CONDITION MONITORING APPARATUS

Abstract

A condition monitoring apparatus (300) for a system comprising rotating or reciprocating machinery and a seal is disclosed herein. The apparatus comprises a first acoustic sensor (301) coupled to the seal for providing a first acoustic emission signal, a second acoustic sensor (302) coupled to the rotating or reciprocating machinery for providing a second acoustic emission signal, and a filter module (310). The filter module is configured to perform active noise cancellation based on a comparison of the first acoustic emission signal and the second acoustic emission signal.

Claims

1. A condition monitoring apparatus for a system comprising rotating or reciprocating machinery and a seal, the apparatus comprising: a first acoustic sensor coupled to the seal for providing a first acoustic emission signal; a second acoustic sensor coupled to the rotating or reciprocating machinery for providing a second acoustic emission signal; and a filter module, wherein the filter module is configured to perform active noise cancellation based on a comparison of the first acoustic emission signal and the second acoustic emission signal.

2. The condition monitoring apparatus of claim 1 wherein the apparatus is configured to reduce the bandwidth of the first acoustic emission signal and the second acoustic emission signal.

3. The condition monitoring apparatus of claim 1 or 2 wherein the apparatus is configured to reduce the number of samples of the first acoustic emission signal and the second acoustic emission signal.

4. The condition monitoring apparatus of any of claims 1 to 3 wherein the apparatus is configured to amplify the first acoustic emission signal and the second acoustic emission signal.

5. The condition monitoring apparatus of any of the previous claims wherein the apparatus is configured to obtain at least one of: (i) a first route mean square, RMS, signal from the first acoustic emission signal and a second RMS signal from the second acoustic emission signal; and (ii) a first envelope signal from the first acoustic emission signal, and a second envelope signal from the second acoustic emission signal; and wherein the filter module is configured to perform active noise cancellation based on a comparison of at least one of: (iii) the first RMS signal and the second RMS signal, and (iv) the first envelope signal and the second envelope signal.

6. The condition monitoring apparatus of claim 5 wherein the filter module is configured to perform active noise cancellation based on a comparison of both (i) the first RMS signal and the second RMS signal, and (ii) the first envelope signal and the second envelope signal.

7. The condition monitoring system of claim 5 or 6 wherein the comparison comprises a mathematical operation between the first RMS signal and the second RMS signal, and a mathematical operation between the first envelope signal and the second envelope signal.

8. The condition monitoring apparatus of claim 7 wherein the mathematical operation comprises a subtraction between the first RMS signal and an inverted or 180 degrees out of phase second RMS signal, and a subtraction between the first envelope signal and an inverted or 180 degrees out of phase second envelope signal.

9. The condition monitoring apparatus of any of claims 5 to 8 wherein the filter module is configured to rectify the first acoustic emission signal prior to obtaining the first envelope signal, and rectify the second acoustic emission signal prior to obtaining the second envelope signal.

10. The condition monitoring apparatus of any of claims 5 to 9 further comprising a diagnostic module, and wherein the filter module is configured to output a noise-cancelled signal to the diagnostic module for determining the condition of the system.

11. The condition monitoring apparatus of claim 10 wherein the noise cancelled signal comprises at least one of (i) an RMS noise-cancelled signal and (ii) an envelope noise-cancelled signal.

12. The condition monitoring apparatus of claim 10 or 11 wherein the diagnostic module is physically coupled to the system comprising the rotating or reciprocating machinery and the seal.

13. The condition monitoring apparatus of claim 10 or 11 wherein the diagnostic module is remote from the system comprising the rotating or reciprocating machinery and the seal.

14. The condition monitoring system of any of claims 10 to 13 wherein the diagnostic module comprises the filter module.

15. A method of monitoring the condition of a system comprising rotating or reciprocating machinery and a seal, the method comprising: obtaining first acoustic emission data emitted from the seal; obtaining second acoustic emission data emitted from the rotating or reciprocating machinery; and performing active noise cancellation based on a comparison of the first acoustic emission data and the second acoustic emission data.

16. The method of claim 15 further comprising reducing the bandwidth of the first acoustic emission data and/or the second acoustic emission data prior to performing active noise cancellation.

17. The method of claim 15 or 16 further comprising reducing the number of samples of the first acoustic emission data and the second acoustic emission data.

