminum-lithium (AlLi), calcium (Ca), magnesium-indium (MgIn), magnesium-silver (MgAg), ytterbium (Yb), silver-ytterbium (AgYb), ITO, IZO, or any combination thereof. The second electrode 150 may be a transmissive electrode, a semi-transmissive electrode, or a reflective electrode.

[0359] The second electrode 150 may have a single-layered structure or a multi-layered structure including a plurality of layers.

Capping Layer

[0360] A first capping layer may be arranged outside (e.g., on) the first electrode 110, and/or a second capping layer may be arranged outside (e.g., on) the second electrode 150. In one or more embodiments, the light-emitting device 10 may have a structure in which the first capping layer, the first electrode 110, the interlayer 130, and the second electrode 150 are sequentially stacked in the stated order, a structure in which the first electrode 110, the interlayer 130, the second electrode 150, and the second capping layer are sequentially stacked in the stated order, or a structure in which the first capping layer, the first electrode 110, the interlayer 130, the second electrode 150, and the second capping layer are sequentially stacked in the stated order.

[0361] In some embodiments, light generated in the emission layer of the interlayer 130 of the light-emitting device 10 may pass through the first electrode 110, which is a semi-transmissive electrode or a transmissive electrode, and through the first capping layer to the outside. In some embodiments, light generated in the emission layer of the interlayer 130 of the light-emitting device 10 may pass through the second electrode 150, which is a semi-transmissive electrode or a transmissive electrode, and through the second capping layer to the outside.

[0362] The first capping layer and the second capping layer may increase external emission efficiency on the basis of the principle of constructive interference. Accordingly, the light extraction efficiency of the light-emitting device 10 may be increased, thus improving the luminous efficiency of the light-emitting device 10.

[0363] Each of the first capping layer and the second capping layer may include a material having a refractive index of about 1.6 or higher (e.g., at 589 nm).

[0364] The first capping layer and the second capping layer may each independently be an organic capping layer including an organic material, an inorganic capping layer including an inorganic material, or an organic-inorganic composite capping layer including an organic material and an inorganic material.

[0365] At least one of the first capping layer or the second capping layer may (e.g., the first capping layer and the second capping layer may each independently) include a carbocyclic compound, a heterocyclic compound, an amine group-containing compound, a porphine derivative, a phthalocyanine derivative, a naphthalocyanine derivative, an alkali metal complex, an alkaline earth metal complex, or any combination thereof. The carbocyclic compound, the heterocyclic compound, and the amine group-containing compound may each optionally be substituted with a substituent including O, N, S, Se, Si, F, Cl, Br, I, or any combination thereof. In one or more embodiments, at least one of the first capping layer or the second capping layer may (e.g., the first capping layer and the second capping layer may each independently) include an amine group-containing compound, for example, the amine-containing compound.

[0366] For example, in one or more embodiments, at least one of the first capping layer or the second capping layer may (e.g., the first capping layer and the second capping layer may each independently) include a compound represented by Formula 201, a compound represented by Formula 202, or any combination thereof.

[0367] In one or more embodiments, at least one of the first capping layer or the second capping layer may (e.g., the first capping layer and the second capping layer may each independently) include: at least one selected from among Compounds HT28 to HT33; at least one selected from among Compounds CP1 to CP6; -NPB; or any combination thereof:

##STR00166## ##STR00167##

Film

[0368] The amine-containing compound represented by Formula 1 may be included in one or more suitable films. Accordingly, according to one or more embodiments, a film including the amine-containing compound represented by Formula 1 may be provided. The film may be, for example, an optical member (or a light control element) (for example, a color filter, a color conversion member, a capping layer, a light extraction efficiency enhancement layer, a selective light absorbing layer, a polarizing layer, a quantum dot-containing layer, and/or the like), a light-shielding member (for example, a light reflective layer, a light absorbing layer, and/or the like), and/or a protective member (for example, an insulating layer, a dielectric layer, and/or the like).

Electronic Apparatus

[0369] The light-emitting device may be included in one or more suitable electronic apparatuses. For example, in one or more embodiments, the electronic apparatus including the light-emitting device may be a light-emitting apparatus, an authentication apparatus, and/or the like.

[0370] In one or more embodiments, the electronic apparatus (for example, a light-emitting apparatus) may further include, in addition to the light-emitting device, i) a color filter, ii) a color conversion layer, or iii) a color filter and a color conversion layer. The color filter and/or the color conversion layer may be arranged on at least one travel direction of light emitted from the light-emitting device. For example, in some embodiments, the light emitted from the light-emitting device may be blue light or white light (e.g., combined white light). Details on the light-emitting device may be referred to the descriptions provided herein. In some embodiments, the color conversion layer may include quantum dots. The quantum dot may be, for example, the quantum dot described herein.

[0371] The electronic apparatus may include a first substrate. The first substrate may include a plurality of sub-pixel areas, the color filter may include a plurality of color filter areas respectively corresponding to the sub-pixel areas, and the color conversion layer may include a plurality of color conversion areas respectively corresponding to the sub-pixel areas.

[0372] A pixel-defining film may be arranged among the plurality of sub-pixel areas to define each sub-pixel area.

[0373] The color filter may further include a plurality of color filter areas and light-shielding patterns arranged among the color filter areas, and the color conversion layer may further include a plurality of color conversion areas and light-shielding patterns arranged among the color conversion areas.

[0374] The plurality of color filter areas (or the plurality of color conversion areas) may include: a first area configured to emit first color light; a second area configured to emit second color light; and/or a third area configured to emit third color light, in which the first color light, the second color light, and/or the third color light may have different maximum emission wavelengths. For example, in one or more embodiments, the first color light may be red light, the second color light may be green light, and the third color light may be blue light. For example, in one or more embodiments, the plurality of color filter areas (or the plurality of color conversion areas) may include quantum dots. In one or more embodiments, the first area may include red quantum dots to emit red light, the second area may include green quantum dots to emit green light, and the third area may not include (e.g., may exclude) any quantum dot. Details on the quantum dot may be referred to the descriptions provided herein. The first area, the second area, and/or the third area may each further include a scatter.

[0375] For example, in one or more embodiments, the light-emitting device may be to emit first light, the first area may be to absorb the first light to emit 1.sup.st-1 color light, the second area may be to absorb the first light to emit 2.sup.nd-1 color light, and the third area may be to absorb the first light to emit 3.sup.rd-1 color light. In this regard, the 1.sup.st-1 color light, the 2.sup.nd-1 color light, and the 3.sup.rd-1 color light may have different maximum emission wavelengths. In one or more embodiments, the first light may be blue light, the 1.sup.st-1 color light may be red light, the 2.sup.nd-1 color light may be green light, and the 3.sup.rd-1 color light may be blue light.

[0376] In one or more embodiments, the electronic apparatus may further include a thin-film transistor, in addition to the light-emitting device as described above. The thin-film transistor may include a source electrode, a drain electrode, and an active layer, in which one selected from among the source electrode and the drain electrode may be electrically connected to the first electrode or the second electrode of the light-emitting device.

[0377] The thin-film transistor may further include a gate electrode, a gate insulating film, and/or the like.

[0378] The active layer may include crystalline silicon, amorphous silicon, an organic semiconductor, an oxide semiconductor, and/or the like.

[0379] In one or more embodiments, the electronic apparatus may further include an encapsulation unit for encapsulating the light-emitting device. The encapsulation unit may be arranged between the color filter and/or the color conversion layer and the light-emitting device. The encapsulation unit allows light to pass to the outside from the light-emitting device and prevents the air and moisture from permeating into the light-emitting device at the same time. The encapsulation unit may be an encapsulation substrate including a transparent glass substrate or a plastic substrate. The encapsulation unit may be a thin-film encapsulation layer including at least one of an organic layer or an inorganic layer. When the encapsulation unit is a thin film encapsulation layer, the electronic apparatus may be flexible.

[0380] In addition to the color filter and/or the color conversion layer, one or more suitable functional layers may be further disposed on the encapsulation unit depending on the utilization of the electronic apparatus. Non-limiting examples of the functional layer may include a touch screen layer, a polarizing layer, and/or the like. The touch screen layer may be a resistive touch screen layer, a capacitive touch screen layer, or an infrared beam touch screen layer.

[0381] The authentication apparatus may be, for example, a biometric authentication apparatus that identifies an individual by utilizing biometric information of a living body (for example, fingertips, pupils, and/or the like). The authentication apparatus may further include a biometric information collector, in addition to the light-emitting device as described above.

[0382] The electronic apparatus may be applied to one or more of a display, an optical source, lighting, a personal computer (e.g., a mobile personal computer), a mobile phone, a digital camera, an electronic note, an electronic dictionary, an electronic game console, a medical device (e.g., an electronic thermometer, a blood pressure meter, a glucometer, a pulse measurement device, a pulse wave measuring device, an electrocardiogram recorder, an ultrasonic diagnostic device, or an endoscope display), a fish finder, one or more suitable measurement devices, gauges (e.g., gauges of an automobile, an airplane, or a ship), and a projector.

Electronic Equipment

[0383] The light-emitting device may be included in one or more suitable electronic equipment.

[0384] For example, the electronic equipment including the light-emitting device may be at least one of a flat panel display, a curved display, a computer monitor, a medical monitor, a television, a billboard, an indoor or outdoor lighting and/or signaling light, a head-up display, a fully or partially transparent display, a flexible display, a rollable display, a foldable display, a stretchable display, a laser printer, a telephone, a mobile phone, a tablet, a phablet, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a wearable device, a laptop computer, a digital camera, a camcorder, a viewfinder, a micro display, a three-dimensional (3D) display, a virtual or augmented reality display, a vehicle, a video wall with multiple displays tiled together, a theater or stadium screen, a phototherapy device, or a signboard.

