Generation and regulation of HHO gas

Abstract

An HHO gas second fuel is produced in a pressure-resistant container and distributed at a low volumetric rate at multiple locations about the internal combustion engine.

Claims

1-23. (canceled)

24. An apparatus for providing HHO gas to an internal combustion engine, comprising: an electrolysis cell that is configured to generate the HHO gas; and a flow regulator that is configured to start and stop a flow of the HHO gas from the electrolysis cell to an injector of the internal combustion engine.

25. The apparatus of claim 24, wherein the injector is configured to deliver the HHO gas to within three inches of a combustion chamber inlet orifice of the internal combustion engine.

26. The apparatus of claim 24, comprising: a lance that is attached to the injector and that is configured to deliver the HHO gas to a combustion chamber of the internal combustion engine.

27. The apparatus of claim 26, comprising: an additional lance that is attached to an additional injector that is configured to deliver a portion of the HHO gas to an additional combustion chamber of the internal combustion engine, wherein the lance is configured to deliver a separate portion of the HHO gas to the combustion chamber of the internal combustion engine.

28. The apparatus of claim 24, comprising: an HHO gas pressure regulator that comprises a heat exchanger that is configured to adjust a temperature of the HHO gas.

29. The apparatus of claim 28, wherein an intake manifold pressure of the internal combustion engine controls the HHO gas pressure regulator.

30. The apparatus of claim 24, wherein the injector is configured to deliver the HHO gas to an air intake valve and is positioned proximate to a combustion chamber inlet orifice of the internal combustion engine.

31. The apparatus of claim 30, wherein the injector comprises a lance that is configured to provide a portion of the HHO gas to within three inches of a combustion inlet orifice.

32. The apparatus of claim 24, wherein the HHO gas is free of air.

33. The apparatus of claim 24, wherein the flow regulator is configured to exchange heat with engine coolant.

34. A method for providing HHO gas to an internal combustion engine, comprising: generating, by an electrolysis cell, the HHO gas; and starting and stopping, by a flow regulator, a flow of the HHO gas from the electrolysis cell to an injector of the internal combustion engine.

35. The method of claim 34, wherein the injector is configured to deliver the HHO gas to within three inches of a combustion chamber inlet orifice of the internal combustion engine.

36. The method of claim 34, comprising: delivering, by a lance that is attached to the injector, the HHO gas to a combustion chamber of the internal combustion engine.

37. The method of claim 36, comprising: delivering, by an additional lance that is attached to an additional injector, a portion of the HHO gas to an additional combustion chamber of the internal combustion engine, wherein the lance is configured to deliver a separate portion of the HHO gas to the combustion chamber of the internal combustion engine

38. The method of claim 34, comprising: adjusting, by a heat exchanger of an HHO gas pressure regulator, a temperature of the HHO gas.

39. The method of claim 38, wherein an intake manifold pressure of the internal combustion engine controls the HHO gas pressure regulator.

40. The method of claim 34, wherein the injector is configured to deliver the HHO gas to an air intake valve and is positioned proximate to a combustion chamber inlet orifice of the internal combustion engine.

41. The method of claim 40, wherein the injector comprises a lance that is configured to provide a portion of the HHO gas to within three inches of a combustion inlet orifice.

42. The method of claim 34, wherein the HHO gas is free of air.

43. The method of claim 34, wherein the flow regulator is configured to exchange heat with engine coolant.

Description

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0082] FIG. 1 is a schematic exploded view of a high pressure container housing an n HHO gas production apparatus.

[0083] FIG. 2 is a schematic view of an electrolysis plate stack

[0084] FIG. 3 is a schematic view of an electrolysis plate.

[0085] FIG. 4 is a schematic view of an HHO gas distribution harness with control wiring.

[0086] FIG. 5 is a schematic view of a control circuit for a HHO gas production apparatus.

[0087] FIG. 6 is a schematic view of an HHO gas delivery system.

[0088] FIG. 7 is a partial cross-sectional view of an intake port equipped with a HHO gas injector and lance.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0089] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, an HHO gas production apparatus to provide a second fuel to an internal combustion engine. FIG. 1 is a schematic exploded view of a high pressure container housing an HHO gas production apparatus 100. The apparatus comprises an electrolysis cell 102 comprising a spaced stack of electrolysis plates 104 seated within an insulated plate holder comprising a lower portion 106 and an upper portion 108. The lower portion of the insulated plate holder 106 and the upper portion of the insulated plate holder 108 are oriented with respect to each other via alignment pegs 110. Electrolyte solution can be introduced and HHO gas removed from the electrolysis cell through slots 112 in the upper portion of the insulated plate holder 108. The electrolysis cell 102 is contained within a pressure resistant container comprising a top housing 114 and an insulated bottom cover 116. When assembled, the lower rim 118 of the top housing is seated in a groove 120 of the insulated bottom cover 116. The pressure resistant container is assembled and sealed with flange assembly 122. The top housing further comprises an electrolyte solution addition port 126 and gas removal port 128. The bottom cover 116 further comprises power terminals 124 used to supply electricity to the electrolysis cell.

[0090] FIG. 2 depicts an electrolysis plate stack 104 comprising five spaced-apart substantially parallel electrolysis plates 104A, 104B, 104C, 104D, and 104E. One of the power terminals 124 may be connected to terminal connector 105A.

[0091] FIG. 3 depicts an electrolysis plate 104E comprising an electrolyte solution flow port 107E, an electrolyte solution flow and gas removal port 109E, and optional power terminal connector 105E.

[0092] FIG. 4 is a schematic view of an HHO gas distribution harness with control wiring 400. The HHO gas distribution harness is shown with a communication line 412, a voltage inverter 414 an audible alarm 416 and a programmable electronic control system (ECS) 410 in communication with a programming unit 404 by the programming lines 406. The ECS 410 optionally communicates with an engine control unit (ECU) 408. The ECS 410 is in communication with several sensors, including a knock sensor 418, an exhaust temperature sensor 420, and an HHO gas temperature sensor 422. In operation, HHO gas is introduced to a regulator 424 via supply line 434 and cooled with engine coolant circulated through engine coolant lines 426. Cooled HHO gas is passed through optional HHO line filter 428 and portions of the HHO gas are introduced to HHO gas injectors 430A-H. The ECS is in electrical communication with the control wiring of the HHO production apparatus, not shown, via line 432. FIG. 5 is a schematic view of a control circuit 500 for a HHO gas production apparatus 502. Control relay 504 is controlled by temperature switch 506 and pressure switch 508. Control relay 504 controls, via control line 512 power relay 510 configured to regulate power to the HHO gas production apparatus 502. Power to the apparatus is passed through a hi-amp breaker 516 and power relay 510 via power line 514.

[0093] FIG. 6 is a schematic view of an HHO gas delivery system 600. In operation, a power source 602 provides power to an HHO gas production apparatus 604 and a central processing unit (CPU) 606. The CPU 606 receives power through ignition switch controlled line 608. The CPU 606 provides a control signal through a control signal line 610 to a power relay 612 to regulate power to the apparatus 604. HHO gas exits the apparatus 604 through an HHO gas outlet tubing 614 and is passed through the regulator 616 and cooled with engine coolant circulated through engine coolant lines 618(A&B). Cooled HHO gas is then transmitted through a pressure regulated tubing 620 to an HHO gas injector manifold 622. The HHO gas injector manifold 622 distributes portions of the HHO gas through the set of injectors fitted with injector lances 624A, 624B, 624C, and 624D.

[0094] FIG. 7 is a partial cross-sectional view of an intake port 700. In operation, an HHO injector 702 delivers HHO gas proximate an intake valve 704 of a cylinder 716 through an HHO injector lance 710 positioned in an intake port 712 for the cylinder 716. The primary fuel, for example diesel or gasoline, is feed into the combustion chamber 720 via the fuel injector 706. HHO gas injection is timed relative to the position of the piston 714.

[0095] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a second fuel for improving the performance of an internal combustion engine. In certain embodiments, for example, the internal combustion engine may be a light duty high speed diesel engine, a light heavy-duty diesel engine, a medium duty diesel engine, a medium heavy-duty diesel engine, a heavy heavy-duty diesel engine, a nonroad engine, a stationary engine, a locomotive engine, a marine engine, an aircraft engine, a generator set engine, a spark-ignition engine, a compression-ignition engine, nonroad compression-ignition engine, a naturally aspirated engine, a turbocharged engine, a turbocompound engine, a supercharged engine, a direct injection engine, an indirect injection engine, a port injection engine, a gasoline engine, a diesel engine, an ethanol engine, a methanol engine, a biofuel engine, a natural gas engine, a propane engine, or an alternative fuel engine.

[0096] In certain embodiments, for example, the internal combustion engine may provide power to one or more vehicles or gensets. In certain embodiments, for example, one of the one or more vehicles may be a passenger car, a light duty vehicle, a medium duty passenger vehicle, a truck (for example a passenger truck or a delivery truck), a light duty truck, a medium duty truck, a heavy duty truck, an urban bus, a motorcycle, a passenger car, a four tire single unit vehicle, a bus, a two axle six tire single unit vehicle, a three axle single unit vehicle, a four or more axle single unit vehicle, a four or less axle single trailer vehicle, a five axle tractor semitrailer, a six or more axle singe trailer, a five or less axle multi-trailer, a six axle multi-trailer, a seven or more axle multi-trailer, a Class 1 vehicle, a Class 2 vehicle, a Class 3 vehicle, a Class 4 vehicle, a Class 5 vehicle, a Class 6 vehicle, a Class 7 vehicle, a Class 8 vehicle (for example a Class 8 truck), a Class 9 vehicle, a Class 10 vehicle, a Class 11 vehicle, a Class 12 vehicle, a Class 13 vehicle a Category M vehicle, a Category M1 vehicle, a Category M2 vehicle, a Category M3 vehicle, a Category N1-I vehicle, a Category N1-II vehicle, a Category N1-III vehicle, a Category N2 vehicle, a Category N3 vehicle, a road vehicle, an offroad vehicle, a vessel, a boat, a marine vehicle (for example a pleasure boat), or an aircraft. In certain embodiments, for example, the one or more gensets may be a residential genset or a commercial genset or an industrial genset or a genset equipped with a 4-cylinder engine, or a 6-cylinder engine or between a 6-20 cylinder engine, or a 8-cylinder engine or from an 8- to 12-cylinder engine and the engine may be a mixed fuel engine, a diesel engine, a gasoline engine, and/or a natural gas engine.

