Nematotoxic composition of synergistic effect, use of a nematotoxic composition of synergistic effect

Abstract

The present invention relates generically to compositions used for controlling agricultural pests and, in a particular embodiment, to compositions usable for combating nematodes. The invention presents a feasible alternative to the use of nematotoxic compounds that are harmful to the environment and that may damage human health. This alternative is embodied through a nematotoxic composition for controlling nematodes and that may be used on plants, parts of plants and on the soil. The respective technology results from unexpected results achieved from experiments carried out with extracts of the plant Canavalia ensiformis, resulting in an unheard-of nematotoxic composition comprising a specific combination of substances that are naturally found in the extract and that act synergistically.

Claims

1. A nematotoxic composition comprising, as active compounds: Palmitic acid; Trans-aconitic acid and/or glucose and, optionally, S-carboxymethylcisteine, wherein a combination of the palmitic acid, Trans-aconitic acid and/or glucose, and optionally S-carboxymethylcisteine exhibits synergy.

2. The nematotoxic composition according to claim 1, further comprising one or more formulation ingredients.

3. The nematotoxic composition according to claim 1, wherein the nematoxic composition is in a form selected from the group consisting of a solution, an emulsion, a wettable powder, a suspension, a power, a dust, a paste, a soluble powder, granules, a suspension-emulsion concentrate, a natural and/or synthetic material impregnated with the active compounds, and a microencapsulation in a polymeric substance.

4. The nematotoxic composition according to claim 2, wherein the formulation ingredients are one or more liquid carriers/liquid solvents and/or one or more solid carriers and/or one or more surfactants and/or one or more stickiness agents and/or one or more dyes.

5. The nematotoxic composition according to claim 4, wherein the formulation ingredients are one or more liquid carriers/liquid solvents and the liquid carriers/liquid solvents are selected from the group consisting of aromatic solvents, chlorinated aromatic solvents or chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons, aliphatic hydrocarbons, petroleum fractions, mineral oils, vegetable oils, alcohols and their ethers and esters, ketones, strongly polar solvents and water.

6. The nematotoxic composition according to claim 5, wherein the liquid carriers/liquid solvents are aromatic solvents selected from xylene, toluene or alkylnaphthalenes.

7. The nematotoxic composition according to claim 5, wherein the liquid carriers/liquid solvents are chlorinated aromatic solvents or chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons selected from chlorobensene, chloroethylene or dichloromethane.

8. The nematotoxic composition according to claim 5, wherein the liquid carriers/liquid solvents are aliphatic hydrocarbons selected from cyclohexane or paraffins.

9. The nematotoxic composition according to claim 5, wherein the liquid carriers/liquid solvents are alcohols selected from ethanol, propanol, butanol or glycol.

10. The nematotoxic composition according to claim 5, wherein the liquid carriers/liquid solvent are ketones selected from propanone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone or cyclohexanone.

11. The nematotoxic composition according to claim 5, wherein the liquid carriers/liquid solvents are strongly polar solvents selected from dimethylformamide or dimethyl sulfoxide.

12. The nematotoxic composition according to claim 4, wherein the solid carriers are selected from ammonium salts, ground natural minerals or ground synthetic minerals.

13. The nematotoxic composition according to claim 12, wherein the solid carriers are ground natural minerals selected from kaolin, clays, talc, chalk, quartz, atapulgite, montmorilonite or diatomaceous earth.

14. The nematotoxic composition according to claim 12, wherein the solid carriers are ground synthetic minerals selected from silica, alumina or silicates.

15. The nematotoxic composition according to claim 4, wherein the solid carriers are in the form of granules selected from ground natural rocks, synthetic granules or organic material granules.

16. The nematotoxic composition according to claim 4, wherein the formulation ingredients are one or more surfactants selected from emulsifiers and/or dispersants and/or foam builders.

17. The nematotoxic composition according to claim 16, wherein the formulation ingredients are the one or more emulsifiers selected from cationic, non-ionic or anionic emulsifiers.

18. The nematotoxic composition according to claim 17, wherein the one Of more emulsifiers are non-ionic and/or anionic emulsifiers selected from polyoxyethyele fatty esters, polyoxyethylene fatty ethers, alkyl sulfonates, alkyl sulfates, aryl sulfonates, and protein hydrolysates.

