Frequency converter system conversion cell and frequency conversion system

Abstract

A frequency converter system includes a source that emits a beam having a wide spectral band; and a frequency conversion cell including 1) a birefringent nonlinear crystal having a first phase-matching wavelength, with an input face that receives the beam, an output face that emits at least one frequency-converted beam, and at least two parallel faces different from the input and output faces; 2) means for applying an external mechanical force to at least one of said two parallel faces, resulting in a variation in the birefringence of the nonlinear crystal, the value of the applied external mechanical force being determined so as to obtain phase matching at a second phase-matching wavelength different from the first phase-matching wavelength; and 3) means for adjusting the external mechanical force for wavelength tunability in the frequency conversion cell.

Claims

1. A frequency converter system comprising: a source that emits a beam having a wide spectral band; and a frequency conversion cell comprising: a birefringent nonlinear crystal having a first phase-matching wavelength, comprising an input face that receives the beam, an output face that emits at least one frequency-converted beam, and at least two parallel faces different from the input and output faces; means for applying an external mechanical force to at least one of said two parallel faces, resulting in a variation in the birefringence of the nonlinear crystal, the value of the applied external mechanical force being determined so as to obtain phase matching at a second phase-matching wavelength different from the first phase-matching wavelength; and means for adjusting the external mechanical force for wavelength tunability in the frequency conversion cell.

2. The frequency converter system according to claim 1, wherein the external mechanical force is applied in a uniform way to the at least one of said two parallel faces.

3. The frequency converter system according to claim 1, wherein the frequency conversion cell further comprises an interface made of a material softer than the nonlinear crystal at a surface of the at least one of said two parallel faces.

4. The frequency converter system according to claim 1, wherein the frequency conversion cell further comprises means for adjusting the external mechanical force as a function of the temperature.

5. The frequency converter system according to claim 1, wherein the means for applying the external mechanical force comprise a screw for driving a rotationally fixed element in translation.

6. The frequency converter system according to claim 1, wherein the birefringent nonlinear crystal is cut along its principal planes, and wherein an incident beam penetrates through the nonlinear crystal along an axis of propagation perpendicular to the input face, allowing non-critical phase matching.

7. The frequency converter system according to claim 1, wherein the birefringent nonlinear crystal is chosen from the group consisting of: CLBO, LBO, and LN.

8. A frequency conversion method comprising: sending of at least one incident beam to an input face of a birefringent nonlinear crystal having a first phase-matching wavelength, said crystal also comprising an output face that emits at least one frequency-converted beam and at least two parallel faces different from the input and output faces; applying an external mechanical force to at least one of the two parallel faces, resulting in a variation in the birefringence of the nonlinear crystal, the value of the applied external mechanical force being determined so as to obtain phase matching in the nonlinear crystal at a second phase-matching wavelength different from the first phase-matching wavelength; and adjusting the applied external mechanical force for wavelength tunability.

9. The frequency conversion method according to claim 8, wherein the applied external mechanical force is between 10 MPa and 100 GPa.

10. The frequency conversion method according to claim 8, wherein the external mechanical force is applied to the at least one of the two parallel faces through an interface made of a material softer than the nonlinear crystal.

11. The frequency conversion method according to claim 8, further comprising adjusting the applied external mechanical force as a function of the temperature.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) Other advantages and features of the invention will become apparent through the reading of the description, illustrated by the following figures:

(2) FIGS. 1A and 1B, already described, showing the evolution of the ordinary and extraordinary indices of BBO as a function of the wavelength, and a diagram illustrating the propagation of a polarized incident wave through a crystal with the polarization forming an angle with one of the crystallographic axes of the crystal;

(3) FIG. 2, a diagram illustrating the frequency conversion method with a conversion cell according to the present description;

(4) FIG. 3, a diagram illustrating the principle of the deformation of a crystal under stress;

(5) FIG. 4, curves showing initial results of frequency doubling at 1030 nm with an RTP crystal, with and without the application of a mechanical stress;