[0097] In certain embodiments, for example, the vehicle may be a Class 8 truck comprising a heavy duty diesel engine. In certain further embodiments, for example, the heavy duty diesel engine may have a displacement in the range of 11-16 liters, for example in the range of 14-15 liters. In certain further embodiments, for example, the heavy duty diesel engine may have an engine speed of at least 1800 rpm, for example 2100 rpm. In certain further embodiments, for example, the heavy duty diesel engine may provide 1600-2000 ft-lb peak torque. In certain further embodiments, for example, the heavy duty diesel engine may be sized to produce 430-500 hp.

[0098] In certain embodiments, for example, the vehicle may be a delivery truck comprising a medium duty diesel engine. In certain further embodiments, for example, the medium duty diesel engine may be a 6 cylinder inline engine. In certain embodiments, for example, the medium duty diesel engine may have a displacement in the range of 6-11 liters.

[0099] In certain embodiments, for example, the vehicle (for example a Dodge Ram truck or a Ford F150 truck) may be a light truck comprising a light duty high speed diesel engine. In certain further embodiments, for example, the light duty high speed diesel engine may have a displacement in the range of 2-6 liters. In certain embodiments, the light duty high speed diesel engine may have an engine speed of 4000-4500 rpm. In certain embodiments, the light duty high speed diesel engine may be sized to produce 200-250 hp. In certain embodiments, for example, the light duty high speed diesel engine may be a 6-cylinder inline engine, a V6 engine, or a V8 engine.

[0100] In certain embodiments, for example, the vehicle may be a pleasure boat comprising an internal combustion engine having a displacement in the range of 4-20 liters, for example a displacement in the range of 4-8 liters, or the internal combustion engine having a displacement in the range of 8-18 liters.

[0101] In certain embodiments, for example, the engine may be a generator set engine having a displacement in the range of 6-60 liters. In certain further embodiments, for example, the generator set engine may be a V8, V12, V16, or V20 engine having an engine displacement of 2-6 liters per cylinder. In certain embodiments, for example, the generate set engine may be sized to produce more than 1000 hp, for example the generator set engine may be sized to produce 1000-2000 hp.

[0102] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, an electrolysis cell. In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolysis cell may comprise a pressure-resistant container. In certain further embodiments, for example, the pressure-resistant container may be configured and optionally rated to maintain a pressure in excess of 25 psig, for example a pressure in excess of 50 psig, in excess of 75 psig, in excess of 100 psig, or the pressure-resistant container may be configured and optionally rated to maintain a pressure in excess of 150 psig. In certain embodiments, for example, the pressure-resistant container may be configured and optionally rated to maintain a pressure of up to 100 psig, a pressure of up to 125 psig, up to 150 psig, or the pressure-resistant container may be configured and optionally rated to maintain a pressure of up to 200 psig.

[0103] In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolysis cell may further comprise a pressure relief valve configured to open when a pressure of gas inside the container exceeds 25 psig, for example a pressure in excess of 50 psig, in excess of 80 psig, in excess of 100 psig, in excess of 150 psig, or the electrolysis cell may further comprise a pressure relief valve configured to open when a pressure of gas inside the container exceeds 200 psig.

[0104] In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolysis cell may further comprise a first defined space may be configured to hold a volume of an electrolyte solution. In certain embodiments, for example, the first defined space may be configured to hold a volume of the electrolyte solution to supply a sufficient amount of HHO gas for at least 1 day of operation of a host engine (i.e., an engine or engines the electrolysis cell is supplying second fuel to), for example at least 2 days of operation, at least 1 week of operation, at least 2 weeks of operation, at least 3 weeks of operation, at least 1 month of operation, at least 2 months of operation, at least 3 months of operation, or the first defined space may be configured to hold a volume of the electrolyte solution to supply a sufficient amount of HHO gas for at least 6 months of operation of the host engine.

[0105] In certain embodiments, for example, the first defined space may be configured to hold a volume of electrolyte solution to supply HHO gas to a truck for at least 200 miles of driving, for example at least 400 miles of driving, at least 800 miles of driving, at least 1,200 miles of driving, at least 5,000 miles of driving, at least 10,000 miles of driving, at least 20,000 miles of driving, or the first defined space may be configured to hold a volume of electrolyte solution to supply HHO gas to a truck for at least 30,000 miles of driving. In certain embodiments, for example, the first defined space may be configured to hold a volume of electrolyte solution to supply HHO gas to a truck for at least 400,000 crankshaft rotations, for example at least 800,000 crankshaft rotations, at least 1,600,000 crankshaft rotations, at least 2,400,000 crankshaft rotations, at least 10,000,000 crankshaft rotations, at least 20,000,000 crankshaft rotations, at least 40,000,000 crankshaft rotations, or the first defined space may be configured to hold a volume of electrolyte solution to supply HHO gas to a truck for at least 60,000,000 crankshaft rotations.

[0106] In certain embodiments, the second defined space may not be integrated into the high-pressure container where the HHO gas generator is housed. The second defined space may be a separate high-pressure housing configured to receive HHO gas or be detachably connected to the HHO generator (for example for remote or portable delivery). In certain embodiments, the separate second defined space may serve as an additional storage of HHO gas, a primary storage or secondary storage for HHO gas. In certain embodiments, for example, the solution may comprise water and one or more electrolytes. In certain further embodiments, for example, the one or more electrolytes may comprise a metal salt, such as a metal salt at least partially soluble in water. In certain embodiments, for example, the one or more electrolytes may be selected from the group consisting of: KOH, NaOH, N.sub.a2CO.sub.3, NaHCO.sub.3, NaCl, K.sub.2CO.sub.3, KHCO.sub.3, H.sub.2SO.sub.4, CH.sub.3COOH, and a combination of two or more thereof.

[0107] In certain embodiments, for example, the first defined space may be configured to hold at least 1-quart of the electrolyte solution, for example at least ½ gallon, at least 1 gallon, or the first defined space may be configured to hold at least 5 gallons of the electrolyte solution.

[0108] In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolyte solution may comprise an aqueous solution with a concentration of one or more electrolytes of less than 5 vol. % (in total) relative to the total volume of the electrolyte solution, for example less 4 vol. %, less than 3 vol. %, less than 2 vol. %, less than 1 vol. %, less than 0.5 vol. %, or the electrolyte solution may comprise an aqueous solution with a concentration of one or more electrolytes of less than 0.25 vol. % (in total) relative to the total volume of the electrolyte solution. In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolyte solution may comprise an aqueous solution with a concentration of one or electrolytes in the range of 0.1-5 vol. %, for example in the range of 0.5-3 vol. % or the electrolyte solution may comprise an aqueous solution with a concentration of electrolyte in the range of 1.5-3 vol. % (in total) relative to the total volume of the electrolyte solution. In certain embodiments, for example, the one or more electrolytes may be selected from the group consisting of: KOH, NaOH, Na.sub.2CO.sub.3, NaHCO.sub.3, NaCl, K.sub.2CO.sub.3, KHCO.sub.3, H.sub.2SO.sub.4, CH.sub.3COOH, and a combination of two or more thereof. In certain further embodiments, for example, the electrolysis cell may comprise an electrolyte solution, wherein the concentration of one or more electrolytes present in the electrolyte solution may be selected, maintained, and/or adjusted to provide a current draw of less than 20 amps (for example less than 10 amps) at the operating voltage and temperature of the electrolysis cell. In certain further embodiments, for example, the electrolyte concentration may be lower than the concentration of electrolyte a conventional electrolysis cell. In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolyte solution may be exclusive of sulfuric acid. In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolysis cell may be operated continuously (for example without pulsed width modulation) for a period of time (for example at least 10 minutes, at least 30 minutes, at least 1 hour, or indefinitely) without overheating, for example without heating to a temperature in excess of 65° C. In certain further embodiments, for example, an ability to operate the electrolysis cell continuously without overheating may be due at least in part to a low electrolyte concentration in the electrolyte solution and/or a current draw of less than 15 amps (for example less than 10 amps).

[0109] In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolysis cell may further comprise a plurality of electrolysis plates. In certain further embodiments, for example, the plurality of electrolysis plates may comprise in the range of 5-15 plates, for example in the range of 7-12 plates, or the plurality of electrolysis plates may comprise in the range of 5-8 plates.

[0110] In certain embodiments, for example, each of the plurality of electrolysis plates may have a thickness in the of 0.25-3 mm, for example in the range of 0.5-2.5 mm, or the plurality of electrolysis plates may have a thickness in the of 1-2 mm.

[0111] In certain embodiments, for example, a first one of the plurality of electrolysis plates may be disposed at a distance in the range of 0.25-8 mm from a second adjacent one of the plurality of plates, for example a first one of the plurality of electrolysis plates may be disposed at a distance in the range of 0.5-3 mm from a second adjacent one of the plurality of plates.

