Sleep improving agent

Abstract

The present invention provides a heat shock protein expression-inducing agent, more specifically, a heat shock protein expression-inducing agent comprising a compound represented by formula (I): ##STR00001##
wherein R is a lower alkyl, phenyl, or hydroxyphenyl, or a salt thereof.

Claims

1. A method for improving sleep, which comprises administrating to a subject a combination of the following (a) to (c): (a) (3S,8aS)-3-isobutylhexahydropyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine-1,4-dione (Cyclo(L-Leu-L-Pro)) ##STR00010## or a salt thereof, (b) (3S,8aS)-3-benzylhexahydropyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine-1,4-dione (Cyclo(L-Phe-L-Pro)) ##STR00011## or a salt thereof, and (c) (3S,8aS)-3-(4-hydroxybenzyl)hexahydropyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine-1,4-dione (Cyclo(L-Tyr-L-Pro)) ##STR00012## or a salt thereof, wherein the daily dose of the Cyclo(L-Leu-L-Pro) is 10 μg-400 mg, the daily dose of the Cyclo(L-Phe-L-Pro) is 5μg-300 mg, and the daily dose of the Cyclo(L-Tyr-L-Pro) is 5 μg-600 mg, wherein the subject is selected from the group consisting of subjects who have subjective dissatisfaction with sleeping feeling selected from the group consisting of shallow asleep, insufficient sleep feeling when getting up, poor sleep, insufficient deep sleep feeling, bad dreaming, and unrecovered fatigue; subjects who want to improve sleep quality because they are feeling fatigue; subjects who feels disorder of autonomic nerve; subjects who are stressed in everyday life; and subjects with the purpose selected from the group consisting of maintaining good sleep, preventing sleep disorders, improving sleep quality, autonomic nerve-adjusting activity, and anti-stress activity.

2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the compounds or salts thereof are administrated to the subject in the form of a pharmaceutical composition, or food and beverage composition.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) FIG. 1 is a figure showing an HSP70 mRNA expression level by a proline-containing 3-alkyl diketopiperazine (Compound 1).

(2) FIG. 2 is a figure showing a HSP70 mRNA expression level by a proline-containing 3-alkyl diketopiperazine (Compound 2).

(3) FIG. 3 is a figure showing a HSP70 mRNA expression level by a proline-containing 3-alkyl diketopiperazine (Compound 3).

(4) FIG. 4 shows the transition of activity level of rats in the light period after the phase advance.

(5) FIG. 5 is a figure showing the activity level of rats on Day 1, light period (12 hours) after the phase advance.

DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

(6) The HSP expression-inducing agent according to the present invention comprises a proline-containing 3-alkyl diketopiperazine represented by general formula (I):

(7) ##STR00006##
wherein R is a lower alkyl, phenyl, or hydroxyphenyl, or a salt thereof as an active ingredient.

(8) The “lower alkyl” in the above formula (I) means a linear or branched alkyl group having 1-6 carbon atoms. Specific examples thereof include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, neopentyl, hexyl, isohexyl and the like. Preferred is a linear or branched alkyl group having 1-4 carbon atoms such as isopropyl.

(9) In the above formula (I), R is a lower alkyl, phenyl, or hydroxyphenyl, preferably isopropyl, phenyl, or hydroxyphenyl, particularly preferably isopropyl.

(10) Among the proline-containing 3-alkyl diketopiperazine of the above formula (I), particularly preferred are the following Compounds 1-3 (particularly, Compound 1).

(11) (Compound 1) Name: (3S, 8aS)-3-isobutylhexahydropyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine-1,4-dione Abbreviated name: Cyclo(L-Leu-L-Pro)

(12) ##STR00007##

(13) (Compound 2) Name: (3S, 8aS)-3-benzylhexahydropyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine-1,4-dione Abbreviated name: Cyclo(L-Phe-L-Pro)

(14) ##STR00008##

(15) (Compound 3) Name: (3S, 8aS)-3-(4-hydroxybenzyl)hexahydropyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine-1,4-dione Abbreviated name: Cyclo(L-Tyr-L-Pro)

(16) ##STR00009##

(17) Salts of the proline-containing 3-alkyl diketopiperazine include those acceptable in the field of pharmaceuticals or foods and beverages, for example, salts with inorganic bases, salts with organic bases, salts with basic amino acids, etc.