19. The nematotoxic composition according to claim 16, wherein the formulation ingredients are one or more dispersants selected from methylcellulose or lignin sulfite waste.

20. The nematotoxic composition according to claim 4, wherein the formulation ingredients are one or more stickiness agents selected from carboxymethylcellulose, natural polymers or synthetic polymers.

21. The nematotoxic composition according to claim 4, wherein the formulation ingredients are one or more dyes selected from inorganic pigments or organic dyes.

22. The nematotoxic composition according to claim 1, further comprising one or more additional active compounds.

23. The nematotoxic composition according to claim 22, wherein the one or more additional active compounds are selected from insecticides, attractors, sterilizing agents, bactericides, acaricides, namaticides, fungicides, growth-regulating substances, herbicides or safeners.

24. The nematotoxic composition according to claim 1, wherein the composition is an aqueous composition.

25. The nematotoxic composition according to claim 24, wherein the aqueous composition contains palmitic acid and trans-aconitic acid in a concentration of 0.25 g/L each.

26. The nematotoxic composition according to claim 24, wherein the aqueous composition contains palmitic acid and glucose in a concentration of 0.17 g/L each.

27. The nematotoxic composition according to claim 24, wherein the aqueous composition contains palmitic acid, trans-aconitic acid and glucose in a concentration of 0.17 g/L each.

28. The nematotoxic composition according to claim 24, wherein the aqueous composition contains palmitic acid, trans-aconitic acid and S-carboxymethylcisteine in a concentration of 0.17 g/L each.

29. The nematotoxic composition according to claim 24, wherein the aqueous composition contains palmitic acid, glucose and S-carboxymethylcisteine in a concentration of 0.17 g/L each.

30. The nematotoxic composition according to claim 24, wherein the aqueous composition contains palmitic acid, trans-aconitic acid, glucose and S-carboxymethylcisteine in a concentration of 0.25 g/L each.

31. A method for controlling nematodes on a plant, comprising: applying the nematotoxic composition according to claim 1 to the plant and/or to parts of the plant and/or to the soil to control nematodes on the plant.

32. The method according to claim 31, wherein the nematoxic composition is applied to the plant.

33. The method according to claim 31, wherein the nematodes are Meloidogyne incognita.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

(1) FIG. 1effect of the aqueous crude extracts of seeds of antagonistic plants on (J2) of M. incognita. The bars represent the percentage of live nematodes after 48 hours' exposure. Concentration of 1 mg of each extract for a final volume of 0.3 mL and 100 second-stage juveniles was used in the bioassay in triplicate, having distilled water as negative control.

(2) FIG. 2Effect of 0.5 mg (0.5 mg/0.3 ml final volume) of the external (DECE) and internal (DICE) dialysates on J2 of M. incognita. The bars represent the percentage of dead nematodes. Controls were carried with distilled water (dH2O), bovine serum albumin (BSA) and aqueous crude extract of C. ensiformis (ECACe). Recovery assay carried out for certification of the nematicidal effect.

(3) FIG. 3Effect of the pre-heated (50 C.) DE of C. ensiformis versus J2 of M. incognita, demonstrating the thermal stability of the analyzed fraction. The bioassay was carried out in triplicate, and the bars represent the percentage of dead nematodes. Distilled water was used as negative control. Recovery assay carried out for certification of the nematicidal effect.

(4) FIG. 4Effect of 500 g/0.3 mL) of DE of C. ensiformis on saprophytic nematodes of free life (FL/VL) and J2 of M. incocnita. The bars represent the percentage of dead nematodes. The controls of the bioassay have nematodes (VL) and J2 of M. incognita immersed separately in distilled water.

(5) FIG. 5Test of hemolytic activity using bovine blood (A) or purified erythrocytes (B) incubated with different concentrations of external dialysate of C. ensiformis sulublized in PBS. The measurements of hemolytic activity were monitored spectrophotometrically by using 567-nm wavelengths. Distilled water (100% hemolysis) and PBS were used as positive and negative controls.

