Reformed battery grids

Abstract

A method of making a grid for a battery plate of a lead-acid battery. A substantially planar web is manufactured to include a plurality of spaced apart and interconnected wire segments, which at least partially define substantially planar surfaces, have a plurality of transverse lands, and interconnect at a plurality of nodes to define a plurality of open spaces between the wire segments. The web is reformed to change the cross-sectional shape of the wire segments. Other aspects may include simultaneously reducing the thickness of at least a portion of the web while reshaping the wire segments, and/or providing a controlled surface roughness on at least one of the surfaces of the web to increase surface area of the grid and thereby promote adhesion of an electrochemically active material to the grid.

Claims

1. A battery grid comprising: an integral lead alloy grid having a generally planar face, a plurality of spaced-apart wire segments interconnected at nodes, and a plurality of open spaces between the wire segments; at least some of the wire segments each having a least two land surfaces each inclined at an angle which is neither perpendicular nor parallel to the generally planar face of the grid; at least some of the inclined land surfaces of at least some of the wire segments have directly thereon a surface roughness of their lead alloy having a non-random distribution and a size of about 100 micro inches Ra to 900 micro inches Ra to promote adhered directly thereon subsequently applied and cured battery paste to such wire segments of the grid.

2. The battery grid of claim 1 wherein at least some of the wire segment each have at least four inclined land surfaces having directly thereon the surface roughness having the non-random distribution and the size of about 100 micro inches Ra to 900 micro inches Ra.

3. The battery grid of claim 1 further comprising at least some of the wire segments each having at least one surface generally parallel to the generally planar face of the grid and with directly thereon a surface roughness having a non-random distribution and a size of about 100 micro inches Ra to 900 micro inches Ra.

4. The battery grid of claim 1 further comprising at least some of the wire segments with the inclined land surfaces having been cold worked with a reduction in their thickness just prior to being cold worked by a factor of 1.2:1 to 2:1 thereby increasing their tensile strength and decreasing their grain size.

5. The battery grid of claim 1 further comprising at least some of the wire segments with the inclined land surfaces having been cold worked with a reduction in their thickness just prior to being cold worked by a factor of 1.2:1 to 1.5:1 thereby increasing their tensile strength and decreasing their grain structure.

6. The battery grid of claim 1 wherein the size of the surface roughness is in the range of about 200 micro inches Ra to 900 micro inches Ra.

7. The battery grid of claim 1 wherein the size of the surface roughness is in the range of about 200 micro inches Ra to 600 micro inches Ra.

8. The battery grid of claim 1 further comprising at least one integral frame segment and with the grid having been cold worked with a reduction in its thickness just before being cold worked by a factor of 1.2:1 to 2:1 thereby increasing the tensile strength and decreasing the grain structure of such at least one frame segment.

9. The battery grid of claim 1 further comprising at least one integral frame segment and at least some of the wire segments with inclined land surfaces both having been cold worked with the degree of reduction in thickness of the at least one frame segment being different than the degree of reduction in thickness of the at least some of the wire segments having inclined land surfaces which are reduced in their thickness just prior to being cold worked by a factor of about 1.2:1 to 2:1 thereby increasing their tensile strength and decreasing their grain structure.

10. The battery grid of claim 1 further comprising an electrochemically active paste adhered directly to the inclined land surfaces of the wire segments having the surface roughness and cured to form a battery plate.

11. The battery grid of claim 2 further comprising an electrochemically active paste adhered directly to the inclined land surfaces of the wire segments having the surface roughness and cured to form a battery plate.

12. A battery grid comprising: an integral lead alloy grid having a generally planar face, a plurality of spaced-apart wire segments interconnected at nodes, and a plurality of open spaces between the wire segments; at least some of the wire segments each having a least four land surfaces each inclined at an angle which is neither perpendicular nor parallel to the generally planar face of the grid; at least some of the four inclined land surfaces of at least some of the wire segments have directly thereon a surface roughness having a non-random distribution and a size of about 100 micro inches Ra to 900 micro inches Ra to promote adhered directly thereon subsequently applied and cured battery paste to such wire segments of the grid.