18. The method of any of claims 15 to 17 further comprising obtaining: (i) first route mean square, RMS, data from the first acoustic emission data and a second RMS data from the second acoustic emission data; and (ii) first envelope data from the first acoustic emission data, and second envelope data from the second acoustic emission data; and performing active noise cancellation based on a comparison of at least one of: (iii) the first RMS data and the second RMS data, and (iv) the first envelope data and the second envelope data.

19. The method of claim 18 further comprising performing active noise cancellation based on a comparison of both (i) the first RMS signal and the second RMS signal, and (ii) the first envelope signal and the second envelope signal.

20. The method of claim 18 or 19 wherein the comparison comprises a mathematical operation between the first RMS signal and the second RMS signal, and a mathematical operation between the first envelope signal and the second envelope signal.

21. The method of any of claims 15 to 20 further comprising rectifying the first acoustic emission signal prior to obtaining the first envelope signal, and rectifying the second acoustic emission signal prior to obtaining the second envelope signal.

22. The method of any of claims 15 to 21 further comprising outputting a noise-cancelled signal, and determining a condition of the system based on the noise-cancelled signal.

23. The method of claim 22 further comprising transmitting the noise-cancelled signal to a remote device via a communications interface for determining a condition of the system.

24. The method of claim 22 or 23 wherein determining a condition of the system comprises: establishing a baseline condition for the first acoustic emission data; establishing a baseline condition for the second acoustic emission data; and determining if at least one of the first acoustic emission data and the second acoustic emission data exceed the baseline by a selected threshold.

25. A computer readable non-transitory storage medium comprising a program for a computer configured to cause a processor to perform the method of any of claims 15 to 24.

Description

DRAWINGS

[0053] Embodiments of the disclosure will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:

[0054] FIG. 1 shows a cross-sectional view of a mechanical seal of the prior art;

[0055] FIG. 2 shows a schematic functional block diagram of an example condition monitoring apparatus of examples of the disclosure;

[0056] FIG. 3 shows a schematic functional block diagram of another example condition monitoring apparatus of examples of the disclosure;

[0057] FIG. 4 shows a schematic view of another example condition monitoring apparatus of examples of the disclosure;

[0058] FIG. 5 shows a schematic view of another example condition monitoring apparatus of examples of the disclosure;

[0059] FIG. 6 shows a circuit diagram of an example envelope detector for use with the condition monitoring system of examples of the disclosure; and

[0060] FIG. 7 shows example outputs of a condition monitoring system according to an example of the disclosure; and

[0061] FIG. 8 shows a functional block flowchart of an example method of monitoring the condition of a system of examples of the disclosure.

SPECIFIC DESCRIPTION

[0062] Embodiments of the disclosure relate to a condition monitoring apparatus for a system comprising rotating or reciprocating machinery (such as a pump) and a seal. In general terms, the condition monitoring system, receives acoustic emission signals or data from respective acoustic emission sensors, and performs active noise cancellation based on a comparison of the two signals or data. Advantageously, by performing noise cancellation in this manner, the placement of the acoustic emission sensors relative to the seal and the rotating or reciprocating machinery does not need to be so precise, as the noise cancellation can remove noise from the acoustic signals or data that may be performed by other components and component interfaces in the vicinity of the seal and rotating or reciprocating machinery.

[0063] Additionally, embodiments of the disclosure also optionally downsample and/or reduce the bandwidth of the acoustic emission signals or data prior to the active noise cancellation being performed. Advantageously this may mean that the volume of data being sent to the noise cancellation circuitry can be reduced. This may mean that cheaper, off the shelf, components can be used to perform noise cancellation. It also means that less data is being processed, which can reduce computational burden and reduce energy consumption. This may be particularly relevant if analysis of the data output from the condition monitoring system is transmitted elsewhere (for example, wirelessly) for processing remotely (such as in the cloud or on a remote device/controller).

[0064] FIG. 2 depicts a functional schematic block diagram of an illustrative condition monitoring apparatus 200 that may facilitate establishing and/or determining seal conditions for seals and/or other suitable seal systems (for example, operating conditions for a seal, operational conditions for a seal interface, etc.) and/or machinery involving a rotating or reciprocating assembly, such as a pump, mixer or compressor. The seal monitoring system 200 may include and/or may be configured to monitor a seal interface of a dry gas seal disposed between a rotatable shaft and a stationary housing, or it may, for example, involve a liquid lubricated seal, for example the mechanical seal as shown in FIG. 1. Indeed it will be understood that embodiments of the disclosure may be configured to provide a condition monitoring apparatus for mechanical seals (gas seals or liquid lubricated seals) and/or bearings, each of which may emit different acoustic traces or resonances.

