Cold spray gun and cold spray apparatus equipped with the same
11478806 · 2022-10-25
Assignee
Inventors
Cpc classification
B05B7/16
PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
B05B7/1486
PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
B05B7/14
PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
International classification
B05B7/14
PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
Abstract
Disclosed is a cold spray gun and a cold spray apparatus using the same capable of stably heating a raw material powder to a specific high temperature with an achievement of compactness and lightweight of the apparatus. In order to achieve the above described object, there is provided a cold spray gun configured to form a coating film by spraying a raw material powder carried on a carrier gas from a nozzle outlet by a supersonic flow together with a working gas heated to a temperature equal to or lower than a melting point or a softening point of the raw material powder, and causing the raw material powder to collide with a base material in a solid state, the cold spray gun including; a chamber containing the working gas to be delivered to the nozzle; and is characterized in that a gas heating pipe constituted from a heating resistor which causes resistance heating by being energized is arranged in the chamber, and the working gas flowing into the interior of the gas heating pipe is heated.
Claims
1. A cold spray gun for causing raw material powder to collide with a base material in a solid state and form a coating film thereon, the cold spray gun comprising: a main body; a raw material powder feeding nozzle configured to spray heated raw material powder carried on a carrier gas therefrom by supersonic flow together with a heated working gas, the main body having a chamber containing the raw material powder feeding nozzle; a cold spray nozzle in communication with the raw material powder feeding nozzle at a chamber outlet on a cold spray nozzle connection side of the chamber; and a gas heating pipe arranged inside the chamber, the gas heating pipe comprising a heating resistor configured to provide resistance heating by being energized providing the heated working gas flowing into an interior of the gas heating pipe being heated by the heating resistor in the chamber, wherein the gas heating pipe further comprises a coil heater including a working gas flow passage formed in the interior of the gas heating pipe, and wherein the gas heating pipe is configured to open and direct the heated working gas to flow in an axial direction of the chamber toward the raw material powder feeding nozzle and direct the heated working gas to flow toward a working gas inlet side end of the chamber which is opposite the cold spray nozzle connection side of the chamber.
2. The cold spray gun according to claim 1, wherein the gas heating pipe is held in the chamber via an insulating part, and a working gas outlet side end is arranged in contact with a chamber inner wall.
3. A cold spray apparatus comprising the cold spray gun as claimed in claim 1.
4. A cold spray apparatus comprising the cold spray gun as claimed in claim 2.
5. The cold spray gun according to claim 1, wherein an outlet side end of the gas heating pipe is open in an axial direction of the chamber toward an opposite side of the chamber to a side of the chamber where the cold spray nozzle is provided.
6. The cold spray gun according to claim 5, wherein the gas heating pipe is held in the chamber via an insulating part, and a working gas outlet side end is arranged in contact with a chamber inner wall.
7. A cold spray apparatus comprising the cold spray gun as claimed in claim 5.
Description
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
(5) The present invention is a cold spray gun configured to form a coating film by spraying a raw material powder carried on a carrier gas from a nozzle outlet by a supersonic flow together with a working gas heated to a temperature equal to or lower than a melting point or a softening point of the raw material powder, and causing the raw material powder to collide with a base material in a solid state, the cold spray gun including; a chamber containing the working gas to be delivered to the nozzle; and is characterized in that a gas heating pipe constituted from a heating resistor that causes resistance heating by being energized is arranged in the chamber, and the working gas flowing into the interior of the gas heating pipe is heated. Hereinafter, an embodiment of a cold spray apparatus using a cold spray gun according to the present invention will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings.
(6)
(7) Any compressed gas supply unit can be used as long as the compressed gas supply unit can supply the high-pressure gas to the cold spray gun 1 and the raw material powder feeding device 6. In the present embodiment, a compressed gas cylinder 2 storing high-pressure gas is used as a compressed gas supply unit. Therefore, in the present invention, the compressed gas supply unit may be configured to supply from, for example, a compressor or the like.
(8) Examples of the working gas to be supplied to the cold spray gun 1 from the compressed gas supply unit and the gas used as the carrier gas to be supplied to the raw material powder feeding device 6 include helium, nitrogen, air, argon, and the mixed gas thereof. Depending on the raw material powder used for forming the coating film, it is possible to arbitrarily select the gas. In the case where a high linear velocity is realized, helium is preferably used.