13. The battery grid of claim 12 further comprising at least some of the wire segments each having at least one surface generally parallel to the generally planar face of the grid and directly thereon a surface roughness having a non-random distribution and a size of about 100 micro inches Ra to 900 micro inches Ra.

14. The battery grid of claim 12 further comprising at least some of the wire segments with the inclined land surfaces having been cold worked with a reduction in their thickness just prior to being cold worked by a factor of 1.2:1 to 2:1 thereby increasing their tensile strength and decreasing their grain structure.

15. The battery grid of claim 12 further comprising at least one integral frame segment of the grid having been cold worked with a reduction in its thickness just prior to being cold worked by a factor of 1.2:1 to 2:1 thereby increasing the tensile strength and decreasing the grain structure of such at least one frame segment.

16. The battery grid of claim 12 further comprising at least one integral frame segment of the grid and at least some of the wire segments with inclined land surfaces both having been cold worked by a reduction in thickness of the at least one frame segment being different than the reduction in thickness of wire segments having inclined land surfaces which wire segments have been reduced in their thickness just before being cold worked by a factor of about 1.2:1 to 2:1 thereby increasing their tensile strength and decreasing their grain structure.

17. The battery grid of claim 12 further comprising an electrochemically active paste adhered directly to the inclined land surfaces of the wire segments having the surface roughness and cured to form a battery plate.

18. The battery grid of claim 1 further comprising at least some of the wire segments with the inclined land surfaces having been cold worked with a reduction in their as cast thickness just prior to being cold worked by a factor of 1.2:1 to 2:1 thereby increasing their as cast tensile strength and decreasing their as cast grain size.

19. The battery grid of claim 1 further comprising at least some of the wire segments with the inclined land surfaces having been cold worked with a reduction in their as cast thickness just prior to being cold worked by a factor of 1.2:1 to 1.5:1 thereby increasing their as cast tensile strength and decreasing their as cast grain structure.

20. The battery grid of claim 1 further comprising at least one integral frame segment having been cold worked with a reduction in its as cast thickness just before being cold worked by a factor of 1.2:1 to 2:1 thereby increasing the as cast tensile strength and decreasing the as cast grain structure of such at least one frame segment.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) These and other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will be apparent from the following detailed description of exemplary embodiments and best mode, appended claims, and accompanying drawings in which:

(2) FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a lead-acid battery with a portion broken away and in section;

(3) FIG. 2 is a plan view of one exemplary form of a reshaped and textured battery grid used in a lead-acid battery;

(4) FIG. 3 is a fragmentary sectional view of the battery grid taken generally along line 3-3 in FIG. 2 and showing a first exemplary form of surface texturing;

(5) FIG. 3A is an enlarged view of a portion of the battery grid of FIG. 3 showing surface texturing;

(6) FIG. 3B is an enlarged view of a portion of the battery grid of FIG. 3 showing surface texturing;

(7) FIG. 4 is a fragmentary sectional view of the battery grid taken generally along line 4-4 in FIG. 2 and showing another exemplary form of surface texturing;

(8) FIG. 4A is an enlarged view of a portion of the battery grid of FIG. 4 showing surface texturing;

(9) FIG. 4B is an enlarged view of a portion of the battery grid of FIG. 4 showing surface texturing;

(10) FIGS. 5 and 6 are fragmentary sectional views of a third exemplary form of surface texturing and reshaping of a battery grid;

(11) FIGS. 7 and 8 are fragmentary sectional views of a fourth exemplary form of surface texturing and reshaping of a battery grid;

(12) FIGS. 9 through 12 illustrate cross sections of several different exemplary battery grid wire segments;

(13) FIG. 13 illustrates exemplary continuous casting and reforming process equipment for producing battery grids;

(14) FIG. 14 illustrates an exemplary battery grid strip;

(15) FIG. 15 illustrates another exemplary battery grid strip;

(16) FIG. 16 illustrates an exemplary battery grid strip driving machine of the equipment of FIG. 13;

(17) FIG. 17 is a micrograph of a surface of a battery grid wire segment that has been die punched;

(18) FIG. 18 is a micrograph of the surface of the battery grid wire segment of FIG. 17, after surface texturing has been applied; and

(19) FIG. 19 illustrates a cross-sectional view of an exemplary prior art battery grid wire segment from a continuous casting process.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

(20) Referring in more detail to the drawings, FIG. 1 illustrates a lead-acid battery 10 with a housing 12 having a case 14 and a top cover 16 both constructed from a plastic material such as polypropylene. The case 14 has a plurality of integrally molded battery cell dividers 18 forming a plurality of battery cell wells 20 within the housing 12.