[0065] The example condition monitoring system 200 shown in FIG. 2 comprises respective acoustic emission sensors 201, 202, for respectively coupling proximate to the seal and the pump.

[0066] In some cases, at least one of the acoustic emission sensors 201, 202 may be coupled relative to and/or otherwise stationary relative to a stator portion of the seal and, in some cases, may be formed as part of the stator portion of the seal. Alternatively or in addition, at least one of the acoustic emission sensors 201, 202 may be secured relative to a housing component of a system to which the seal is applied and/or may be remote from the seal and/or the system to which the seal is applied. In some examples the condition monitoring system 200 as a whole may be coupled relative to and/or otherwise stationary relative to a stator portion of the seal and, in some cases, may be formed as part of the stator portion of the seal. Alternatively or in addition, at least a portion of the condition monitoring system 200 may be secured relative to a housing component of a system to which the seal is applied and/or may be remote from the seal and/or the system to which the seal is applied.

[0067] The acoustic emission sensors 201, 202 may be piezo-electric transducers configured to convert acoustic signal into analogue signals. For example, the acoustic emission sensors may comprise those described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,493,042.

[0068] Each acoustic emission sensor 201, 202 is optionally coupled to a respective bandwidth reduction module 205, 207, and an optional downsampling module 206, 208. In the example shown in FIG. 2 the bandwidth reduction modules 205, 207 and the downsampling modules 206, 208 are arranged in series, but it will be understood that in other examples the modules may be provided in parallel and/or the functionality provided by the same component. In addition, it will be understood that the optional downsampling modules 206, 208 and/or the optional bandwidth reduction modules 205, 207 may be provided as part of the acoustic emissions sensors 201, 202 and/or as part of the filter module 210.

[0069] In the example shown in FIG. 2, each optional downsampling module 206, 208 is coupled to a filter module 210. In the example shown, the filter module comprises a first ANC input 211 for receiving signals from the first acoustic emission sensor 201 and a second ANC input 212 for receiving signals from the second acoustic emission sensor 202.

[0070] The filter module 210 comprises active noise cancellation circuitry. For example, the filter module may comprise an Ams® AS342x Ambient Noise Cancellation Speaker Driver. In some examples the filter module 210 comprises an internal OTP-ROM that can optionally be used to store gain calibration settings as well as all application specific settings.

[0071] In the example shown in FIG. 2, the filter module 210 comprises a diagnostic module 275, coupled to the filter module 210 such that it receives two outputs from the filter module corresponding to signals received from the first acoustic emission sensor 201 and the second acoustic emission sensor 202. It will be understood that being provided as part of the filter module 210 may mean that the diagnostic module 275 is provided in a common enclosure or housing with the filter module 210.

[0072] The diagnostic module 275 may comprise, among other features, a processor, a memory (e.g. a non-transitory medium configured to store instructions for execution by the processor, data, and/or other information), and/or an input/output (I/O). The I/O may include one or more I/O interfaces and may receive noise-cancelled signals from the first acoustic emission sensor 201 and the second acoustic emissions sensor 202 via the filter module 210.

[0073] Although the diagnostic module 275 shown in FIG. 2 is shown as being (functionally, at least) part of the filter module 210, it will be understood that in some examples (as in FIG. 3), the diagnostic module 275 may be provided remote from the filter module 210, such as in the cloud or on a remote device or controller, such as a controller for the system being monitored.

[0074] In addition, although the acoustic emission sensors 201, 202 are shown as being separate to the filter module 210, it will be understood that in some examples the acoustic emission sensors 201, 202 (and also optionally the optional bandwidth reduction modules 205, 207, and optional downsampling modules 206, 208) may additionally or alternatively be provided as part of the filter module 210, for example within a common housing or enclosure.

[0075] The acoustic emissions sensors 201, 202, which may be incorporated into the filter module 210, are configured to output a signal (for example, to the diagnostic module 275 or other component) indicative of an operational condition of a seal interface of the dry gas seal (e.g., an operational condition of a first seal face relative to a second seal face).