(6) FIG. 6Effect of the external dialysate (DE) of C. ensiformis on J2 of M. incognita in greenhouse simulating field conditions. The bars symbolize the number of egg masses found in the roots of tomato-plants after the treatments. The experiment was conducted in quintuplicate with distilled water and the commercial nematicide being used as negative and positive controls, respectively.

(7) FIG. 7Optical microscopy: (A) J2 before adding DE200. (B) Intestinal region of J2 before adding DE400. (C) J2 24 hours after adding DE200. (D) Intestinal region of J2 after adding DE400.

(8) FIG. 8 (A) Chromatography of the external dialysate (DE) of C. ensiformis (=216 nm) exhibiting a profile with 22 peaks. (B)Bioassay showing the active fractions against J2 of M. incognita (1, 3, 6, 17 and 18) after 48 hours' exposure. (C)Recovery assay certifying the nematicidal effect of the fractions 1, 3 and 18 and nematostatic effect of fractions 6 and 17.

(9) FIG. 9(A) Bioassay showing the effect of the commercial compounds on second-stage juveniles of M. incognita after 48 hours' exposure. 1Control dH20, 2DECE, 3Glycose 10%, 4Glycose 20%, 5D-Pinitol (80 ug), 6D-Pinitol (150 ug), 7L-canavanina (80 ug), 8L-canavanina (150 ug), 9palmitic acid (80 ug), 10palmitic acid (150 ug), 11citric acid (80 ug), 12citric acid (150 ug), 13malic acid (80 ug), 14malic acid (150 ug), 15cis-aconitic acid (80 ug), 16cis-anonitic acid (150 ug), 17trans-anonitic acid (80 ug), 18trans-aconitic acid (150 ug), 1950 mM Tris/HCl pH 8, 2050 mM acetic acid pH 5, 21L-phenylamine (80 ug), 22L-phenylamine (150 ug), 23L-methionine (80 ug), 24L-methionine (150 ug), 25L-tryptophan (80 ug), 26L-tryptophan (150 ug), 27S-carboxymethylcistein (80 ug), 28S-carboxymethylcisteine (150 ug), 29Zantotoxine (80 ug), 30Zantotoxine (150 ug), and 31Glucose 20%+L-canavanine (15) ug). BEvaluation of the effect of the different commercial compounds after the recovery assay using distilled water.

(10) FIG. 10(A) Bioassay showing the effect of the commercial compounds and their compositions on second-stage juveniles of M. incognita (J1) after 48 hours' exposure. C+ positive control (extract); C: negative control (water); 2: palmitic acid; 3: S-carboxymethylcisteine; 4: trans-aconitic acid; 5: glucose. Concentrations of the compositions: 2+4, 2+4, 2+5, 3+4, 3+5=0, 25 g/L (each active compound of the composition); 2+3+4, 2+3+5, 2+4+5=0.17 g/L each active compound of the composition, 2+3+4+5=0.125 g/L each active compound of the composition. (B)Evaluation of the effect of the different commercial compounds and their compositions after the recovery assay using distilled water. C+ positive control (extract); 2: palmitic acid; 3: S-carboxymethylcisteine; 4: trans-aconitic acid; 5: glucose. Concentrations of the compositions: 2+3, 2+4, 3+4, 3+5=0.25 g/L (each active compound of the composition); 2+3+4, 2+3+5, 2+4+5=0.17 g/L each active compound of the composition.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

(11) The present invention is the result of research works carried out with a view to detect possible natural nematotoxic compounds present in plant extracts. Such compounds constitute an alternative in replacing nematototic synthetic agents that cause damages to nature and to man. The nematotoxic composition described in the invention was generated unexpected results upon carrying out nematotoxicity bioassays using as active compounds a few substances detected in the plant extract. The results of these bioassays prove the existence of an unexpected synergistic nematotoxic effect.

(12) In this context, the present invention describes a nematotoxic composition of synergistic effect comprising, as active compounds: Trans-aconitic acid, Glucose and optionally S-carboxymethylcisteine.

(13) The nematotoxic composition described in this invention may alternatively comprise formulation ingredients. Said composition, with or without the presence of formulation ingredients, may be in the form of solutions, emulsions, wettable powders, suspensions, powders, dusts, pastes, soluble powders, granules, suspension-emulsion concentrated, natural and synthetic materials impregnated with active compounds and mciroencapsulations in polymeric substances.