(21) A battery cell 22 is disposed within each of the wells 20 between the dividers 18 and has a set or book of interleaved positive plates 24 and negative plates 26, and a separator 28 disposed between each plate of different polarity to prevent them from touching and producing a short circuit within the cell 22. A positive plate strap 30 of lead and a negative plate strap 32 of lead electrically connect together the associated positive and negative plates 24, 26 of each cell 22 across the top of the plates.

(22) To connect the individual cells 22 together in series, an intercell connector 34 of lead is disposed between and welded to the positive plate strap 30 and adjoining negative plate strap 32 of adjoining cells 22 in series. A positive terminal post 36 of lead is connected to the positive plate strap 30 of the first cell and a negative terminal post 38 of lead is connected to the negative plate strap 32 of the last cell. Each post 36, 38 projects through the cover 16 and is sealed to the cover and welded to its associated strap 30, 32. A dilute sulfuric acid solution fills the majority of the remaining space within each well 20 and is the electrolyte for chemical reactions which take place within each battery cell 22.

(23) As noted above, each set or book of battery plates 24, 26 preferably includes a plurality of positive plates 24 and a plurality of negative plates 26. Each of the positive and negative plates 24, 26 includes a battery grid 40 covered and preferably embedded in an electrochemically active material that is usually applied to the grids 40 in the form of a paste. Each grid 40 may include a substantially planar web including a frame 42 and a plurality of lead wire segments 42 that may be encompassed by the frame 42 with at least some of the wire segments 42 intersecting each other at nodes 43 and defining open spaces 44 between adjacent wire segments 42. The grids 40 are preferably generally flat and planar, and have a first substantially planar surface 46 and an opposed substantially planar surface 48 (FIG. 3). The battery grid 40 may be of any suitable composition, for example lead, calcium, tin, and silver.

(24) In an exemplary form of the battery grid 40 shown in FIG. 2, the wire segments 42 may be defined by a plurality of generally horizontal or longitudinally extending lead wire segments 50, and a plurality of generally vertical lead wire segments 52 intersecting and joined with the horizontal wire segments 50. Similarly, the frame 42 may be defined by generally horizontal or longitudinally extending frame segments 50 and generally vertical frame segments 52. The horizontal wire segments 50 are spaced apart from each other, and the vertical wire segments 52 are likewise spaced apart from each other defining a generally reticulated framework.

(25) The wire segments 50, 52 and frame segments 50, 52 may be of any desired shape, orientation, spacing, and the like. For example, the vertical wire segments 52 may instead zigzag so they are not perpendicular to the horizontal wire segments 50 such that the open spaces 44 are parallelograms. As a further example, any of the horizontal or vertical wire segments 50, 52 can be angled or curved, and the open spaces 44 may have any shape. Also, the wire segments 42 may define planar surfaces that are substantially parallel and flush with respect to corresponding planar surfaces of the frame segments 42 to define coplanar surfaces 46, 48 on opposite sides of the grid 40, as illustrated in FIG. 3. Instead, the wire segments 42 may define planar surfaces that are recessed from corresponding planar surfaces of the frame segments 42, as illustrated in FIG. 4.

(26) The grid 40 may be manufactured by various processes including, by way of example and without limitation, continuous casting of a grid strip and then rolling the grid strip, or continuous casting of a solid strip and then rolling the solid strip followed either by a punching operation or a piercing and pulling operation to define a grid. Exemplary grid and plate manufacturing processes and tooling are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,895,644, 4,606,383, 4,349,067, and 4,079,911 of the assignee hereof, the disclosures of all of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.