[0076] The respective optional bandwidth reduction modules 205, 207 may be configured to reduce the bandwidth of the signals output from the respective acoustic emissions sensors 201, 202. For example, the bandwidth reduction modules 205, 207 may be configured to envelope the respective signals.

[0077] The respective optional downsampling modules 206, 208 may be configured to downsample the respective signals from the acoustic emission sensors 201, 202. For example, the downsampling modules 206, 208 may be configured to take a route mean square of the respective signals.

[0078] The filter module 210 may be configured to provide active noise cancellation based on a comparison of the signals received from the respective first and second acoustic emission sensors 201, 202, for example by providing feed-back cancellation with filter loop transfer function.

[0079] The optional diagnostic module 275 may be configured to use the respective noise-cancelled signals corresponding to the first acoustic emission sensor 201 and the second acoustic emissions sensor 202 from the filter module 210 to establish an operating condition of the seal and/or determine one or more other parameter values related to the seal based at least in part on the received signals. In some cases, based at least in part on the respective noise-cancelled signals (for example, the time domain and/or frequency domain of the signals), the diagnostic module 275 may be configured to determine parameter values relating to the seal including, but not limited to, a lift off at the seal interface, a touch down at the seal interface, when maintenance is needed, an operating condition of the seal interface, and/or other suitable parameter values related to operation of the seal.

[0080] In some examples, the diagnostic module 275 may be configured to detect and/or predict failure based on at least one of: loss of lubrication resulting in seizure; presence of foreign matters; pressure reversal of lubricating fluid; mechanical failure e.g. scars marked on respective portions of the bearing. This may be indicated, for example, by cavitation.

[0081] The analysis performed by the diagnostic module 275 may comprise determination of high order statistical values such as Skewness and Kurtosis to help identify potential faults. In some examples such a statistical analysis may be combined with use of a Fast Fourier Transform to provide an indication of the health of the system, for example as described in WO 2012/072984. For example, the diagnostic module 275 may be configured to apply the following equation (Equation 1) to determine the condition of the system being monitored:

[00001]$\begin{array}{cc}\mathrm{Coupling}\mathrm{Health}=\frac{1}{{\left(C3\times C4\right)}^2\times e\text{?}}& \mathrm{Equation}1\end{array}$$\mathrm{Where}:$${\mathrm{FFTf}}_{{.Math.}^Z}=\frac{\underset{i=1}{\overset{Z}{.Math.}}\mathrm{fi}}{Z}$$\text{?}\text{indicates text missing or illegible when filed}$  is the average FFT (Fast Fourier Transformation) for first Z frequency bands, whereby Z is an integer [0082] FFT.sub.shaft is the Fast Fourier Transformation for the first frequency of the coupling shaft [0083] FFT.sub.shaft2 is the Fast Fourier Transformation for the second frequency of the coupling shaft is the Fast Fourier Transformation for the n.sup.th [0084] FFT.sub.shaftN frequency of the coupling shaft, whereby n is an integer and n<Z [0085] C3 is the Skewness value [0086] C4 is the Kurtosis value

[0087] The above equation is a typical example of mathematical statistical function used to determine coupling health. Other combinations of values in mathematical statistical function may provide similar results and may be used without departing from the scope of the invention.

[0088] In use, the acoustic emission sensors 201, 202 may output a signal indicative of their measurements to the filter module 210 and/or optional diagnostic module 275 for processing (for example, for processing by a processor and/or other computing component). These signals are sent via the optional bandwidth reduction modules 205, 207 and/or the optional downsampling modules 206, 208 to respective inputs of the filter module 201. The active noise cancelling circuitry in the filter module 210 performs active noise cancellations and outputs signals to the diagnostic module 275.

[0089] For example, both time domain and frequency domain of the noise-cancelled signals are sent to the diagnostic module 275 to determine the occurrence and frequency of signal characteristics with respect to the system being monitored. For example, the diagnostic module 275 may use Equation 1 to determine the condition of the system being monitored.

[0090] In some examples the diagnostic module may be configured to further provide some form of feedback to the user. For example, the apparatus may comprise a plurality of visual indicators, such as LEDs, that provide an indication of the condition of the system to a user. For example, if the condition of the system is such that it is operating within a first selected range, a first visual indication (such as the illumination of green LEDs) may be provided to the user, indicating that the system is running correctly. If the condition of the system is such that it is operating within a second selected range, a second visual indication (such as the illumination of amber LEDs) may be provided to the user, which may indicate that the system is not running optimally and/or a predicted failure of a component such as the seal. If the condition of the system is such that it is operating within a third selected range, a third visual indication (such as the illumination of red LEDs) may be provided to the user, which may indicate that the system is not running correctly and may indicate a failure of a component of the system such as the seal.