(6) FIG. 5 a diagram of a frequency conversion cell according to an exemplary embodiment;

(7) FIGS. 6A and 6B, diagrams of the experimental setups used to characterize the uniformity of the stress applied, the fracture threshold (6A), and the second harmonic generation (6B);

(8) FIGS. 7A and 7B, experimental results showing the influence of an interface made of indium on the uniformity of the stress and on the fracture threshold, respectively;

(9) FIGS. 8A through 8C, experimental results obtained with LBO.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

(10) FIG. 2 generally illustrates a frequency conversion system 100 according to the present description. It comprises a laser source 21 for emitting one or more incident laser beam(s) onto an input face 121.sub.A of a birefringent nonlinear crystal 12. The nonlinear crystal 12 is part of a frequency conversion cell 10 which also comprises means 14 for applying an external mechanical force F to at least one face 120.sub.A of the nonlinear crystal, said face, called a force application face in the present description, being different from the input face 121.sub.A and the output face 121.sub.B of the crystal. According to a variant, the external mechanical force can be applied to two parallel faces 120.sub.A, 120.sub.B. The system 100 shown in FIG. 2 is for example a frequency doubling system. Thus, an incident beam of wavelength .sub.1 is converted into a beam of wavelength .sub.2. The beams of wavelengths .sub.1 and .sub.2 are separated on output from the conversion cell by means of a wavelength separating plate 24. The frequency conversion system in this example also comprises means 22 for focusing the incident beam inside the nonlinear crystal 12.

(11) The principle used to modify the birefringence of the nonlinear crystal is based on the photoelasticity of the material forming the crystal; it is explained below in connection with FIG. 3, and an experimental validation with a nonlinear RTP crystal is shown in FIG. 4.

(12) When a stress is applied to a material, it causes a local deformation of the material, the two values being related by the generalized Hooke's law:
=C(1)
=S(2)

(13) where C and S are respectively the elasticity and rigidity matrices of the material in question. The quantities C and S are symmetric fourth order tensors, and the components and are second order tensors. The relations (1) and (2) make it possible to associate the 6 components of the stress tensor with the 6 components of the deformation tensor .

(14) The local deformation causes a variation in the optical index (a photoelastic effect) according to the expression:

(15) $\begin{array}{cc}\left(\frac{1}{n_i^2}\right)=\underset{j=1\mathrm{.Math.}3}{.Math.}{}_{\mathrm{ij}}{\mathrm{.Math.}}_j& \left(3\right)\end{array}$

(16) Where n.sub.i is the refractive index in a preferred direction of the crystal (i) and .sub.ij and .sub.j are the respective coefficients of the elasto-optic and deformation tensors.

(17) Thus, by applying an external mechanical force to one of the faces of a crystal, whose shape prior to deformation is indicated in solid lines by the reference 12.sub.B in FIG. 3, the nonlinear crystal is compressed along the force application axis and stretched along the perpendicular axis (deformed shape indicated in dotted lines by the reference 12.sub.A in FIG. 3).

(18) Thus, by applying the external mechanical force along a chosen crystallographic axis, it is possible to increase or decrease the birefringence n of the nonlinear crystal, where n is expressed by the equation:
n=n.sub.y(2)n.sub.z() (4)

(19) Where n.sub.y is the optical index along the Y axis, n.sub.z is the optical index along the Z axis, Y and Z being the crystallographic axes of the crystal, and is the pulsation.

(20) FIG. 4 illustrates a first experimental validation of the principle used in the present description, applied to the conversion efficiency in a frequency doubling (SHG) configuration in an RTP (RbTiOPO.sub.4) crystal.

(21) RTP is a nonlinear crystal known to be usable for infrared-to-green second harmonic generation (see for example the article by J. Mangin et al., Thermal Expansion, normalized thermo-optic coefficients, and conditions for second harmonic generation of a Nd:YAG laser with wide temperature bandwidth in RbTiOPO4. Journal of the Optical Society of America B, Vol. 28, no. 4, 2011). While RTP has very advantageous properties for second harmonic generation to 1032 nm, it does not, on the other hand, make birefringent phase matching possible for fundamental wavelengths of less than 1031.6 nm. It therefore cannot be used, for example, with lasers whose gain media are ytterbium-doped materials emitting at 1030 nm. Normally, such a problem can be easily solved by heating the crystal, which makes it possible to shift the phase matching toward shorter wavelengths. However, RTP is insensitive to temperature at around 1030 nm.