(27) To improve adhesion between the grid 40 and the active material paste, the grid 40 may be reformed and controlled surface texturing may be provided on one or more of the surfaces of the grid according to a desired surface roughness before the paste is applied. The controlled surface texturing may be provided according to a substantially uniform size and distribution over the grid and not according to random size and distribution. As used herein, the term adhesion includes the tendency for matter to cling to other matter, due to mechanical, chemical, and/or intermolecular forces. As used herein, the terminology surface roughness includes the relatively closely-spaced or small-scale unevenness of a surface, in contrast to relatively larger-scale variations or waviness that may be part of the geometry of the surface. Surface roughness may include a measure of pits and projections that may be measured by, for example, a profilometer or the like.

(28) Exemplary surface roughness parameters may include Ra (Roughness Average, i.e. absolute value of surface height averaged over the surface), Rq (Root Mean Square (RMS) Roughness), Rv (Maximum Profile Valley Depth), Rp (Maximum Profile Peak Height), Rt or Rmax (Maximum Peak to Valley Height of the Profile, Rv+Rp), Sm (Mean Peak Spacing), or the like. Exemplary surface roughness value ranges may include about 100 microinches to about 900 microinches Ra and, more particularly about 200 microinches to about 600 microinches Ra, for desired paste adhesion. Additionally, the grids may include a variety of different sizes, distribution, and types of surface roughness for better adhesion of paste thereto.

(29) The surface roughness may be provided in any suitable manner. In a first example, the surface roughness may be applied indirectly to a grid via tooling used to initially form the grid such as a continuous casting mold. In a second example, the surface roughness may be applied indirectly to a grid via tooling that also may be used to finish form the grid including any reforming tooling downstream of a continuous casting mold, such as rolling or stamping dies.

(30) Surface roughness on grids may be created by surface texturing applied to continuous casting molds. For instance, such molds may be subjected to material removal or material additive processes to provide the surface texturing to produce controlled surface roughness on the grids.

(31) Any suitable material removal processes may be used and may include, for example, metal cutting, electrochemical machining, electron-beam machining, laser-beam machining, plasma-beam machining, photochemical etching, and, preferably, electro-discharge-machining (EDM). EDM is a metal-removal process by which materials that conduct electricity can be removed by an electric spark, which is a transient electric discharge through a space between a cathodic tool and an anodic workpiece. In addition, the material removal process may include shot blasting or peening, wherein surfaces of a continuous casting mold can be roughened by bombarding the surfaces with any suitable type of shot. The shot may include any suitable material, such as lead oxide (PbO2), sand, small metal or glass balls, granules of silicon carbide, or the like.

(32) Any suitable material additive processes may be used and may include, for example, electro-deposition of metallic materials to alter existing surface properties of a workpiece, chemical vapor deposition, physical vapor deposition such as evaporation or sputtering deposition.

(33) Surface roughness on grids may be created by surface texturing applied to any suitable tooling used downstream of a casting operation. For example, surface texturing may be applied to one or more stamping or punching dies or tools. Surface texturing may be applied to such tooling using any of the aforementioned metal removal or metal deposition techniques described above with respect to the continuous casting molds. In either case, stamping dies additionally may be designed and manufactured to produce wire segments having angled transverse lands, as shown in FIGS. 3 through 11.

(34) Referring now to FIGS. 3 through 4B, in addition to the wire segments 42, the grid 40 includes the generally opposed planar surfaces 46, 48 and any of a number of angled transverse lands 54 therebetween. The wire segments 42 may also be at least partially defined by the planar surfaces 53 and transverse lands 55. FIGS. 3 through 4B also illustrate use of a reforming die 90 on the grid 40. The reforming die 90 may be used to reform at least portions of the grid 40 or web to simultaneously reduce the thickness of at least portions of the grid 40 or web and change the cross-sectional shape of at least some of the wire segments 42.

(35) More specifically, the reforming die 90 may include angled surfaces 92 to form the angled transverse lands 54 on the wire segments 42. As one example, the reforming die 90 may produce a generally octagonal transverse cross-sectional shape of the wire segments 42 including substantially opposed angled transverse lands 54. The reforming die 90 may also include flat surfaces 91 to form flat surfaces elsewhere on the grid 40 such as at the nodes 43 (FIG. 2), the lug, and/or the frame portion around the wire segment network. Accordingly, the entire grid 40 or portions thereof may be cold worked by reductions in thickness. Of course, opposed reforming dies 90 may be used on opposite sides of the grid 24 to produce the substantially opposed planar surfaces 53 and transverse lands 54, 55.