[0112] In certain embodiments, for example, the plates may comprise (for example be composed of or be partially or completely coated with) a material that is composed of or comprises a highly conductive and low corrosivity material, for example a material with a higher conductivity higher than 304 stainless steel and a corrosivity in the electrolyte environment of about the same or less than 304 stainless steel. In certain embodiments, for example, at least a portion of at least one surface of at least one of the plurality of electrolysis plates may comprise platinum, titanium, iridium, brass, gold, nickel alloy, silver, graphene or a combination of one or more thereof.

[0113] In certain embodiments, for example, the plurality of plates may be configured as a stack of approximately parallel plates in fixed relation comprising two end plates and remaining plates spaced an approximately equal distance between adjacent plates. In certain further embodiments, for example, the positive terminal may be attached to one of the end plates and the negative terminal may be attached to the other of the end plates. In certain embodiments, for example, the plurality of electrolysis plates may be fully immersed in the electrolyte solution. In certain embodiments, for example, the positive terminal and the negative terminal may be in electrical and or electrochemical communication only or at least substantially through the plurality of plates and electrolyte solution present in the regions between adjacent plates. In certain embodiments, for example, electrical and/or electrochemical communication through the plurality of plates and electrolyte solution present in the regions between adjacent plates may be increased (for example maximized) by insulating a portion of the plurality of plates, for example by seating the stack of plates in a slot of the pressurized container and/or at least partially isolating the fluid situated between adjacent plates in a plate stack with spacers, gaskets, and or sealants between the adjacent plates.

[0114] In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolysis cell may comprise cooling coils in the first defined space, whereby heat may be removed from the electrolyte solution.

[0115] In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolysis cell may comprise a second defined space provisioned to contain and/or store HHO gas. In certain further embodiments, for example, the second defined space may contain and/or store air-free HHO gas. In certain embodiments, for example, the second defined space may have a volume of at least 1 quart, at least 2 quarts, at least 1 gallon, at least 2 gallons, at least 5 gallons, at least 10 gallons, or the second defined space may have a volume of at least 25 gallons. In certain embodiments, for example, the second defined space may have a volume of less than 1 gallon, less than 5 gallons, less than 10 gallons, or the second defined space may have a volume of less than 25 gallons. In certain embodiments, for example, the HHO gas may degrade, be changed, and/or be less effective (for example be at least partially reacted or quenched) by exposure to air. In certain embodiments, for example, the HHO may be stored air-free (or at least substantially air-free) for at least 2 weeks (for example at least 1 month) without any noticeable change in performance when used as a second fuel in the internal combustion engine. In certain embodiments,

[0116] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, an apparatus for providing HHO gas for an internal combustion engine, comprising: an electrolysis cell for generating the HHO gas, and a gas flow regulator configured to start and stop a flow of the HHO gas from the electrolysis cell to a plurality of injectors of the internal combustion engine. In certain further embodiments, for example, a gas exiting the gas pressure regulator may be controlled to have a temperature of greater than 35° C., for example of greater than 40° C., of greater than 50° C., of greater than 60° C., or the gas exiting the gas pressure regulator may be controlled to have a temperature of greater than 70° C.

[0117] In certain further embodiments, for example, a gas exiting the gas pressure regulator may be controlled to have a temperature of less than 90° C., for example less than 80° C., less than 70° C., less than 60° C., or the gas exiting the gas pressure regulator may be controlled to have a temperature less than 45° C. In certain further embodiments, for example, a gas exiting the gas pressure regulator may be controlled to have a temperature in the range of 5-80° C., for example in the range of 10-80° C., in the range of 5-75° C., in the range of 10-70° C., in the range of 10-60° C., in the range of 10-55° C., in the range of 20-80° C., in the range of 10-80° C., of less than 90° C., for example less than 80° C., less than 70° C., less than 60° C., or the gas exiting the gas pressure regulator may be controlled to have a temperature less than 45° C.

[0118] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, an apparatus for providing HHO gas for an internal combustion engine, comprising: an electrolysis cell for generating the HHO gas, and a gas distribution harness comprising a plurality of lances configured to deliver the HHO gas to a plurality of intake ports of the internal combustion engine. In certain embodiments, for example, the number of the plurality of lances may be equal to a number of the plurality of the injectors. In certain embodiments, for example, at least one lance of the plurality of lances may comprise at least one outlet, at least a second lance of the plurality of lances may comprise at least a second outlet, and at least a third lance of the plurality of lances may comprise at least a third outlet. In certain embodiments, for example, the at least one outlet may be positioned within 3 inches (for example within 1.5 inches, within 1 inch, within 0.5 inches, within 0.25 inches, within 0.125 inches, or the at least one outlet may be positioned within 0.1 inches) of a an air flow port of a cylinder of a plurality of cylinders of the internal combustion engine, the at least a second outlet may be positioned within 3 inches (for example within 1.5 inches, within 1 inch, within 0.5 inches, within 0.25 inches, within 0.125 inches, or the at least second outlet may be positioned within 0.1 inches) of an air flow port of a second cylinder of the plurality of cylinders, and the at least a third outlet may be positioned within 3 inches (for example within 1.5 inches, within 1 inch, within 0.5 inches, within 0.25 inches, within 0.125 inches, or the at a least third outlet may be positioned within 0.1 inches) of an air flow port of a third cylinder of the plurality of cylinders. In certain embodiments, for example, the at least one outlet may be positioned within 3 inches (for example within 1.5 inches, within 1 inch, within 0.5 inches, within 0.25 inches, within 0.125 inches, or the at least one outlet may be positioned within 0.1 inches) of an engine valve seat of a plurality of engine valve seats of the internal combustion engine, the at least a second outlet may be positioned within 3 inches (for example within 1.5 inches, within 1 inch, within 0.5 inches, within 0.25 inches, within 0.125 inches, or the at least a second outlet may be positioned within 0.1 inches) of a second engine valve seat of the plurality of engine valve seats, and the at least a third outlet may be positioned within 3 inches (for example within 1.5 inches, within 1 inch, within 0.5 inches, within 0.25 inches, within 0.125 inches, or the at least a third outlet may be positioned within 0.1 inches) of a third engine valve seat of the plurality of engine valve seats. In certain embodiments, for example, the at least one outlet may be positioned within 3 inches (for example within 1.5 inches, within 1 inch, within 0.5 inches, within 0.25 inches, within 0.125 inches, or the at least one outlet may be positioned within 0.1 inches) of an orifice of an intake value of a cylinder of a plurality of cylinders of the internal combustion engine, the at least a second outlet may be positioned within 3 inches (for example within 1.5 inches, within 1 inch, within 0.5 inches, within 0.25 inches, within 0.125 inches, or the at least second outlet may be positioned within 0.1 inches) of an orifice of an intake valve of a second cylinder of the plurality of cylinders, and the at least a third outlet may be positioned within 3 inches (for example within 1.5 inches, within 1 inch, within 0.5 inches, within 0.25 inches, within 0.125 inches, or the at least a third outlet may be positioned within 0.1 inches) of an orifice of an intake valve of a third cylinder of the plurality of cylinders.

[0119] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, an apparatus for providing HHO gas for an internal combustion engine, comprising: an electrolysis cell for generating the HHO gas, and a gas distribution harness comprising a plurality of lances configured to deliver the HHO gas to a plurality of intake ports of the internal combustion engine. In certain embodiments, for example, the number of the plurality of lances may be equal to a number of the plurality of the injectors. In certain embodiments, for example, at least one lance of the plurality of lances may comprise at least one outlet, at least a second lance of the plurality of lances may comprise at least a second outlet, and at least a third lance of the plurality of lances may comprise at least a third outlet. In certain embodiments, for example, the at least one outlet may be positioned within 3 cm (for example within 1.5 cm, within 1 cm, within 0.5 cm, within 0.25 cm, within 0.125 cm, or the at least one outlet may be positioned within 0.1 cm) of an air flow port of a cylinder of a plurality of cylinders of the internal combustion engine, the at least a second outlet may be positioned within 3 cm (for example within 1.5 cm, within 1 cm, within 0.5 cm, within 0.25 cm, within 0.125 cm, or the at least second outlet may be positioned within 0.1 cm) of an air flow port of a second cylinder of the plurality of cylinders, and the at least a third outlet may be positioned within 3 cm (for example within 1.5 cm, within 1 cm, within 0.5 cm, within 0.25 cm, within 0.125 cm, or the at a least third outlet may be positioned within 0.1 cm) of an air flow port of a third cylinder of the plurality of cylinders. In certain embodiments, for example, the at least one outlet may be positioned within 3 cm (for example within 1.5 cm, within 1 cm, within 0.5 cm, within 0.25 cm, within 0.125 cm, or the at least one outlet may be positioned within 0.1 cm) of an engine valve seat of a plurality of engine valve seats of the internal combustion engine, the at least a second outlet may be positioned within 3 cm (for example within 1.5 cm, within 1 cm, within 0.5 cm, within 0.25 cm, within 0.125 cm, or the at least a second outlet may be positioned within 0.1 cm) of a second engine valve seat of the plurality of engine valve seats, and the at least a third outlet may be positioned within 3 cm (for example within 1.5 cm, within 1 cm, within 0.5 cm, within 0.25 cm, within 0.125 cm, or the at least a third outlet may be positioned within 0.1 cm) of a third engine valve seat of the plurality of engine valve seats. In certain embodiments, for example, the at least one outlet may be positioned within 3 cm (for example within 1.5 cm, within 1 cm, within 0.5 cm, within 0.25 cm, within 0.125 cm, or the at least one outlet may be positioned within 0.1 cm) of an orifice of an intake value of a cylinder of a plurality of cylinders of the internal combustion engine, the at least a second outlet may be positioned within 3 cm (for example within 1.5 cm, within 1 cm, within 0.5 cm, within 0.25 cm, within 0.125 cm, or the at least second outlet may be positioned within 0.1 cm) of an orifice of an intake valve of a second cylinder of the plurality of cylinders, and the at least a third outlet may be positioned within 3 cm (for example within 1.5 cm, within 1 cm, within 0.5 cm, within 0.25 cm, within 0.125 cm, or the at least a third outlet may be positioned within 0.1 cm) of an orifice of an intake valve of a third cylinder of the plurality of cylinders.