(22) A mechanical phase matching is implemented by means of the experimental setup illustrated in FIG. 2.

(23) In this experiment, the laser source 21 is an infrared laser emitting at 1030 nm with enough peak power to obtain a suitable frequency doubling efficiency, i.e. typically more than 50%. At this wavelength, RTP does not allow second harmonic generation. The application of a mechanical force enabled the ordinary and extraordinary optical indices to be changed so as to enable phase matching at 1030 nm.

(24) FIG. 4 thus shows the frequency doubling efficiency (in %) as a function of the incident optic power at 1030 nm, in the case (curve 41) where the crystal is not stressed and in the case (curve 42) where the crystal is subjected to an external mechanical force of several MPa.

(25) Thus, this experimental validation shows that the application of an external mechanical force actually makes it possible to shift the phase matching and thus efficiently generate a beam at 515 nm, a converted wavelength heretofore unobtainable with RTP.

(26) FIG. 5 shows an exemplary embodiment of a conversion cell 10 that is particularly advantageous for the application of a uniform stress to the faces of the nonlinear crystal. The mounting in this example comprises a non-deformable frame 16, for example a steel frame. A torque is applied to a screw 18 that drives a rotationally fixed element 14A in translation. This element comes into contact with the force application face 120.sub.A of the crystal 12, which rests on a fixed element 14.sub.B of the frame 16, for example a steel element. A sheet 11.sub.A of a material less hard than the nonlinear crystal, for example a sheet of indium or tin, is advantageously disposed at the interface between the face 140.sub.A of the element 14.sub.A that comes into contact with the force application face 120.sub.A of the crystal. A sheet 11.sub.B of this same material can also be placed between the face of the fixed element 14.sub.B of the frame 16 made to come into contact with the face 120.sub.B of the nonlinear crystal, parallel to and opposite the force application face 120.sub.A.

(27) The applicants performed systematic tests on a certain number of birefringent nonlinear crystals in order to test both the mechanical strength (fracture threshold) and the obtainment of a frequency doubling effect.

(28) In the present description, the fracture threshold is the value of the applied external mechanical force at which the appearance of a fracture or fissure in the nonlinear crystal is first observed, resulting in a loss of the optical qualities of the crystal, particularly due to the effects of diffusion.

(29) Experimental setups for these tests are shown in FIGS. 6A and 6B, while FIGS. 7A, 7B and 8A through 8C illustrate the results obtained with LBO (LiB.sub.3O.sub.5).

(30) LBO is a crystal of excellent quality that is widely used for second harmonic generation; it has a wide spectral transparency range of approximately 160 nm to 2 m, but it is not birefringent enough to produce nonlinear conversions toward the far UV. The applicants have demonstrated that the application of a sufficiently powerful mechanical stress makes it possible to shift the phase matching and to enable fourth harmonic generation in LBO.

(31) The modification of the phase-matching wavelength appears to depend on the amplitude of deformation it can withstand before a fracture appears. The theoretical fracture threshold of a material is sometimes given as one-tenth of the Young's modulus, but the real fracture threshold is often measured at one or two orders of magnitude below this theoretical limit. This threshold depends on the quality of the surface of the crystal (flatness and roughness) and on the homogeneity of the forces applied.