(36) For example, the continuous cast grid wire segment W shown in FIG. 19 may be reformed, in an enclosed die under pressure, from its as-cast keystone shape (in transverse cross-section) to any of the wire segment sectional shapes shown in FIGS. 3 through 12. In another example, the grid 40 may instead be punched or pierced-and-pulled according to an expanded metal process and then reformed to any of the shapes shown in FIGS. 3 through 12.

(37) In other words, any suitable forming or reforming tooling may include angled surfaces corresponding to the desired angled surfaces of the grid 40. In contrast to conventional straight-sided wire segments, the angled shape of these wire segments 42 provides increased surface area exposed to the open spaces of the grid 40 for better adhesion of the paste, and better resistance to any tendency of paste to fall out of the open spaces. As used herein, forming processes include stamping and rolling processes, and forming or reforming tooling include stamping and rolling dies. Also as used herein, stamping processes include punching processes, and stamping dies include punching dies.

(38) The exemplary reforming die 90 may include the flat surfaces 91 and the angled surfaces 92 with surface texturing to provide controlled surface roughness on the grid 40. Accordingly, the planar surfaces 46, 48 and/or the transverse lands 54 may be provided with the controlled surface roughness. As shown in FIGS. 3A and 3B, the surface roughness may be provided as projections 56. In contrast, FIGS. 4 through 4B illustrate an alternative configuration wherein the surface roughness is provided as pits or indentations 58. In another alternative configuration, the surface roughness may be provided as a combination of pits and projections.

(39) FIGS. 5 and 6 illustrate another exemplary form of a grid 140 and use of a reforming die 190 having flat surfaces 191 and angled surfaces 192. The reforming die 190 may be surface textured such that the flat surfaces 191 may provide controlled surface roughness on planar surfaces 146, 148, of a grid 140, and such that the angled surfaces 192 may provide controlled surface roughness on angled transverse lands 154 of wire segments 142 of the grid 140. The angled surfaces 192 may also define the shape of the angled transverse lands 154 to produce a generally diamond shape in transverse cross section. The wire segments 142 may also be at least partially defined by planar surfaces 153 and transverse lands 155.

(40) FIGS. 7 and 8 illustrate another exemplary form of a grid 240, which may be continuously cast and further processed by a reforming die 290 having flat surfaces and angled surfaces 292. In contrast to the forms of FIGS. 3 through 6, here the reforming die 290 may not significantly reform the geometry of the as-cast wire segments. But, the reforming die 290 preferably reduces the thickness in accordance with the teachings herein. The reforming die 290 may be surface textured such that the flat surfaces may provide controlled surface roughness on planar surfaces 246, 248 of a grid 240, and such that the angled surfaces 292 may provide controlled surface roughness on angled transverse lands 254 of wire segments 242 of the grid 240. The angled surfaces 292 may also generally conform to or slightly refine the shape of the angled transverse lands 254 to produce a generally trapezoidal shape in transverse cross section. The wire segments 242 may also be at least partially defined by planar surfaces 253 and transverse lands 255.

(41) FIG. 9 illustrates another exemplary form of a portion of a grid 340 having wire segments 342 of a particularly preferred cross-sectional shape, size, and dimensional proportions. Those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the dimensional proportions may be calculated from the exemplary sizes described below. An exemplary overall width of each wire segment 342 may be about 0.045-0.050 inches and an exemplary overall height may be about 0.025-0.045 inches. More particularly, the exemplary width and height may be about 0.047 inches and about 0.035 inches respectively. An exemplary width of planar surfaces 353 may be about 0.015-0.020 inches, and an exemplary height of transverse lands 355 may be about 0.003-0.007 inches. More specifically, the exemplary width and height of the lands may be about 0.017 inches and 0.005 inches respectively. Exemplary widths and heights of angled transverse lands 354 may be about 0.015 inches. An exemplary cross-sectional surface area of the wire segments 342 may be about 0.0009-0.0016 square inches and, more specifically, about 0.001200 square inches. Also, the segments 342 may envelop a thickness and common wire diameter D of between about 0.025-0.045 inches and, more particularly, about 0.035 inches.