(18) Suitable examples of salts with inorganic bases include, for example, alkali metal salts such as sodium salt, potassium salt and the like; alkaline earth metal salts such as calcium salt, magnesium salt and the like; ammonium salt and the like.

(19) Suitable examples of salts with organic bases include, for example, salts with alkylamines (trimethylamine, triethylamine and the like), heterocyclic amines (pyridine, picoline and the like), alkanolamines (ethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine and the like), dicyclohexylamine, N, N′-dibenzylethylenediamine, or the like.

(20) Preferable examples of salts with basic amino acids include, for example, salts with arginine, lysine, ornithine, or the like.

(21) Among these salts, alkali metal salts or alkaline earth metal salts are preferable, and sodium salt is particularly preferable.

(22) The proline-containing 3-alkyl diketopiperazine or a salt thereof used in the present invention can be prepared according to a method known in the art, for example, a chemical synthesis method, an enzymatic method, a microorganism fermentation method, or the like. Specifically, the compound can be synthesized by subjecting a linear peptide to dehydration/cyclization reaction, for example, according to a method shown in JP 2003-252896 A or J. Peptide Sci., 10, 737-737(2004).

(23) In addition, the above-mentioned Compounds 1-3 are known compounds, and thus can be obtained, for example, from BACHEM.

(24) In the present invention, the above proline-containing 3-alkyl diketopiperazine or a salt thereof may be used. alone or in combination of two or more kinds thereof, as an active ingredient. For example, one of the Compounds 1-3 may be used. alone, or two or three of them may be used together.

(25) For instance, when two of the Compounds 1-3 are used, the usage ratio is not particularly limited. When two kinds of Compounds 1 and 2, are used, the ratio thereof is, for example, Compound 1: Compound 2=10-0.5:3-0.1, preferably 6-1:2-0.5. When two kinds of Compounds 1 and 3 are used, the ratio thereof is, for example, Compound 1:Compound 3=10-0.5:5-0.5, preferably 6-1:4-0.7. When two kinds of Compounds 2 and 3 are used, the ratio thereof is, for example, Compound 2:Compound 3=3-0.1:5-0.5, preferably 0.5:4-0.7.

(26) In addition, for instance, when all (three) kinds of the Compounds 1-3 are used, the usage ratio is not particularly limited, but include, for example, Compound 1:Compound 2 :Compound 3=10-0.5:3-0.1:5-0.5, preferably 6-1:2-0.5:4-0.7.

(27) The proline-containing 3-alkyl diketopiperazine or a salt thereof has an excellent HSP expression-inducing activity. Therefore, the HSP expression-inducing agent of the present invention is effective in preventing or ameliorating various diseases and symptoms caused by abnormality of the higher-order structure of proteins or various diseases and symptoms related to HSPs.

(28) In the present invention, HSPs of which the expression is induced include any of SP20 family proteins such as HSP20, HSP27, and HSP28; HSP40 family proteins such as HSP40 and HSP47; HSP70 family proteins such as HSP70, HSP72, and SP73; HSP90 family proteins such as HSP90a and HSP90b. Preferred are HSP70 family proteins, and more preferred is HSP70.

(29) In the present invention, the induction of expression of HSPs includes expression in vivo and in vitro, preferably expression in vivo. The in vivo site where the expression of HSP is induced is preferably within the brain.

(30) The proline-containing 3-alkyl diketopiperazine or a salt thereof shows an excellent sleep improving activity, anti-stress activity, autonomic nerve-adjusting activity, and the like, on the basis of its HSP expression-inducing activity.

(31) Therefore, the present invention provides a sleep improving agent, anti-stress agent, autonomic nerve-adjusting agent, and the like, comprising the proline-containing 3-alkyl diketopiperazine or a salt thereof as an active ingredient.