[0385] Because the light-emitting device of the present disclosure has excellent or suitable effects in terms of luminescence efficiency, long lifespan, and/or the like, the electronic equipment including the light-emitting device may have characteristics such as high luminance, high resolution, and low power consumption.

Description of FIG. 2 and FIG. 3

[0386] FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of a light-emitting apparatus according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0387] The light-emitting apparatus of FIG. 2 may include a substrate 100, a thin-film transistor (TFT), a light-emitting device, and an encapsulation unit 300 that encapsulates the light-emitting device.

[0388] The substrate 100 may be a flexible substrate, a glass substrate, or a metal substrate. A buffer layer 210 may be on the substrate 100. The buffer layer 210 may prevent or reduce penetration of impurities through the substrate 100 and may provide a flat surface on the substrate 100.

[0389] The TFT may be on the buffer layer 210. The TFT may include an active layer 220, a gate electrode 240, a source electrode 260, and a drain electrode 270.

[0390] The active layer 220 may include an inorganic semiconductor such as silicon or polysilicon, an organic semiconductor, or an oxide semiconductor, and may include a source region, a drain region, and a channel region.

[0391] A gate insulating film 230 for insulating the active layer 220 from the gate electrode 240 may be on the active layer 220, and the gate electrode 240 may be on the gate insulating film 230.

[0392] An interlayer insulating film 250 may be on the gate electrode 240. The interlayer insulating film 250 may be arranged between the gate electrode 240 and the source electrode 260 and between the gate electrode 240 and the drain electrode 270, to provide insulation therebetween.

[0393] The source electrode 260 and the drain electrode 270 may be on the interlayer insulating film 250. The interlayer insulating film 250 and the gate insulating film 230 may be formed to expose the source region and the drain region of the active layer 220, and the source electrode 260 and the drain electrode 270 may be arranged in contact with the exposed portions of the source region and the drain region of the active layer 220, respectively.

[0394] The TFT may be electrically connected to the light-emitting device to drive the light-emitting device, and may be covered and protected by a passivation layer 280. The passivation layer 280 may include an inorganic insulating film, an organic insulating film, or any combination thereof. The light-emitting device may be provided on the passivation layer 280. The light-emitting device may include a first electrode 110, an interlayer 130, and a second electrode 150.

[0395] The first electrode 110 may be on the passivation layer 280. The passivation layer 280 may be arranged to expose a portion of the drain electrode 270, not fully covering the drain electrode 270, and the first electrode 110 may be arranged to be connected to the exposed portion of the drain electrode 270.

[0396] A pixel defining layer 290 including an insulating material may be on the first electrode 110. The pixel defining layer 290 may expose a certain region of the first electrode 110, and the interlayer 130 may be formed in the exposed region of the first electrode 110. The pixel defining layer 290 may be a polyimide-based organic film or a polyacrylic organic film. In some embodiments, at least some layers of the interlayer 130 may extend to the upper portion of the pixel defining layer 290 and may be arranged in the form of a common layer.

[0397] The second electrode 150 may be on the interlayer 130, and a capping layer 170 may be further formed on the second electrode 150. The capping layer 170 may be formed to cover the second electrode 150.

[0398] The encapsulation unit 300 may be on the capping layer 170. The encapsulation unit 300 may be arranged on the light-emitting device to protect the light-emitting device from moisture or oxygen. The encapsulation unit 300 may include: an inorganic film including silicon nitride (SiN.sub.x), silicon oxide (SiO.sub.x), indium tin oxide, indium zinc oxide, or any combination thereof; an organic film including polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, polycarbonate, polyimide, polyethylene sulfonate, polyoxymethylene, polyarylate, hexamethyldisiloxane, an acrylic resin (for example, polymethyl methacrylate, polyacrylic acid, and/or the like), an epoxy-based resin (for example, aliphatic glycidyl ether (AGE), and/or the like), or any combination thereof; or a combination of the inorganic film(s) and the organic film(s).

[0399] FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of a light-emitting apparatus according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0400] The light-emitting apparatus of FIG. 3 is substantially the same as the light-emitting apparatus of FIG. 2, except that a light-shielding pattern 500 and a functional region 400 are additionally arranged on the encapsulation unit 300. The functional region 400 may be i) a color filter area, ii) a color conversion area, or iii) a combination of the color filter area and the color conversion area. In one or more embodiments, the light-emitting device included in the light-emitting apparatus of FIG. 3 may be a tandem light-emitting device.

Description of FIG. 4

[0401] FIG. 4 is a schematic perspective view of electronic equipment 1 including a light-emitting device according to one or more embodiments. The electronic equipment 1 may be, as an apparatus that displays a moving image or still image, portable electronic equipment, such as a mobile phone, a smart phone, a tablet personal computer (PC), a mobile communication terminal, an electronic notebook, an electronic book, a portable multimedia player (PMP), a navigation, or a ultra mobile PC (UMPC), as well as: one or more suitable electronic products, such as a television, a laptop, a monitor, a billboard, or an Internet of things (IoT); or a part thereof. In some embodiments, the electronic equipment 1 may be: a wearable device, such as a smart watch, a watch phone, a glasses-type or kind display, or a head mounted display (HMD); or a part of the wearable device. However, embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto. For example, in one or more embodiments, the electron equipment 1 may be a dashboard of a vehicle, a center information display (CID) arranged on a center fascia or dashboard of a vehicle, a room mirror display that replaces a side mirror of a vehicle, an entertainment display for the rear seat of a vehicle or a display arranged on the back of the front seat thereof, a head up display (HUD) installed in the front of a vehicle or projected on a front window glass, and/or a computer generated hologram augmented reality head up display (CGH AR HUD). FIG. 4 illustrates an embodiment in which the electronic equipment 1 is a smartphone for convenience of explanation.

[0402] The electronic equipment 1 may include a display area DA and a non-display area NDA outside the display area DA. A display device of the electronic equipment 1 may implement an image through an array of a plurality of pixels that are two-dimensionally arranged in the display area DA.

[0403] The non-display area NDA is an area that does not display an image, and may entirely surround the display area DA. On the non-display area NDA, a driver for providing electrical signals or power to display devices arranged on the display area DA may be arranged. On the non-display area NDA, a pad, which is an area to which an electronic element, a printing circuit board, and/or the like may be electrically connected, may be arranged.

[0404] In the electronic equipment 1, a length in the x-axis direction and a length in the y-axis direction may be different from each other. In some embodiments, as illustrated in FIG. 4, the length in the x-axis direction may be shorter than the length in the y-axis direction. In one or more embodiments, the length in the x-axis direction may be substantially the same as the length in the y-axis direction. In one or more embodiments, the length in the x-axis direction may be longer than the length in the y-axis direction.

Descriptions of FIGS. 5 and 6A to 6C

[0405] FIG. 5 is a schematic view illustrating an exterior of a vehicle 1000 as electronic equipment including a light-emitting device according to one or more embodiments. FIGS. 6A to 6C are each a schematic view illustrating an interior of the vehicle 1000 according to one or more embodiments.

[0406] Referring to FIGS. 5, 6A, 6B, and 6C, the vehicle 1000 may refer to one or more suitable apparatuses for moving an object to be transported, such as a human, an object, or an animal, from a departure point to a destination point. The vehicle 1000 may include a vehicle traveling on a road or a track, a vessel moving over the sea or a river, an airplane flying in the sky utilizing the action of air, and/or the like.

[0407] In one or more embodiments, the vehicle 1000 may travel on a road or a track. The vehicle 1000 may move in a set or predetermined direction according to rotation of at least one wheel thereof. For example, the vehicle 1000 may include a three-wheeled or four-wheeled vehicle, a construction machine, a two-wheeled vehicle, a prime mover device, a bicycle, or a train running on a track.

[0408] The vehicle 1000 may include a body having an interior and an exterior, and a chassis in which mechanical apparatuses necessary for driving are installed as other parts except for the body. The exterior of the body may include a front panel, a bonnet, a roof panel, a rear panel, a trunk, a pillar provided at a boundary between doors, and/or the like. The chassis of the vehicle 1000 may include a power generating device, a power transmitting device, a driving device, a steering device, a braking device, a suspension device, a transmission device, a fuel device, front/rear and left/right wheels, and/or the like.

[0409] The vehicle 1000 may include a side window glass 1100, a front window glass 1200, a side mirror 1300, a cluster 1400, a center fascia 1500, a passenger seat dashboard 1600, and a display device 2.

[0410] The side window glass 1100 and the front window glass 1200 may be partitioned by a pillar arranged between the side window glass 1100 and the front window glass 1200.

[0411] The side window glass 1100 may be installed on a side of the vehicle 1000. In some embodiments, the side window glass 1100 may be installed on a door of the vehicle 1000. A plurality of side window glasses 1100 may be provided and may face each other. In some embodiments, the side window glass 1100 may include a first side window glass 1110 and a second side window glass 1120. In some embodiments, the first side window glass 1110 may be arranged adjacent to the cluster 1400. The second side window glass 1120 may be arranged adjacent to the passenger seat dashboard 1600.

[0412] In one or more embodiments, the side window glasses 1100 may be spaced apart from each other in the x direction or the x direction (the direction opposite the x direction). For example, in some embodiments, the first side window glass 1110 and the second side window glass 1120 may be spaced apart from each other in the x direction or the x direction. In other words, an imaginary straight line L connecting the side window glasses 1100 may extend in the x direction or the x direction. For example, an imaginary straight line L connecting the first side window glass 1110 and the second side window glass 1120 to each other may extend in the x direction or the x direction.