(42) FIG. 10 illustrates another exemplary form of a portion of a grid 440 having a wire segment 442 of a particularly preferred cross-sectional shape, size, and dimensional proportions. An exemplary overall width of each segment 442 may be about 0.048-0.054 inches and an exemplary overall height may be about 0.025-0.045 inches. More particularly, the exemplary width and height may be about 0.051 inches and about 0.035 inches respectively. An exemplary width of planar surfaces 453 may be about 0.010-0.014 inches, and an exemplary height of transverse lands 455 may be about 0.003-0.007 inches. More specifically, the exemplary width and height of the lands may be about 0.012 inches and 0.005 inches respectively. Exemplary widths and heights of angled transverse lands 454 may be about 0.015-0.020 inches. An exemplary cross-sectional surface area of the wire segments 442 may be about 0.0009-0.0016 square inches and, more specifically, about 0.001200 square inches. Also, the segment 442 may have a thickness and envelop a common wire diameter D of between about 0.025-0.045 inches and, more particularly, about 0.035 inches.

(43) FIG. 11 illustrates another exemplary form of a portion of a grid 540 having a wire segment 542 of a particularly preferred cross-sectional shape, size, and dimensional proportions. FIG. 11 also illustrates in phantom lines a raw wire segment W as-cast and which may be reformed into the shape of the finished wire segment 542. The raw wire segment W may be trapezoidal in cross-sectional shape with an overall thickness or height of about 0.051 inches and an overall width of about 0.038 inches for a cross-sectional area of about 0.001224 square inches. An exemplary overall width of the reformed segment 542 may be about 0.048-0.054 inches and an exemplary overall height may be about 0.025-0.045 inches. More particularly, the exemplary width and height may be about 0.051 inches and about 0.035 inches respectively. An exemplary width of planar surfaces 553 of the segment 542 may be about 0.008-0.012 inches, and an exemplary height of transverse lands 555 of the segment 542 may be about 0.003-0.007 inches. More specifically, the exemplary width and height of the lands may be about 0.010 inches and 0.005 inches respectively. Exemplary widths and heights of angled transverse lands 554 may be about 0.015-0.021 inches. An exemplary cross-sectional surface area of the wire segment 542 may be about 0.0009-0.0016 square inches and, more specifically, about 0.001225 square inches. Also, the segment 542 may have a thickness and envelop a common wire diameter of between about 0.025-0.045 inches and, more particularly, about 0.0342 inches.

(44) FIG. 12 illustrates another exemplary form of a portion of a grid 640 having a wire segment 642 of a particularly preferred cross-sectional shape that is substantially similar to the wire segment 542 of FIG. 11. This wire segment 642, however, also includes planar lands 657 extending between transverse lands 655 and angled transverse lands 654. The planar lands 657 may be beneficial in providing additional surface area to retain electrochemical paste.

(45) FIG. 13 illustrates a layout of an exemplary continuous battery grid production system 60. The system 60 includes a continuous casting machine 62 to continuously cast a strip 64 of battery grids, a strip driving machine 66 to receive the as-cast strip 64 from the upstream casting machine 62, stretch the as-cast strip 64, and convey the as-cast strip 64 downstream. As the strip 64 of battery grids is continuously cast from the casting machine 62, the strip driving machine 66 may pull the strip 64 through a water quench tank of the casting machine 62. The system 60 also includes a continuous grid reforming machine 68 to receive the strip 64 from the upstream driving machine 66 and reform grids of the strip 64, and a strip take-up machine 70 to receive a now reformed grid strip 65 from the reforming machine 68. The system 60 may further include any other suitable equipment and processes upstream, downstream, or in between the aforementioned machines.

(46) FIGS. 14 and 15 illustrate exemplary grid strips 164, 264. FIG. 14 shows the first exemplary strip 164, which may be continuously cast with a generally solid and continuous section 194 of lead on each side of opposed grids 196 inclusive of lugs 198. The solid sections 194 are sacrificial strips of lead that are cast integrally with the wire segments to provide rigidity and resistance to stretching to enable better control of the length and further processing of the strip 164, and/or individual grids 196 which are relatively thin and light. Similarly, FIG. 15 illustrates the second exemplary strip 264, which may be continuously cast with laterally opposed solid sections 294, and a central solid section 294 of lead generally between opposed grids 296 inclusive of lugs 298.

