Gun sight

Abstract

A sight assembly for mounting to a weapon. A holographic optical element and a light source are in a fixed angular configuration with respect to one another, but may be adjusted either together or individually in a horizontal or vertical direction. The sight assembly may have a mirror or lens. An adjustment mechanism is provided where a shaft includes at least two portions wherein the two portions of the shaft of the screw have different pitch directions and/or pitch dimensions allowing for slight adjustment the assembly. The light source may be a vertical-cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL). A temperature sensor may sense a temperature of the VCSEL. A current to the VCSEL may be adjusted based on a change in the temperature such that the output wavelength is approximately the same as a desired wavelength. The assembly may further allow for perceived image distance adjustment using parallax mismatch.

Claims

1. A compact weapon sight, comprising: a housing having a base configured to mount to a weapon; a holographic optical element (H.O.E.), the H.O.E. supported by the housing; a light source, the light source having a laser diode operable to emit a beam of light at an output wavelength when energized, the laser diode illuminating the H.O.E. when the laser diode is energized; a power source operable to energize the laser diode; a temperature sensor for sensing a temperature of the laser diode; and an open loop wavelength controller communicating with the temperature sensor, the temperature sensor sensing and communicating the temperature of the laser diode to the wavelength controller, the wavelength controller operable to control a current from the power source to the laser diode, the wavelength controller adjusting the current based on a change in the temperature such that the output wavelength is approximately the same as a desired wavelength.

2. The weapon sight in accordance with claim 1, wherein the temperature sensor is a voltage sensor operable to measure a voltage of the laser diode during an off-period of a duty cycle.

3. The weapon sight in accordance with claim 1, wherein the controller controls the current in pulses such that the laser diode is energized for an on-period and is not energized for an off-period of a duty cycle.

4. The weapon sight in accordance with claim 1, wherein the laser diode is a vertical-cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) diode.

5. The weapon sight in accordance with claim 1, wherein the H.O.E. is a first H.O.E., the sight further comprising a mirror, grating or second H.O.E., the laser diode illuminating the mirror, grating or second H.O.E. and being reflected or diffracted to illuminate the first H.O.E.

6. The weapon sight in accordance with claim 5, wherein a position of the mirror, grating or second H.O.E. is adjustable.

7. The weapon sight in accordance with claim 1, wherein a beam of light that illuminates the H.O.E. is a non-collimated diverging beam of light.

8. The weapon sight in accordance with claim 1, wherein the housing includes a chamber having a transparent portion, the laser diode being sealed within the chamber.

9. The weapon sight in accordance with claim 8, further comprising: a carrier disposed in the chamber; and a tie rod at least partially disposed in the chamber, the carrier connected to the tie rod so as to be pivotable about an axis of the tie rod; the laser diode being disposed on the carrier.

10. The weapon sight in accordance with claim 9, further comprising: a frame supporting the H.O.E., the frame being disposed outside the chamber and connected to a portion of the tie rod extending outside the chamber; the frame and the carrier both being rotationally fixed to the tie rod such that the laser diode and H.O.E. rotate together about the axis of the tie rod.

11. The weapon sight in accordance with claim 8, wherein the chamber is filled with nitrogen.

12. The weapon sight in accordance with claim 1, further comprising: a carrier, the laser diode being disposed on the carrier; a frame supporting the H.O.E.; and a tie rod supported by the housing for rotation about an axis of the tie rod, the carrier and the frame both being connected to and rotationally fixed to the tie rod so as to be pivotable about the axis of the tie rod such that the laser diode and H.O.E. rotate together relative to the housing about the axis of the tie rod.

13. The weapon sight in accordance with claim 12, further comprising: an elevation adjustment mechanism for adjusting the rotational position of the carrier and frame relative to the housing, the elevation adjustment mechanism comprising; a shaft supported by the housing and rotatable with respect to the housing; a first portion of the shaft having a first thread pitch, the first portion of the shaft threaded to a first member, the first member fixedly connected to the housing; and a second portion of the shaft having a second thread pitch, the second portion threaded to a movable second member, the second member being rotationally fixed with respect to the housing and longitudinally movable with respect to the shaft, the second member connected to the carrier; wherein the first thread pitch is different from the second thread pitch so as to provide for fine adjustment of the carrier as the shaft rotates.

14. The weapon sight in accordance with claim 12, further comprising: a windage adjustment mechanism operable to move the H.O.E. side to side with respect to the housing, the windage adjustment mechanism comprising; a shaft supported by the housing and rotatable with respect to the housing; a first portion of the shaft having a first thread pitch, the first portion of the shaft threaded to a first member, the first member fixedly connected to the housing; and a second portion of the shaft having a second thread pitch, the second portion threaded to a movable second member, the movable second member being rotationally fixed with respect to the housing and longitudinally movable with respect to the shaft, the second member connected to the H.O.E frame; wherein the first thread pitch is different from the second thread pitch so as to provide for fine adjustment of the H.O.E. frame as the shaft rotates.

15. The weapon sight in accordance with claim 1, wherein: the beam of light from the laser diode is a readout light beam having a readout light beam phasefront; the H.O.E. is a display hologram that reconstructs a reticle when illuminated by the readout light beam, the reconstructed reticle having a perceived distance; and the sight further comprising an adjustable feature operable for adjusting the readout beam phasefront before illumination of the display hologram, wherein adjustment of the adjustable feature varies the perceived distance of the reticle image.