[0091] In one example, as a seal face of a seal rotates with respect to at least one other seal face of the seal, the seal may emit a sound and the sound may change over time as the seal faces separate from one another (e.g., during run-up of the seal and/or the system to which the seal is applied) and/or come into contact with one another (e.g., during run-down of the seal and/or the system to which the seal is applied), and the acoustic emissions sensors 201, 202 may be configured to sense the emitted sound and provide an indication of when a lift off (e.g., initial separation of the first seal face and the second seal face after the seal faces have been touching) occurs and/or when a touch down (e.g., initial contact between the first seal face and the second seal face as the relative rotation of the seal faces of the seal slows down) occurs.

[0092] Although the apparatus described in FIG. 1 uses first and second acoustic emission sensors 201, 202, it will be understood that the apparatus may make use of other and/or additional sensors, and that signals indicative of the outputs of these sensors may be provided to the filter module 210 and/or the diagnostic module 275. For example, the system may additionally comprise a speed sensor (for example, providing an indication of the speed of revolution of the machinery), and the diagnostic module 275 may use signals from the speed sensor in determining the condition of the system.

[0093] FIG. 3 shows another example of a condition monitoring apparatus 300. The apparatus 300 shown in FIG. 3 shares many features in common with the apparatus 200 shown in FIG. 2, and it will be understood that features described above in relation to the apparatus shown in FIG. 2 may be used with the example apparatus 300 shown in FIG. 3, and vice versa.

[0094] The apparatus 300 shown in FIG. 3 additionally comprises optional respective pre-amplifiers 320, 322 coupled to respective acoustic emission sensors 301, 302.

[0095] Coupled to each pre-amplifier 320, 320, in parallel, are respective RMS modules 305, 307, and respective enveloper modules 306, 308. Each of these modules 305, 306, 307, 308 are coupled to respective inputs 311, 312 of the filter module 310, such that the filter module comprises a pair of RMS inputs 311 coupled to the two RMS modules 305, 307, and a pair of envelope inputs 312 coupled to the two enveloper modules 306, 308.

[0096] In the example shown in FIG. 3 the filter module 310 also comprises an optional communications interface 350, coupled wirelessly to a diagnostic module 375 which is provided remotely, such as in the cloud.

[0097] The RMS modules 305, 307 are configured to obtain a first route mean square, RMS, signal from the first acoustic emission sensor 301, and a second RMS signal from the second acoustic emission 302.

[0098] The enveloper modules 306, 308 are configured to obtain a first envelope signal from the first acoustic emission sensor 301, and a second envelope signal from the second acoustic emission sensor 302.

[0099] The filter module 310 shown in FIG. 3 is configured to perform active noise cancellation based on a comparison of the first RMS signal and the second RMS signal, and the first envelope signal and the second envelope signal.

[0100] In some examples the comparison comprises a mathematical operation between the first RMS signal and the second RMS signal, and a mathematical operation between the first envelope signal and the second envelope signal, such that the comparison is between each pair of signals received by each of the two pairs of inputs 311, 312 of the filter module 310.

[0101] The mathematical operation may comprise a subtraction between the first RMS signal and the second RMS signal, and a subtraction between the first envelope signal and the second envelope signal.

[0102] The communications interface 350 is configured to transmit (for example, wirelessly, such as via Wi-Fi® or Bluetooth®) signals to the diagnostic module 375. It will be understood that the communications interface 350 may not be configured to send signals to the diagnostic module 375 directly but may send the signals via one or more intermediate nodes or routers and via a combination of different communications networks and/or protocols.

[0103] FIG. 4 shows another example of a condition monitoring apparatus 400. The apparatus 300 shown in FIG. 4 shares many features in common with the apparatus 200 shown in FIG. 2, and it will be understood that features described above in relation to the apparatus shown in FIG. 2 and in FIG. 3 may be used with the example apparatus 400 shown in FIG. 4, and vice versa.