(9) In the present embodiment, the gas supply line 3 connected to the compressed gas cylinder 2 is branched into a working gas line 4 connected to the cold spray gun 1 and a carrier gas line 5 connected to the raw material powder feeding device 6.
(10) The end of the working gas line 4 is connected to an inlet side end 22A of a gas heating pipe 22 disposed in a chamber 21 of the cold spray gun 1. A pressure regulator 11 and a flow meter 12 are interposed in the working gas line 4. The pressure regulator 11 and the flow meter 12 are used for adjusting the pressure and the flow rate of the working gas to be supplied to the gas heating pipe 22 from the compressed gas cylinder 2.
(11) An end of the carrier gas line 5 is connected to the raw material powder feeding device 6. The raw material powder feeding device 6 is equipped with a hopper 13 containing raw material powder, a measure 14 for measuring raw material powder supplied from the hopper 13, and a raw material powder feeding line 15 for feeding the measured raw material powder to the chamber 21 of the cold spray gun 1 together with the carrier gas supplied from the carrier gas line 5. A pressure regulator 16, a flow meter 17, and a pressure gauge 18 are provided in the carrier gas line 5. The pressure regulator 16, the flow meter 17, and the pressure gauge 18 are used for adjusting the pressure and the flow rate of the carrier gas supplied from the compressed gas cylinder 2 to the raw material powder feeding device 6.
(12) Examples of the raw material powder used in the present invention include metals, alloys, and intermetallic compounds. Specifically, a powder of nickel, iron, silver, chromium, titanium, copper, or alloys thereof may be exemplified.
(13) Next, an embodiment of the cold spray gun 1 according to the present invention will be described in detail with reference to
(14) The cold spray gun 1 is equipped with a main body 20 in which a chamber 21 containing a high-pressure working gas in the interior thereof is constructed, and a cold spray nozzle 30 connected to a distal end of the chamber 21. In the drawing, reference numeral 28 denotes a piece for rectifying a working gas flow in the chamber 21 so as not to be turbulent. The main body 20 is constituted from a bottomed cylindrical piece having a pressure-resistant performance capable of withstanding a high pressure of, for example, 3 MPa to 10 MPa. It is preferable that the main body 20 be constituted from, for example, a stainless steel alloy having conductivity or a nickel-based heat resistant alloy.
(15) In the chamber 21, there is arranged a gas heating pipe 22 constituted from a heating resistor which causes resistance heating by being energized and heats a working gas flowing into the interior of the chamber to a high temperature equal to or lower than the melting point or the softening point of the raw material powder described above. In the present invention, any material selected from metals, conductive ceramics, and the like may be used as the heating resistor that constructs the gas heating pipe 22 so long as it is a material that generates heat by being energized. However, in view of the degree of freedom in shape processing and mechanical strength, it is preferable to use an alloy material for manufacture. This is because the alloy material is superior in corrosion-resistance performance and heat-resistance performance to pure metal constructing the alloy, and is usually large in electric resistance.
(16) Among alloy materials, stainless steels, being iron-based alloys include a lot of types and having established processing techniques, are advantageous in terms of cost. However, in consideration of heating the working gas to a temperature of 1200° C. or higher, the stainless steels have uncertainty in heat-resistance performance and corrosion-resistance performance. Therefore, it is preferable that the heating resistor be made of a heat-resistant corrosion-resistant material selected from the group consisting of iron-based alloys, cobalt-based alloys, and the like, which have a heat-resistant performance equal to or higher than Inconel 600 (trademark), which is a nickel-based alloy. Specifically, the optimum material may be selected in consideration of the type of working gas used, the amount of pressure, the maximum temperature for heating the working gas, the manufacturing cost, and the like. For alloys other than Inconel type alloys, Hastelloy (registered trademark) can be used for a nickel-based alloy, Incoloy (trademark) for an iron-based alloy, and S810 for a cobalt-based alloy.