[0120] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a system for on-demand delivery of HHO gas for an internal combustion engine, comprising: an electrolysis cell for generating the HHO gas, a controller, and an HHO injection apparatus. In certain further embodiments, for example, the controller may adjust the injection of HHO gas when an exhaust temperature of the internal combustion engine exceeds one or more pre-determined temperatures. In certain further embodiments, the controller may adjust the injection of HHO gas when an exhaust temperature of the internal combustion engine exceeds 50° C., for example when the exhaust temperature exceeds 75° C., 100° C., 150° C., 175° C., or the controller may adjust the injection of HHO gas when an exhaust temperature of the internal combustion engine exceeds 200° C. In certain further embodiments, for example, the controller may increase the injection of HHO gas by in the range of 1-5 wt. % when an exhaust temperature of the internal combustion engine exceeds one or more of the foregoing pre-determined temperatures, for example the controller may increase the injection of HHO gas by in the range of 5-10 wt. %, increase the injection of HHO gas by in the range of 10-20 wt. %, increase the injection of HHO gas by in the range of 20-50 wt. %, increase the injection of HHO gas by in the range of 50-100 wt. %, increase the injection of HHO gas by in the range of 100-150 wt. %, or the controller may increase the injection of HHO gas by in the range of 150-200 wt. % when an exhaust temperature of the internal combustion engine exceeds one or more of the foregoing pre-determined temperatures

[0121] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a system for onboard, on-demand delivery of an HHO gas for an internal combustion engine (for example for a vehicle), comprising: an electrolysis cell configured to produce a required amount of HHO gas; and an HHO gas delivery system configured to distribute the HHO gas to the internal combustion engine. In certain embodiments, for example, distribution of the HHO gas may comprise delivering a portion of the required amount of HHO gas from the electrolysis cell to a position proximate an orifice (for example within 3 inches of the at least one orifice) of a combustion chamber intake valve, wherein said portion of the HHO gas is not introduced to or mixed with combustion intake air until said portion reaches said position and delivering a pre-determined amount of a portion of the HHO gas at a pre-determined time relative to the position of the piston operating within the combustion chamber and/or firing of that combustion chamber. In certain embodiments, for example, the internal combustion engine may provide power to a vehicle and the pre-determined amount of HHO gas may be generated by electrolyzing in the range of 2-30 ounces of electrolyte solution per 10,000 miles or per 20,000,000 crankshaft revolutions, for example in the range of 3-16 ounces of electrolyte solution, in the range of 4-10, or the required amount of HHO gas may be generated by electrolyzing in the range of 5-7 ounces (for example 6 ounces) of electrolyte solution per 10,000 miles or per 20,000,000 crankshaft revolutions. In certain embodiments, for example, the internal combustion engine may provide power to a vehicle and the required amount of HHO gas may be in the range of 300-1000 liters per 10,000 miles or per 20,000,000 crankshaft revolutions, based on a gas temperature of 25° C. and pressure of 1 atmosphere, for example in the range of 300-900 liters, in the range of 400-800 liters, in the range of 500-700 liters, or the required amount of HHO gas may be in the range of 600-700 liters per 10,000 miles or per 20,000,000 crankshaft revolutions, based on a gas temperature of 25° C. and pressure of 1 atmosphere.

[0122] In certain embodiments, for example, the required amount of HHO gas may be in the range of 1-10 liters per hour or per 120,000 crankshaft rotations, based on a gas temperature of 25° C. and pressure of 1 atmosphere, for example in the range of 2-7 liters, in the range of 3-4.5 liters, or the required amount of HHO gas may be in the range of 3.5-4.5 liters per hour or per 120,000 crankshaft rotations, based on a gas temperature of 25° C. and pressure of 1 atmosphere. In certain embodiments, for example, the foregoing ranges of the required amount of HHO gas may correspond to an average hourly requirement over typical driving conditions, for example an average hourly requirement over 10,000 miles or over 20,000,000 crankshaft rotations under typical driving conditions applicable to the vehicle.

[0123] In certain embodiments, for example, the required amount of HHO gas may be in the range of 1-10 liters per hour or per 120,000 crankshaft rotations, based on a gas temperature of within 20° C. of the temperature of engine coolant and a pressure of in the range of 40-50 psia, for example in the range of 1.5-6 liters, in the range of 2-4 liters, or the required amount of HHO gas may be in the range of 2-3 liters per hour or per 120,000 crankshaft rotations, based on a gas temperature of within 20° C. of the temperature of engine coolant and a pressure of in the range of 40-50 psia. In certain embodiments, for example, the foregoing ranges of the required amount of HHO gas may correspond to an average hourly requirement over typical driving conditions, for example an average hourly requirement over 10,000 miles or over 20,000,000 crankshaft rotations under typical driving conditions applicable to the vehicle.

[0124] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a system for onboard, on-demand delivery of an HHO gas for an internal combustion engine for a vehicle, comprising: an electrolysis cell capable of delivering a required amount of HHO gas of at least 1 liter of HHO. In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolysis cell may be capable of delivering at least 1.5 liters of HHO gas for every 120,000 revolutions of the crankshaft of the engine, for example at least 2 liters, at least 3 liters, at least 4 liters, at least 5 liters, at least 6 liters, at least 7 liters, at least 10 liters, at least 20 liters, or the electrolysis cell may be capable of delivering at least 30 liters of HHO gas for every 120,000 revolutions of the crankshaft of the engine. In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolysis cell may be capable of delivering in the range of 1-10 liters of HHO gas for every 120,000 revolutions of the crankshaft of the engine, for example in the range of 1-8 liters of HHO gas, in the range of 2-7 liters of HHO gas, or the electrolysis cell may be capable of delivering in the range of 2-5 liters of HHO gas for every 120,000 revolutions of the crankshaft of the engine. In certain embodiments, for example, any of the above values and/or ranges of the required amount may be based on the volume of HHO gas delivered from an electrolysis cell at the outlet pressure of the electrolysis cell (for example 45-50 psia). In certain embodiments, for example, any of the above values and/or ranges of the required amount may be based on a volume of HHO gas as calculated at a standard temperature and pressure (for example, a standard temperature of 25° C. and a standard pressure of 1 atmosphere). In certain embodiments, for example, any of the above values and/or ranges of the required amount may be based on the volume of the HHO gas at the outlet temperature and pressure of an engine coolant-cooled flow regulator in communication with at least one HHO gas injector (for example an outlet temperature within 20° C. of the temperature of engine coolant entering the flow regulator and a pressure of 45 psi above an inlet air pressure of the internal combustion engine.

[0125] In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolysis cell may store a volume of HHO gas sufficient to deliver the required amount of HHO gas for at least 5,000 crankshaft revolutions of the internal combustion engine, for example at least 10,000 crankshaft revolutions, 15,000 crankshaft revolutions, 20,000 crankshaft revolutions, or the electrolysis cell may store a volume of HHO gas sufficient to deliver the required amount of HHO gas for at least 50,000 crankshaft revolutions of the internal combustion engine. In certain further embodiments, for example, the temperature of the electrolysis cell may not exceed 80° C. during operation, for example the temperature of the electrolysis cell may not exceed may not exceed 65° C. during operation. In certain embodiments, for example, the temperature of the electrolysis cell may not exceed 25° C. above ambient temperature.

[0126] In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolysis cell may be powered by a DC power source having a voltage in the range of 11-30 VDC, for example 11-14 VDC, the electrolysis cell may be powered by a DC power source having a voltage in the range of 20-28 VDC. In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolysis cell may be powered by a DC power source having a voltage of 24 VDC, or the electrolysis cell may be powered by a DC power source having a voltage of 28 VDC.

[0127] In certain further embodiments, for example, the electrolysis cell may comprise an electrolyte solution, wherein the concentration of electrolyte present in the electrolyte solution may be selected, maintained, and/or adjusted to provide a current draw of less than 20 amps, 15 amps, or less than 10 amps at the operating temperature of the electrolysis cell. In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolysis cell may be configured to operate on less than 250 watts of DC power, for example the electrolysis cell may be configured to operate on less than 150 watts of DC power. In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolysis cell may be configured to have less than 20 ohm of resistance, for example less than 10 ohm, less than 5 ohm, or the electrolysis cell may be configured to have less than 3 ohm of resistance. In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolysis cell may be configured to have at least 1 ohm of resistance, for example at least 2 ohm, at least 3 ohm, at least 5 ohm, at least 10 ohm, at least 20 ohm, or the electrolysis cell may be configured to have at least 30 ohm of resistance.

[0128] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a method, apparatus, or system to deliver HHO gas into one or more cylinders of an internal combustion engine. In certain embodiments, for example, less than 0.05 liter of the HHO gas per liter of cylinder displacement may be delivered to each of the one or more cylinders at a pressure of less than 300 kPa (for example less than 200 kPa, less than 150 kPa, or less than 110 kPa), less than 0.025 liter of the HHO gas per liter of cylinder displacement may be delivered to each of the one or more cylinders at a pressure of less than 300 kPa (for example less than 200 kPa, less than 150 kPa, or less than 110 kPa), less than 0.01 liter of the HHO gas per liter of cylinder displacement may be delivered to each of the one or more cylinders at a pressure of less than 300 kPa (for example less than 200 kPa, less than 150 kPa, or less than 110 kPa), or less than 0.005 liter of the HHO gas per liter of cylinder displacement may be delivered to each of the one or more cylinders at a pressure of less than 300 kPa (for example less than 200 kPa, less than 150 kPa, or less than 110 kPa).