[0104] The main difference between the apparatus 400 shown in FIG. 4 and the apparatus 200 shown in FIG. 2 is that in the apparatus 400 shown in FIG. 4, the filter module 410 and the diagnostic module 475 are both remote to the acoustic emission sensors 401, 402 and the system being monitored. As such, the apparatus 400 comprises an optional communications interface 475 for sending signals received from the first acoustic emission sensor 401 and the second emission sensor 402 (and that have been reduced in bandwidth and/or downsampled) to the filter module 410 and the diagnostic module 475.

[0105] FIG. 5 shows a schematic view of another example condition monitoring apparatus 500, and is very similar to the apparatus 300 described above with reference to FIG. 3. The apparatus 500 in FIG. 5 additional comprises the introduction of a phantom power supply to the respective outputs from the first acoustic emission sensor 501 and the second acoustic emission sensor 502, as well as showing that the first and second acoustic emission sensors 501, 502 and optional pre-amplifiers 520, 522 are grounded.

[0106] FIG. 5 also shows how the outputs from the first and second acoustic emission sensors are at around 300 kHz, whereas when they are received at the filter module 510 after having been through the respective RMS 505, 507 and enveloper 506, 608 modules, the signal is at around 100 kHz.

[0107] FIG. 6 shows an example circuit 600 for enveloping used in the enveloper modules described above. The circuit 600 shown in FIG. 6 is configured to rectify the first acoustic emission signal prior to obtaining the first envelope signal, and rectify the second acoustic emission signal prior to obtaining the second envelope signal.

[0108] FIG. 7 shows example outputs of a condition monitoring system according to an example of the disclosure.

[0109] FIG. 8 shows an example method of monitoring the condition of a system comprising rotating or reciprocating machinery and a seal, for example using the apparatus of any of FIGS. 1 to 5 described above.

[0110] The method comprises obtaining 801 first acoustic emission data emitted from the seal (for example, via the first acoustic emission sensors as described above), obtaining 803 second acoustic emission data emitted from the rotating or reciprocating machinery—such as a pump (for example, via the second acoustic emission sensors as described above), and performing 805 active noise cancellation based on a comparison of the first acoustic emission data and the second acoustic emission data (for example, via the filter module as described above).

[0111] The method may further comprise reducing the bandwidth of the first acoustic emission data and/or the second acoustic emission data prior to performing active noise cancellation, for example prior to performing 805 active noise cancellation.

[0112] The method may further comprise reducing the number of samples of the first acoustic emission data and the second acoustic emission data, for example prior to performing 805 active noise cancellation.

[0113] The method may further comprise, for example prior to performing 805 active noise cancellation, obtaining: [0114] (i) first route mean square, RMS, data from the first acoustic emission data and a second RMS data from the second acoustic emission data; and [0115] (ii) first envelope data from the first acoustic emission data, and second envelope data from the second acoustic emission data; [0116] and performing active noise cancellation based on a comparison of at least one of: [0117] (iii) the first RMS data and the second RMS data, and [0118] (iv) the first envelope data and the second envelope data.

[0119] It will be understood that the method may comprise performing active noise cancellation based on a comparison of both (i) the first RMS signal and the second RMS signal, and (ii) the first envelope signal and the second envelope signal. The comparison may comprise a mathematical operation between the first RMS signal and the second RMS signal, and a mathematical operation between the first envelope signal and the second envelope signal.

[0120] In some examples the method further comprises rectifying the first acoustic emission signal prior to obtaining the first envelope signal, and rectifying the second acoustic emission signal prior to obtaining the second envelope signal.

[0121] After performing 805 active noise cancellation, the method may further comprise outputting a noise-cancelled signal, and determining a condition of the system based on the noise-cancelled signal. For example, the condition of the system may be determined via the diagnostic module as described above.

[0122] It will be understood that, to enable this determination of the condition of the system, in some examples the method may comprise transmitting the noise-cancelled signal to a remote device via a communications interface for determining a condition of the system.

[0123] Determining a condition of the system may comprise: [0124] establishing a baseline condition for the first acoustic emission data; [0125] establishing a baseline condition for the second acoustic emission data; and determining if at least one of the first acoustic emission data and the second acoustic emission data exceed the baseline by a selected threshold.

[0126] It will also be understood that a computer readable non-transitory storage medium comprising a program for a computer configured to cause a processor to perform the method as described above may be provided.

[0127] In the context of the present disclosure other examples and variations of the apparatus and methods described herein will be apparent to a person of skill in the art.