(32) The “sleep improving” in the present invention means that improved effects on one or more followings: sleep quality, sleep-awakening rhythm, deep sleep feeling, feeling when waking up, feeling tired when getting up, sleepiness during the day, work efficiency, gloomy feeling resulting from unsatisfactory sleep, and the like are observed.

(33) The “improving the quality of sleep” means to obtain a good quality of sleep is obtained by shortening the sleeping latency, decreasing the number and time of arousal during sleep, and smoothing the transition to slow-wave sleep which is regard as deep sleep after sleep onset to increase sleep time.

(34) The “improving sleep-awakening rhythm” means to improve the shift of sleep-awakening rhythm or to adjust sleeping/waking up rhythm. The shift of sleep-awakening rhythm also includes social jet lag where social time and biological clock do not match. The social jet lag is caused by a night-time light environment and a big change of working environment, etc., that is, it means that bedtime/wakeup rhythm shifts on weekdays with social restrictions such as work and on holidays without restrictions, or the circadian rhythm of the living body collapses due to irregular sleep cycles and the like.

(35) By improving sleep quality and/or sleep-awakening rhythm, deep sleep feeling that you can sleep soundly and a refresh feeling when waking up can be obtained. Furthermore, the work efficiency rises without feeling sleepiness during the day or feeling tired when getting up. Also, it is possible to reduce sleeping feeling caused by not getting a good quality sleep or shifting a sleeping/waking up rhythm.

(36) The improvement effect means improvement of symptoms or conditions, prevention or delay of deterioration of symptoms or conditions, or reversal, prevention or delay of the progress of symptoms.

(37) The “anti-stress activity” in the present invention means an activity capable of preventing fatigue caused by stress in a mammal, particularly human, or preventing fatigue due to stress in the brain. Here, fatigue is a phenomenon in which physical and mental performance temporarily declines, when a physical or mental load is given consecutively. The decline of performance is a qualitative or quantitative decline in physical and mental abilities.

(38) The “autonomic nerve-adjusting activity” in the present invention means to improve a disturbance in the balance of sympathetic and parasympathetic balance (autonomic nervous balance) caused by excessive stress burden, decreased level of autonomic nervous activity, and the like. For example, since the function of the gastrointestinal tract is mainly dominated by the parasympathetic sensory nerve, if the sympathetic tension is maintained by a stress load, the action of the gastrointestinal tract is suppressed, thereby causing gastrointestinal disorders such as anorexia and constipation. In addition, it is considered that insomnia is caused when the parasympathetic nerve does not function well due to a stress load and the activity of the sympathetic nerve is continued to accelerate. While there is a close relationship between stress and autonomic nervousness as described above, there is also autonomic nervous disorder not due to stress load. Stress load does not necessarily cause autonomic nervous disorders, but may induce other physical symptoms.

(39) In the present invention, the proline-containing 3-alkyl diketopiperazine or a salt thereof can be used as it is as a HSP expression-inducing agent, sleep improving agent, anti-stress agent, autonomic nerve-adjusting agent, or the like (hereinafter referred to as “HSP expression-inducing agent or the like”). Also, it can be used in combination with carriers that can be added to pharmaceuticals or quasi-drugs, or food additives, to the extent that they do not affect the intended function or effect.

(40) In the present invention, the proline-containing 3-alkyl diketopiperazine or a salt thereof can be added to various pharmaceuticals, quasi-drugs, foods and beverages as a HSP expression-inducing agent, and thus used in the form of pharmaceutical compositions, quasi-drug compositions, food and beverage compositions and the like.

(41) The pharmaceuticals, quasi-drugs, foods and beverages are not particularly limited as long as they are usually used, and examples thereof include tablets, granules, capsules, powders, chewable tablets, confectioneries (cookies, biscuits, chocolate confectionery, chips, cake, gum, candy, gummi, sweet buns, sweet jellied adzuki-bean paste, pudding, jelly, yogurt, ice cream, sherbet and the like), breads, noodles, rice, cereal foods, beverages (liquid, soft drinks, carbonated drinks, nutritional drinks, powdered drinks, fruit drinks, milk drinks, jelly drinks and the like), soups (powder soups, freeze-dried soups), miso soups (powder miso soups, freeze-dried miso soups) and the like.

