Fusion Formable Alkali-Free Intermediate Thermal Expansion Coefficient Glass

Abstract

A compositional range of high strain point and/or intermediate expansion coefficient alkali metal free aluminosilicate and boroaluminosilicate glasses are described herein. The glasses can be used as substrates or superstrates for photovoltaic devices, for example, thin film photovoltaic devices such as CdTe or CIGS photovoltaic devices or crystalline silicon wafer devices. These glasses can be characterized as having strain points 600 C., thermal expansion coefficient of from 35 to 5010.sup.7/ C.

Claims

1. A glass comprising, in mole percent: TABLE-US-00008 58-64% SiO.sub.2; 8-13% Al.sub.2O.sub.3; 6-12% B.sub.2O.sub.3; 0-7% MgO; 0-12% SrO; 0-16% CaO; and 2-9% BaO, wherein the glass is substantially free of alkali metal, and the glass is characterized by a liquidus temperature of 1150 C. or lower.

2. The glass according to claim 1, comprising 2-11% CaO.

3. The glass according to claim 1, comprising 2-7.6% BaO.

4. The glass according to claim 1, wherein the glass has a liquidus viscosity of 100,000 poise or greater.

5. The glass according to claim 1, wherein MgO+CaO+BaO+SrO is 13 to 20 percent.

6. The glass according to claim 1, having a coefficient of thermal expansion in the range of from about 35110.sup.7/ C. to about 5010.sup.7/ C.

7. The glass according to claim 1, comprising 0 to about 2 mole percent of TiO.sub.2, MnO, ZnO, Nb.sub.2O.sub.5, Ta.sub.2O.sub.5, ZrO.sub.2, La.sub.2O.sub.3, Y.sub.2O.sub.3, P.sub.2O.sub.5, or a combination thereof.

8. The glass according to claim 1, comprising 63.9 mole % SiO.sub.2.

9. The glass according to claim 1, wherein the glass has 0.05 mole % or less alkali.

10. The glass according to claim 1, wherein the glass has a strain point of 600 C.

11. The glass according to claim 1, wherein the glass is in the form of a sheet.

12. The glass according to claim 11, wherein the sheet is fusion formed.

13. The glass according to claim 11, wherein the sheet is used in a photovoltaic device.

14. The glass according to claim 1, comprising, in mole percent: TABLE-US-00009 63.9% SiO.sub.2; 9.0% Al.sub.2O.sub.3; 9.0% B.sub.2O.sub.3; 3.5% MgO; 2.0% SrO; 5.5% CaO; and 7.0% BaO.

15. The glass according to claim 1, comprising, in mole percent: TABLE-US-00010 63.9% SiO.sub.2; 9.0% Al.sub.2O.sub.3; 9.0% B.sub.2O.sub.3; 4.5% MgO; 2.0% SrO; 4.5% CaO; and 7.0% BaO.

16. A photovoltaic device comprising the glass according to claim 1.

17. The photovoltaic device according to claim 16, further comprising a substrate.

18. The photovoltaic device according to claim 17, further comprising one or more intermediate layers disposed between said glass sheet and said substrate.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0021] The invention can be understood from the following detailed description either alone or together with the accompanying drawing figure.

[0022] FIG. 1 is a schematic of features of a photovoltaic device according to some embodiments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0023] Reference will now be made in detail to various embodiments of the invention.

[0024] As used herein, the term substrate can be used to describe either a substrate or a superstrate depending on the configuration of the photovoltaic cell. For example, the substrate is a superstrate, if when assembled into a photovoltaic cell, it is on the light incident side of a photovoltaic cell. The superstrate can provide protection for the photovoltaic materials from impact and environmental degradation while allowing transmission of the appropriate wavelengths of the solar spectrum. Further, multiple photovoltaic cells can be arranged into a photovoltaic module. Photovoltaic device can describe either a cell, a module, or both.

[0025] As used herein, the term adjacent can be defined as being in close proximity. Adjacent structures may or may not be in physical contact with each other. Adjacent structures can have other layers and/or structures disposed between them.

[0026] Moreover, where a range of numerical values is recited herein, comprising upper and lower values, unless otherwise stated in specific circumstances, the range is intended to include the endpoints thereof, and all integers and fractions within the range. It is not intended that the scope of the invention be limited to the specific values recited when defining a range. Further, when an amount, concentration, or other value or parameter is given as a range, one or more preferred ranges or a list of upper preferable values and lower preferable values, this is to be understood as specifically disclosing all ranges formed from any pair of any upper range limit or preferred value and any lower range limit or preferred value, regardless of whether such pairs are separately disclosed. Finally, when the term about is used in describing a value or an end-point of a range, the disclosure should be understood to include the specific value or end-point referred to.

[0027] As used herein, the term about means that amounts, sizes, formulations, parameters, and other quantities and characteristics are not and need not be exact, but may be approximate and/or larger or smaller, as desired, reflecting tolerances, conversion factors, rounding off, measurement error and the like, and other factors known to those of skill in the art. In general, an amount, size, formulation, parameter or other quantity or characteristic is about or approximate whether or not expressly stated to be such.

[0028] The term or, as used herein, is inclusive; more specifically, the phrase A or B means A, B, or both A and B. Exclusive or is designated herein by terms such as either A or B and one of A or B, for example.