(14) Among the compounds that can be used as formulation ingredients are, among others: liquid carriers/liquid solvents and/or solid carriers and/or surfactants and/or stickiness agents and/or dyes. If the formulation ingredient used is water, it is also possible to employ auxiliary solvents such as organic solvents.

(15) Among liquid carriers/liquid solvents suitable for use in the present invention, one can cite, among others, aromatic solvents, chlorinated aromatic solvents or chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons, aliphatic hydrocarbons, petroleum fractions, mineral oils, vegetable oils, alcohols and their ethers and esters, ketones, strongly polar solvents and water.

(16) Preferably, the aromatic solvents used in the invention are selected from xylene, toluene or alkyl naphtalenes. In the case of the use of chlorinated aromatic solvents or chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons in the composition of the present invention, these are preferably selected from chlorobenzene, chloroethylene or dichloromethane. Aliphatic hydrocarbons are preferably selected from cyclohexane or paraffins. In the alternative case of using alcohols, these are preferably selected from ethanol, propanol butanol or glycol. For the case of using ketones, these are preferably selected from propanone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone or cyclohexanone. Strongly polar solvents are preferably selected from dimethylformamide and dimethyl sulfoxide.

(17) Among the solid carriers suitable for use in the present invention, one can cite, among others, ammonium salts, ground natural minerals and ground synthetic minerals.

(18) Preferably, when ground natural minerals are used as solid carriers, they are selected from kaolin, clays, talc, chalk, quartz, atapulgite, montmorilonite and diatomaceous earths. When using ground synthetic minerals, these are preferably selected from silica, alumina and silicates. Solid carriers suitable are used when the nematotoxic composition of the present invention is presented in the form of granules. These suitable solid carriers are preferably selected from ground natural rocks, synthetic granules and organic material granules.

(19) Alternatively, surfactants may be employed as formulation ingredients for the composition of the present invention. The respective surfactants are selected from emulsifiers and/or dispersants and/or foam builders. Different emulsifiers/foam builders may be used in the nematotoxic composition of the present invention, including cationic, non-ionic and anionic emulsifiers. When using non-ionic and anionic emulsifiers, these are preferably selected from fatty polyoxyethylene esters, fatty polyoxyethylene ethers, alkyl sulfonates, alkyl sulfates, aryl sulfonates, and protein hydrolysates. In the case of using dispersants such as surfactants in the present invention, these are preferably selected from methylcellulose and lignin sulfite waste.

(20) Other formulation ingredients may also, alternatively, be employed in the composition of the present invention. These ingredients include, among others, stickiness agents such as carboxymethylcellulose and natural and synthetic polymers in the form of powders, granules or latex, such as gum Arabic, polyvinyl alcohol and polyvinyl acetate. Other ingredients that may also be employed as formulation ingredients are mineral and vegetable oils, natural phospholipids such as cephalins lecithins, and synthetic phospholipids.

(21) Alternatively, the nematotoxic composition of the present invention may also contain, as formulation ingredients, dyes such as inorganic pigments, such as iron oxide, titanium oxide and Prussia blue, and organic dyes such as alizarin dyes, azo dyes and metallic phthalocyanine dyes.

(22) In an alternative embodiment of the present invention, the nematotoxic composition of synergistic effect may further comprise other active compounds. These other active compounds, when used, are selected from insecticides, attractors, sterilizing agents, bactericides, acaricides, fungicides, growth regulating substances, herbicides and safeners.