(42) In addition, foods and beverages include foods with function claims, foods for specified health uses, health food, nutritional supplements (supplements), foods for medical use and the like.

(43) The subjects to be applied by the HSP expression-inducing agent or the like in the present invention are not particularly limited, but include, for example, subjects who have subjective dissatisfaction with sleeping feeling such as shallow asleep, insufficient sleep feeling when getting up, poor sleep, insufficient deep sleep feeling (cannot sleep deeply), bad dreaming, unrecovered fatigue, and the like; subjects who have no subjective complaints about sleeping feeling, but want to improve sleep quality because they are feeling fatigue; subjects who feels disorder of autonomic nerve; and subjects who are stressed in everyday life; and the like. Also, subjects with no particular problem can take up the agent daily for the purpose of maintaining good sleep, preventing sleep disorders, improving sleep quality, autonomic nerve-adjusting activity, anti-stress activity and the like.

(44) The subjects to which the present invention applies are especially humans. The present invention is also applicable to mammals other than humans (e.g., mouse, rat, hamster, monkey, cow, horse, pig, sheep, goat, dog, cat, guinea pig, rabbit and the like).

(45) In the HSP expression-inducing agent or the like of the present invention, the daily dose (intake) of the proline-containing 3-alkyl diketopiperazine or a salt thereof is not particularly limited and it may be set as appropriate according to the purpose of administration (target disease and symptom), administration form, sex, weight and age of subject, etc., but is usually 0.1 μg-1.7 g as a proline-containing 3-alkyl diketopiperazine in the case of a human adult, preferably 1 μg-1.5 g, and more preferably 5 μg-1.3 g.

(46) In the case of a human adult, the daily dose of Compound 1 is usually 0.5 μg-500 mg, preferably 1 μg-450 mg, more preferably 10 μg-400 mg.

(47) In the case of a human adult, the daily dose of Compound 2 is usually 0.1 μg-400 mg, preferably 2 μg -350 mg, more preferably 5 μg-300 mg.

(48) In the case of a human adult, the daily dose of Compound 3 is usually 0.1 μg-800 mg, preferably 2 μg-700 mg, more preferably 5 μg-600 mg.

(49) The timing of administration of the HSP expression-inducing agent or the like of the present invention is not particularly limited, but it is preferably administered (consumed) once a day before going to bed.

(50) In addition, the present invention provides the proline-containing 3-alkyl diketopiperazine or a salt thereof for use as a HSP expression-inducing agent, sleep improving agent, anti-stress agent, autonomic nerve-adjusting agent, or the like.

(51) Also, the present invention provides use of the proline-containing 3-alkyl diketopiperazine or a salt thereof for the preparation of a HSP expression-inducing agent, sleep improving agent, anti-stress agent, autonomic nerve-adjusting agent, or the like.

(52) Furthermore, the present invention provides a method for inducing HSP expression, improving sleep, anti-stressing, adjusting autonomic nerve, or the like, which comprises administrating the proline-containing 3-alkyl diketopiperazine or a salt thereof to a subject.

(53) In these embodiments, the definitions of the terms, the proline-containing 3-alkyl diketopiperazine or a salt thereof, the form of use, the subject, the dosage, the timing of administration, the blending amount in each agent, etc. are the same as described above.

EXAMPLES

(54) Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in more detail with reference to representative examples, but the present invention is not limited to the following examples. Unless otherwise specified, “%” means “wt %”.

Example 1

Evaluation of HSP70 mRNA Expression-Inducing Activity

(55) The HSP70 expression-inducing activity by Compounds 1-3 was evaluated by measuring a HSP70 mRNA expression level.