[0129] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, method for reducing one or more emissions of an internal combustion engine, comprising: controlling a temperature of an HHO gas by exchanging heat with an engine coolant; and delivering an HHO gas at the controlled temperature to at least one intake port of the internal combustion engine. In certain embodiments, one or more than one (including for instance all) of the following embodiments may comprise each of the other embodiments or parts thereof. In certain embodiments, for example, one or more engine-out emissions of the internal combustion engine may fall within or meet one or more regulated emission limits for the internal combustion engine according to one or more emission standards specified in Europe (for example the Euro I, Euro II, Euro III, Euro IV, Euro V, or Euro VI emission standards) and/or by the Environmental Protection Agency (for example the 2002, 2004, 2007, 2010, or 2014 Environmental Protection Agency emission standards).

[0130] In certain embodiments, for example, the one or more engine-out emissions may be particulate matter (PM) emissions, nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions, nitric oxide (NO) emissions, nitrogen dioxide (NO.sub.2) emissions, hydrocarbon (HC) emissions, total hydrocarbon (THC) emissions, non-methane hydrocarbon (NMHC) emissions, hydrocarbon and nitrogen oxide (HC+NOx) emissions, nitrogen oxide and non-methane hydrocarbon (NOx+NMHC) emissions, carbon oxide (CO) emissions, carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2) emissions, fine particle (PM.sub.2.5) emissions, ultrafine particle (PM.sub.0.1) emissions, number of particles (PN) emissions, non-methane organic gases (NMOG) emissions, formaldehyde (HCHO) emissions, or a combination of one or more of the foregoing emissions.

[0131] In certain embodiments, for example, one of the one or more regulated emission limits may be based on one or more test procedures. In certain embodiments, for example, the one or more test procedures may be the Federal Test Procedure (FTP), the Environmental Protection Agency Transient Test Procedure, the Not-to-Exceed (NTE) test, the Supplemental Emission Test (SET), the Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule (UDDS), the FTP 72 cycle, the FTP 75 cycle, the Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule (UDDS), the US06 test or Supplemental Federal Test Procedure (SFTP), the LA92 “Unified” Dynamometer Driving Schedule, the New European Driving Cycle test (NEDC), the Extra Urban Driving Cycle (EUDC), the ECE Urban Driving Cycle, the Common Artemis Driving Cycles (CADC), the ADAC Highway Cycle, the RTS 95 Cycle, the ECE R49 cycle, the ESC (OICA) cycle, the ELR cycle, the ETC (FIGE) cycle, the Exhaust Emission Standards for Nonroad Compression-Ignition Engines, according to 40 C.F.R. Part 89 Subpart E, according to 40 C.F.R. Part 1039 Subpart F, or a combination of two or more thereof.

[0132] In certain embodiments, for example, one of the one or more regulated emission limits may be a PM level of less than 1.0 grams per kilowatt-hour (g/kW-hr), for example a PM level of less than 0.02 g/kW-hr. In certain embodiments, for example, one of the one or more regulated emission limits may be a PM level of less than 0.25 grams per kilometer (g/km), for example a PM level of less than 0.005 g/km. In certain embodiments, for example, one of the one or more regulated emission limits may be a NOx level of less than 15.8 g/kWh, for example a NOx level of less than 0.268 g/kWh. In certain embodiments, for example, one of the one or more regulated emission limits may be a NOx level of less than 0.78 g/km, for example a NOx level of less than 0.012 g/km. In certain embodiments, for example, one of the one or more regulated emission limits may be an HC level of less than 2.6 g/kWh, for example an HC level of less than 0.13 g/kWh. In certain embodiments, for example, one of the one or more regulated emission limits may be a THC level of less than 0.29 g/km a THC level of less than 0.10 g/km. In certain embodiments, for example, one of the one or more regulated emission limits may be an NMHC level of less than 1.3 g/kW-hr, for example an NMHC level of less than 0.19 g/kW-hr. In certain embodiments, for example, one of the one or more regulated emission limits may be an NMHC level of less than 0.108 g/km, for example an NMHC level of less than 0.068 g/km. In certain embodiments, for example, one of the one or more regulated emission limits may be an NMHC+NOx level of less than 21.4 g/kW-hr, for example an NMHC+NOx level of less than 4.0 g/kW-hr. In certain embodiments, for example, one of the one or more regulated emission limits may be an HC+NOx level of less than 1.7 g/km, for example an HC+NOx level of less than 0.170 g/km. In certain embodiments, for example, one of the one or more regulated emission limits may be a CO level of less than 53.6 g/kW-hr, for example a CO level of less than 1.0 g/kW-hr. In certain embodiments, for example, one of the one or more regulated emission limits may be a CO level of less than 6.9 g/km, for example a CO level of less than 0.50 g/km. In certain embodiments, for example, one of the one or more regulated emission limits may be a NMOG level of less than 0.28 g/mi, for example a NMOG level of less than 0.01 g/mi. In certain embodiments, for example, one of the one or more regulated emission limits may be an HCHO level of less than 0.032 g/mi, for example an HCHO level of less than 0.004 g/mi. In certain embodiments, for example, one of the one or more regulated emission limits may be a PN level of less than 6*10.sup.12, for example a PN level of less than 6*10.sup.11.

[0133] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a method of delivering HHO gas to a combustion chamber of an internal combustion engine. In certain embodiments, for example, the HHO gas may be delivered at a controlled temperature. In certain further embodiments, for example, the controlled temperature may be within 20° C. of an engine coolant temperature (for example the temperature of an inlet coolant supplied to an inlet side of a heat exchanger positioned upstream of the combustion chamber, such as positioned proximate a regulator for HHO gas flow into the combustion chamber), for example the temperature may be within 15° C., within 10° C., or the controlled temperature may be within 5° C. of an engine coolant temperature. In certain further embodiments, for example, the controlled temperature may be no more than 20° C. above an engine coolant temperature (for example the temperature of an inlet coolant supplied to an inlet side of a heat exchanger), for example the temperature may be no more than 15° C., no more than 10° C., or the controlled temperature may be no more than 5° C. above an engine coolant temperature. In certain further embodiments, for example, the controlled temperature may be no more than 20° C. below an engine coolant temperature (for example the temperature of an inlet coolant supplied to an inlet side of a heat exchanger), for example the temperature may be no more than 15° C., no more than 10° C., or the controlled temperature may be no more than 5° C. below an engine coolant temperature.

[0134] In certain embodiments, for example, the HHO gas may be under pressure when introduced to an internal combustion engine. In certain embodiments, for example, the HHO gas may be introduced at a pressure in the range of 50-500 kPa above the pressure of an intake port of the combustion chamber of the internal combustion engine, for example in the range of 50-300 kPa above the pressure of an intake port, in the range of 100-200 kPa, in the range of 45-50 psi, or the HHO gas may be introduced at a pressure in the range of 100-150 kPa above the pressure of an intake port of the combustion chamber.

[0135] In certain embodiments, for example, the HHO gas may be introduced at a pressure in the range of 45-50 psi above the pressure of an intake port combustion chamber and at a temperature within 30° C. of an inlet coolant supplied to an inlet side of a heat exchanger. In certain embodiments, for example, use of the engine coolant to control the temperature of the HHO gas and/or controlling the introduction pressure of the HHO gas (for example by using a pressure regulator) may allow pre-determined amounts of the HHO gas to be introduced to the internal combustion engine. In certain embodiments, for example, the aforesaid temperature and/or pressure controls may provide more precise control over the amount of HHO gas introduced into the internal combustion engine in comparison to a system lacking said controls (for example a traditional system for introducing electrolysis gases into an internal combustion engine).

[0136] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus, methods, or systems to improve the performance of an internal combustion engine. In certain embodiments, for example, the internal combustion engine may include gasoline engines, diesel engines, turbocharged diesel engines, supercharged diesel engines, direct injection diesel engines, trunk-piston diesel engines, crosshead diesel engines, marine diesel engines, locomotive diesel engines, low-speed diesel engines, medium-speed diesel engines, high-speed diesel engines, double-acting diesel engines, 2-stroke engines, 4-stroke engines and combinations thereof. In certain embodiments, for example, internal combustion engines may realize a fuel economy increase of at least 1%, for example at least 2%, at least 3%, at least 4%, at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, or more. In certain embodiments, for example, the fuel economy increase may be in the range of between 1-50%, for example between 1-5%, between 5-10%, between 5-25%, between 7-12%, between 10-20%, between 15-25%, between 20-25%, between 20-30%, between 20-50%, between 30-35%, between 30-38%, between 40-50%, between 40-45%, or between 44-50%.

[0137] In certain embodiments, for example, internal combustion engines may realize a fuel economy increase of at least 1%, for example at least 2%, at least 3%, at least 4%, at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, or more. In certain embodiments, for example, the fuel economy increase may be in the range of between 1-50%, for example between 1-5%, between 5-10%, between 5-25%, between 7-12%, between 10-20%, between 15-25%, between 20-25%, between 20-30%, between 20-50%, between 30-35%, between 30-38%, between 40-50%, between 40-45%, or between 44-50%.

[0138] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus, methods, or systems to achieve substantially complete combustion, or at least more complete combustion, within the internal combustion engine. In certain embodiments, for example, more complete combustion may be more than 10%, for example more than 20%, more than 30%, more than 40%, more than 50%, more than 60%, more than 70%, more than 80%, more than 90%, or more than 99% combustion of the hydrocarbon fuel provided to the internal combustion engine. In certain embodiments, for example, substantially complete combustion may be more than 80%, for example more than 85%, more than 90%, more than 95%, more than 96%, more than 97%, more than 98%, or more than 99% combustion of the hydrocarbon fuel provided to the internal combustion engine.