(47) The solid sections 194, 294, 294 may include cast locating holes 195, 295, 295 as a reference in stretching the strips 164, 264, and/or for use in locating the strips 164, 264 and/or grids 196, 296 in the reforming tooling, which may include cutting or punching tooling features to cut off the solid sections 194, 294, 294 and/or to define the lugs 198, 298. By design, the size and location of the cast locating holes 195, 295, 295 are closely referenced or tied to the size and location of wire segments 142, 242 and frame segments 142, 242 of the respective grids 196, 198. Accordingly, any increase in distance between locating holes 195, 295 of adjacent grids (in the longitudinal direction of the strips) is indicative of stretching of the grids.

(48) The strips 164, 264 may be continuously cast such that the individual grids 196, 296 are initially slightly shorter in length in the direction of the strips than a desired stretched length after the grids 196, 296 have been stretched by the strip driving machine 66. For example, the initial length of the grids out of the continuous casting machine 62 may be about 0.25% to about 2% shorter than the desired stretched length out of the strip driving machine 66.

(49) Referring now to FIG. 16, the strip driving machine 66 drives the strip, and also controls the length of the individual grids to ensure proper registration of the tooling of the grid reforming machine 66 with respect to the grids. More specifically, the strip driving machine 66 may measure the length and/or speed of the as-cast strip 64 and adjusts the speed and/or torque of the drive rollers 72 to control the length of individual grids constituting the strip 64. To this end, the strip driving machine 66 may include a set of drive rollers 72, which may be driven by any suitable variable speed and/or torque drive 74. The machine 66 may further include a roller 76 of a given diameter that is rotated by the moving strip 64 and coupled to an encoder 78 to measure the length and/or speed of the strip 64. Also, the machine 66 may include a light sensor 80 through which the strip 64 passes, wherein a light beam of the light sensor 80 is interrupted by portions of the grids such as the lugs or is allowed to pass through open portions of the grids such as the locating holes.

(50) A controller (not shown) of the machine 66 may be suitable coupled to the roller encoder 78 and light sensor 80, and to the drive 74 for the drive rollers 72. The controller may include any suitable processor(s), memory, interfaces, and software to monitor input signals from the roller encoder 78 and light sensor 80, process the input(s), and produce output signals to the drive 74 to control the speed and/or torque of the drive rollers 72 and thereby control the lengths of the grids on a grid-to-grid basis to a desired dimension within a desired tolerance. Any other suitable approach to stretching the grids may be used such as manually adjusting the length of the grids using a slip clutch device (not shown) coupled to the drive rollers 72 or other similar device to increase or decrease tension in the strip.

(51) Referring again to FIG. 13, the reforming machine 68 includes the reforming tooling 90, 190, 290, and entrance and exit feed rollers 82, 84 upstream and downstream of the tooling 90, 190, 290 to pass the strip 64, 65 through the machine 68. The tooling 90, 190, 290 may locate on any suitable feature(s), such as the locating holes or the lugs, of the individual grids and compress at least some of the grid wires and frames of the grids to reduce the thicknesses, reform the cross-sectional shapes, and/or texture the surfaces thereof.

(52) In one implementation, upon initially feeding a grid strip into the machine 68 an operator may manually align the locating holes of the grid strip to corresponding locating holes in lower portions of the tooling 90, 190, 290. Then the tooling 90, 190, 290 may be jogged such that locating pins of upper portions of the tooling enter the corresponding locating holes in the grid strip and lower portions of the tooling 90, 190, 290. Thereafter, the drive rollers 82, 84 may be engaged to the grid strip and the reforming machine 68 may be activated to reform and advance the grid strip through the machine 68 to the downstream operations. Because the locating holes are cast at the same time as the wire segments, and the entire strip including the wire segments and locating holes are stretched together, the resulting relationship between the wire segments and locating holes can be relied on in the reforming machine 68 to ensure good registration between the wire segments and frame segments of each grid and corresponding features of the reforming tooling 90, 190, 290.