(56) Human promyelocytic leukemia cells (HL-60 cells) was suspended in RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, and was transferred into a 1.5 mL tube (45,000 cells/0.9 mL). To the tube was added 0.1 mL of each sample that had been prepared in a 1% DMSO solution and the tube was allowed to stand at 37° C. for 4 hours. To a control was added 0.1 mL of 1% DMSO solution. After cultured for 4 hours, the cells was centrifuged by a small refrigerated centrifuge (1,000 g×5 minutes) to precipitate the HL-60 cells. After removal of the supernatant, the cells were lysed in 0.25 mL Trizol (manufactured by Thermo Fisher Scientific) and then total RNA was extracted according to the protocol. The RNA was dissolved in RNase-free water, and the concentration of the RNA (wave length 260 nm) was measured by using a microvolume spectrophotometer NanoDrop2000/2000c (manufactured by Thermo Fisher Scientific). The RNA solution was diluted with RNase-free water so as to have a concentration of 50 ng/mL, and then cDNA was synthesized by using ReverTra Ace.sup.(R) qPCR RT Kit (manufactured by TOYOBO). The reaction liquid (10 μl) after the reverse transcription was diluted with RNase-free water so as to be 100 μL, and then used as a template for PCR. Beta 2 microglobulin gene was used as an internal control gene for correction of the HSP70 gene expression. The primer sequences of genes used for the PCR reaction are as follows.

(57) TABLE-US-00001 HSP70 forward primer: (SEQ ID NO: 1) GCATTTCCTAGTATTTCTGTTTGT HSP70 reverse primer: (SEQ ID NO: 2) AATAGTCGTAAGATGGCAGTATA Beta 2 microblobulin forward primer: (SEQ ID NO: 3) TAGCTGTGCTCGCGCTACT Beta 2 microblobulin reverse primer: (SEQ ID NO: 4) AGTGGGGGTGAATTCAGTGT

(58) The expression was analyzed by using CFX Connect Real-Time PCR Detection System (manufactured by Bio-rad). 10 μL of the PCR reaction liquid was incubated at 95° C. for 3 minutes (initial denaturation), followed by repetition of 55 cycles comprising denaturation at 95° C. for 10 seconds, and annealing and extension at 57.8° C. for 30 seconds. Finally, the melting curve was measured every 0.2° C. in the range from 65° C. to 95° C. Expression levels of HSP70 gene and internal standard gene were analyzed using Bio-Rad CFX Manager 3.1.

(59) The abilities of inducing HSP70 mRNA expression of Compounds 1, 2, and 3 are shown in FIGS. 1-3 by percentages for the control, respectively. From these results, it was revealed that each sample enhanced mRNA expression of HSP70 gene as compared with the control. In addition, concentration dependence of each active ingredient on HSP70 mRNA expression inducing ability was investigated. As a result, the concentrations at which HSP70 mRNA expression inducing ability was increased up to 150% relative to the control were 0.083 mg/ml for Compound 1, 0.045 mg/ml for Compound 2, and 0.101 mg/ml for Compound 3.

Example 2

(60) Firstly, 7-week old male Wistar rats were implanted intraperitoneally with a small activity meter (NanoTag (R), Kissei Comtech Co., Ltd.). Subsequently, after a week of recovery period, the rats were divided into four groups (Control group, Compound A-1 group, Compound A-2 group, and Compound A-3 group; n=17 each) shown in Table 1 by stratified randomization assignment using body weight as an index, and test diets were dietary administered to them. At the 15th day from the start of dietary administration, the light/dark cycle was advanced by 8 hours, and after that, dietary administration of test diets was continued for 2 weeks. The light/dark cycle of the breeding environment excluding the phase advance date was set to 12 hours cycle, and the illuminance of the light period was set to be approximately 200 1×(185-230 1×). In this model of mild sleep disorder with the phase advance, the influence of test feed administration on the light period activity level after the phase advance was examined.

(61) The test was carried out by a two-sided test, the significance level of the test was set to 5%, and the trend difference was 10% on both sides. For the analysis, SAS software release 9.3 (manufactured by SAS Institute Japan Ltd.) was used.