16. The weapon sight in accordance with claim 15, wherein the adjustable feature comprises a movable lens positioned to modify the phasefront of the readout light beam prior to illuminating the display hologram.

17. The weapon sight in accordance with claim 15, further comprising a holographic optical element (H.O.E.) disposed in a position to be illuminated by the laser diode, the H.O.E. reconstructing an angled readout light beam when illuminated by the laser diode, the angled readout light beam illuminating the display hologram.

18. The weapon sight in accordance with claim 1, wherein the laser diode or the H.O.E. is horizontally and/or vertically adjustable by means of a multi-thread pitch adjustment assembly.

19. The weapon sight in accordance with claim 1, wherein the base of the housing is integral with a weapon.

20. The weapon sight in accordance with claim 1, further comprising an accelerometer connected to the housing adapted to improve battery life of the sight assembly.

21. The weapon sight in accordance with claim 1, wherein the weapon sight does not have a thermoelectric cooler (TEC).

22. A method of stabilizing an output wavelength of a compact weapon sight, comprising: providing the housing, the holographic optical element (H.O.E.), the power source and the light source of claim 1; energizing the laser diode with the power source such that the laser diode emits a beam of light at an output wavelength; illuminating the H.O.E. with the beam of light; sensing a temperature of the laser diode with a temperature sensor; communicating a change in the temperature of the laser diode to an open loop wavelength controller; controlling a current from the power source to the laser diode by using the controller; and adjusting the current based on the change in the temperature by using the controller such that the output wavelength is approximately the same as a desired wavelength.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) FIG. 1a discloses an exploded perspective view of the sight assembly;

(2) FIG. 1b illustrates an assembled perspective view of the sight assembly;

(3) FIG. 2 illustrates a perspective view of the holographic optical element, holographic optical element carrier, and the carrier all connected to the tie rod;

(4) FIG. 3a illustrates an assembled perspective view of the holographic optical element, holographic optical element carrier, and the carrier all connected to the tie rod also having the windage adjustment screw attached thereto;

(5) FIG. 3b illustrates a cross-sectional view of the adjustment screw assembly;

(6) FIG. 3c illustrates a cross-sectional view of an alternative embodiment of the screw assembly operable to move the light source;

(7) FIG. 4 illustrates an exploded perspective view of the holographic optical element, holographic optical element carrier and the carrier all connected to the tie rod also having the windage adjustment screw attached thereto;

(8) FIG. 5 illustrates an assembled perspective view of the elevation adjustment screw;

(9) FIG. 6 illustrates an exploded side view of the elevation adjustment screw;

(10) FIG. 7 illustrates a cross sectional view of the assembly of the sight;

(11) FIG. 8 illustrates an example hologram image assembly according to the present disclosure in a reflection/transmission configuration;

(12) FIG. 9 illustrates an example hologram image assembly according to the present disclosure in a reflection/reflection configuration;

(13) FIG. 10 illustrates an example hologram image assembly according to the present disclosure in a transmission/transmission configuration;

(14) FIG. 11 illustrates an example hologram image assembly according to the present disclosure in a transmission/reflection configuration;

(15) FIG. 12 illustrates an example of wavefront/phasefront propagation;

(16) FIG. 13 illustrates an exemplary holographic testing system;

(17) FIG. 14 illustrates a schematic configuration of the H.O.E., mirror and stable light source;

(18) FIG. 15 illustrates a schematic configuration of the H.O.E., mirror and movable stable light source;

(19) FIG. 16 illustrates a schematic configuration of the H.O.E. and fixed stable light source;

(20) FIG. 17 illustrates a schematic configuration of the H.O.E. and movable stable light source;

(21) FIG. 18 illustrates a schematic configuration of the H.O.E., mirror and stable light source having an optional lens between the stable light source and the mirror;

(22) FIG. 19 illustrates a schematic configuration of the H.O.E., stable light source and hologram without a mirror; and

(23) FIG. 20 illustrates a perspective view of the chassis and hologram holder of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

(24) The present invention relates generally to a sight assembly for a weapon for reconstructing a virtual image used to assist in operation of the weapon. Particular examples will be described, including a variety of features. It should be understood that other examples may include one or more of these features in any combination.

(25) The illustrated assembly incorporates a wavelength tunable light source (specifically a VCSEL). The assembly allows for slight adjustment of the fixed assembly and a sealed configuration to achieve an improved sight assembly.

Gun Sight Assembly and Adjustment

(26) FIG. 1a illustrates an exemplary holographic gun sight assembly 10 having a housing 12. The housing 12 has an interior chamber 11 defined therein. As shown, the interior chamber 11 extends downwardly from an upper surface of the housing 12. A clear window, not shown, covers the opening in the upper surface. The elements contained within the chamber 11 in the housing are sealed therein to prevent dust or moisture from entering the housing. The chamber may also be filled with Nitrogen, thus requiring a secure seal.