(17) In a heating method of the working gas using the gas heating pipe 22 of the heating resistor, it is generally considered that the temperature of the working gas is uniquely determined from the electric resistance, that is, the length of the heating resistor, assuming that the amount of energization is constant. However, when the heating resistor is short, the contact time between the working gas and the heating resistor becomes short, so that sufficient heating may not be possible. In general, the higher the linear velocity of the working gas in the gas heating pipe 22, the thinner a boundary layer becomes and the larger the heat transfer from the gas heating pipe 22 to the working gas becomes, so that a specific gas temperature can be obtained even if the distance of the gas heating pipe 22 is shortened. Further, the smaller the inner diameter of the gas heating pipe 22, the higher the linear velocity of the working gas in the gas heating pipe 22 become, but the pressure loss in the gas heating pipe 22 becomes larger. Therefore, it is preferable to employ a proper inner diameter and a length of the gas heating pipe 22.
(18) Specifically, it is preferable that the pipe length of the gas heating pipe 22 is set in accordance with the heating temperature of the target working gas. When the flow rate of the working gas is assumed to be about 1000 SLM per minute, a length of the pipe length of the gas heating pipe 22 is preferably 0.8 m to 1.2 m.
(19) Further, it is preferable that the gas heating pipe 22 has a thickness of 0.5 mm to 3.0 mm. It is because when the thickness of the gas heating pipe 22 is less than 0.5 mm, the mechanical strength is reduced, and damage of visual property such as breakage or depression is liable to occur at the time of handling. It is because when the thickness of the gas heating pipe 22 is greater than 3.0 mm, the electric resistance decreases, and the amount of energization required to obtain a desired heat generation amount increases. In addition, it is because the mass of the gas heating pipe 22 is too large, making the handling difficult, and at the same time, a large cost is required for the power source for energization and the heating resistor itself, which is not preferable.
(20) Further, the inner diameter of the gas heating pipe 22 is preferably 3 mm to 16 mm, and more preferably 4 mm to 10 mm. For example, when the inner diameter of the throat portion, described later, of the cold spray gun is about 2 mm, the linear velocity of the working gas sprayed from the throat portion is approximately sonic velocity. Therefore, when the inner diameter of the gas heating pipe 22 is less than 3 mm, the linear velocity of the working gas flowing in an interior of the gas heating pipe 22 becomes a high speed of ¼ or more of the sonic velocity, so that the pressure loss becomes large. In this case, when the pressure in the compressed gas cylinder 2, which is a source of the working gas, is reduced, fluctuation of the linear velocity of the working gas flowing interior of the gas heating pipe 22 may appear. The fluctuations of the linear velocity of the working gas are not preferred because they have a large impact on the quality of the formed coating film. On the other hand, when the inner diameter of the gas heating pipe 22 exceeds 16 mm, the linear velocity of the working gas flowing in the interior of the gas heating pipe 22 becomes about 1/16 or lower as compared with the case where the inner diameter is 4 mm, so that there is no problem due to the pressure loss. However, the contact area between the gas heating pipe 22 and the working gas is reduced. Further, when the linear velocity is reduced, the thickness of the boundary film between the inner wall of the gas heating pipe 22 and the working gas is increased, and the heat transfer speed from the gas heating pipe 22 to the working gas is reduced. As a result, the heat transfer efficiency tends to be down, which is not preferable.
(21) Further, it is preferable that the number of turns in the coil shape is 3 to 10. It is because when the number of turns of the coil is smaller than 3, the coil diameter becomes large and it becomes difficult to arrange the coil in the existing chamber 21. On the other hand, when the number of turns of the coil shape exceeds 10, the coil diameter becomes small, but the pitch in the coil shape becomes narrow, so that the risk that adjacent pipe portions come into contact with each other is increased.
(22) The gas heating pipe 22 is connected to a working gas line 4 drawn out of the chamber 21 at the inlet side end 22A and through which a high-pressure working gas from the compressed gas cylinder 2 is supplied. The outlet side end 22B of the gas heating pipe 22 is opened in the chamber 21. In the present embodiment, it is preferable that the outlet side end 22B of the gas heating pipe 22 is open in the axial direction of the chamber 21 having a cylindrical shape toward an opposite side to a side where the cold spray nozzle 30 is provided. This is for uniformizing the pressure of the working gas sprayed from the gas heating pipe 22 in the chamber 21.