[0413] The front window glass 1200 may be installed in the front of the vehicle 1000. The front window glass 1200 may be arranged between the side window glasses 1100 facing each other.

[0414] The side mirror 1300 may provide a rear view of the vehicle 1000. The side mirror 1300 may be installed on the exterior of the vehicle body. In some embodiments, a plurality of side mirrors 1300 may be provided. Any one of the plurality of side mirrors 1300 may be arranged outside the first side window glass 1110. The other one of the plurality of side mirrors 1300 may be arranged outside the second side window glass 1120.

[0415] The cluster 1400 may be arranged in front of the steering wheel. The cluster 1400 may include a tachometer, a speedometer, a coolant thermometer, a fuel gauge turn indicator, a high beam indicator, a warning light, a seat belt warning light, an odometer, an automatic shift selector indicator, a door open warning light, an engine oil warning light, and/or a low fuel warning light.

[0416] The center fascia 1500 may include a control panel on which a plurality of buttons for adjusting an audio device, an air conditioning device, and/or a heater of a seat are disposed. The center fascia 1500 may be arranged on one side of the cluster 1400.

[0417] The passenger seat dashboard 1600 may be spaced apart from the cluster 1400 with the center fascia 1500 arranged therebetween. In some embodiments, the cluster 1400 may be arranged to correspond to a driver seat, and the passenger seat dashboard 1600 may be disposed to correspond to a passenger seat. In some embodiments, the cluster 1400 may be adjacent to the first side window glass 1110, and the passenger seat dashboard 1600 may be adjacent to the second side window glass 1120.

[0418] In one or more embodiments, the display device 2 may include a display panel 3, and the display panel 3 may display an image. The display device 2 may be arranged inside the vehicle 1000. In some embodiments, the display device 2 may be arranged between the side window glasses 1100 facing each other. The display device 2 may be arranged on at least one of the cluster 1400, the center fascia 1500, or the passenger seat dashboard 1600.

[0419] The display device 2 may include an organic light-emitting display device, an inorganic electroluminescent (EL) display device, a quantum dot display device, and/or the like. Hereinafter, as the display device 2 according to one or more embodiments, an organic light-emitting display apparatus/device including the light-emitting device according to the disclosure will be described as an example, but one or more suitable types (kinds) of display devices as described above may be utilized in embodiments of the disclosure.

[0420] Referring to FIG. 6A, in one or more embodiments, the display device 2 may be arranged on the center fascia 1500. In some embodiments, the display device 2 may display navigation information. In some embodiments, the display device 2 may display audio, video, or information regarding vehicle settings.

[0421] Referring to FIG. 6B, in one or more embodiments, the display device 2 may be arranged on the cluster 1400. In these embodiments, the cluster 1400 may display driving information and/or the like through the display device 2. For example, the cluster 1400 may be implemented digitally. The digital cluster 1400 may display vehicle information and driving information as images. For example, a needle and a gauge of a tachometer and one or more suitable warning light icons may be displayed by a digital signal.

[0422] Referring to FIG. 6C, in one or more embodiments, the display device 2 may be arranged on the passenger seat dashboard 1600. The display device 2 may be embedded in the passenger seat dashboard 1600 or arranged on the passenger seat dashboard 1600. In some embodiments, the display device 2 arranged on the passenger seat dashboard 1600 may display an image related to information displayed on the cluster 1400 and/or information displayed on the center fascia 1500. In one or more embodiments, the display device 2 arranged on the passenger seat dashboard 1600 may display information different from information displayed on the cluster 1400 and/or information displayed on the center fascia 1500.

Manufacturing Method

[0423] Respective layers included in the hole transport region, the emission layer, and respective layers included in the electron transport region may each be formed in a certain region by utilizing one or more suitable methods such as vacuum deposition, spin coating, casting, a Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) method, ink-jet printing, laser-printing, and/or laser-induced thermal imaging (LITI).

[0424] When respective layers included in the hole transport region, the emission layer, and respective layers included in the electron transport region are each formed by vacuum deposition, the deposition may be performed at a deposition temperature of about 100 C. to about 500 C., a vacuum degree of about 10.sup.8 torr to about 10.sup.3 torr, and a deposition speed of about 0.01 /sec to about 100 /sec, depending on the material to be included in each layer to be formed and the structure of each layer to be formed.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

[0425] The term C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group as utilized herein refers to a cyclic group including (e.g., consisting of) carbon only as a ring-forming atom and having 3 to 60 carbon atoms. The term C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group as utilized herein refers to a cyclic group that has 1 to 60 carbon atoms and further has, in addition to carbon, a heteroatom as a ring-forming atom. The C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group and the C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group may each be a monocyclic group including (e.g., consisting of) one (e.g., only one) ring or a polycyclic group in which two or more rings are condensed with each other. For example, the number of ring-forming atoms of the C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group may be from 3 to 61.

[0426] The term cyclic group as utilized herein may include both (e.g., simultaneously) the C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group and the C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group.

[0427] The term electron-rich C.sub.3-C.sub.60 cyclic group as utilized herein refers to a cyclic group that has 3 to 60 carbon atoms and does not include *N* as a ring-forming moiety, and the term electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C.sub.1-C.sub.60 cyclic group as utilized herein refers to a heterocyclic group that has 1 to 60 carbon atoms and includes *N* as a ring-forming moiety.

[0428] For example, [0429] the C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group may be i) Group T1 or ii) a condensed cyclic group in which two or more of Group T1 are condensed with each other (e.g., a cyclopentadiene group, an adamantane group, a norbornane group, a benzene group, a pentalene group, a naphthalene group, an azulene group, an indacene group, an acenaphthylene group, a phenalene group, a phenanthrene group, an anthracene group, a fluoranthene group, a triphenylene group, a pyrene group, a chrysene group, a perylene group, a pentaphene group, a heptalene group, a naphthacene group, a picene group, a hexacene group, a pentacene group, a rubicene group, a coronene group, an ovalene group, an indene group, a fluorene group, a spiro-bifluorene group, a benzofluorene group, an indenophenanthrene group, or an indenoanthracene group), [0430] the C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group may be i) Group T2, ii) a condensed cyclic group in which two or more of Group T2 are condensed with each other, or iii) a condensed cyclic group in which at least one Group T2 and at least one Group T1 are condensed with each other (e.g., a pyrrole group, a thiophene group, a furan group, an indole group, a benzoindole group, a naphthoindole group, an isoindole group, a benzoisoindole group, a naphthoisoindole group, a benzosilole group, a benzothiophene group, a benzofuran group, a carbazole group, a dibenzosilole group, a dibenzothiophene group, a dibenzofuran group, an indenocarbazole group, an indolocarbazole group, a benzofurocarbazole group, a benzothienocarbazole group, a benzosilolocarbazole group, a benzoindolocarbazole group, a benzocarbazole group, a benzonaphthofuran group, a benzonaphthothiophene group, a benzonaphthosilole group, a benzofurodibenzofuran group, a benzofurodibenzothiophene group, a benzothienodibenzothiophene group, a pyrazole group, an imidazole group, a triazole group, an oxazole group, an isoxazole group, an oxadiazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, a thiadiazole group, a benzopyrazole group, a benzimidazole group, a benzoxazole group, a benzoisoxazole group, a benzothiazole group, a benzoisothiazole group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, a triazine group, a quinoline group, an isoquinoline group, a benzoquinoline group, a benzoisoquinoline group, a quinoxaline group, a benzoquinoxaline group, a quinazoline group, a benzoquinazoline group, a phenanthroline group, a cinnoline group, a phthalazine group, a naphthyridine group, an imidazopyridine group, an imidazopyrimidine group, an imidazotriazine group, an imidazopyrazine group, an imidazopyridazine group, an azacarbazole group, an azafluorene group, an azadibenzosilole group, an azadibenzothiophene group, an azadibenzofuran group, and/or the like), [0431] the electron-rich C.sub.3-C.sub.60 cyclic group may be i) Group T1, ii) a condensed cyclic group in which two or more of Group T1 are condensed with each other, iii) Group T3, iv) a condensed cyclic group in which two or more of Group T3 are condensed with each other, or v) a condensed cyclic group in which at least one Group T3 and at least one Group T1 are condensed with each other (e.g., the C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group, a 1H-pyrrole group, a silole group, a borole group, a 2H-pyrrole group, a 3H-pyrrole group, a thiophene group, a furan group, an indole group, a benzoindole group, a naphthoindole group, an isoindole group, a benzoisoindole group, a naphthoisoindole group, a benzosilole group, a benzothiophene group, a benzofuran group, a carbazole group, a dibenzosilole group, a dibenzothiophene group, a dibenzofuran group, an indenocarbazole group, an indolocarbazole group, a benzofurocarbazole group, a benzothienocarbazole group, a benzosilolocarbazole group, a benzoindolocarbazole group, a benzocarbazole group, a benzonaphthofuran group, a benzonaphthothiophene group, a benzonaphthosilole group, a benzofurodibenzofuran group, a benzofurodibenzothiophene group, a benzothienodibenzothiophene group, and/or the like), [0432] the electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C.sub.1-C.sub.60 cyclic group may be i) Group T4, ii) a condensed cyclic group in which two or more of Group T4 are condensed with each other, iii) a condensed cyclic group in which at least one Group T4 and at least one Group T1 are condensed with each other, iv) a condensed cyclic group in which at least one Group T4 and at least one Group T3 are condensed with each other, or v) a condensed cyclic group in which at least one Group T4, at least one Group T1, and at least one Group T3 are condensed with one another (e.g., a pyrazole group, an imidazole group, a triazole group, an oxazole group, an isoxazole group, an oxadiazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, a thiadiazole group, a benzopyrazole group, a benzimidazole group, a benzoxazole group, a benzoisoxazole group, a benzothiazole group, a benzoisothiazole group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, a triazine group, a quinoline group, an isoquinoline group, a benzoquinoline group, a benzoisoquinoline group, a quinoxaline group, a benzoquinoxaline group, a quinazoline group, a benzoquinazoline group, a phenanthroline group, a cinnoline group, a phthalazine group, a naphthyridine group, an imidazopyridine group, an imidazopyrimidine group, an imidazotriazine group, an imidazopyrazine group, an imidazopyridazine group, an azacarbazole group, an azafluorene group, an azadibenzosilole group, an azadibenzothiophene group, an azadibenzofuran group, and/or the like), [0433] Group T1 may be a cyclopropane group, a cyclobutane group, a cyclopentane group, a cyclohexane group, a cycloheptane group, a cyclooctane group, a cyclobutene group, a cyclopentene group, a cyclopentadiene group, a cyclohexene group, a cyclohexadiene group, a cycloheptene group, an adamantane group, a norbornane (or bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane) group, a norbornene group, a bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane group, a bicyclo[2.1.1]hexane group, a bicyclo[2.2.2]octane group, or a benzene group, [0434] Group T2 may be a furan group, a thiophene group, a 1H-pyrrole group, a silole group, a borole group, a 2H-pyrrole group, a 3H-pyrrole group, an imidazole group, a pyrazole group, a triazole group, a tetrazole group, an oxazole group, an isoxazole group, an oxadiazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, a thiadiazole group, an azasilole group, an azaborole group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, a triazine group, a tetrazine group, a pyrrolidine group, an imidazolidine group, a dihydropyrrole group, a piperidine group, a tetrahydropyridine group, a dihydropyridine group, a hexahydropyrimidine group, a tetrahydropyrimidine group, a dihydropyrimidine group, a piperazine group, a tetrahydropyrazine group, a dihydropyrazine group, a tetrahydropyridazine group, or a dihydropyridazine group, [0435] Group T3 may be a furan group, a thiophene group, a 1H-pyrrole group, a silole group, or a borole group, and [0436] Group T4 may be a 2H-pyrrole group, a 3H-pyrrole group, an imidazole group, a pyrazole group, a triazole group, a tetrazole group, an oxazole group, an isoxazole group, an oxadiazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, a thiadiazole group, an azasilole group, an azaborole group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, a triazine group, or a tetrazine group.