(32) A first experiment, one experimental setup for which is illustrated in FIG. 6A, is performed in order to determine both the fracture threshold of the nonlinear crystal in question and the uniformity of the stress applied to the force application face. The experimental setup comprises a laser source 61 and an afocal lens 62 for forming a collimated laser beam. The laser source is for example a continuous helium-neon laser emitting at 633 nm. The nonlinear crystal 12 to be analyzed is placed in a wavelength conversion cell 10 of the same type as the one illustrated in FIG. 5. The crystal 12 is placed between crossed polarizers, with a half-wave plate 63 associated with a polarizer 64 at the input and a polarizer 65 at the output. The crystallographic axes are placed at 45 to the polarization axes of the two crossed polarizers. A two-dimensional detector 66, for example a CMOS camera, is positioned so as to be able to observe the patterns of interference formed after the passage of the light through the crystal and resulting from the phase difference between the neutral axes.

(33) More precisely, the conversion cell 10, for example of the same type as the one illustrated in FIG. 5, is designed to mechanically apply a vertical external mechanical force and to prevent the effects of parasitic torque. In the experimental tests presented in these examples, forces between 0 and 12 kN are applied with a precision of +/0.1 kN. The external mechanical force is applied by means of an element whose face made to come into contact with the face of the nonlinear crystal is polished and has a section measuring 412 mm.sup.2. If the stress applied is not uniform, the local stress point can cause a premature fracture of the crystal. As explained above, the interface between the nonlinear crystal and the force application element can be adapted so as to increase the uniformity of the force applied to the entire application face of the crystal. Thus, the effect of using indium as an interface material to increase uniformity has been tested. Indium is a very flexible material that can wet metal surfaces, and can thus sharply reduce any defects between the face of the nonlinear crystal and the face of the element made to come into contact.

(34) FIG. 7A shows the interference figures recorded with the camera 66 when a nonlinear LBO crystal is used, in three configurations A, B, C; The LBO crystal in this example is cut along the X axis and stressed along its Z axis by an external mechanical force with a modulus just below the fracture threshold. Configurations A, B, C respectively correspond to a configuration in which there is no indium interface, a configuration in which an indium interface is used only on the top face of the nonlinear crystal, and a configuration in which indium interfaces are present on every face of the crystal. Configuration A shows that the force applied is not uniform. With configuration B, the force is uniform but stresses appear in the lower corners of the crystal, since the bottom face of the crystal is having trouble deforming. In configuration C, the bottom face can slide relative to the mounting thanks to the indium interface and can therefore deform. The figure is symmetrical, and the top and bottom faces are deformed in the same way.

(35) FIG. 7B shows the fracture threshold of samples in different configurations. In the first configuration (illustrated in the left column of FIG. 7B), the LBO crystal is stressed directly, with no interface material along its Z axis. There is little uniformity in the stress on the face of the crystal, and fissures are observed to appear on the bottom surface. The maximum applicable stress measured in this case is 30 Mpa. When a 200 m sheet of indium is inserted between the face of the crystal and the face of the element applying the mechanical force (the configuration illustrated in the center column of FIG. 7B), the fracture threshold is increased to 400 Mpa. In this configuration, however, the lower corners of the nonlinear crystal suffer from increased stress due to the fact that the bottom surface is unable to stretch. If a second sheet of indium is inserted under the bottom face of the nonlinear crystal, the induced birefringence becomes very uniform and the damage threshold increases to 500 Mpa. FIG. 7B illustrates a third configuration, in which the LBO crystal is stressed along the Y axis. In this case, the damage threshold falls to 100 MPa, due to the anisotropy of the elasto-optic coefficients of LBO.

(36) FIGS. 8A through 8C illustrate the frequency-doubling results obtained with an LBO crystal. The experimental setup used is shown in FIG. 6B.

(37) In a negative biaxial crystal like an LBO crystal, the condition for non-critical phase matching in a type I second harmonic generation process is expressed as follows:
n.sub.z ()=n.sub.y (2) (5)

(38) Combined with the Sellmeier equation which gives the refractive index n as a function of the wavelength, it is possible to calculate the birefringence n (given by equation (4) above) as a function of the wavelength ; the curve in the case of an X-cut LBO crystal (cut in the plane =90) is illustrated in FIG. 8A. In this configuration, the fundamental wave propagates with an electric field parallel to the Z axis and the frequency-doubled wave propagates with an electric field parallel to the Y axis. FIG. 8A shows that the phase matching condition is fulfilled at ambient temperature (n=0) for two wavelengths, i.e. 1200 nm and 1400 nm. A change in the phase-matching wavelength in the interval between 1200 nm and 1400 nm therefore requires an increase in the birefringence while a change in the phase-matching wavelength to values lower than 1200 nm or greater than 1400 nm requires a reduction in the birefringence.