(23) In the present embodiment, the gas heating pipe 22 is arranged in the chamber 21 via the insulating part 23 to prevent short circuit in portions other than the inlet side end 22A and the outlet side end 22B, and only the outlet side end 22B of the gas heating pipe 22 is arranged so as to be in contact with any of the inner walls of the chamber 21. The insulating part 23 is not particularly limited as long as it is superior in insulation performance, heat-resistance performance and pressure-resistance performance, and, for example, ceramics or the like can be used.
(24) A voltage is applied from a power supply 24 between the inlet side end 22A of the gas heating pipe 22 drawn out to the outside of the chamber 21 and the conductive main body 20 that constructs the chamber 21 to which the outlet side end 22B is in contact, so that the gas heating pipe 22 causes resistance heating by being energized. Accordingly, the working gas passing through the interior is heated to a high temperature equal to or lower than the melting point or softening point of the raw material powder to be used by heat generation of the gas heating pipe 22, and the working gas contained in the chamber 21 in which the gas heating pipe 22 is disposed is also heated. In contrast to the case where a heater for heating the working gas is provided in the exterior, the gas heating pipe 22 is provided in the chamber 21 in which the working gas is contained, so that heat loss due to heat spreading can be greatly suppressed. The temperature and the working gas temperature of the gas heating pipe 22 can be controlled by a current flowing through the gas heating pipe 22.
(25) A chamber outlet 25 is formed on one surface 20A of the main body 20 of the cold spray gun 1 on which the gas heating pipe 22 is disposed, and a cold spray nozzle 30 communicating with the chamber 21 in the interior of the main body 20 is connected to the chamber outlet 25. A raw material powder feeding nozzle 26 connected to the raw material powder feeding line 15 described above is inserted into the other surface 20B of the main body 20 opposite to the one surface 20A to which the cold spray nozzle 30 is connected. The raw material powder feeding nozzle 26 is preferably inserted into the chamber 21 so as to be coaxial with the central axis of the cold spray nozzle 30 connected to the one surface 20A of the main body. A powder port 27 at the distal end of the raw material powder feeding nozzle 26 is opened in the vicinity of the chamber outlet 25 of the chamber 21. In this case, although the powder port 27 is formed to have a diameter smaller than that of the chamber outlet 25, it is preferable that the chamber outlet 25 is tapered toward the outlet. It is because such inconvenience that the raw material powder sprayed from the powder port 27 flows back into the chamber 21 and scatters in the chamber 21 can be suppressed.
(26) The cold spray nozzle 30 is equipped with a tapered portion 32 formed in a conical tapered shape formed from a nozzle inlet 31 at the distal end over an extending direction, a narrow throat portion 33 continuing to the tapered portion 32, and an expanded portion 34 formed in a conical shape extending from the throat portion 33 to a nozzle outlet 35 at the other end. In the present invention, the cold spray nozzle 30 may be an existing one, and a material, a shape, and the like are not particularly limited.
(27) With the construction described thus far, an operation of forming a coating film by using the cold spray apparatus C according to the present embodiment will be described. First, a high-pressure working gas is supplied into the gas heating pipe 22 from a compressed gas cylinder 2 serving as a high-pressure gas supply unit through a gas supply line 3 and a working gas line 4. The gas heating pipe 22 is disposed in the chamber 21 of the cold spray gun 1, and causes resistance heating by energization between the inlet side end 22A and the outlet side end 22B by the power supply 24. Depending on the size and material of the gas heating pipe 22, the volume in the chamber 21, the type and flow rate of the working gas, the target heating temperature, and the like, the gas heating pipe 22 may supply a direct current of, for example, 500 A, 30 V to 40 V.
(28) Therefore, the working gas flowing from the inlet side end 22A of the gas heating pipe 22 is heated to a high temperature equal to or lower than the melting point or the softening point of the raw material powder used for forming the coating film in the process of passing through the gas heating pipe 22, and is sprayed into the chamber 21 through the outlet side end 22B opened in the chamber 21.
(29) Since the chamber 21 has a specific volume, the linear velocity of the working gas sprayed into the chamber 21 is regulated to a constant value. In particular, since the outlet side end 22B of the gas heating pipe 22 is formed to open toward a side opposite to a connection side where the cold spray nozzle 30 corresponding to the outlet of the chamber 21 is located, it is possible to spray the gas from the chamber outlet 25 to the cold spray nozzle 30 in a state in which the linear velocity of the working gas flow is regulated to be constant without being greatly influenced by pressure fluctuations from the compressed gas cylinder 2 or by pipe vibrations.
(30) On the other hand, a high-pressure carrier gas is supplied to the raw material powder feeding device 6 from a compressed gas cylinder 2 as a high-pressure gas supply unit through a gas supply line 3 and a carrier gas line 5. The high-pressure carrier gas flows into the raw material powder feeding nozzle 26 provided on the cold spray gun 1 via the raw material powder feeding line 15 entraining a specific amount of raw material powder measured by the measure 14 in the raw material powder feeding device 6. The powder port 27 formed at the distal end of the raw material powder feeding nozzle 26 opens toward the cold spray nozzle 30 in the vicinity of the chamber outlet 25. Therefore, the carrier gas carrying the raw material powder is supplied to the high speed working gas flow in the vicinity of the chamber outlet 25.
(31) The high speed working gas flow carrying the raw material powder supplied from the powder port 27 passes through the throat portion 33 from the tapered portion 32 of the cold spray nozzle 30, becomes a supersonic flow, and is sprayed from a nozzle outlet 35 located at the distal end of the expanded portion 34 formed in a conical shape of an inverted tapered shape. The raw material powder sprayed from the cold spray nozzle 30 collides with the surface of a base material 40 in a solid state and accumulates to form a coating film 41.
(32) In the cold spray gun according to the present invention, since the gas heating pipe 22 through which the high-pressure working gas flows is arranged in the chamber 21 containing the high-pressure working gas, the pressure difference between the gas heating pipe 22 and the chamber 21 is reduced, and the load applied to the gas heating pipe 22 is reduced. Therefore, even if the pressure of the working gas in the gas heating pipe 22 is set to be high such as 5 MPa to 10 MPa, and the like, there is little fear of deformation or rupture of the gas heating pipe 22. Therefore, since the pressure difference between the interior and the exterior of the heating pipe is extremely low as compared with the method in the related art, it is possible to prevent the heating pipe from being destroyed even if the gas heating temperature is increased to a temperature for example, 1200° C., at which the yield stress of the material of the gas heating pipe is extremely low. For example, in the conventional heating method, when the temperature of the heater is set to 1000° C., the pressure difference between the interior and the exterior of the heating pipe is limited to about 5 MPa, but according to the present invention, the pressure difference between the inside and outside of the gas heating pipe can be set to about 0.5 MPa, so that the probability that the heating pipe is destroyed is eliminated even when the temperature of the gas heating pipe is increased to 1200° C. Therefore, according to the present invention, since the temperature of the working gas can be set to a higher temperature than that of the method of the related art, it is possible to realize a particle speed which is faster than the method of the related art by approximately 100 to 150 m/s. Therefore, it is possible to realize a coating film formation which is high in adhesion efficiency and which is more compact and more superior in mechanical performances.
(33) Further, since the gas heating pipe 22 is arranged in the chamber 21 containing the working gas at high temperature and high-pressure, heating is achieved also by heat spreading from the gas heating pipe 22, so that heat loss in the gas heating pipe 22 is reduced. Further, as described above, since the gas temperature of the gas heating pipe 22 can be set to be higher than that of the conventional gas heating pipe, it is possible to increase the linear velocity of the working gas. Therefore, the thickness of the boundary film between the inner wall of the gas heating pipe 22 and the working gas can be reduced, and the efficiency of heat transfer from the gas heating pipe 22 to the working gas flowing through the gas heating pipe 22 can be further improved. Therefore, the energy consumption can be greatly reduced compared to the case where an apparatus for heating the working gas is provided outside the chamber 21, and even when the heating temperature is the same as that of the conventional apparatus, it is possible to achieve compactness and lightweight of the entire apparatus.
(34) In the cold spray gun and the cold spray apparatus according to the present invention, since the gas heating pipe for heating the working gas is disposed in the chamber, the heating efficiency of the working gas is high, and the working gas can be set to a high pressure and a high temperature. Therefore, the raw material powder can be stably heated to a specific high temperature with an achievement of compactness and lightweight of the entire cold spray apparatus.