(27) The gun sight of the present invention is compact and intended for use with a hand held weapon. Compact being defined as occupying little space compared with others of its type. Accordingly, the gun sight of the present invention is significantly smaller and occupies less space as compared to similar gun sights. Furthermore, hand held is defined as being for use with a refile, handgun, pistol . . . etc. or any other known weapon commonly used in a hand held manner. Hand held way also include weapons mounted to a tripod (or other mount) but small in nature (small compared to a vehicle or airplane). Hand held includes all other non-vehicle (i.e. a tank) weapons.

(28) A holographic subassembly is mounted to the housing such that portions of the subassembly are within the chamber 11 and portions are outside the chamber. The subassembly is shown at 8 in FIG. 2. The subassembly 8 includes an elongated carrier 13 that has a forward end 17 connected to a tie rod 24. The carrier 13 supports a laser diode 15 (or other stable light source), which is preferably a VCSEL, and a mirror 14. A H.O.E. carrier or frame 18 (or 22) supports a H.O.E. 16 generally perpendicular (or at a slight angle) to the carrier 13. The H.O.E. frame 18 includes an attachment portion 20 at its lower end. The attachment portion engages the tie rod 24 allowing the H.O.E. frame to connect at the same connection point as the carrier 13. The H.O.E. frame and the carrier are preferably both rotationally fixed to the tie rod such that the angular positions of the diode 15, mirror 14 and H.O.E. 16 are fixed. The diode 15 produces light that is reflected off of the mirror 14 into the H.O.E. 16. The H.O.E. refers to an element having a recorded image or effect thereon operable to manipulate a wave pattern or beam when illuminated. An H.O.E., for example, can recreate a readout beam in combination with beam expansion.

(29) Unlike many prior art holographic image assemblies, the diode 15, mirror 14 and H.O.E. 16 are not part of an achromatic system of optical components.

(30) The components forming the subassembly 8 of FIG. 2 are also shown in FIG. 1a, in an exploded view. The cross-sectional side views of FIG. 7 help to illustrate the relationship between the subassembly 8 and the housing 12. The carrier 13, with the diode 15 and mirror 14, are disposed in the chamber 11. A transparent window 21 covers the chamber 11 such that the diode 15 and mirror are sealed into the chamber and protected from dust and humidity. A first portion 25 of the tie rod 24 engages the carrier 13 and is inside the chamber 11. However, a second portion 27 of the tie rod 24 extends through the housing 12 to a position outside this chamber 11. In the illustrated embodiment, the first portion 25 is a first end of the tie rod and has a non-circular shaped cross-section, as shown. The forward end 17 of the carrier 13 has a corresponding non-circular shaped cross-section for receiving the first end 23 of the tie rod 24. Because the first end 23 and the opening in the forward end 17 of the carrier have corresponding non-circular shapes, they are rotationally fixed to one another while also allowing the tie rod 24 to move along its axis with respect to the carrier 13. In the illustrated embodiment, the second portion 27 of the tie rod is fluted so as to tightly engage the opening in the attachment portion 20 of the H.O.E frame 18. The tie rod 24 and H.O.E. frame 18 are therefore rigidly attached to one another. The H.O.E. frame 18 and H.O.E. 16 are outside the chamber 11 but the tie rod rotationally ties the H.O.E. frame 18 and carrier 13 together such that their relative rotational positions remain the same despite part of the subassembly 8 being in the chamber and part being outside the chamber.

(31) The tie rod 24 allows for a seal to be created to thus seal out any moisture or dust which can enter the housing and interfere with production of the hologram. The seal may be created by a tight fit between the tie rod and the housing and the tie rod and the carrier, by seals, or by flexible rubber or plastic, or like materials.

(32) The housing 12 further includes apertures 26a, 26b where the batteries are stored for operation of the sight. The housing 12 further includes a cap 28 secured to the housing by means of a screw 30. The screw includes a head 72. The cap 28 encloses the batteries held within the apertures 26a, 26b. The cap 28 is removably attached allowing a user to replace the batteries.

(33) The position of the carrier 13 and H.O.E. frame 18 are adjusted by means of windage and elevation adjustors, which may use a multi-pitch screw. In a preferred embodiment, the screw or bolt of each adjustor includes two portions wherein each portion has a different thread pitch and/or different thread direction thus allowing for very fine adjustment. Two nuts are provided where one is fixed and the other is movable. The configuration of the dual nut assembly and relationship to the carrier is clearly illustrated in FIG. 7. FIG. 1a shows the same components in an exploded view. FIG. 5 shows an assembled elevation adjustment assembly and FIG. 6 shows an exploded view. A first nut 41 is fixed to the housing. A shaft 43 rotates relative to the fixed first nut 41, thereby moving up and down (or sideways if adjusting windage). Because of the varied threads on either the second nut 58 or on the shaft 43, when the shaft is rotated, the nut moves faster (or slower) as compared to the shaft because of the varied thread, A second nut engages the carrier 13 and is prevented from rotating relative to the housing and carrier. Therefore, the shaft 43 rotates relative to both the fixed nut 41 and the second nut. If the two nuts were to have the same direction and pitch of threads, the spacing between the nuts would remain constant. By changing the pitch or the thread of the two nuts, the spacing between the nuts will change as the shaft rotates.