[0437] The term cyclic group, C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group, C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, electron-rich C.sub.3-C.sub.60 cyclic group, or electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C.sub.1-C.sub.60 cyclic group as utilized herein may refer to a group condensed to any cyclic group, a monovalent group, or a polyvalent group (e.g., a divalent group, a trivalent group, a tetravalent group, etc.) according to the structure of a formula for which the corresponding term is utilized. For example, the benzene group may be a benzo group, a phenyl group, a phenylene group, and/or the like, which may be easily understood by one of ordinary skill in the art according to the structure of a formula including the benzene group.

[0438] Depending on context, in the present disclosure, a divalent group may refer or be a polyvalent group (e.g., trivalent, tetravalent, etc., and not just divalent) per, e.g., the structure of a formula in connection with which of the terms are utilized.

[0439] Non-limiting examples of the monovalent C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group and the monovalent C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group may include a C.sub.3-C.sub.10 cycloalkyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.10 heterocycloalkyl group, a C.sub.3-C.sub.10 cycloalkenyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.10 heterocycloalkenyl group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group. Non-limiting examples of the divalent C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group and the divalent C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group may include a C.sub.3-C.sub.10 cycloalkylene group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.10 heterocycloalkylene group, a C.sub.3-C.sub.10 cycloalkenylene group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.10 heterocycloalkenylene group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylene group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heteroarylene group, a divalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a substituted or unsubstituted divalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group.

[0440] The term C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group as utilized herein refers to a linear or branched aliphatic hydrocarbon monovalent group that has one to sixty carbon atoms, and non-limiting examples thereof may include a methyl group, an ethyl group, an n-propyl group, an isopropyl group, an n-butyl group, a sec-butyl group, an isobutyl group, a tert-butyl group, an n-pentyl group, a tert-pentyl group, a neopentyl group, an isopentyl group, a sec-pentyl group, a 3-pentyl group, a sec-isopentyl group, an n-hexyl group, an isohexyl group, a sec-hexyl group, a tert-hexyl group, an n-heptyl group, an isoheptyl group, a sec-heptyl group, a tert-heptyl group, an n-octyl group, an isooctyl group, a sec-octyl group, a tert-octyl group, an n-nonyl group, an isononyl group, a sec-nonyl group, a tert-nonyl group, an n-decyl group, an isodecyl group, a sec-decyl group, and a tert-decyl group. The term C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkylene group as utilized herein refers to a divalent group having substantially the same structure as the C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group.

[0441] The term C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group as utilized herein refers to a monovalent hydrocarbon group having at least one carbon-carbon double bond in the middle or at the terminus of a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkyl group, and non-limiting examples thereof may include an ethenyl group, a propenyl group, a butenyl group, and/or the like. The term C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenylene group as utilized herein refers to a divalent group having substantially the same structure as the C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group.

[0442] The term C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group as utilized herein refers to a monovalent hydrocarbon group having at least one carbon-carbon triple bond in the middle or at the terminus of a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkyl group, and non-limiting examples thereof may include an ethynyl group, a propynyl group, and/or the like. The term C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynylene group as utilized herein refers to a divalent group having substantially the same structure as the C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group.

[0443] The term C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group as utilized herein refers to a monovalent group represented by OA.sub.101 (wherein A.sub.101 is a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group), and non-limiting examples thereof may include a methoxy group, an ethoxy group, an isopropyloxy group, and/or the like.

[0444] The term C.sub.3-C.sub.10 cycloalkyl group as utilized herein refers to a monovalent saturated hydrocarbon cyclic group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms, and non-limiting examples thereof may include a cyclopropyl group, a cyclobutyl group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclooctyl group, an adamantanyl group, a norbornanyl group (or bicyclo[2.2.1]heptyl group), a bicyclo[1.1.1]pentyl group, a bicyclo[2.1.1]hexyl group, a bicyclo[2.2.2]octyl group, and/or the like. The term C.sub.3-C.sub.10 cycloalkylene group as utilized herein refers to a divalent group having substantially the same structure as the C.sub.3-C.sub.10 cycloalkyl group.

[0445] The term C.sub.1-C.sub.10 heterocycloalkyl group as utilized herein refers to a monovalent cyclic group of 1 to 10 carbon atoms, further including, in addition to carbon atoms, at least one heteroatom, as ring-forming atoms, and non-limiting examples thereof may include a 1,2,3,4-oxatriazolidinyl group, a tetrahydrofuranyl group, a tetrahydrothiophenyl group, and/or the like. The term C.sub.1-C.sub.10 heterocycloalkylene group as utilized herein refers to a divalent group having substantially the same structure as the C.sub.1-C.sub.10 heterocycloalkyl group.

[0446] The term C.sub.3-C.sub.10 cycloalkenyl group as utilized herein refers to a monovalent cyclic group that has three to ten carbon atoms and at least one carbon-carbon double bond in the ring thereof and no aromaticity, and non-limiting examples thereof may include a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, a cycloheptenyl group, and/or the like. The term C.sub.3-C.sub.10 cycloalkenylene group as utilized herein refers to a divalent group having substantially the same structure as the C.sub.3-C.sub.10 cycloalkenyl group.

[0447] The term C.sub.1-C.sub.10 heterocycloalkenyl group as utilized herein refers to a monovalent cyclic group of 1 to 10 carbon atoms, further including, in addition to carbon atoms, at least one heteroatom, as ring-forming atoms, and having at least one double bond in the cyclic structure thereof. Non-limiting examples of the C.sub.1-C.sub.10 heterocycloalkenyl group may include a 4,5-dihydro-1,2,3,4-oxatriazolyl group, a 2,3-dihydrofuranyl group, a 2,3-dihydrothiophenyl group, and/or the like. The term C.sub.1-C.sub.10 heterocycloalkenylene group as utilized herein refers to a divalent group having substantially the same structure as the C.sub.1-C.sub.10 heterocycloalkenyl group.

[0448] The term C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryl group as utilized herein refers to a monovalent group having a carbocyclic aromatic system of 6 to 60 carbon atoms, and the term C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylene group as utilized herein refers to a divalent group having a carbocyclic aromatic system of 6 to 60 carbon atoms. Non-limiting examples of the C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryl group may include a phenyl group, a pentalenyl group, a naphthyl group, an azulenyl group, an indacenyl group, an acenaphthyl group, a phenalenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a heptalenyl group, a naphthacenyl group, a picenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenyl group, a rubicenyl group, a coronenyl group, an ovalenyl group, and/or the like. When the C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryl group and the C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylene group each include two or more rings, the rings may be condensed with each other.

[0449] The term C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heteroaryl group as utilized herein refers to a monovalent group having a heterocyclic aromatic system of 1 to 60 carbon atoms, further including, in addition to carbon atoms, at least one heteroatom, as ring-forming atoms. The term C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heteroarylene group as utilized herein refers to a divalent group having a heterocyclic aromatic system of 1 to 60 carbon atoms, further including, in addition to carbon atoms, at least one heteroatom, as ring-forming atoms. Non-limiting examples of the C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heteroaryl group may include a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinyl group, a quinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoisoquinolinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, a benzoquinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a benzoquinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a phthalazinyl group, and a naphthyridinyl group. When the C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heteroaryl group and the C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heteroarylene group each include two or more rings, the rings may be condensed with each other.