[0139] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus, methods, or systems to improve the operation of the internal combustion engine. In certain embodiments, one or more than one (including for instance all) of the following embodiments may comprise each of the other embodiments or parts thereof. In certain embodiments, for example, the internal combustion engine may operate at a cooler temperature and/or may run cleaner. In certain embodiments, for example, the internal combustion engine may generate more power for the same or lower amount of fuel. In certain embodiments, for example, the internal combustion engine may generate exhaust temperatures more suitable for efficient operation of exhaust aftertreatment systems. In certain embodiments, for example, the internal combustion engine may generate exhaust temperatures more suitable for efficient operation of diesel particulate filter (DPF). In certain embodiments, for example, the internal combustion engine may generate exhaust temperatures more suitable for efficient operation of selective catalytic reactor (SCR). In certain embodiments, for example, the internal combustion engine may generate exhaust temperatures more suitable for efficient operation of diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC). In certain embodiments, for example, the internal combustion engine may generate exhaust temperatures more suitable for efficient operation of NOx trap.

[0140] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus, methods, or systems to introduce a second fuel (for example a second fuel exclusive of a petroleum-derived fuel) into an internal combustion engine. In certain embodiments, for example, the second fuel (or booster gas or enhancement gas) comprises hydrogen, oxygen and/or mixtures thereof. In certain embodiments, for example, the second fuel may substantially comprise hydrogen, oxygen and/or mixtures thereof. In certain embodiments, for example, the second fuel may predominantly comprise hydrogen, oxygen and/or mixtures thereof. In certain embodiments, for example, the second fuel may be a product of electrolysis.

[0141] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus, methods, or systems to produce an oxygen-hydrogen gas mixture (for example an oxygen-hydrogen gas mixture for use as a second fuel in an internal combustion engine). In certain embodiments, for example, the gas mixture may be an oxygen-rich or hydrogen-rich a gas mixture. In certain embodiments, for example, the gas mixture may comprise at least one or more of the following aqueous solution electrolysis components: monatomic oxygen, diatomic oxygen, monatomic hydrogen, diatomic hydrogen, hydrogen ions, oxygen ions, mononuclear oxygen, mononuclear ozone, singlet oxygen, hydroxide ions, hydronium ions, superoxide, hydrogen superoxide, hydroxide radical, peroxide radical, ionic peroxide, combinations of one or more of these and/or mixtures of the same. In certain embodiments, for example, in exemplary embodiments, the gas mixture may be a gas mixture comprising at least hydrogen ions and oxygen ions, or diatomic oxygen and diatomic hydrogen, or oxygen ion and diatomic oxygen, etc.

[0142] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus, methods, or systems to produce a gas mixture that is approximately two parts hydrogen to one part oxygen (for example 2:1) or less than 2:1 (for example 1.75:1, 1.5:1, 1.25:1, 1:1, 0.75:1, or 0.5:1). In certain embodiments, for example, the gas mixture produced may be modified before being delivered to the internal combustion engine. In certain embodiments, for example, the gas mixture may be combined with an additive and/or the composition of the gas mixture may be modified by adding, recycling or removing portions of the gas mixture. In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolysis process may generate a hydrogen to oxygen ratio of between 1.8:1 to 2.3:1, for example a hydrogen to oxygen ratio of 2:1 and the system may be configured to deliver a gas mixture having a hydrogen to oxygen ratio of less than 2:1, for example a hydrogen to oxygen ratio of 1.8:1 or less, such as 1.7:1 or less, 1.5:1 or less, 1.3:1 or less, by removing, or recycling, a portion of the hydrogen from the gas mixture prior to delivery. Alternatively, in certain embodiments, for example, an apparatus, method, or system may generate hydrogen and oxygen at a hydrogen to oxygen ratio of 2:1, but some of the hydrogen or oxygen, for example oxygen, may be trapped in bubbles, and the apparatus, method, or system may be configured to release the trapped oxygen to effectively deliver more oxygen to the internal combustion engine.

[0143] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus, methods, or systems to produce a gas mixture that is approximately two parts oxygen to one part hydrogen (for example 2:1) or less than 2:1 (for example 1.75:1, 1.5:1, 1.25:1, 1:1, etc.). In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolysis process may generate an oxygen to hydrogen ratio of between 1.8:1 to 2.3:1, for example an oxygen to hydrogen ratio of 2:1 ratio, and the system may be configured to deliver a gas mixture having an oxygen to hydrogen ratio of less than 2:1, for example an oxygen to hydrogen ratio of 1.8:1 or less, 1.7:1 or less, 1.5:1 or less, 1.3:1 or less by removing, adding or recycling a portion of the hydrogen or oxygen from the gas mixture prior to delivery. In certain embodiments, for example, the system may generate an oxygen to hydrogen ratio of less than 3.5:1, less than 3:1, less than 2.75:1, less than 2.5:1.

[0144] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus, methods, or systems to result in a more reliably controlled gas mixture generation process. In certain embodiments, for example, the current provided to the system for gas generation may be continually or continuously regulated or controlled, for example, in real time (or substantially real time), so as to provide predetermined or controlled quantity of gas, for example, in relation to the engine speed and/or demand.

[0145] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus, methods, or systems to utilize a substantially closed-loop system that recycles a water-reagent (or water-electrolyte or aqueous solution electrolysis component) mixture in an effort to reduce its consumption.

[0146] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus, methods, or systems to alter combustion (for example diesel combustion) chemistry to reduce particulate formation. In certain embodiments, for example, internal combustion engines may realize a reduction in particulate formation of greater than 5%, greater than 10%, greater than 15%, greater than 20%, greater than 25%, greater than 30%, greater than 35%, greater than 40%, greater than 50%, greater than 60%, greater than 75%, greater than 80%, greater than 90%, greater than 95% or close to 100%.

[0147] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus, methods, or systems to increase the concentration of an oxidizer in an internal combustion engine. In certain embodiments, for example, the increase in the amount of oxidizers may be at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, or at least 50%. In certain embodiments, for example, the increase in the amount of oxidizers may be between 5-50%, such as between 10-20%, between 15-25%, between 20-30%, between 25-35%, between 30-40%, between 35-45%, or between 40-50%.

[0148] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus, methods, or systems that serve as a mechanism for distributing the oxidizer for more even air/fuel mixture.

[0149] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus, methods, or systems to generate a gas mixture that is an accelerant to speed combustion, enhance combustion, and/or increase the extent of combustion.

[0150] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus, methods, or systems to displace air with oxygen and/or hydrogen within the engine's intake system. In certain embodiments, one or more than one (including for instance all) of the following embodiments may comprise each of the other embodiments or parts thereof. In certain embodiments, for example, an apparatus, method, or system may displace air within the engine's intake system with the gas mixture, resulting from the gas mixture generator system. In certain embodiments, for example, an apparatus, method, or system may be used to create a shorter combustion process that lowers the engine temperature thereby reducing the formation of nitrogen oxides. In certain embodiments, for example, an apparatus, method, or system may generate a gas mixture resulting from electrolysis of an aqueous solution and introducing at least a portion of the gas mixture into the engine's intake for improved combustion. In certain embodiments, for example, an apparatus, method, or system may generate a gas mixture resulting from electrolysis of an aqueous solution and introducing a substantial portion (for example greater than 95 wt. %), of the gas mixture into the engine's intake for improved combustion. In certain embodiments, for example, an apparatus, method, or system may generate a gas mixture resulting from electrolysis of an aqueous solution and storing the gas mixture in a storage tank instead of introducing the gas mixture into the engine's intake. In certain embodiments, for example, an apparatus, method, or system may generate an optimized or partially optimized quantity of a gas mixture, such as a gas mixture having one or more aqueous solution electrolysis components, into the engine's intake for improved combustion. In certain embodiments, for example, an apparatus, method, or system may be configured to produce in the range of between 1-7.5 liters of gas per minute, such as 1.2, 1.7, 2.0, 2.9, 3.5, 5.0, or 7.0 liters of gas per minute, and/or produce in the range of between 0.08-0.75 liters of gas per minute per liter of engine displacement, such as 0.1, 0.12, 0.17, 0.20, 0.25, 0.29, 0.3, 0.32, 0.35, 0.4, 0.45, 0.50, 0.6, or 0.70 liters of gas per minute per liter of engine displacement. In certain embodiments, for example, an apparatus, method, or system may be configured to produce in the range of between 0.25-3 liters of gas per minute, such as between 0.25-2.5, between 0.25-2, between 0.25-1.5, between 0.25-1, between 0.25-0.50, between 0.50-0.75, between 0.5-2.5, between 0.5-1.5, between 0.75-1, between 1-2, between 1-3, between 1-1.5, between 1.25-1.75, between 1.5-2, between 2-2.5, between 2.5-3 liters of gas per minute.

[0151] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, a system or apparatus to generate a gas mixture for use with an internal combustion engine, the system or apparatus comprising a tank configured to store an aqueous solution consisting essentially of water and a predetermined quantity of electrolyte (reagent). In certain embodiments, one or more than one (including for instance all) of the following embodiments of the system or apparatus may comprise each of the other embodiments or parts thereof. In certain embodiments, for example, the system or apparatus may further comprise a cell (i.e., an electrolytic cell) configured for aiding in the electrolysis of the aqueous solution. In certain further embodiments, for example, the cell may comprise a plurality of plates arranged substantially parallel to one another and be spaced substantially equidistant from an adjacent one of the plurality of plates, and at least one seal located between the plurality of plates. In certain embodiments, for example, the at least one seal may comprise a relatively hard plastic portion with a first thickness for maintaining the predetermined distance between adjacent plates, and a relatively soft sealing portion, typically, a soft, often rubber or rubber-like portion, with a second thickness for maintaining the substantially airtight and substantially watertight seal between adjacent ones of the plurality of plates.