(34) The adjustment provides a fixed elevation adjustment wherein it moves the subassembly 8, by rotating the subassembly about the pivot axis defined by the tie rod. Therefore, the diode, the H.O.E., and the mirror move relative to the housing 12. The elevation adjustment assembly 40 includes the shaft 43 having a first portion 42 and a second portion 44. The shaft is connected to a threaded hole 46 (or nut) which is connected to the housing 12. The nut 46 (or housing portion) is fixed. The movable threaded nut 50 is provided with a pitch different than the nut connected to the housing. These two nuts may have a right-hand thread or a left-hand thread, but preferably each have the same direction of pitch. Alternatively, they may have opposite pitch, but this magnifies the adjustment. Preferably the first portion 42 has a coarser pitch than the second portion, as shown in FIG. 6. This allows for very fine adjustment of the carrier position. A floating bolt head 52 engages the top of the shaft 43, allowing the user to rotate the shaft and thus adjust the elevation of the carrier. Adjustment may be made by a screwdriver, lever, handle, etc. allowing the user to rotate the shaft/bolt.

(35) This same fine adjustment movement is also illustrated in the windage adjustment assembly 60, as shown in FIGS. 1a, 3a-3c and 4. The windage adjustment assembly 60 includes a shaft having a first portion 62 and a second portion 64. A first and second nut are both provided wherein a first nut is connected to, or forms part of, the housing and a second nut 68 is provided which moves side to side. The moving nut includes an end portion which abuts and engages the carrier 13 and when the shaft is rotated moves the carrier to adjust the windage. As discussed above, the tie rod 24 may move linearly in the opening in the carrier 13. As the windage adjustment presses on the tie rod, the tie rod 24 and frame 18, which is fixed to the carrier 13, moves side to side. Spring preloads the tie rod against the windage adjustment. Nut 68 is the stationary nut, captured in the housing 12. The tie rod 24 would serve as the moveable (sliding) nut. This allows the frame 18 and tie rod 24 to slide is unison while the profile of the first portion 25 of the tie rod and 17 of the carrier keep the frame 18 in a fixed angular position.

(36) FIG. 3c illustrates a cross-sectional view of an alternative embodiment of the screw assembly operable to move the light source including a stationary nut 69, a movable nut 71 and a support pin 73. Nut 69 is the stationary nut, captured in the housing. This allows the frame (or carrier) to slide in unison keeping the H.O.E., light source and mirror in a fixed angular position.

(37) This fine movement of the adjustment screws discussed above allows for movement of the perceived image in a very minimal way. Due to the nature of the hologram, little if any distortion is perceived from this movement. Set screws with nylon tips could eliminate any movement due to tolerance.

(38) Various configurations of the H.O.E., mirror, light source, lens and corresponding adjustment mechanisms can be utilized. By way of example, FIGS. 14-18 illustrate just a few of the arrangements of the H.O.E., mirror, light source, lens and corresponding adjustment mechanisms. Any of the following arrangements described below and illustrated in FIGS. 14-18 may be utilized in the housing and with the adjustment mechanisms described in this specification. Further, any of the following arrangements described below and illustrated in FIGS. 14-18 may be sealed within a housing or utilize the parallax mismatch or VCSEL technology discussed below.

(39) Now referring to FIG. 14, a fixed light source 116 is in direct communication with a mirror 119. The mirror is accordingly in direct communication with the movable image or H.O.E. 113. In one embodiment, the mirror 119 and the light source 116 are sealed within a housing. The H.O.E. 113 may be provided outside of the housing and able to communicate with the mirror through a transparent panel in the housing. The viewer 111 is then able to view the image on the H.O.E. 113. The H.O.E. 113 may be movable side to side, up and down and/or may pivot or rotate about a horizontal or vertical axis to achieve windage and elevation adjustment and/or fine tuning the position of the perceived image. This movement may be achieved with any type of adjusting mechanism. In this embodiment, the position of the source 116 and mirror are both fixed.

(40) Now referring to FIG. 15, a movable light source 116 is in direct communication with a mirror 119. The mirror is accordingly in direct communication with the image or H.O.E. 113. The H.O.E. 113 is fixed in this configuration. In one embodiment, the mirror 119 and the movable light source 116 are sealed within a housing. The H.O.E. 113 may be provided outside of the housing and able to communicate with the mirror through a transparent panel in the housing. The viewer 111 is then able to view the image on the H.O.E. 113. The movable light source 116 is movable by means or a track, an adjustment screw (such as discussed above) or any other suitable means for recreating movement. The source 116 may be movable side to side, up and down and/or may pivot or rotate about a horizontal or vertical axis to adjust aspects of the perceived image.

(41) Now referring to FIG. 16, a simplified arrangement is disclosed, eliminating the need for a mirror. FIG. 16 illustrates a fixed light source 116 in direct communication with a movable image or H.O.E. 113. The H.O.E. 113 is movable in this configuration. In one embodiment, the light source 116 is sealed within a housing. The H.O.E. 113 may be provided outside of the housing and able to communicate with the mirror through a transparent panel in the housing. In other embodiments, the H.O.E. 113 and the light source 116 are all sealed within the housing. The viewer 111 is then able to view the image on the H.O.E. 113. The movable H.O.E. 113 is movable by means or a track, an adjustment screw (such as discussed above) or any other suitable means for recreating movement. The H.O.E. 113 may be movable side to side, up and down and/or may pivot or rotate about a horizontal or vertical axis to achieve windage and elevation adjustment and/or fine tuning the position of the perceived image.