[0450] The term monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group as utilized herein refers to a monovalent group (e.g., having 8 to 60 carbon atoms) having two or more rings condensed to each other, only carbon atoms as ring-forming atoms, and no aromaticity in its entire molecular structure as a whole. Non-limiting examples of the monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group may include an indenyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, an indenophenanthrenyl group, an indeno anthracenyl group, and/or the like. The term divalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group as utilized herein refers to a divalent group having substantially the same structure as the monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group described above.

[0451] The term monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group as utilized herein refers to a monovalent group (e.g., having 1 to 60 carbon atoms) having two or more rings condensed to each other, further including, in addition to carbon atoms, at least one heteroatom, as ring-forming atoms, and having non-aromaticity in its entire molecular structure as a whole. Non-limiting examples of the monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group may include a pyrrolyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, an indolyl group, a benzoindolyl group, a naphthoindolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzoisoindolyl group, a naphthoisoindolyl group, a benzosilolyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, an azacarbazolyl group, an azafluorenyl group, an azadibenzosilolyl group, an azadibenzothiophenyl group, an azadibenzofuranyl group, a pyrazolyl group, an imidazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group, a thiadiazolyl group, a benzopyrazolyl group, a benzimidazolyl group, a benzoxazolyl group, a benzothiazolyl group, a benzoxadiazolyl group, a benzothiadiazolyl group, an imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinyl group, an imidazotriazinyl group, an imidazopyrazinyl group, an imidazopyridazinyl group, an indenocarbazolyl group, an indolocarbazolyl group, a benzofurocarbazolyl group, a benzothienocarbazolyl group, a benzosilolocarbazolyl group, a benzoindolocarbazolyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a benzonaphthofuranyl group, a benzonaphthothiophenyl group, a benzonaphthosilolyl group, a benzofurodibenzofuranyl group, a benzofurodibenzothiophenyl group, and a benzothienodibenzothiophenyl group. The term divalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group as utilized herein refers to a divalent group having substantially the same structure as the monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group described above.

[0452] The term C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group as utilized herein indicates OA.sub.102 (wherein A.sub.102 is a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryl group), and the term C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group as utilized herein indicates SA.sub.103 (wherein A.sub.103 is a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryl group).

[0453] The term C.sub.7-C.sub.60 arylalkyl group as utilized herein refers to -A.sub.104A.sub.105 (wherein A.sub.104 is a C.sub.1-C.sub.54 alkylene group, and A.sub.105 is a C.sub.6-C.sub.59 aryl group), and the term C.sub.2-C.sub.60 heteroarylalkyl group as utilized herein refers to -A.sub.106A.sub.107 (wherein A.sub.106 is a C.sub.1-C.sub.59 alkylene group, and A.sub.107 is a C.sub.1-C.sub.59 heteroaryl group).

[0454] The term R.sub.10a as utilized herein may be: [0455] deuterium, F, Cl, Br, I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, or a nitro group; [0456] a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group, or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, F, Cl, Br, I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C.sub.5-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group, a C.sub.7-C.sub.60 arylalkyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 heteroarylalkyl group, Si(Q.sub.11)(Q.sub.12)(Q.sub.13), N(Q.sub.11)(Q.sub.12), B(Q.sub.11)(Q.sub.12), C(O)(Q.sub.11), S(O).sub.2(Q.sub.11), P(O)(Q.sub.11)(Q.sub.12), or any combination thereof; [0457] a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group, a C.sub.7-C.sub.60 arylalkyl group, or a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 heteroarylalkyl group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, F, Cl, Br, I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group, a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group, a C.sub.7-C.sub.60 arylalkyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 heteroarylalkyl group, Si(Q.sub.21)(Q.sub.22)(Q.sub.23), N(Q.sub.21)(Q.sub.22), B(Q.sub.21)(Q.sub.22), C(O)(Q.sub.21), S(O).sub.2(Q.sub.21), P(O)(Q.sub.21)(Q.sub.22), or any combination thereof; or [0458] Si(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32)(Q.sub.33), N(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32), B(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32), C(O)(Q.sub.31), S(O).sub.2(Q.sub.31), or P(O)(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32).

[0459] In the present disclosure, Q.sub.1 to Q.sub.3, Q.sub.11 to Q.sub.13, Q.sub.21 to Q.sub.23, and Q.sub.31 to Q.sub.33 may each independently be: hydrogen; deuterium; F; Cl; Br; I; a hydroxyl group; a cyano group; a nitro group; a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group; a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group; a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group; a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group; a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, F, a cyano group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, or any combination thereof; a C.sub.7-C.sub.60 arylalkyl group; or a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 heteroarylalkyl group.

[0460] The term heteroatom as utilized herein refers to any atom other than a carbon atom. Non-limiting examples of the heteroatom may include O, S, N, P, Si, B, Ge, Se, and any combination thereof.

[0461] In the present disclosure, the third-row transition metal includes hafnium (Hf), tantalum (Ta), tungsten (W), rhenium (Re), osmium (Os), iridium (Ir), platinum (Pt), gold (Au), and/or the like.

[0462] In the present disclosure, Ph refers to a phenyl group, Me refers to a methyl group, Et refers to an ethyl group, tert-Bu, t-Bu, or But refers to a tert-butyl group, and OMe refers to a methoxy group.

[0463] The term biphenyl group as utilized herein refers to a phenyl group substituted with a phenyl group. In some embodiments, the biphenyl group is a substituted phenyl group having a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryl group as a substituent.

[0464] The term terphenyl group as utilized herein refers to a phenyl group substituted with a biphenyl group. In some embodiments, the terphenyl group is a substituted phenyl group having, as a substituent, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryl group substituted with a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryl group.

[0465] * and * as utilized herein, unless defined otherwise, each refer to a binding site to a neighboring atom in a corresponding formula or moiety.

[0466] In the present disclosure, the x-axis, y-axis, and z-axis are not limited to three axes in an orthogonal coordinate system, and may be interpreted in a broad sense including these axes. For example, the x-axis, y-axis, and z-axis may refer to those orthogonal to each other, or may refer to those in different directions that are not orthogonal to each other.

[0467] Hereinafter, compounds according to one or more embodiments and light-emitting devices according to one or more embodiments will be described in more detail with reference to the following Synthesis Examples and Examples. The wording B was utilized instead of A utilized in describing synthesis examples refers to that an amount of B identical to an amount of A in terms of molar equivalents was utilized.

EXAMPLES

Synthesis Example 1: Synthesis of Compound 1

##STR00168##

[0468] Compound A (10 mmol, 1 eq), diphenylamine (22 mmol, 2.2 eq), tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0) (Pd.sub.2(dba).sub.3) (1.0 mmol, 0.1 eq), t-BuONa (60 mmol, 3 eq), t-Bu.sub.3P (2 mmol, 0.2 eq), and 200 mL of xylene were added into a 1-neck-round flask and stirred at 140 C. for 4 hours.

[0469] After the reaction was completed, the reaction mixture was worked up with ether/H.sub.2O, followed by column separation with methylene chloride (MC)/hexane (Hx)=1/7 (volume ratio), to thereby obtain 7.6 mmol of Compound 1. (yield: 76%)

Synthesis Example 2: Synthesis of Compound 2

##STR00169##

1) Synthesis of Compound 2-1

[0470] Compound A (30 mmol, 1 eq), diphenylamine (33 mmol, 1.1 eq), Pd.sub.2(dba).sub.3 (1.5 mmol, 0.05 eq), t-BuONa (60 mmol, 2 eq), t-Bu.sub.3P (3 mmol, 0.1 eq), and 300 mL of xylene were added into a 1-neck-round flask and stirred at 140 C. for 4 hours.

[0471] After the reaction was completed, the reaction mixture was worked up with ether/H.sub.2O, followed by column separation with MC/Hx=1/7, to thereby obtain 10 mmol of Compound 2-1. (yield: 33%)

2) Synthesis of Compound 2

[0472] Compound 2-1 (10 mmol, 1 eq), N-phenyl-[1,1-biphenyl]-4-amine (11 mmol, 1.1 eq), Pd.sub.2(dba).sub.3 (0.5 mmol, 0.05 eq), t-BuONa (20 mmol, 2 eq), t-Bu.sub.3P (1.0 mmol, 0.1 eq), and 200 mL of xylene were added into a 1-neck-round flask and stirred at 140 C. for 4 hours.

[0473] After the reaction was completed, the reaction mixture was worked up with ether/H.sub.2O, followed by column separation with MC/Hx=1/7, to thereby obtain 7.5 mmol of Compound 2. (yield: 75%)

Synthesis Example 3: Synthesis of Compound 6

##STR00170##

[0474] Compound 2-1 (10 mmol, 1 eq), 9,9-dimethyl-N-phenyl-9H-fluoren-2-amine (11 mmol, 1.1 eq), Pd.sub.2(dba).sub.3 (0.5 mmol, 0.05 eq), t-BuONa (20 mmol, 2 eq), t-Bu.sub.3P (1.0 mmol, 0.1 eq), and 200 mL of xylene were added into a 1-neck-round flask and stirred at 140 C. for 4 hours.