[0152] In certain embodiments, for example, the system or apparatus may further comprise a controller configured to apply a pulse width modulated voltage to the cell to generate the gas mixture within the cell. In certain further embodiments, for example, the controller may be configured to regulate the current provided to the cell by controlling the duty cycle of the pulse width modulated voltage. In certain embodiments, for example, the duty cycle may be controlled in real time and/or substantially real time.

[0153] In certain embodiments, for example, the system or apparatus may further comprise an output for outputting the gas mixture to the internal combustion engine.

[0154] In certain embodiments, for example, the gas mixture may be input into the tank prior to being output to the internal combustion engine. In certain embodiments, for example, the gas mixture may be output to the internal combustion engine without being input into the tank. In certain embodiments, for example, the gas mixture may be stored in the tank without being output to the internal combustion engine under certain operating conditions. In certain embodiments, for example, the gas generation system or apparatus may be integral with the gas storage tank.

[0155] In certain embodiments, for example, the tank may be manufactured of a material that is non-conductive.

[0156] In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolyte may be a metal salt, such as a metal salt at least partially soluble in water. In certain embodiments, for example, the electrolyte may be one selected from the group consisting of: KOH, NaOH, Na.sub.2CO.sub.3, NaHCO.sub.3, NaCl, K.sub.2CO.sub.3, KHCO.sub.3, H.sub.2SO.sub.4, CH.sub.3COOH, and a combination of two or more thereof.

[0157] In certain embodiments, for example, the size of the tank may be selected such that the aqueous solution occupies less than ¼, ⅓, ½, ⅔, or ¾, the volume of the tank during operation. In certain embodiments, for example, the tank may have a capacity of 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 liters. In certain embodiments (for example for larger applications), for example, the tank may be even larger. In certain embodiments, for example, the system or apparatus may comprise multiple tanks.

[0158] In certain embodiments, for example, the cell may comprise at least two plates, a first plate configured to be coupled to a positive terminal of a voltage source and a second plate configured to be coupled to a negative terminal of the voltage source. In certain embodiments, for example, the cell may further comprise at least one neutral plate configured in a series relationship to the first plate and the second plate. In certain embodiments, for example, the cell may comprise at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, at least 10, at least 11, at least 12, at least 13, at least 14, or at least 15 neutral plates. In certain embodiments, for example, the number of neutral plates may be selected to obtain a desired voltage drop between the plates.

[0159] In certain embodiments, for example, the soft rubber portion of the at least one seal may be positioned on an inner edge of the hard plastic portion of the seal.

[0160] In certain embodiments, for example, the soft rubber portion may be located on the outer edge of hard plastic portion. In certain embodiments, for example, the seal may comprise at least two soft plastic portions—a first soft plastic portion may be located between the interface of the hard plastic portion and a first one of the adjacent plates and a second soft plastic portion may be located between the interface of the hard plastic portion and a second one of the adjacent plates. In certain embodiments, for example, the soft plastic portion may surround the hard plastic portion of the seal. In certain embodiments, for example, the thickness of the soft rubber portion may be larger than the thickness of the hard plastic portion of the seal. In certain embodiments, for example, the hard plastic portion may be 0.002″, 0.003″, 0.004″, 0.005″, 0.006″″, 0.007”, 0.008″, 0.009″, 0.010″, 0.0125″, 0.025″, 0.0375″, 0.050″, 0.0625″, or 0.075″ thick. In certain embodiments, for example, the soft rubber portion may be 0.002″, 0.003″, 0.004″, 0.005″, 0.006″, 0.007″, 0.008″, 0.009″, 0.010″, 0.011″, 0.012″, 0.13″, 0.014″, 0.030″, 0.038″, 0.055″, 0.0675″, or 0.080″ thick. In certain embodiments, for example, the hard plastic portion may be manufactured from a material selected such that the hard plastic portion does not significantly react with the aqueous solution. In certain embodiments, for example, the hard plastic portion may be manufactured from high density polyethylene (HDPE), polyphthalamide (PPA), styrene, nylon, or combinations thereof. In certain embodiments, for example, the soft rubber portion may be manufactured from a material selected such that the soft rubber portion does not significantly react with the aqueous solution. In certain embodiments, for example, the soft rubber portion may be manufactured from ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM).

[0161] In certain embodiments, for example, the internal combustion engine may be a turbocharged diesel engine and the gas mixture may be input into the turbocharged diesel engine up stream of an intake valve or valves. In certain embodiments, for example, the internal combustion engine may comprise a nonroad engine, a stationary engine, a locomotive engine, a marine engine, an aircraft engine, or a generator set engine. In certain embodiments, for example, the internal combustion engine may comprise a spark-ignition engine, a compression-ignition engine, a naturally aspirated engine, a turbocharged engine, a turbocompound engine, a supercharged engine, a direct injection engine, an indirect injection engine, or a port injection engine. In certain embodiments, for example, the internal combustion engine may comprise a gasoline engine, a diesel engine, an ethanol engine, a methanol engine, a biofuel engine, a natural gas engine, a propane engine, or an alternative fuel engine.

[0162] In certain embodiments, for example, the scrubber may comprise a switch configured to sense excess liquid and/or moisture in the form of foam in the gas stream and shut-off the electrolysis process to prevent the excess moisture from entering the internal combustion engine, and/or the accumulation of the gas mixture.

[0163] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus, methods, or systems to realize a fuel economy increase of at least 1%, for example at least 2%, at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, or more. In certain embodiments, for example, the fuel economy increase may be in the range of between 1-50%, for example between 1-5%, between 5-10%, between 5-25%, between 7-12%, between 10-20%, between 15-25%, between 20-25%, between 20-30%, between 20-50%, between 30-35%, between 30-38%, between 40-50%, between 40-45%, or between 44-50%.

[0164] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus, methods, or systems to improve the operation of an internal combustion engine. In certain embodiments, for example, the internal combustion engine may operate at a cooler temperature and/or may run cleaner.

[0165] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus, methods, or systems to produce an oxygen-hydrogen gas mixture, such as an oxygen-rich, oxygen-hydrogen gas mixture, or a hydrogen-rich oxygen-hydrogen gas mixture. In certain embodiments, one or more than one (including for instance all) of the following embodiments of the system or apparatus may comprise each of the other embodiments or parts thereof. In certain embodiments, for example, the gas mixture may be a low temperature plasma. In certain embodiments, for example, the plasma may be a cleaner plasma than that produced by other systems and/or methods. In certain embodiments, for example, the plasma may be an oxygen rich plasma. In certain embodiments, for example, the gas mixture may be an oxygen-rich or a hydrogen-rich gas mixture. In certain embodiments, for example, the gas mixture may comprise at least one or more of the following: aqueous solution electrolysis components: monatomic oxygen, diatomic oxygen, monatomic hydrogen, diatomic hydrogen, hydrogen ions, oxygen ions, mononuclear oxygen, mononuclear, ozone, singlet oxygen, hydroxide ions, hydronium ions, superoxide, hydrogen superoxide, hydroxide radical, peroxide radical, ionic peroxide, combinations of one or more of these and/or mixtures of the same. In certain embodiments, for example, the gas mixture may be a gas mixture comprising at least hydrogen ions and oxygen ions, or diatomic oxygen and diatomic hydrogen, or oxygen ion and diatomic oxygen, etc. In certain embodiments, for example, the oxygen-hydrogen gas mixture may be an oxygen-rich gas mixture, an oxygen-hydrogen gas mixture, or a hydrogen-rich oxygen-hydrogen gas mixture. In certain embodiments, for example, the gas mixture may comprise approximately two parts hydrogen to one part oxygen (for example a ratio of hydrogen to oxygen of 2:1) or less than 2:1 (for example a ratio of hydrogen to oxygen of less than 1.75:1, less than 1.5:1, less than 1.25:1, less than 1:1, less than 0.75:1, or a ratio of hydrogen to oxygen of less than 0.5:1, etc.). In certain embodiments, for example, the gas mixture produced may be modified before being delivered to the internal combustion engine. In certain embodiments, for example, the gas mixture may be combined with an additive and/or the composition of the gas mixture may be modified by adding or removing portions of the gas mixture. In certain embodiments, for example, an electrolysis process may generate a gas mixture having a hydrogen to oxygen ratio in the range of between 1.8:1 to 2.3:1, for example a hydrogen to oxygen ratio of 2:1, and an apparatus, system, or method may be capable of delivering a gas mixture having a hydrogen to oxygen ratio of less than 2:1, for example a ratio of 1.8:1 or less, 1.7:1 or less, 1.5:1 or less, 1.3:1 or less, by removing, or recycling, a portion of the hydrogen from the gas mixture prior to delivery. Alternatively, in certain embodiments, for example, the apparatus, system, or method may be capable of generating a 2:1 ratio of hydrogen to oxygen but some of the hydrogen or oxygen, for example oxygen, may be trapped in bubbles, and the apparatus, system, or method may be configured to enable the release of the trapped oxygen to effectively deliver more oxygen to the internal combustion engine. In certain embodiments, for example, the apparatus, system, or method may comprise methods capable of producing a gas mixture that is approximately two parts oxygen to one part hydrogen (for example 2:1) or less than 2:1 (for example 1.75:1, 1.5:1, 1.25:1, 1:1, etc.). In certain embodiments, for example, an electrolysis process may generate between an oxygen to hydrogen ratio in the range of between 1.8:1 to 2.3:1, for example a 2:1 ratio of oxygen to hydrogen and the apparatus, system, or method may be capable of delivering a gas mixture having an oxygen to hydrogen ratio of less than 2:1, for example an oxygen to hydrogen ratio of 1.8:1 or less, 1.7:1 or less, 1.5:1 or less, 1.3:1 or less. In certain embodiments, for example, the apparatus, system, or method may be capable of delivering a gas mixture having an oxygen to hydrogen ratio of less than 3.5:1, less than 3:1, less than 2.75:1, less than 2.5:1 oxygen to hydrogen.