(42) Now referring to FIG. 17, another simplified arrangement is illustrated, also eliminating the need for a mirror. FIG. 17 illustrates a movable light source 116 in direct communication with a fixed image or H.O.E. 113. Light source 116 is movable in this configuration. In one embodiment, the movable light source 116 is sealed within a housing. The H.O.E. 113 may be provided outside of the housing and able to communicate with the mirror through a transparent panel in the housing. In other embodiments, the H.O.E. 113 and the light source 116 are all sealed within the housing. The viewer 111 is then able to view the image on the H.O.E. 113. The movable light source 116 is movable by means or a track, an adjustment screw (such as discussed above) or any other suitable means for recreating movement. The source 116 may be movable side to side, up and down and/or may pivot or rotate about a horizontal or vertical axis to adjust aspects of the perceived image.

(43) Now referring to FIG. 18, an optional version arrangement is shown, including an optional lens 115. The lens 115 can be used to change the phasefront or wavefront of the emitting light before illuminating the H.O.E. 113 or the mirror 114. The light source 116 is provided in communication with the mirror 114 through the optional lens 115. Either the mirror 119 or the light source 116 may either be fixed or movable. The mirror 119 is then in communication with the H.O.E. 113. In one embodiment, the mirror 114, the lens 115 and the light source 116 are all sealed within the housing. The H.O.E. 113 may also be sealed within the housing. The viewer 111 is then able to view the image on the H.O.E. 113.

(44) Additional embodiments may include any combination of the arrangements in FIGS. 14-18. For example, both the light source and H.O.E may be moveable and a lens may be provided. The lens may also be repositioned, such as being between the mirror and image, or more than one lens may be used. The mirror in any embodiment may be replaced with an H.O.E. that recreates a beam for illuminating the image H.O.E.

Parallax Mismatch

(45) Referring now to FIGS. 8-12, the present disclosure may incorporate an assembly 110 for holding one or more H.O.E.s and for use with a weapon sight. The various assemblies disclosed in FIGS. 8-12 may be used with the assembly as discussed above and in the attached claims. The assembly 110 allows for adjustment of a perceived distance of a reconstructed reticle 118. A reconstructed reticle is defined as a virtual image created by the H.O.E.

(46) The assembly 110 includes a display hologram 112, also referred to as a hologram 112. The configurations as illustrated in FIGS. 8-12 may be incorporated within the housing of the present invention (or at least partially sealed within the housing). FIGS. 8, 9, 10 and 11 demonstrate paths configured to utilize two H.O.E. components. This configuration and technique may provide reduced wavelength effects. The first H.O.E. shapes the beam (not possible with grating) hence creating an optical configuration not previous geometrically possible with grating and an H.O.E.

(47) Display hologram 112 includes a holographic wavefront of a reticle 119 (also referred to as wavefront 119) recorded thereon using any known recording technique. Wavefront 119 onto hologram 112 can include emitting a reference beam and an object beam in the presence of a reconstructed reticle or image mask thereby recording the image onto the display hologram. In one example, hologram 112 can be fabricated from a film material requiring chemical development. In this example, hologram 112 is fabricated from a photopolymer which eliminates the need for costly and hazardous chemical processing.

(48) Wavefront 119 recorded on hologram 112 allows for a reconstructed reticle 118 to be displayed at a perceived distance from the assembly 110. The image is viewed by a user represented schematically as viewing eye 111. Displaying a perceived image 118 occurs when hologram 112 is illuminated by a readout beam corresponding to or matching the light beam used during recording. In one example, the hologram is illuminated directly from a reference light beam source. In this example, the readout light beam is an angled light beam 120 from an H.O.E. 113. Angled light beam 120 is a readout beam in these examples. In another example, a grating can be used.

(49) H.O.E. 113 can also be fabricated from a photopolymer. In this example, diffracted light from H.O.E. 113 (light beam 120) illuminates the H.O.E. 112. Accordingly, light source 116, when activated, emits a light beam that illuminates H.O.E. 113. In an example, light source 116 can be a laser light source operable for emitting a laser light beam. In a further example, the laser light source is a vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VSCEL). Any other narrow spectrum source may also be utilized.

(50) A lens 115 can be provided between the light source 116 and the H.O.E. 113. Lens 115 can be used to change the phasefront or wavefront of the light before illuminating. FIG. 12 illustrates how the wavefront of light waves propagate (and become flatter with distance) as they move away from the source. Adjustment of the phasefront corrects for parallax mismatch of the perceived image 118 by adjusting the perceived distance of the perceived image. The phasefront can be adjusted by adjusting either the lens 115 position or the light source 116 position, relative to the H.O.E. 113. In this example, the lens 115 can be adjusted along a lens adjustment track 114. Lens adjustment track 114 can be adjusted manually by hand either continuously or incrementally corresponding to varying perceived distances. Likewise, light source 116 can be adjusted via a light source adjustment track 117. In an example, more than one lens is used and it is conceivable that lens assemblies having a plurality of lenses are used. It is further possible that these lenses can be individually or collectively adjusted to generate various magnifications. In yet a further example, adjustment of the position of the H.O.E. and/or the display hologram can also impact the perceived distance of the reconstructed reticle.

(51) The present disclosure further provides for a base with an attachment for mounting to an upper surface or rail of a weapon. The base could also be the weapon itself. The assembly is also operable to mount directly to the weapon without the need of a separate base. The adjustable feature can include a rotating adjustment that modifies the reconstructed reticle perceived distance incrementally from 25 meters to 500 meters. In a further example, the adjustment occurs incrementally by a factor of 25 meters. In an alternative embodiment, the adjustable feature includes a rotating adjustment that modifies the target image perceived distance continuously from 25 meters to 500. The adjustable feature corrects for parallax by adjusting the reconstructed reticle distance to align with the actual distance of a reconstructed reticle. The perceived image is displayed on the target image and if positioned at the right distance, the image will not move with slight movements of the viewing eye (i.e. no parallax).

VCSEL

(52) A gun sight in accordance with the present invention may also incorporate the thermal control referred to herein as smart light control. Thermal stability of the virtual image, or the observed position of the reconstructed reticle, is achieved by using a wavelength tunable source which may be a VCSEL. The need for stability is a consequence of the changes in ambient temperature. A VCSEL as a light source is used which is driven in such a way that its wavelength output will remain stable. The wavelength of the VCSEL is controlled by controlling the current it is given. The smart light control varies the amplitude of the laser current to correct for wavelength drift caused by temperature changes. Alternatively, the control system may be used to adjust the wavelength to a desired wavelength.

(53) In some examples, a pulse width signal is used to energize the VCSEL. As such, the VCSEL is energized and on for an on-period and turns off for an off-period. This on/off cycling is very rapid such that the laser light produced by the VCSEL may appear as substantially constant to a human observer. Brightness is adjusted by varying the duty cycle. The duty cycle can be changed by (1) modulating the pulse width and/or (2) varying the pulse repetition frequency (PRF).

(54) In some versions, an open loop control system is used to control the VCSEL. In this example, the temperature of the VCSEL is monitored and then the current to the VCSEL is adjusted to a value based on the known or tested characteristics of the VCSEL. In some examples, the temperature of the VCSEL is determined by measuring the temperature using a thermocouple or other temperature sensing element in close proximity to the VCSEL. Any approach to temperature sensing may be used. In another approach, the VCSEL is interrogated with a low level bias current during the off-period of the duty cycle. As known to those of skill in the art, the voltage of the VCSEL will change with temperature. This allows the temperature of the VCSEL to be directly determined. This information is then used by the control system to adjust the current input during the subsequent on-periods of the cycle. Alternatively, the control may be a temperature control from another area, such as near the VCSEL.

(55) In an alternative approach, a closed loop control system is used wherein a wavelength sensor measures the output wavelength of the VCSEL. This information may then be used by the control system to adjust the current to the VCSEL, allowing a desired output wavelength to be achieved. Example sensor systems are: a) Passive dispersion (e.g. grating or prism) changes the beam angle a fixed amount based on laser wavelength with the sensor being one or more detectors. b) Interference filter (e.g. Bragg notch filter, Fabry-Perot) outputs an optical signal that peaks at a center wavelength and is sensed by one detector. c) Active dispersion (e.g. AOM and AOTF) changes the beam angle an adjustable amount based on laser wavelength with the sensor being one or more detectors. d) Interferometric (e.g. FTIR and Sagnac) produces wavelength dependent fringes in space or time and is sensed by one or more detectors. e) Polarization (e.g. polarizer and analyzer) produces an output signal that peaks at a center wavelength. (f) Semiconductor-base wave meters analyze signal levels from two or more stacked detectors with different spectral responses.

(56) Case (a) can also be implemented by integrating the wavelength grating into the hologram. For example, when the hologram was constructed a second object beam would be introduced, that when readout would illuminate the one or more detectors.

(57) Cases (a) and (b) when a single detector is used, the controller will need to dither the laser wavelength to maintain the maximum signal. The dithering will also shift the reticle and must be limited to a narrow range; this effect can be avoided at the cost of two or more sensors. For cases (a) and (b) two or more sensors will produce two signals that can be adjusted to some desired levels and avoids dithering.

(58) Case (c) uses dithering that is applied to a piezoelectric and produces a beam steering similar to case (a). This dither, however, doesn't affect the reticle position and can be sensed by any detector configuration.

(59) Cases (d), (e), (f) would be operated in the conventional wavelength sensing modes.

(60) The control system may use one or multiple inputs, such as information from a wavelength sensor, a temperature sensor, or other information.

(61) In accordance with a further aspect of the present invention, a holographic sight is constructed including a VCSEL and a current control system as described above. Alternatively, any other wavelength stable light source may be used. Such a sight may reduce or eliminate the need for an achromatic system and may achieve higher levels of wavelength stability over an operating temperature range. In one example, the wavelength output of a VCSEL may change by approximately 2 nanometers over a 40 Celsius temperature range. The same VCSEL may have a current sensitivity such that a change in current will cause a 2 nanometer change in the wavelength, thereby allowing complete compensation for wavelength shift. Such a holographic sight may include an open loop or a closed loop control system as described above. In a further example, the control system may be used to adjust the position of a holographic image in the sight. For example, changes in wavelength may cause a change in the perceived vertical position of the holographic image in the sight. As such, the wavelength may be adjusted so as to compensate for elevation. For example, the current level may be changed so as to raise or lower the perceived position of the holographic image, depending on the design of the sight. As such, the present invention allows electronic adjustment of elevation in certain embodiments.

(62) Referring now to FIG. 13, an exemplary holographic testing system is illustrated, utilizing a VCSEL with current control of wavelength in accordance with certain embodiments of the present invention. The system includes a VCSEL 210 that emits a spreading beam of light 212. A wavelength sensor 214 may be disposed at least partially in this beam, for use as part of a closed loop control system. In the illustrated embodiment, a collimating lens 216 collimates the light 212 into a collimated beam 218, and this beam 218 illuminates the hologram 220. In this testing system, a camera 222 is focused on the reconstructed image so as to monitor the position of the reconstructed image. The camera image is then viewable on a computer 224. A VCSEL current control circuit 226 controls the current, duty cycle, and other factors of the signal provided to the VCSEL 210. The control circuit 26 may receive input from a wavelength sensor 214 and a temperature sensor 228, which is located in close proximity to the VCSEL. Alternatively or additionally, the voltage of the VCSEL may be measured during the off-period of the duty cycle and used to determine the temperature of the VCSEL. A voltage measurement element is shown at 230. As will be clear to those of skill in the art, the illustrated system allows the wavelength output of the VCSEL to be controlled so as to achieve a stable wavelength across a temperature operating range and/or to allow adjustment of the perceived image.

(63) A VCSEL with a current control system as described above may also be used with a variety of other laser devices. For example, certain types of imaging systems utilize a laser light source and it may be useful to adjust or control the output wavelength of the laser light source. Such applications form other embodiments of the present invention.

(64) Extended battery life is achieved by using an accelerometer to bring the unit in and out of a low power mode. When the user is not moving the device (i.e. time delay), the unit automatically goes into a low power or power saving mode. The diode will power down to a nonvisible optical power such as a standby mode. When the user moves the device the original optical power is then returned. An accelerometer may also be used to provide other feedback to the user including, but not limited to, using targeting stability and recoil intensity.

(65) A photodiode is used to sense ambient levels for use with an embedded controller to adjust brightness to the user's eye automatically. The embedded controller remembers brightness levels. The embedded controller is operable to remember the previous setting. The system also includes on-off options for the energy saving and the photodiode. These on-off switches may be provided on the cap 28 of the housing 12.

(66) The assembly further includes a transparent portion or a filter mounted to a top portion of the housing 12. The transparent panel allows the diode and mirror to remain sealed within the housing but provides for the hologram outside of the housing to conserve space. The transparent panel attached to the housing allows the diode and the mirror to be in communication with the hologram 16 allowing light to pass through the transparent portion of the housing. This holographic sight includes the illumination source and the H.O.E. The H.O.E. reconstructs the virtual image of the reticle at a known distance to produce a reconstructed reticle.

H.O.E. Frame and Chassis

(67) Another embodiment is generally related to a frame and/or chassis assembly for holographic weapon sights and a method of making the same. A hologram frame assembly includes a hologram support operable for mounting a display hologram. A holographic optical element (H.O.E.) support is also provided that is operable for mounting a H.O.E. The H.O.E. support is spaced apart from the hologram support. A connector is provided for bridging the hologram support to the H.O.E. support. A reference beam support is included for mounting a reference beam source positioned to allow illumination of the H.O.E. The frame is constructed to align the display hologram and the H.O.E. in relative positions with respect to each other identical to their respective relative positions at the time of their recording. In an example, the frame assembly is fabricated as a single integral unit.

(68) Referring to FIGS. 19 and 20, the present disclosure provides for a holographic image frame and/or chassis assembly 300 for use with a weapon sight. Assembly 300 is a frame or chassis assembly having a hologram support 311 spaced apart from a H.O.E. support 313. Hologram support 311 and H.O.E. support 313 are physically bridged by a connector 312. Connector 312 maintains the desired spacing of the hologram support 311 from H.O.E. support 313 and maintains the supports in a fixed relationship with respect to each other. In an example, chassis assembly 300 is fabricated as a single integral unit.

(69) In this example, hologram support 311 and H.O.E. support 313 each define a window (316, 317) for mounting and receiving a corresponding image medium (321, 323) respectively. The hologram support 311 defines a hologram window 316 sized and shaped to mount and receive a display hologram 321. In this example, the display hologram 321 and the hologram window 316 define a relatively rectangular or square geometry. Similar to the hologram support 311, the H.O.E. support 313 defines a H.O.E. window 317 sized and shaped to mount and receive a H.O.E. 323. In this example, the display hologram 321 and thus the hologram support 311 is relatively larger than H.O.E. 323 and H.O.E. 313. Accordingly, each of display hologram 321 and H.O.E. 323 can define a face having a surface area wherein the surface area of the display hologram 321 is larger than the surface area of the H.O.E. 323.

(70) Chassis 300 further includes a reference beam support 314 sized and shaped to mount and receive a reference beam source 324. In this example, the reference beam support 314 extends from and is integrally formed with hologram support 311. In an example, the reference beam support 314 can extend downward from hologram support 311 placing reference beam 325 directly below display hologram 321 when chassis 300 is in an upright position or mounted on a weapon. Reference beam source 324 is operable for forming a light beam or reference beam 325. In an example, the reference beam is a laser and in a further example, the reference beam source 324 is a vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VSCEL). When activated, reference beam source 324 should be positioned to illuminate H.O.E. 323 with the reference beam 325. In an example, chassis 300 is sized and shaped to mount on a hand gun.