(39) A harmonic generation experiment with the stressed LBO crystal is conducted using the experimental setup illustrated in FIG. 6B. The setup includes a fiber laser source 71 that delivers radiation in a spectral band between 400 nm and 2 m with nonlinear effects (called a white supercontinuum) and emits picosecond pulses with an optical power of up to 4 W, with a repetition rate of 40 MHz. The signal is filtered by means of dichroic mirrors 75, 76 so as to obtain a spectral band in the infrared (between 1000 and 1600 nm). The intensity distribution of the filtered pulses as a function of the wavelength is measured with an optical spectrum analyzer and is illustrated in FIG. 8B. The residual radiation between 1000 nm and 1600 nm is focused inside the nonlinear crystal 12 by means of a focusing lens 74 and has a focus diameter of approximately 50 m inside the crystal. The wavelength of the frequency-doubled wave is measured with a visible spectrometer 76 (190-600 nm, resolution +/0.3 nm). Care is also taken to ensure that the nonlinear crystal is properly aligned with the phase matching angle. In the experiment thus performed, the LBO crystal is stressed along the Y axis, and the birefringence is increased. The phase-matching wavelength can thus be expected to decrease to less than 1200 nm. An external mechanical force is applied to the surface of the crystal up to a value of 100 MPa, which corresponds to the fracture threshold of the crystal. The results are shown in FIG. 8C, which illustrates the normalized intensity as a function of the wavelength. A shift in the phase-matching wavelength from 1200 nm to 1120 nm is observed.

(40) The experiments thus performed validate the method described in the present description for modifying the phase-matching wavelength of a birefringent nonlinear crystal through the application of a mechanical force. They verify that the amplitude of this modification is limited only by the fracture threshold of the material. These results may be compared to the change in the phase-matching wavelength induced by the temperature in a nonlinear LBO crystal, as described for example in the article by T. Ukachi et al. cited above. By applying a mechanical stress, the applicants demonstrated that that it was possible to change the phase-matching wavelength by a value equal to that resulting from a temperature increase of about 60 C. Furthermore, in these experiments, no particular treatment was applied to the stressed faces. An optical polishing of the stressed faces of the crystal and/or a chemical etching can be expected to enable an increase in the fracture threshold of the crystal by up to 10 times, making it possible to expand even further the range of modification of the phase-matching wavelength.

(41) Other birefringent nonlinear crystals have proved promising for the use of a conversion cell according to the present description.

(42) Thus, LTB (LB.sub.4) is a UV-transparent nonlinear crystal that is sufficiently birefringent to produce a fourth harmonic generation. But its nonlinear properties are not sufficient to obtain satisfactory conversion efficiency, except in a non-critical phase matching configuration (crystal cut along one of its optical axes), in which its properties become very advantageous. Since this crystal is also not very temperature-sensitive, only a few specific types of phase matching are possible. The application of a mechanical stress according to the present description makes it possible to expand the phase matching capabilities of this crystal in a non-critical configuration.

(43) Furthermore, the method described in the present description is a passive technique, which does not require a power supply once the stress is applied. In addition, the method described only requires the use of mechanical elements and could be designed into a low-cost frequency conversion system. Although the experimental validations have been described in the particular case of non-critical phase matching, the method described applies to any nonlinear process requiring a modification of the birefringence.

(44) Although it has been described in a certain number of detailed exemplary embodiments, the frequency conversion method and device according to the invention include different variants, modifications, and improvements that will be obvious to a person skilled in the art, it being understood that these different variants, modifications, and improvements fall within the scope of the invention as defined by the following claims.