(23) In another alternative embodiment of the present invention, the synergistic nematotoxic composition is an aqueous composition comprising the active compounds. In a preferred particular composition of the present invention, the nematotoxic composition is an aqueous composition containing palmitic acid and trans-aconitic acid in concentration of 0.25 g/L each. In a second preferred particular composition of the present invention, the nematotoxic composition is an aqueous composition containing palmitic acid and glucose in concentration of 0.25 g/L each. In a third preferred particular composition of the present invention, the nematotoxic composition is an aqueous composition containing palmitic acid, tans-aconitic acid and glucose ion concentration of 0.17 g/L. In a fourth preferred particular composition of the present invention, the nematotoxic composition is an aqueous composition containing palmitic acid, trans-aconic acid and S-carboxymethylcisteine in concentration of 0.17 g/L each. In a fifth preferred particular composition of the present invention, the nematotoxic composition is an aqueous composition containing palmitic acid, glucose and S-carboxymethylcisteine ion concentration of 0.17 g/L each. In a sixth preferred embodiment of the present invention, the nematotoxic composition is an aqueouos composition containing palmitic acid, glucose, S-carboxymethylcistein and trans-aconitic acid in concentration of 0.125 g/L each.

(24) Another object of the present invention is the use of the nematotoxic composition of synergistic effect described before for controlling nematodes on plants. Particularly, said use takes place by applying the composition of the invention to the plant and/or parts thereof and/or to the soil.

(25) The application of the synergistic nematotoxic composition of the present invention to the plant and/or parts thereof and/or the soil may be carried out either directly or by allowing the compounds to act on their vicinities, environment or storage space by the ordinary treatment methods, for example, by immersion, spraying, evaporation, mist, spreading, etc.

(26) In a special embodiment of the present invention, the use of the nematotoxic composition of synergistic effect described in this document is for controlling Meloigonyne incognita.

(27) Experiments Carried Out and Results Achieved

(28) Initially, aqueous extracts obtained from seeds of antagonistic plants were tested in bioassays with a view to detect compounds effective against second-stage juveniles (J2) of M. incognita.

(29) Among the extracts tested, Canavalia ensiformis, a plant of the family Leguminosae, originating in Central America, exhibited the highest nematicidal activity (85%) (FIG. 1). The fractioning of this material by dialysis resulted in the separation of molecules smaller than 3.5 kDa (external dialysateDE) and bigger than 3.5 kDa (internal dialysateDI). In this case, the DE exhibited the most promising results as compared to the DI, such as: a) higher nematotoxic activity (FIG. 20); b) thermal stability (FIG. 3); c) high specificity against J2 of M. incognita (Table 1); d) absence of activity against fungi (phitopathogenic Collectotrichum gloeosporioides access 1915, Fusarium solani access 1624, Macrophomina phaseolina access 1496 and Phytophthora tabacum), bacterium (Bacillus subtilis) and insect larva (Antonomus grandis and Spodoptera frugiperda) (Table 1); e) non-existence of activity against free-life nematode (FIG. 4); absence of adverse cytotoxic effect on red cells of mammals (FIG. 5) and g) reduction higher than 80% of the M. incognita egg masses in bioassays conducted in greenhouse by using tomato plants (FIG. 6).

(30) Additionally, the viewing by optical microscopy of the effect caused by the compound (s) present in the De of C. ensiformis on J2 of M. incognita disclosed the break of the normal anatomy (FIGS. 7A, B, C and D) with formation of various vacuoles along the stiff body of the nematode. The alterations suggest the destructuring of tissues of the intestines of the phytoparasite.

(31) TABLE-US-00001 TABLE I Results achieved in the assays for specificity conducted in vitro by using different concentrations of DE of C. ensiformis against fungus, bacterium, insect larvae and nematode. The bioassays we3e carried out ion triplicate. A = Fungus, B = Bacterium, C = Larvae of insect and D = Nematode g of DE of C. ensiformis/ Pathogen Bioeassay Activity A Colletotriclum 250, 500, 1000 Innocuous - complete gloeosporinoides absence of halo A Fusarium solani 250, 500, 1000 Innocuous - complete absence of halo A Macrophomina 250, 500, 1000 Innocuous - complete phaseoline absence of halo B Bacillus subtilis 250, 500, 1000 Innocuous - complete absence of halo A Anthonomus grandis 1000 Innocuous - complete (Larva) absence of halo C Soidiotera frugiperda 1000 Innocuous - complete (Larva) absence of halo D Dematoide saprofitico 500 Innocuous D Dematoidogine 500 Nematicidal incognita

(32) The purification of the DE via HPLC using reverse column phase (C18 enabled the separation of three nematicidal fractions and two nematostatic ones. All the steps were monitored by bioeassays for evaluation of the nematotoxic activity (FIGS. 8 A, B and C). The active fractions were analyzed by Metabolite profiling by using the techniques of gaseous chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS), liquid chromatogeraphy coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (1H RMN). The data generated by these technologies added to a vast research in the literature enabled identification of nine compounds with nematotoxic action.

(33) In this context, compounds produced commercially with biological functions identified after research in the literature and present in the nematotoxic fractions of C. ensiformis were tested in bioassay against M. incognita juveniles (FIG. 9A). Glucose solution containing 10% (W/V) was capable of paralyzing most of the nematodes after a period of exposure of 48 hours (FIG. 9A). After the recovery assay, 87% of the J2 reestablished the mobility, confirming the nematostatic activity for the concentration of applied glucose (FIG. 9A). However, glucose solutions containing 20% (W/V) exhibited a nematicidal effect killing over 90% of the J2 after 48 hours exposure (FIG. 9B). The vegetable carbohydrate D-pinitol did not exhibit any toxic effect after 48 hours' exposure against J2 of M. incognita, using concentrations of 80 g/300 L and 150 g/300 L, respectively (FIG. 9A). Similarly, the non-protein amino acid L-canavanine did not exhibit any nematotoxic activity for concentration of 80 g/300 L after 48 hours' exposure (FIG. 9A). However, when the concentration is increased to 105 g/300 L, 25% of the juveniles remained paralyzed after the recovery assay, thus confirming a modest nematicidal activity (FIG. 9B). Among the organic acids: malic, citric, cis-aconitic, trans-aconitic and palmitic, only the latter two acids were capable of paralyzing 90 and 98% of the J2 of M. incognita for concentration of 80 g/300 L after 48 hours' exposure (FIG. 9A). The other organic acids paralyzed a very low percentage of J2 for the same concentration and exposure time (FIG. 9A). For concentration of 150 g/300 L, the transaconitic acid exhibited nematicidal activity of 98%, while the malic, citric and cis-aconitic acids exhibited a nematicidal effect of only 18, 25 and 40% after the recovery assay (FIG. 9B). On the other hand, the palmitic acid demonstrated a nematostatic effect for both concentrations evaluated with 90% of the J2 recovering the mobility after the recovery test (FIG. 9B). These results show clearly a dose-dependent effect of the organic acids tested. The amino acids L-phenylamnine and L-triptofane were not capable of affecting the J2 using concentrations of 80 g/300 L and 150 g/300 L, respectively (FIG. 9A). Inversely, the compound S-carboxymethylcisteine paralyzed about 90% of the juveniles after 48 hours' exposure for both concentrations of 80 g/300 L and 150 g/300 L (FIG. 9A). Recovery assay confirmed the nematostatic effect with most J2 recovering the movement (FIG. 9B). Xantotoxin paralyzed 87% of the J2 after 48 hours' exposure for both the concentration of 80 g/300 L and the concentration 150 g/300 L (FIG. 9A). The J2 subjected to the recovery assay using both concentrations did not recover the mobility, confirming the nematicidal effect (FIG. 9B).

(34) With a view to obtain a nematotoxic composition from the compounds with nematotoxic activity, detected in the prior experiments, the compounds glucose (5), trans-aconitic acid (4) and S-carboxymethylcisteine (3) and palmitic acid (2) were tested by carrying out in vitro experiments in different combinations. Although of xantotoxine demonstrates nematicidal action, it was not selected for aid tests due to the high cost and the difficulty of its chemical synthesis.

(35) The compositions containing combinations of active compounds were tested by carrying out in vitro bioassays against M. incognita juveniles. The active compounds used in the experiments carried out were obtained commercially.

(36) The compositions tested were: a) Glucose+S-carboxymethylcisteine (0.25 g/L of each compound; b) Glucose+palmitic acid (0.25 g/L of each compound); c) S-carboxymethylcisteione+palmitic acid (0.25 g/L of each compound; d) S-carboxymethylcisteine+trans-aconitic acid (0.25 g/L of each compound); e) Palmitic acid+trans-aconitic acid (0.25 g/L of each compound); f) Glucose+S-carboxymethylcisteine+palmitic acid (0.17 g/L of each compound); g) Glucose+palmitic acid+trans-aconitic acid (0.17 g/L of each compound); h) S-carbocxymethylcisteione+trans-aconitic acid+palmitic acid (0.17 g/L of each compound); i) Glucose+S-carboxymethylcisteine+trans-aconitic acid+palmitic acid (0.125 g/L of each compound).