(53) The reforming machine 68 provides suitable press forces to reduce thickness, reshape, and/or resurface a battery grid, wherein the forces may vary from application to application with the size, weight, and composition of the particular battery grid being reformed. But exemplary press forces to reform the battery grids may be on the order of 25 tons or more.

(54) Because the reforming tooling 90, 190, 290 may be closed in a longitudinal direction of strip feeding, the wire segments and frames of the battery grids need not grow in length. Rather, at least portions of the strip and grids are reduced in thickness and increased in width so that the reformed wire segments have substantially similar or the same weight, cross-sectional area, and/or volume as the as-cast wire segments. For example, with reference to FIG. 19, prior art cast battery grids are typically about 0.045-0.055 inches thick. In a contrasting example, and with reference to FIGS. 9 through 12, the exemplary cast and reformed battery grids may be about 0.025-0.045 inches thick.

(55) Therefore, the battery grids or portions thereof may be reduced in thickness by a factor of less than two but preferably by a factor of between about one and two. This range has been found to be desirable and particularly effective in achieving good tensile strength, good reformation of wire segment geometry, and the like. In a specific example, it is preferable to reduce the thickness of at least portions of an exemplary cast battery grid of about 0.051 inches thickness to an exemplary reformed battery grid of about 0.035 inches thickness, for a reduction factor of just less than about 1.5:1.

(56) According to another exemplary form, the wire segments may be reduced in thickness to the same or different degree than the frame segments. For example, both the wire and frame segments may be reduced in thickness by a factor on the order of about 1.5:1, or the wire segments may be reduced in thickness by a factor on the order of about 1.5:1 whereas the frame segments of the same grid may be reduced in thickness on the order of about 1.2:1. Such control over the reforming of the grids allows the grids to be optimized for a good balance of overall strength and in retaining electrochemical paste.

(57) By reforming the continuously cast grid from its exemplary conventional shape shown in FIG. 19 to any of the preferred shapes shown in FIGS. 3 through 12, several changes may be made. By compressing or cold working the grid wire segments to a reduced thickness, increased width, and new shape, the grain structure of the grid may be changed to a more uniform and smaller grain structure, the tensile strength and rigidity increased, and porosity or inclusions reduced. Also, an inscribed circular cross-section of the battery grid wire segments may be increased. Thus, resistance to corrosion and/or resistance to grid growth of the battery grid may be increased for better battery reliability and performance. Also, the wire segment may have increased surface area for better adhesion of lead oxide paste and may have a more advantageous geometry to help hold lead oxide paste more securely to the grid for longer battery life. Further, the surfaces of the wire segments have controlled surface roughness for better adhesion of lead oxide paste to the battery grid for longer battery life.

(58) Finally, referring again to FIG. 13, the take up machine 70 includes a reel 86 onto which the reformed strip 65 is rolled and stored for age hardening. After age hardening, the strip 65 may be unrolled from the reel 86 before being pasted, dried, and cut into individual strips or plates by other downstream equipment (not shown).

(59) FIGS. 17 and 18 illustrate micrographs, at 40 magnification, of grid surfaces before and after surface texturing, respectively. The micrograph of FIG. 17 was taken of a grid at 40 magnifications after a die punching operation using a punching die without surface texturing, wherein the grid surface roughness is about 22 microinches Ra. In contrast, the micrograph of FIG. 18 was taken of the die punched grid of FIG. 17 at 40 magnification after a surface texturing operation, wherein the grid surface roughness is about 200 to about 400 microinches Ra.

(60) The invention is described in many different forms, which are similar to one another, and like numerals between the forms generally designate like or corresponding elements throughout the several views of the drawing figures. Additionally, the descriptions of the different forms are incorporated by reference into one another, and descriptions of the common subject matter between the forms generally may not be repeated.

(61) While the forms of the invention herein disclosed constitute exemplary embodiments, many others are possible. It is not intended herein to mention all the possible equivalent forms or ramifications of the invention. The terms used herein are merely descriptive, rather than limiting, and that various changes may be made without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention.