Marine energy storage unit and a method to prevent thermal runaway in a marine energy storage unit

Abstract

Marine energy storage unit with thermal runaway safety barriers to prevent cell temperature increase, said marine energy storage unit comprises at least one closed module cabinet (10) with a plurality of stacked battery cells (4) and an internal cooling system. The internal cooling system comprises an enclosed cabinet cooling circuit (3) with a water-to-air exchanger (20) for air cooling of the battery cells (4), and the water-to-air exchanger (20) is connected to a water-to-water heat exchanger (30) for receipt of water from an external source.

Claims

1. A marine energy storage unit with thermal runaway safety barriers to prevent cell temperature increase, said marine energy storage unit comprising: at least one closed module cabinet comprising a plurality of stacked lithium-ion battery cells, an internal cooling system, comprising a first safety barrier comprising an enclosed cabinet cooling circuit with a water-to-air exchanger for air cooling of the battery cells to prevent cell temperature increase, said water-to-air exchanger connected to a water-to-water heat exchanger for receipt of water from an external source, a second safety barrier with a cooling medium unit located in a fire suppression section, said cooling medium unit releasing cooling medium in the cabinet cooling circuit in response to cell or cabinet temperature increasing to thermal runaway, at a first temperature, a third safety barrier with a first gas unit located in the fire suppression section, said first gas unit releasing inert gas in the cabinet cooling circuit in response to cell or cabinet temperature continuing into thermal runaway, at a second temperature, and a fourth safety barrier with a second gas unit located in the fire suppression section, said second gas unit releasing inert gas in the cabinet cooling circuit in response to detection of gas and thermal runaway temperature at a third temperature, wherein the second temperature is greater than the first temperature and the third temperature is greater than the second temperature.

2. The marine energy storage unit according to claim 1, wherein the module cabinet comprises one or more temperature sensors connected to at least one cooling medium unit and/or at least one gas unit.

3. The marine energy storage unit according to claim 1, wherein the module cabinet comprises an fifth additional safety barrier, said barrier being an extraction fan starting if a lower explosion limit is reached.

4. The marine energy storage unit according to claim 1, wherein the module cabinet comprises an sixth additional safety barrier, said barrier being a water mist system being released in case of thermal runaway.

5. The marine energy storage unit according to claim 1, wherein the water-to-water heat exchanger is connected to a circulation pump circulating water, wherein the water received from the external source is temperature regulated in the water-to-water heat exchanger.

6. The marine energy storage unit according to claim 1, wherein the water-to-air exchanger comprises a fan directing cooling air to the battery cells.

7. The marine energy storage unit according to claim 1, wherein several module cabinets are connected in series forming a string.

Description

DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

(1) Embodiments of the present invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the following figures, wherein:

(2) FIG. 1 shows a first embodiment of a modular cabinet according to the invention.

(3) FIG. 2 shows the modular cabinet connected to an external cooling system.

(4) FIG. 3 shows an internal cooling system of the modular cabinet.

(5) FIG. 4 shows a second embodiment of a modular cabinet according to the invention.

DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION

(6) A marine energy storage unit according to the invention may comprise several modular cabinets 10 as shown in FIGS. 1, 2 and 4. The modular cabinets 10 can be connected in series forming a string. Each string may have an independent electrical connection to the DC-link.

(7) The invention will however in the following be described in relation to a marine energy storing unit with one modular cabinet 10. Reference number 10 is given to the embodiment shown in both FIGS. 1 and 4.

(8) The modular cabinet 10 has as main features: a control section 1, a fire suppression section 2, an internal cooling circuit 3, a string section with stacked battery cells 4, a thermal runaway piping interface 5, an inlet air valve 6 and a water cooling interface 7. The battery cells 4 are preferable lithium-ion batteries.

(9) The lithium-ion battery cells 4 can be stacked in the module cabinet 10 with for instance two cells in parallel and the rest in series.

(10) The marine energy storage unit is thus a module based cabinet design. Each modular cabinet 10 comprises control, fire suppression, cooling and several string sections. The modular cabinet 10 is designed to be IP isolated from the room environment. The cabinet may have an IP 54 enclosure, or other IP enclosures dependent on requirements, and will not need to use air from the room to cool the battery cells 4. The external cooling interface is preferable fresh-water or sea water. The cabinet 10 is connected to an external water-to-water exchanger 30, and the cabinet 10 has an internal heat exchanger 20 with water-to-air conversion and an internal ducting system 24. The external water-to-water exchanger 30 and the internal heat exchanger 20 are interconnected in the water cooling interface 7.

(11) In addition, the cabinet 10 has an internal fire suppression system to prevent explosion, fire and battery module propagation in case of a thermal runaway event in a battery module 4. The interfaces required for the cabinet design is external cooling water, received from the water-to-water exchanger 30 at for instance 6-17° C., gas extraction ventilation, electrical DC main power, auxiliary power supply and control interface 1.

(12) Each modular cabinet 10 in the marine energy storage unit can have several thermal runaway safety barriers to prevent battery cell temperature increase. A possible first safety barrier is the cabinet cooling design, which is based on the internal and enclosed cooling circuit 3. Hence, cooling of the room environment may not be required. The internal cooling circuit 3 will keep the battery cells 4 in the cabinet string module at for instance 23° C.+/−5° C. if the ambient air temperature is maximum 45° C. and the cooling water is for instance 6-17° C.

(13) The internal cooling circuit 3 is shown in more detail in FIGS. 1, 3 and 4, and comprises the water-to-air exchanger 20 receiving water via the water interface 7 in a line L2.sub.1. Used water from the water-to-air exchanger 20 exits via a line L3.sub.1 to the water interface 7. Air Ac passing the water-to-air exchanger 20 is cooled and is directed to pass the battery cells 4 by one or more fans 22, as shown by the arrows in FIG. 3.

(14) In order to supply water of optimal temperature to the water-to-air exchanger 20 in the cabinet 10, the external water-to-water heat exchanger 30 is connected to the water interface 7. The external water-to-water heat exchanger 30 receives water from an external source, such as sea or fresh water, via a line L1, to the water-to-water heat exchanger 30, and further to the water interface 7 of the cabinet 10. The external water may have a temperature of for instance 0-32° C., but the water to the water-to-air exchanger 20 in the cooling circuit 3 can be maintained at for instance a temperature range of 6-17° C., after being cooled, or heated, in the water-to-water heat exchanger 30.

(15) FIG. 2 shows the external water supply system connected to the cabinet 10. The water can be pumped using one or two circulation pumps 32. A pressure tank 34 and valve 36 may also be incorporated in the system. Water from the water-to-air exchanger 20 exits the water interface 7 via a line L3 to the valve and can flow to the line L2 via the valve 36 or to the water-to-water heat exchanger 30, in where it can be cooled again or released externally.

(16) As mentioned, each modular cabinet 10 in the marine energy storage unit has several thermal runaway safety barriers. Some of the barriers are optional depending on the technology put into the energy storage unit. How many barriers that needs to be used and the activation sequence of the safety barriers is dependent on the battery cell and battery modules used/placed inside the energy storage unit.

(17) For thermal detection can one or more temperature sensors T, T1 be mounted inside the battery module, and also in the air-inlet and outlet on the battery module or cabinet 10.

(18) In case a first safety barrier fails and cell or cabinet temperature increases to thermal runaway, a cooling medium can be released in the cabinet cooling circuit 3. This is an additional and possible second safety barrier. Releasing cooling medium (for instance gas or water-mist) will reverse the thermal runaway so that no gas release or fire occur. In FIG. 1, cooling medium in the form of gas can be released from a cooling medium unit 2a in the fire suppression section 2. In FIG. 4, cooling medium in the form of water mist can be released from a cooling medium unit 40 in the fire suppression section 2. Alternatively the cooling medium can be released from an external cooling medium unit.

(19) As an additional and possible third safety barrier, in case of cell or cabinet temperature continues into thermal runaway, additional gas or cooling medium can released and circulated in the cooling circuit 3. If thermal runaway cells ventilates there is no explosion and fire atmosphere due to the gas or cooling medium. In FIG. 1, the gas, for instance inert gas, or cooling medium can be supplied from the gas or cooling unit 2b located in the fire suppression section 2. In FIG. 4, the cooling medium in the form of water mist can be supplied from the cooling medium unit 40 located in the fire suppression section 2. Alternatively the gas and cooling medium can be released from an external cooling medium unit.

(20) In case of undetected thermal runaway temperature, as an additional and possible fourth safety barrier, additional gas or cooling medium can be released based on gas detection (hydrogen) so that there is no explosion and fire atmosphere due to the fire suppression medium. The additional gas, for instance inert gas, or cooling medium can be released from a second gas or cooling unit 2c, alternatively the gas and cooling medium can be released from an external cooling medium unit, and gas detections sensors G, G1 can be installed in the cabinet 10, possibly within the closed cooling circuit 3.

(21) To increase safety even more the cabinet 10 can be equipped with an additional and possible fifth safety barrier to prevent explosion. In case the previous barriers fails and lower explosion limit is reached, all non ex-rated equipment can be disconnected, hence removing ignition sources. An Ex-rated extraction fan 12 can be overridden and manually stared or start automatically. Gas is diluted to no explosive limits and transported to open air or safe location.

(22) As an additional and possible sixth safety barrier the cabinet can include a water-mist system 14, which can be similar to or same as the water mist system disclosed in relation to FIG. 4. In case failure in multiple safety barriers a high fog water mist system can manually or automatically be released into the cabinet 10 preventing propagation in case of a thermal-runaway. The automatically arranged release can be based on temperature and or gas detection in the cabinet.

(23) The cabinet 10 may also comprise leakage and/or humidity sensors D, D1. All sensors, i.e. temperature sensors T, T1, leakage/humidity sensors D, D1 and gas sensors G, G1, are connected to the control section 1.

(24) FIG. 4 shows a second embodiment of a modular cabinet 10 according to the invention. The main difference between the embodiment in FIG. 1 and FIG. 4 is that the units 2a, 2b, 2c, which can be pressurized containers, have been omitted and replaced by a water mist system.

(25) The fire suppression section 2 of the second embodiment shown in FIG. 4 comprises the cooling medium unit 40, in the form of the water mist system, connected to the control section 1. The cooling medium unit 40 comprises a water mist system having a water inlet 42 for supply of water to a container or tank 44. The tank 44 has several level switches LS.

(26) The tank 44 further has a water outlet 46 connected to a pump 50, said pump being controlled by the control section 1. Upon activation of the pump 50, pressurized water is sent to one or more water mist outlet 52 for distribution of water mist in the air circulating in the cabinet cooling circuit 3. The water mist system will typically be activated in case of temperature increase, but may be activated based on other parameters, as mentioned previously.