(71) Chassis 300 is operable for mounting and receiving a display hologram 321 (also referred to as a hologram 321) and a H.O.E. 323. An H.O.E. refers to an element or object having an image or effect recorded thereon operable to manipulate a wave pattern or beam when illuminated. An H.O.E., for example, can recreate a readout beam in combination with beam expansion. This can allow for having a relatively smaller sized H.O.E. as compared to a display hologram.

(72) In the example of FIGS. 19 and 20, reference beam 325, when activated, illuminates H.O.E. 323 which forms a readout beam 315 to illuminate display hologram 321. When illuminated by the readout beam 315, display hologram 21 displays a reticle image visible at a distance in a viewing field. The reticle image is recorded on the display hologram 321. The readout beam is recorded on the H.O.E. 323. In an example according to the present disclosure, the display hologram 321 and the H.O.E. 323 are recorded in a fixed relationship with respect to each other through the use of the chassis 300.

(73) The recording of display hologram 321 and H.O.E. 323 occurs according to a method of the present disclosure. For recording the elements 321 and 323, reflective imaging is used for recording of the H.O.E. 323 and transmission imaging is used for recording of the display hologram 321. However, it is within the scope of the present disclosure to use reflective/reflective, transmission/reflective, and transmission/transmission imaging configurations.

(74) For recording of the display hologram 321, a recordable medium is mounted and fixed in position of the hologram support window 316. The recordable medium can be any element operable for recording of a hologram image or reticle. In an example, the recordable medium is self-developing photopolymer. Recording a reticle image onto display hologram 321 can include emitting a readout beam and an object beam in the presence of a target image or image mask thereby recording the image onto the display hologram. In one example, hologram 321 can be fabricated from a film material requiring chemical development. In this example, hologram 321 is fabricated from a photopolymer which allows the image to self-develop, thus eliminating the need for costly and hazardous chemical processing.

(75) Once the photopolymer is fixed into position within the hologram support window 16, a readout beam source 350 and a reticle beam source or object beam source (not shown) are positioned into desired alignment. The readout beam source 350 generates a readout beam 315 which records the light and thus the image formed by the object beam source. Often, the object beam source engages an image mask which records a desired image on the recordable medium. For example, cross hairs, a circle, or a single dot can be used as a reticle. Typically, the H.O.E. 323 is recorded following recording of the display hologram 321. However, the present disclosure is not limited to this order of operation.

(76) For recording the H.O.E. 323, a recordable medium such as a photopolymer is mounted and fixed in position of the H.O.E. support window 317. The photopolymer is then exposed to both the readout beam 315 from the readout beam source 350 and the reference beam 325 from the reference beam source 324. This records the readout beam 315 on H.O.E. 323. Accordingly, when chassis 300 is in use and reference beam source 324 is activated, H.O.E. 323 is illuminated by reference beam 325 generating a readout beam 315 which illuminates display hologram 321. Display hologram 321 and H.O.E. 323 are recorded in fixed position with respect to each other and therefore, a desired reticle hologram image is formed. Readout beam 315 is generated using H.O.E. 323 thus eliminating the need for readout beam source 350. In this example, readout beam 315 is an angled beam pattern.

(77) Positioning the reference beam directly aligned below display hologram 321 and spaced apart from H.O.E. 323 allows for more compact assembly. In this example, bridge 312 extends from outer surfaces of the hologram support 311 to the outer surface of H.O.E. support 313 extending in a relatively downward projection. Reference beam source 24 can align directly across from H.O.E. 323. In an example, reference beam 325 is horizontally aligned with H.O.E. 323.

(78) According to the present disclosure, the chassis assembly 300 is operable for mounting onto a small arms weapon. The reference beam source 324 is operable for generating a readout light beam 315 from H.O.E. 323. The display hologram 321 is spaced apart from the H.O.E. 323 to be illuminated by the readout light beam 315. Display hologram 321 includes a target image recorded thereon. The target image is operable to display a perceived reticle image when illuminated by the readout light beam 315. The perceived image is visible at an apparent distance from the assembly 300. Accordingly, a user of the weapon will see a visible reticle, such as a cross hair image, a circle, or a visible dot, and use the hologram as a target or sight.

(79) Display hologram 321 and H.O.E. 323 are fixed in near identical relative position to each other as when recorded. The H.O.E. 323 and the display hologram 321 are fixed on chassis assembly 300. The H.O.E. 323 and display hologram 321 can be positioned in a reflective image orientation as shown in FIG. 12. Alternatively, a transmission image orientation can also be used wherein the direction of the light emitting from the light source is aligned with the direction of the H.O.E. and the readout beam. The present disclosure further provides for a base with an attachment for mounting to an upper surface or rail of a weapon.

(80) The invention is not restricted to the illustrative examples and embodiments described above. The embodiments are not intended as limitations on the scope of the invention. Methods, apparatus, compositions, and the like described herein are exemplary and not intended as limitations on the scope of the invention. Changes therein and other uses will occur to those skilled in the art. The scope of the invention is defined by the scope of the claims.