(37) The results achieved through the tests carried out with the compositions a) do i), are shown in FIGS. 10 (A) and (B) and commented on hereinafter.

(38) As can be seen in FIG. 10A, the compositions b)e),f),g)h) and i) exhibit a synergistic nematotoxic effect as with regard to the paralyzation of the nematodes, as compared to the sum of the results obtained individually by each active compound. Said comparisons are shown in Table 2 to 7 below.

(39) TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Synergistic nematotoxic effect obtained after tests with the composition b) Active compound or % of paralyzed composition Concentration (g/L) nematodes glucose 0.25 0.71 Palmitic acid 0.25 33.86 Glucose + palmitic 0.25 (of each 76.27 composition compound)

(40) The analysis of the results obtained in the recovery assays and shown in FIG. 10B indicates that the synergistic nematotoxic effect obtained by composition a) corresponded to a nematostatic effect.

(41) TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Synergistic nematotoxic effect obtained after tests with composition c) Active compound of % paralyzed composition Concentration (g/L) nematodes Active compound or concentration (g/L) composition Trans-aconitic acid 0.25 27.08 Palmitic acid 0.25 33.86 Trans-aconitic acid + 0.25 (of each 99.05 palmitic acid compound) composition

(42) The analysis of the results obtained in the recovery assays and shown in FIG. 10B indicates that the synergistic nematotoxic effect obtained by composition e) corresponded to a nematostatic effect.

(43) TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 Synergistic nematotoxic effect obtained after tests with composition f. Active compound or % paralyzed composition Concentration (g/L) nematodes Glucose 0.17 0 Palmitic acid 0.17 7.66 S- 0.17 43.03 carboxymethylcisteine Glucose + palmitic acid 0.17 (of each 98.61 composition + S- compound) carboxymethylcisteine compound

(44) The analysis of the results achieved in the recovery assays and shown in FIG. 10B show that the synergistic nematotoxic effect obtained after tests with composition f) was a nematostatic result.

(45) TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 5 Synergistic nematotoxic effect obtained after tests with composition g) Active compound or % Paralyzed composition Concentration (g/L) nematodes Glucose 0.17 0 Palmitic acid 0.17 7.66 Trans-aconitic acid 0.17 11.12 Glucose + palmitic 0.17 60.2 acid + trans-aconit acid composition

(46) The analysis of the results obtained in the recovery assays and shown in FIG. 10B indicates that the synergistic nematotoxic effect obtained by composition g) was a nematostatic effect.

(47) TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 6 Synergistic nematotoxic effect obtained after tests with composition h) Active compound or % Paralyzed composition Concentration (g/L) nematodes S- 0.17 43.03 carboxymethylcisteine Palmitic acid 0.17 7.66 Trans-aconitic acid 0.17 11.12 S- 0.17 (of each 99.32 carboxymethylcisteine + compound) palmitic acid composition + trans- aconitic acid composition

(48) The analysis of the results obtained in the recovery assays and shown in FIG. 10B indicates that the synergistic nematotoxic effect obtained by composition g) was a nematostatic effect.

(49) TABLE-US-00007 TABLE 7 Synergistic nematodoxic effect obtained after tests with composition i. Active compound or % paralyzed composition Concentration (g/L) nematodes S- 0.125 <43.03 carboxymethylcisteine Glucose 0.125 0 Trans-aconitic acid 0.125 <11.12 Palmitic acid 0.125 <7.66 S- 0.125 (of each 100 carboxymethylcisteine + compound) palmitic acid + trans- aconitic acid + glucose composition

(50) The analysis of the results obtained in the recovery assays and shown in FIG. 10B indicates that the synergistic nematotoxic effect obtained by composition i) was a nematostatic effect.

(51) The nematotoxic compositions a), c), d), the results of in vitro assays of which are also shown in FIGS. 10A and 10B, do not represent a significant synergistic nematotoxic effect.