(62) TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 1 Group (n = 17) Test diet Control MF Compound A-1 MF containing 0.0005% of Compound A (Equivalent to 0.62 mg/kg BW/day) Compound A-2 MF containing 0.005% of Compound A (Equivalent to 6.25 mg/kg BW/day) Compound A-3 MF containing 0.05% of Compound A (Equivalent to 62.46 mg/kg BW/day) MF: powder feed for raising mice and rats (MF) (manufactured by Oriental Yeast Co., Ltd.). Compound A: (3S,8aS)-3-isobutylhexahydropyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine-1,4-dione (Compound 1 as above) BW: Body Weight
[Results]

(63) FIG. 4 shows the transition of the light period activity of rats after the phase advance. The horizontal axis represents the number of days elapsed since phase advance, the vertical axis represents the activity level in the light period (12 hours) , and the activity level shows the mean value±standard error. For pre 3 days, the mean value of the light period activity level during the 3-day pre-administration period was shown.

(64) From the shape of the graphs, it is shown that the activity level rises after the phase advance, and returns to the activity level before the phase advance with the passage of days.

(65) As shown in FIG. 4, there was a particularly noticeable rise in the activity level in the light period on Day 1 and Day 2. In order to confirm the effect of Compound A on the activity level of Day 1 and Day 2 during the light period, Dunnett test with mixed model for repeated measures method was carried out. The Compound A-3 group showed a tendency to suppress the activity level in compared with the Control group (P=0.0978). Compound A-2 group significantly inhibited the activity level in compared with the Control group (P=0.0481). From these facts, it was suggested that Compound A suppresses sleep disturbance by phase advance during the light period from Day 1 to Day 2.

(66) FIG. 5 shows the activity level of rats on Day 1, light period (12 hours) after the phase advance. The horizontal axis represents each group, the vertical axis represents the activity level in the light period (12 hours), and the activity level was the average value±standard error.

(67) A group comparison was done by Dunnett test. As a result, the Compound A-3 group tended to suppress the activity level in compared with the Control group (P=0.0536), and the Compound A-2 group significantly suppressed the activity level in compared with the Control group (P=0.016). From these facts, it was suggested that. Compound A suppresses deterioration of sleep due to phase advance in the light period (12 hours) on Day 1.

(68) As described above, both FIGS. 4 and 5 show significant difference after the phase advance in the early light period where the activity level is most likely to be disturbed. Therefore, it was suggested that Compound A improves sleep quality.

Example 3

Method Described in Wada T, et al., Brain Res Bull. 2006; 69: 388-92

(69) An electrode for EEG is implanted in the brain of an 8-week-old male Wistar rat, and a recovery period is set for 1 week after surgery. After that, habituation to brush stimulation (sleep deprivation stimulus) is performed for 2-3 days. On test days, while monitoring EEG data, if non-REM sleep is detected, the rat is stimulated with a brush to prevent non-REM sleep. The effect of test drug on the influence of prevention of Non-REM sleep is examined.

Example 4

Method Described in Miyazaki K. et al., PLoS One. 2013; 8: e55452.

(70) Male C3H-HeN mice aged 8 to 15 weeks old are subjected to stress by changing breeding on paper flooring in a cage with a rotating basket to that in 1.5 cm water-immersed state at room temperature on Day 1 of the test. In this state, the mice become to live on a rotating basket in order to avoid water immersion. The sleep/wakefulness of mice are evaluated by monitoring the activity status of the mice with the movement of the rotating basket. If evaluated after 7 days as a load, the evaluation in EEG and the evaluation by activity level will be similar.

Example 5

Method Described in Sei H. et al., Life Sci. 2003; 73: 53-59.

(71) Male Wistar rats aged 10 to 12 weeks old are raised for 1 to 7 days after the change of the light/dark cycle of 12-hour dark period/12-hour light period to the light/dark cycle of 4-hour dark period/12-hour light period. For these animals, it is possible to assess the body temperature rhythm by installing a telemetry type thermometer in the abdominal cavity in advance. It is also possible to detect the modulation of body temperature rhythm and to assess the influence on plasma cortisol concentration and hippocampal BNDF protein mass, caused by changing the light/dark cycle.

(72) Sequence Listing Free Text

(73) The base sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 1 is a base sequence of HSP70 forward primer.

(74) The base sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 2 is a base sequence of HSP70 reverse primer.

(75) The base sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 3 is a base sequence of beta 2 microglobulin forward primer.

(76) The base sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 4 is a base sequence of beta 2 microglobulin reverse primer.