[0475] After the reaction was completed, the reaction mixture was worked up with ether/H.sub.2O, followed by column separation with MC/Hx=1/7, to thereby obtain 7.5 mmol of Compound 6. (yield: 75%)

Synthesis Example 4: Synthesis of Compound 14

##STR00171##

[0476] Compound 2-1 (10 mmol, 1 eq), 5,9,9-trimethyl-N-phenyl-9H-fluoren-2-amine (11 mmol, 1.1 eq), Pd.sub.2(dba).sub.3 (0.5 mmol, 0.05 eq), t-BuONa (20 mmol, 2 eq), t-Bu.sub.3P (1.0 mmol, 0.1 eq), and 200 mL of xylene were added into a 1-neck-round flask and stirred at 140 C. for 4 hours.

[0477] After the reaction was completed, the reaction mixture was worked up with ether/H.sub.2O, followed by column separation with MC/Hx=1/7, to thereby obtain 7.5 mmol of Compound 14. (yield: 75%)

Synthesis Example 5: Synthesis of Compound 18

##STR00172##

[0478] Compound 2-1 (10 mmol, 1 eq), 9,9-dimethyl-N,5-diphenyl-9H-fluoren-2-amine (11 mmol, 1.1 eq), Pd.sub.2(dba).sub.3 (0.5 mmol, 0.05 eq), t-BuONa (20 mmol, 2 eq), t-Bu.sub.3P (1.0 mmol, 0.1 eq), and 200 mL of xylene were added into a 1-neck-round flask and stirred at 140 C. for 4 hours.

[0479] After the reaction was completed, the reaction mixture was worked up with ether/H.sub.2O, followed by column separation with MC/Hx=1/7, to thereby obtain 7.5 mmol of Compound 18. (yield: 75%)

Synthesis Example 6: Synthesis of Compound 26

##STR00173##

[0480] Compound 2-1 (10 mmol, 1 eq), N,9,9-triphenyl-9H-fluoren-2-amine (11 mmol, 1.1 eq), Pd.sub.2(dba).sub.3 (0.5 mmol, 0.05 eq), t-BuONa (20 mmol, 2 eq), t-BusP (1.0 mmol, 0.1 eq), and 200 mL of xylene were added into a 1-neck-round flask and stirred at 140 C. for 4 hours.

[0481] After the reaction was completed, the reaction mixture was worked up with ether/H.sub.2O, followed by column separation with MC/Hx=1/7, to thereby obtain 7.5 mmol of Compound 26. (yield: 75%)

Synthesis Example 7: Synthesis of Compound 31

##STR00174##

[0482] Compound 2-1 (10 mmol, 1 eq), N-phenyl-4-(9-phenyl-9H-fluoren-9-yl) aniline (11 mmol, 1.1 eq), Pd.sub.2(dba).sub.3 (0.5 mmol, 0.05 eq), t-BuONa (20 mmol, 2 eq), t-Bu.sub.3P (1.0 mmol, 0.1 eq), and 200 mL of xylene were added into a 1-neck-round flask and stirred at 140 C. for 4 hours.

[0483] After the reaction was completed, the reaction mixture was worked up with ether/H.sub.2O, followed by column separation with MC/Hx=1/7, to thereby obtain 7.5 mmol of Compound 31. (yield: 75%)

Synthesis Example 8: Synthesis of Compound 56

##STR00175##

[0484] Compound 2-1 (10 mmol, 1 eq), 5-methyl-N,9,9-triphenyl-9H-fluoren-2-amine (11 mmol, 1.1 eq), Pd.sub.2(dba).sub.3 (0.5 mmol, 0.05 eq), t-BuONa (20 mmol, 2 eq), t-Bu.sub.3P (1.0 mmol, 0.1 eq), and 200 mL of xylene were added into a 1-neck-round flask and stirred at 140 C. for 4 hours.

[0485] After the reaction was completed, the reaction mixture was worked up with ether/H.sub.2O, followed by column separation with MC/Hx=1/7, to thereby obtain 7.5 mmol of Compound 56. (yield: 75%)

Synthesis Example 9: Synthesis of Compound 63

##STR00176##

1) Synthesis of Compound 63-1

[0486] Compound A (30 mmol, 1 eq), 4-cyclohexyl-N-phenylaniline (33 mmol, 1.1 eq), Pd.sub.2(dba).sub.3 (1.5 mmol, 0.05 eq), t-BuONa (60 mmol, 2 eq), t-Bu.sub.3P (3 mmol, 0.1 eq), and 300 mL of xylene were added into a 1-neck-round flask and stirred at 140 C. for 4 hours.

[0487] After the reaction was completed, the reaction mixture was worked up with ether/H.sub.2O, followed by column separation with MC/Hx=1/7, to thereby obtain 10 mmol of Compound 63-1. (yield: 33%)

2) Synthesis of Compound 63

[0488] Compound 63-1 (10 mmol, 1 eq), 5,9,9-trimethyl-N-phenyl-9H-fluoren-2-amine (11 mmol, 1.1 eq), Pd.sub.2(dba).sub.3 (0.5 mmol, 0.05 eq), t-BuONa (20 mmol, 2 eq), t-Bu.sub.3P (1.0 mmol, 0.1 eq), and 200 mL of xylene were added into a 1-neck-round flask and stirred at 140 C. for 4 hours.

[0489] After the reaction was completed, the reaction mixture was worked up with ether/H.sub.2O, followed by column separation with MC/Hx=1/7, to thereby obtain 7.5 mmol of Compound 63. (yield: 75%)

Synthesis Example 10: Synthesis of Compound 69

##STR00177##

1) Synthesis of Compound 69-1

[0490] Compound A (30 mmol, 1 eq), N, 1-diphenylnaphthalen-2-amine (33 mmol, 1.1 eq), Pd.sub.2(dba).sub.3 (1.5 mmol, 0.05 eq), t-BuONa (60 mmol, 2 eq), t-Bu.sub.3P (3 mmol, 0.1 eq), and 300 mL of xylene were added into a 1-neck-round flask and stirred at 140 C. for 4 hours.

[0491] After the reaction was completed, the reaction mixture was worked up with ether/H.sub.2O, followed by column separation with MC/Hx=1/7, to thereby obtain 10 mmol of Compound 69-1. (yield: 33%)

2) Synthesis of Compound 69

[0492] Compound 69-1 (10 mmol, 1 eq), 5,9,9-trimethyl-N-phenyl-9H-fluoren-2-amine (11 mmol, 1.1 eq), Pd.sub.2(dba).sub.3 (0.5 mmol, 0.05 eq), t-BuONa (20 mmol, 2 eq), t-Bu.sub.3P (1.0 mmol, 0.1 eq), and 200 mL of xylene were added into a 1-neck-round flask and stirred at 140 C. for 4 hours.

[0493] After the reaction was completed, the reaction mixture was worked up with ether/H.sub.2O, followed by column separation with MC/Hx=1/7, to thereby obtain 7.5 mmol of Compound 69. (yield: 75%)

Synthesis Example 11: Synthesis of Compound 70

##STR00178##

1) Synthesis of Compound 70-1

[0494] Compound A (30 mmol, 1 eq), N,3-diphenylnaphthalen-2-amine (33 mmol, 1.1 eq), Pd.sub.2(dba).sub.3 (1.5 mmol, 0.05 eq), t-BuONa (60 mmol, 2 eq), t-Bu.sub.3P (3 mmol, 0.1 eq), and 300 mL of xylene were added into a 1-neck-round flask and stirred at 140 C. for 4 hours.

[0495] After the reaction was completed, the reaction mixture was worked up with ether/H.sub.2O, followed by column separation with MC/Hx=1/7, to thereby obtain 10 mmol of Compound 70-1. (yield: 33%)

2) Synthesis of Compound 70

[0496] Compound 70-1 (10 mmol, 1 eq), 5,9,9-trimethyl-N-phenyl-9H-fluoren-2-amine (11 mmol, 1.1 eq), Pd.sub.2(dba).sub.3 (0.5 mmol, 0.05 eq), t-BuONa (20 mmol, 2 eq), t-Bu.sub.3P (1.0 mmol, 0.1 eq), and 200 mL of xylene were added into a 1-neck-round flask and stirred at 140 C. for 4 hours.

[0497] After the reaction was completed, the reaction mixture was worked up with ether/H.sub.2O, followed by column separation with MC/Hx=1/7, to thereby obtain 7.5 mmol of Compound 70. (yield: 75%)

Synthesis Example 12: Synthesis of Compound 75

##STR00179## ##STR00180##

1) Synthesis of Compound 75-1

[0498] Compound A (30 mmol, 1 eq), 4-cyclohexyl-N-phenyl-[1,1-biphenyl]-4-amine (33 mmol, 1.1 eq), Pd.sub.2(dba).sub.3 (1.5 mmol, 0.05 eq), t-BuONa (60 mmol, 2 eq), t-Bu.sub.3P (3 mmol, 0.1 eq), and 300 mL of xylene were added into a 1-neck-round flask and stirred at 140 C. for 4 hours.

[0499] After the reaction was completed, the reaction mixture was worked up with ether/H.sub.2O, followed by column separation with MC/Hx=1/7, to thereby obtain 10 mmol of Compound 75-1. (yield: 33%)

2) Synthesis of Compound 75

[0500] Compound 75-1 (10 mmol, 1 eq), 5,9,9-trimethyl-N-phenyl-9H-fluoren-2-amine (11 mmol, 1.1 eq), Pd.sub.2(dba).sub.3 (0.5 mmol, 0.05 eq), t-BuONa (20 mmol, 2 eq), t-Bu.sub.3P (1.0 mmol, 0.1 eq), and 200 mL of xylene were added into a 1-neck-round flask and stirred at 140 C. for 4 hours.