[0166] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus, methods, or systems to more reliably controlled gas mixture generation process. In certain embodiments, for example, the current provided for gas generation may be continually or continuously regulated or controlled, for example, in real time (or substantially real time), so a predetermined quantity of gas is consistently produced.

[0167] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus, methods, or systems to utilize a substantially closed-loop method of electrolysis that recycles a water-reagent (or water-electrolyte or aqueous solution electrolysis component) mixture in an effort to reduce its consumption.

[0168] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus, methods, or systems capable of altering combustion (for example diesel combustion) chemistry to reduce particulate formation. In certain embodiments, for example, the methods may be capable of achieving a reduction in particulate formation from an internal combustion engine of greater than 5%, for example greater than 10%, greater than 15%, greater than 20%, greater than 25%, greater than 30%, greater than 35%, greater than 40%, greater than 50%, greater than 60%, greater than 75%, greater than 80%, greater than 90%, greater than 95% or close to 100%. In certain embodiments, for example, the concentration of an oxidizer in an internal combustion engine may be increased. In certain embodiments, for example, the increase in the amount of oxidizers may be at least 5%, for example at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, or at least 50%. In certain embodiments, for example, the increase in the amount of oxidizers may be in the range of between 5-50%, such as between 5-25%, between 10-20%, between 10-40%, between 15-25%, between 20-30%, between 25-35%, between 25-50%, between 30-40%, between 40-50%, between 35-45%, or between 40-50%.

[0169] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus, methods, or systems to distribute the oxidizer for more even air/fuel mixture.

[0170] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus, methods, or systems to generate a gas mixture that is an accelerant to speed combustion and/or increase combustion completion.

[0171] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus, methods, or systems to displace air with oxygen and/or hydrogen within the engine's intake system.

[0172] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus, methods, or systems to create a shorter combustion process that lowers the engine temperature thereby reducing the formation of nitrogen oxides.

[0173] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus, methods, or systems to generate an optimized or partially optimized quantity of a gas mixture, such as a gas mixture having one or more aqueous solution electrolysis components, into the engine's intake for improved combustion. In certain embodiments, for example, the apparatus, methods, or systems may be capable of producing in the range of between 1-7.5 liters of gas per minute, such as 1.2, 1.7, 2.0, 2.9, 3.5, 5.0, or 7.0 liters of gas per minute, and/or produce in the range of between 0.08-0.75 liters of gas per minute per liter of engine displacement, such as 0.1, 0.12, 0.17, 0.20, 0.25, 0.29, 0.3, 0.32, 0.35, 0.4, 0.45, 0.50, 0.6, or 0.70 liters of gas per minute per liter of engine displacement. In certain embodiments, for example, the apparatus, methods, or systems may be capable of producing in the range of between 0.25-3 liters of gas per minute, such as between 0.25-2.5, between 0.25-2, between 0.25-1.5, between 0.25-1, between 0.25-0.50, between 0.50-0.75, between 0.5-2.5, between 0.5-1.5, between 0.75-1, between 1-2, between 1-3, between 1-1.5, between 1.25-1.75, between 1.5-2, between 2-2.5, or between 2.5-3 liters of gas per minute.

[0174] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus, methods, or systems to reduce the particulate emissions of an internal combustion engine. In certain embodiments, for example, a method may comprise the steps of generating a gas mixture for use within the internal combustion engine and providing the gas mixture to the internal combustion engine during operation of the internal combustion engine. In certain embodiments, for example, a method may comprise: generating a gas mixture for use within the internal combustion engine, and providing the gas mixture to the internal combustion engine during operation of the internal combustion engine. In certain embodiments, for example, the gas mixture may be generated in substantially real time relative to the consumption of the gas mixture. In certain embodiments, for example, the gas mixture may be generated onboard the vehicle during operation of the internal combustion engine.

[0175] Certain embodiments may provide, for example, apparatus, methods, or systems wherein a tank may be at least partially filled with an aqueous solution consisting essentially of water and a predetermined quantity of electrolyte (reagent). In certain embodiments, for example, the apparatus, methods, or systems may perform electrolysis of the aqueous solution within a cell (i.e., an electrolytic cell) configured for aiding in the electrolysis of the aqueous solution.

Examples

[0176] Example 1: A series of electrolysis cells were studied with different plates. In one cell, uncoated stainless steel plates were used and in a second cell platinum-coated stainless steel plates were used. The electrolyte concentration, of potassium carbonate in water, was adjusted in the cell with uncoated plates such that the current draw was essentially identical. All other conditions were essentially identical. The following table reports the results.

TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Performance Feature Uncoated versus Coated Plates Electrolyte Concentration Uncoated plates required approximately 3 times greater concentration. HHO Gas Production Uncoated plates produced approximately 50% less HHO gas. Current Draw After 4 hours of testing, the cells with uncoated plates had a noticeably lower electrolyte level resulting in lower current draw. Experimental Note: Iridium-coated plates performed similar to platinum coated plates

[0177] Example 2: A series of electrolysis cells were studied with different plates. In a first cell, 7 platinum coated stainless steel plates were used and in a second cell 5 platinum coated stainless steel plates were used. The current draw was kept essentially the same for both cells during the test procedure, by adjusting the concentration of the electrolyte in the 7-plate cell to almost twice the concentration of the 5-plate cell. All other conditions were essentially identical. The following table reports the results.

TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Performance Feature 5 Plates Versus 7 Plates HHO Gas Production 5 plates produced 20-25% more HHO gas.

[0178] All publications and patent applications mentioned in this specification are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.

[0179] While several embodiments of the present invention have been described and illustrated herein, those of ordinary skill in the art will readily envision a variety of other means and/or structures for performing the functions and/or obtaining the results and/or one or more of the advantages described herein, and each of such variations and/or modifications is deemed to be within the scope of the present invention. More generally, those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that all parameters, dimensions, materials, and configurations described herein are meant to be exemplary and that the actual parameters, dimensions, materials, and/or configurations will depend upon the specific application or applications for which the teachings of the present invention is/are used. Those skilled in the art will recognize, or be able to ascertain using no more than routine experimentation, many equivalents to the specific embodiments the invention described herein. It is, therefore, to be understood that the foregoing embodiments are presented by way of example only and that, within the scope of the appended claims and equivalents thereto, the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described and claimed. The present invention is directed to each individual feature, system, article, material, and/or method described herein. In addition, any combination of two or more such features, systems, articles, materials, and/or methods, if such features, systems, articles, materials, and/or methods are not mutually inconsistent, is included within the scope of the present invention.

[0180] The indefinite articles “a” and “an,” as used herein in the specification and in the claims, unless clearly indicated to the contrary, should be understood to mean “at least one.”

[0181] The phrase “and/or,” as used herein in the specification and in the claims, should be understood to mean “both or either or in a series having more than two elements all or a subset of all elements or just one of the elements” Thus, as a non-limiting example, a reference to “A, B and/or C,” is understood to include A, B and C, A and B, A and C, B and C, and A or B or C. As used herein in the specification and in the claims, the phrase “at least one,” in reference to a list of one or more elements, should be understood to mean at least one element selected from any one or more of the elements in the list of elements, but not necessarily including at least one of each and every element specifically listed within the list of elements and not excluding any combinations of elements in the list of elements. This definition also allows that elements may optionally be present other than the elements specifically identified within the list of elements to which the phrase “at least one” refers, whether related or unrelated to those elements specifically identified. Thus, as a non-limiting example, “at least one of A and B” (or, equivalently, “at least one of A or B,” or, equivalently “at least one of A and/or B”) can refer, in one embodiment, to at least one, optionally including more than one, A, with no B present (and optionally including elements other than B); in another embodiment, to at least one, optionally including more than one, B, with no A present (and optionally including elements other than A); in yet another embodiment, to at least one, optionally including more than one, A, and at least one, optionally including more than one, B (and optionally including other elements); etc.

[0182] In the claims, as well as in the specification above, all transitional phrases such as “comprising,” “including,” “carrying,” “having,” “containing,” “involving,” “holding,” and the like are to be understood to be open-ended, i.e., to mean including but not limited to. Only the transitional phrases “consisting of” and “consisting essentially of” shall be closed or semi-closed transitional phrases, respectively, as set forth in the United States Patent Office Manual of Patent Examining Procedures, Section 2111.03.

[0183] The features disclosed in this specification (including accompanying claims, abstract, and drawings) may be replaced by alternative features serving the same, equivalent or similar purpose, unless expressly stated otherwise. Thus, unless expressly stated otherwise, each feature disclosed is one example of a generic series of equivalent or similar features.

[0184] The subject headings used in the detailed description are included for the ease of reference of the reader and should not be used to limit the subject matter found throughout the disclosure or the claims. The subject headings should not be used in construing the scope of the claims or the claim limitations.

[0185] The disclosure has been described with reference to particular embodiments. However, it will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art that it is possible to embody the disclosure in specific forms other than those of the embodiments described above. The embodiments are merely illustrative and should not be considered restrictive. The scope of the disclosure is given by the appended claims, rather than the preceding description, and all variations and equivalents that fall within the range of the claims are intended to be embraced therein.