[0501] After the reaction was completed, the reaction mixture was worked up with ether/H.sub.2O, followed by column separation with MC/Hx=1/7, to thereby obtain 7.5 mmol of Compound 75. (yield: 75%)

Synthesis Example 13: Synthesis of Compound 253

##STR00181##

[0502] Compound 2-1 (10 mmol, 1 eq), N-([1,1: 2,1-terphenyl]-4-yl)-5,9,9-trimethyl-9H-fluoren-2-amine (11 mmol, 1.1 eq), Pd.sub.2(dba).sub.3 (0.5 mmol, 0.05 eq), t-BuONa (20 mmol, 2 eq), t-Bu.sub.3P (1.0 mmol, 0.1 eq), and 200 mL of xylene were added into a 1-neck-round flask and stirred at 140 C. for 4 hours.

[0503] After the reaction was completed, the reaction mixture was worked up with ether/H.sub.2O, followed by column separation with MC/Hx=1/7, to thereby obtain 7.5 mmol of Compound 253. (yield: 75%)

Synthesis Example 14: Synthesis of Compound 265

##STR00182##

[0504] Compound 2-1 (10 mmol, 1 eq), 5,9,9-trimethyl-N-(1-phenylnaphthalen-2-yl)-9H-fluoren-2-amine (11 mmol, 1.1 eq), Pd.sub.2(dba).sub.3 (0.5 mmol, 0.05 eq), t-BuONa (20 mmol, 2 eq), t-Bu.sub.3P (1.0 mmol, 0.1 eq), and 200 mL of xylene were added into a 1-neck-round flask and stirred at 140 C. for 4 hours.

[0505] After the reaction was completed, the reaction mixture was worked up with ether/H.sub.2O, followed by column separation with MC/Hx=1/7, to thereby obtain 7.5 mmol of Compound 265. (yield: 75%)

Synthesis Example 15: Synthesis of Compound 293

##STR00183##

1) Synthesis of Compound 293-1

[0506] Compound A (30 mmol, 1 eq), N-phenyl-[1,1-biphenyl]-4-amine (33 mmol, 1.1 eq), Pd.sub.2(dba).sub.3 (1.5 mmol, 0.05 eq), t-BuONa (60 mmol, 2 eq), t-Bu.sub.3P (3 mmol, 0.1 eq), and 300 mL of xylene were added into a 1-neck-round flask and stirred at 140 C. for 4 hours.

[0507] After the reaction was completed, the reaction mixture was worked up with ether/H.sub.2O, followed by column separation with MC/Hx=1/7, to thereby obtain 10 mmol of Compound 293-1. (yield: 33%)

2) Synthesis of Compound 293

[0508] Compound 293-1 (10 mmol, 1 eq), 9,9-dimethyl-N-(1-phenylnaphthalen-2-yl)-9H-fluoren-2-amine (11 mmol, 1.1 eq), Pd.sub.2(dba).sub.3 (0.5 mmol, 0.05 eq), t-BuONa (20 mmol, 2 eq), t-Bu.sub.3P (1.0 mmol, 0.1 eq), and 200 mL of xylene were added into a 1-neck-round flask and stirred at 140 C. for 4 hours.

[0509] After the reaction was completed, the reaction mixture was worked up with ether/H.sub.2O, followed by column separation with MC/Hx=1/7, to thereby obtain 7.5 mmol of Compound 293. (yield: 75%)

[0510] The results of .sup.1H NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) and fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry (MS/FAB) of the compounds synthesized according to the Synthesis Examples are shown in Table 1. Synthesis methods of compounds other than the compounds of Synthesis Examples above may be easily recognized by those of ordinary skill in the art with reference to the synthesis pathways and raw materials.

TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Compound MS/FAB No. .sup.1H NMR (CDCl.sub.3, 400 MHz) found calc. 1 8.33(s, 2H), 7.79(d, 4H), 7.55(d, 4H), 7.46(m, 4H), 716.54 716.32 7.41(d, 2H), 7.37(d, 4H), 7.24(m, 8H), 7.08(d, 8H), 7.00(m, 4H) 2 8.33(s, 2H), 7.79-7.75(m, 6H), 7.55(d, 9H), 7.49(m, 792.48 792.35 2H), 7.46(m, 4H), 7.41(d, 2H), 7.37(d, 4H), 7.24(m, 6H), 7.08(d, 6H), 7.00(m, 3H) 6 8.33(s, 2H), 7.90-7.86(m, 6H), 7.55-7.28 (m, 19H), 832.69 832.38 7.24(m, 6H), 7.08(d, 6H), 7.00(m, 3H), 1.69(s, 6H) 14 8.33(s, 2H), 7.90-7.86(m, 5H), 7.55-7.28 (m, 19H), 846.58 846.40 7.24(m, 6H), 7.08(d, 6H), 7.00(m, 3H), 2.57(s, 3H), 1.69(s, 6H) 18 8.32(s, 2H), 7.79-7.78(m, 8H), 7.55-7.28 (m, 21H), 908.87 908.41 7.24(m, 6H), 7.08(d, 6H), 7.00(m, 3H), 1.69(s, 6H) 26 8.32(s, 2H), 7.79(d, 4H), 7.55-7.28 (m, 21H), 956.74 956.41 7.26(m, 4H), 7.24(m, 6H), 7.18(d, 2H), 7.10(d, 4H), 7.08(d, 6H), 7.00(m, 3H) 31 8.32(s, 2H), 7.90(d, 2H), 7.79(d, 4H), 7.55-7.28 (m, 956.82 956.41 21H), 7.26(m,4H), 7.24(m, 6H), 7.17(d, 2H), 7.08(d, 6H), 7.00(m, 3H), 6.86(d, 2H) 56 8.32(s, 2H), 7.86-7.55 (m, 5H), 7.55-7.28 (m, 22H), 970.86 970.43 7.26(m, 1H), 7.24(m, 6H), 7.18(d, 2H), 7.10(d, 4H), 7.08(d, 6H), 7.00(m, 3H), 2.57(3H) 63 8.33(s, 2H), 7.86-7.79(m, 5H), 7.55-7.28 (m, 19H), 928.76 928.48 7.24(m, 6H), 7.08(d, 6H), 7.00(m, 2H), 2.72(m, 1H), 2.57(s, 3H), 1.69(s, 6H), 1.75-1.43 (m, 10H) 69 8.80(d, 1H), 8.33(s, 2H), 7.97(d, 1H), 7.89-7.86(m, 972.59 972.44 7H), 7.55-7.26 (m, 26H), 7.24(m, 4H), 7.08(d, 4H), 7.00(m, 2H), 2.57(s, 3H), 1.69(s, 6H) 70 8.33(s, 2H), 7.86-7.79(m, 6H), 7.70(s, 1H), 7.55- 972.61 972.44 7.26 (m, 26H), 7.24(m, 4H), 7.08(d, 6H), 7.00(m, 2H), 2.57(s, 3H), 1.69(s, 6H) 75 8.33(s, 2H), 7.86-7.79(m, 5H), 7.55-7.28 (m, 24H), 1004.92 1004.51 7.26-7.16(m, 3H), 7.24(m, 4H), 7.08(d, 4H), 7.00(m, 2H), 2.72(m, 1H), 2.57(s, 3H), 1.69(s, 6H), 1.75-1.43 (m, 10H) 253 8.33(s, 2H), 7.96(d, 2H), 7.86-7.79(m, 7H), 7.55- 998.64 998.46 7.26 (m, 28H), 7.24(m, 4H), 7.08(d, 4H), 7.00(m, 2H), 2.57(s, 3H), 1.69(s, 6H) 265 8.80(d, 1H), 8.33(s, 2H), 7.97(d, 1H), 7.89-7.86(m, 972.76 972.44 7H), 7.55-7.26 (m, 26H), 7.24(m, 4H), 7.08(d, 4H), 7.00(m, 2H), 2.57(s, 3H), 1.69(s, 6H) 293 8.80(d, 1H), 8.32(s, 2H), 7.97-7.75(m, 11H), 7.55- 1034.51 1034.46 7.25 (m, 33H), 7.24(m, 2H), 7.08(d, 2H), 7.00(m, 1H), 1.69(s, 6H)

Evaluation Example 1

[0511] The HOMO energy level (eV) and LUMO energy level (eV) of each of Compounds 1, 2, 6, 14, 18, 26, 31, 56, 63, 69, 70, 75, 253, 265, and 293 of Synthesis Examples and the following compounds, i.e., CE5 and CE9, were measured utilizing a method described in Table 2, and the results thereof are shown in Table 3.

TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 HOMO energy level A potential (V)-current (A) graph of each compound was evaluation method obtained by utilizing cyclic voltammetry (CV) (electrolyte: 0.1M Bu.sub.4NPF.sub.6/solvent: dimethyl formamide (DMF)/electrode: 3 electrode system (working electrode: glassy carbon (GC), reference electrode: Ag/AgCl, auxiliary electrode: Pt)), and then, from oxidation onset of the graph, the HOMO energy level of each compound was calculated. LUMO energy level A potential (V)-current (A) graph of each compound was evaluation method obtained by utilizing cyclic voltammetry (CV) (electrolyte: 0.1M Bu.sub.4NPF.sub.6/solvent: dimethyl formamide (DMF)/electrode: 3 electrode system (working electrode: GC, reference electrode: Ag/AgCl, auxiliary electrode: Pt)), and then, from reduction onset of the graph, the LUMO energy level of each compound was calculated.

TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Compound No. HOMO (eV) LUMO (eV) 1 5.18 2.27 2 5.08 2.07 6 5.18 2.11 14 5.16 2.09 18 5.24 2.13 26 5.22 2.13 31 5.33 1.94 56 5.25 2.07 63 5.2 2.05 69 5.12 1.84 70 5.26 2.09 75 5.22 2.13 253 5.17 1.93 265 5.16 1.94 293 5.33 2.07 CE5 5.40 2.24 CE9 5.41 2.17 [00184][00185][00186][00187][00188][00189][00190][00191][00192][00193][00194][00195][00196][00197][00198][00199][00200]

[0512] From Table 3, it can be confirmed that compounds 1, 2, 6, 14, 18, 26, 31, 56, 63, 69, 70, 75, 253, 265, and 293 have appropriate or suitable HOMO energy levels, compared to Compounds CE5 and CE9, from which it can be confirmed that Compounds 1, 2, 6, 14, 18, 26, 31, 56, 63, 69, 70, 75, 253, 265, and 293 have excellent or suitable hole transport ability.

Evaluation Example 2

[0513] Vacuum thermogravimetric analysis was performed utilizing SETSYS manufactured by SETARAM, and the first derivative peak temperature Tp of each of Compounds 1, 2, 6, 14, 18, 26, 31, 56, 63, 69, 70, 75, 253, 265, and 293 and Compounds CE4, CE5, CE8, and CE9 was measured and shown in Table 4.

TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 Compound No. Tp ( C.) 1 349 2 340 6 351 14 353 18 348 26 341 31 346 56 348 63 357 69 331 70 338 75 333 253 346 265 332 293 359 CE4 370 CE5 385 CE8 381 CE9 393 [00201][00202][00203][00204]

[0514] From Table 4, it can be confirmed that compounds 1, 2, 6, 14, 18, 26, 31, 56, 63, 69, 70, 75, 253, 265 and 293 have low Tp values, compared to Compounds CE4, CE5, CE8, and CE9, from which it can be confirmed that Compounds 1, 2, 6, 14, 18, 26, 31, 56, 63, 69, 70, 75, 253, 265 and 293 have excellent or suitable thermal stability.

Example 1

[0515] As an anode, a glass substrate (a product of Corning Inc.) with a 15 /cm.sup.2 (1,200 ) ITO electrode formed thereon was cut to a size of 50 mm50 mm0.7 mm, sonicated in isopropyl alcohol and pure water for 5 minutes each, cleaned by irradiation of ultraviolet rays and exposure to ozone for 30 minutes, and then mounted on a vacuum deposition apparatus.

[0516] 2-TNATA was vacuum-deposited on the anode to form a hole injection layer having a thickness of 600 , and Compound 1 was vacuum-deposited on the hole injection layer to form a hole transport layer having a thickness of 300 .

[0517] 9,10-di (naphthalen-2-yl) anthracene (hereinafter, DNA) as a host material and 4,4-bis [2-(4-(N,N-diphenylamino) phenyl) vinyl]biphenyl (hereinafter, DPAVBi) as a dopant material were concurrently (e.g., simultaneously) vacuum-deposited in a weight ratio of 98:2 on the hole transport layer to form an emission layer having a thickness of 300 .

[0518] Alq.sub.3 was vacuum-deposited on the emission layer to form an electron transport layer having a thickness of 300 , LiF was vacuum-deposited on the electron transport layer to form an electron injection layer having a thickness of 10 , and then Al was vacuum-deposited on the electron injection layer to form a cathode having a thickness of 3,000 , thereby completing the manufacture of a light-emitting device.

##STR00205##

Examples 2 to 15 and Comparative Examples 1 to 9

[0519] Light-emitting devices were each manufactured in substantially the same manner as in Example 1, except that hole transport layer-forming materials were changed as shown in Table 5.

Evaluation Example 3

[0520] The driving voltage (V) at 1,000 cd/m.sup.2, efficiency (cd/A), maximum emission wavelength (nm), and lifespan (hr) of each of the light-emitting devices manufactured according to Examples 1 to 15 and Comparative Examples 1 to 9 were measured utilizing Keithley SMU 236 and luminance meter PR650, and the results thereof are shown in Table 5. In Table 5, the lifespan (T95) indicates the time (hr) taken to reach a luminance of 95% with respect to initial luminance.

TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 5 Maximum Hole Driving emission transport voltage Efficiency wavelength Lifespan Classification layer (V) (cd/A) (nm) (T.sub.95, hr) Example 1 1 3.54 32.5 461 350 Example 2 2 3.57 30.8 460 360 Example 3 6 3.64 32.1 462 355 Example 4 14 3.52 30.1 461 345 Example 5 18 3.57 30.4 458 340 Example 6 26 3.51 30.6 459 370 Example 7 31 3.48 31.5 460 380 Example 8 56 3.58 33.5 461 360 Example 9 63 3.51 32.7 462 365 Example 10 69 3.65 31.9 460 345 Example 11 70 3.72 30.5 460 355 Example 12 75 3.54 33.7 461 365 Example 13 253 3.58 30.7 459 340 Example 14 265 3.53 32.1 461 355 Example 15 293 3.48 31.9 462 360 Comparative CE1 4.4 26.3 462 220 Example 1 Comparative CE2 4.18 27.5 461 240 Example 2 Comparative CE3 4.20 25.0 460 200 Example 3 Comparative CE4 4.58 24.1 463 180 Example 4 Comparative CE5 7.54 26.1 462 210 Example 5 Comparative CE6 4.81 24.8 462 235 Example 6 Comparative CE7 4.61 25.1 461 250 Example 7 Comparative CE8 5.02 26.9 462 265 Example 8 Comparative CE9 6.07 24.2 463 210 Example 9 [00206][00207][00208][00209][00210][00211][00212][00213][00214][00215][00216][00217][00218][00219][00220]

[0521] From Table 5, it can be confirmed that the light-emitting devices according to Examples 1 to 15 each have excellent or suitable driving voltage, luminous efficiency and lifespan, compared to the light-emitting devices according to Comparative Examples 1 to 9.

[0522] According to the one or more embodiments, by utilizing the amine-containing compound, a light-emitting device having reduced driving voltage, enhanced color purity and efficiency, and increased lifespan, and a high-quality electronic apparatus including the same may be manufactured.

[0523] In the present disclosure, it will be understood that the term comprise(s), include(s), or have/has specifies the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof.

[0524] Throughout the present disclosure, when a component such as a layer, a film, a region, or a plate is mentioned to be placed on another component, it will be understood that it may be directly on another component or that another component may be interposed therebetween. In some embodiments, directly on may refer to that there are no additional layers, films, regions, plates, etc., between a layer, a film, a region, a plate, etc. and the other part. For example, directly on may refer to two layers or two members are disposed without utilizing an additional member such as an adhesive member therebetween.

[0525] In the present disclosure, although the terms first, second, etc., may be utilized herein to describe one or more elements, components, regions, and/or layers, these elements, components, regions, and/or layers should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only utilized to distinguish one component from another component.

[0526] As utilized herein, the singular forms a, an, one, and the are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. Further, the use of may when describing embodiments of the present disclosure refers to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0527] As utilized herein, the terms substantially, about, or similar terms are used as terms of approximation and not as terms of degree, and are intended to account for the inherent deviations in measured or calculated values that would be recognized by those of ordinary skill in the art. About as used herein, is inclusive of the stated value and means within an acceptable range of deviation for the particular value as determined by one of ordinary skill in the art, considering the measurement in question and the error associated with measurement of the particular quantity (i.e., the limitations of the measurement system). For example, about may mean within one or more standard deviations, or within 30%, 20%, 10%, 5% of the stated value.

[0528] Any numerical range recited herein is intended to include all sub-ranges of the same numerical precision subsumed within the recited range. For example, a range of 1.0 to 10.0 is intended to include all subranges between (and including) the recited minimum value of 1.0 and the recited maximum value of 10.0, that is, having a minimum value equal to or greater than 1.0 and a maximum value equal to or less than 10.0, such as, for example, 2.4 to 7.6. Any maximum numerical limitation recited herein is intended to include all lower numerical limitations subsumed therein and any minimum numerical limitation recited in the present disclosure is intended to include all higher numerical limitations subsumed therein. Accordingly, Applicant reserves the right to amend the disclosure, including the claims, to expressly recite any sub-range subsumed within the ranges expressly recited herein.

[0529] The light-emitting device, the light-emitting apparatus, the display device, the electronic apparatus, the electronic device, or any other relevant devices or components according to embodiments of the present disclosure described herein may be implemented utilizing any suitable hardware, firmware (e.g., an application-specific integrated circuit), software, or a combination of software, firmware, and hardware. For example, the various components of the device may be formed on one integrated circuit (IC) chip or on separate IC chips. Further, the various components of the device may be implemented on a flexible printed circuit film, a tape carrier package (TCP), a printed circuit board (PCB), or formed on one substrate. Further, the various components of the device may be a process or thread, running on one or more processors, in one or more computing devices, executing computer program instructions and interacting with other system components for performing the various functionalities described herein. The computer program instructions are stored in a memory which may be implemented in a computing device using a standard memory device, such as, for example, a random access memory (RAM). The computer program instructions may also be stored in other non-transitory computer readable media such as, for example, a CD-ROM, flash drive, or the like. Also, a person of skill in the art should recognize that the functionality of various computing devices may be combined or integrated into a single computing device, or the functionality of a particular computing device may be distributed across one or more other computing devices without departing from the scope of the embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0530] It should be understood that embodiments described herein should be considered in a descriptive sense only and not for purposes of limitation. Descriptions of features or aspects within each embodiment should typically be considered as available for other similar features or aspects in other embodiments. While one or more embodiments have been described with reference to the drawings, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that one or more suitable changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope as defined by the following claims and equivalents thereof.