[0029] The indefinite articles a and an are employed to describe elements and components of the invention. The use of these articles means that one or at least one of these elements or components is present. Although these articles are conventionally employed to signify that the modified noun is a singular noun, as used herein the articles a and an also include the plural, unless otherwise stated in specific instances. Similarly, the definite article the, as used herein, also signifies that the modified noun may be singular or plural, again unless otherwise stated in specific instances.

[0030] It is noted that one or more of the claims may utilize the term wherein as a transitional phrase. For the purposes of defining the present invention, it is noted that this term is introduced in the claims as an open-ended transitional phrase that is used to introduce a recitation of a series of characteristics of the structure and should be interpreted in like manner as the more commonly used open-ended preamble term comprising.

[0031] As used herein, a glass composition having 0 wt % of a compound is defined as meaning that the compound, molecule, or element was not purposefully added to the composition, but the composition may still comprise the compound, typically in tramp or trace amounts. Similarly, substantially free of alkali metal, substantially free of sodium, substantially free of potassium, sodium-free, alkali-free, potassium-free or the like are defined to mean that the compound, molecule, or element was not purposefully added to the composition, but the composition may still comprise sodium, alkali, or potassium, but in approximately tramp or trace amounts. These tramp amounts are not intentionally included in the batch but may be present in minor amounts as impurities in the raw materials used to provide the major components of the glass.

[0032] One embodiment is a glass comprising, in mole percent: [0033] 55 to 75 percent SiO.sub.2; [0034] 5 to 20 percent Al.sub.2O.sub.3; [0035] 0 to 15 percent B.sub.2O.sub.3; [0036] 0 to 10 percent MgO; [0037] 0 to 15 percent SrO; [0038] 0 to 16 percent CaO; and [0039] 0 to 9 percent BaO.
wherein MgO+CaO+BaO+SrO is 13 to 20 percent, wherein the glass is substantially free of alkali metal, and wherein the glass has a liquidus viscosity of 100,000 poise or greater.

[0040] In one embodiment, the glass, comprises, in mole percent: [0041] 55 to 75 percent SiO.sub.2; [0042] 5 to 13 percent Al.sub.2O.sub.3; [0043] 0 to 15 percent B.sub.2O.sub.3; [0044] 0 to 10 percent MgO; [0045] 0 to 15 percent SrO; [0046] 0 to 16 percent CaO; and [0047] 0 to 9 percent BaO.

[0048] In one embodiment, the glass, comprises, in mole percent: [0049] 55 to 75 percent SiO.sub.2; [0050] 0 to 20 percent Al.sub.2O.sub.3; [0051] 6 to 12 percent B.sub.2O.sub.3; [0052] 0 to 10 percent MgO; [0053] 0 to 15 percent SrO; [0054] 0 to 16 percent CaO; and [0055] 0 to 9 percent BaO.

[0056] In one embodiment, the glass, comprises, in mole percent: [0057] 55 to 75 percent SiO.sub.2; [0058] 5 to 13 percent Al.sub.2O.sub.3; [0059] 6 to 12 percent B.sub.2O.sub.3; [0060] 0 to 10 percent MgO; [0061] 0 to 15 percent SrO; [0062] 0 to 16 percent CaO; and [0063] 0 to 9 percent BaO.

[0064] In one embodiment, the glass, comprises, in mole percent: [0065] 55 to 75 percent SiO.sub.2; [0066] 8 to 13 percent Al.sub.2O.sub.3; [0067] 6 to 12 percent B.sub.2O.sub.3; [0068] 0 to 7 percent MgO; [0069] 0 to 12 percent SrO; [0070] 0 to 16 percent CaO; and [0071] 0 to 9 percent BaO.

[0072] In one embodiment, the glass, comprises, in mole percent: [0073] 58 to 69 percent SiO.sub.2; [0074] 8 to 13 percent Al.sub.2O.sub.3; [0075] 6 to 12 percent B.sub.2O.sub.3; [0076] 0 to 7 percent MgO; [0077] 0 to 12 percent SrO; [0078] 0 to 16 percent CaO; and [0079] 0 to 9 percent BaO.

[0080] In one embodiment, the glass, comprises, in mole percent: [0081] 73 to 75 percent SiO.sub.2; [0082] 6 to 9 percent Al.sub.2O.sub.3; [0083] 0 percent B.sub.2O.sub.3; [0084] 1 to 3 percent MgO; [0085] 0 percent SrO; [0086] 13 to 16 percent CaO; and [0087] 1 to 3 percent BaO.

[0088] In one embodiment, the glass, comprises, in mole percent: [0089] 60 to 67 percent SiO.sub.2; [0090] 8 to 12 percent Al.sub.2O.sub.3; [0091] 6 to 12 percent B.sub.2O.sub.3; [0092] 0.05 to 7 percent MgO; [0093] 0 to 12 percent SrO; [0094] 0.5 to 9 percent CaO; and [0095] 0.5 to 8 percent BaO.

[0096] The glass is substantially free of alkali metal, for example, the content of alkali can be 0.05 mole percent or less, for example, zero mole percent. The glass, according to some embodiments, is free of intentionally added alkali metal.

[0097] The glass is substantially free of sodium, for example, the content of sodium can be 0.05 mole percent or less, for example, zero mole percent. The glass, according to some embodiments, is free of intentionally added sodium.

[0098] The glass is substantially free of potassium, for example, the content of sodium can be 0.05 mole percent or less, for example, zero mole percent. The glass, according to some embodiments, is free of intentionally added potassium.

[0099] The glass is substantially free of sodium and potassium, for example, the content of sodium can be 0.05 mole percent or less, for example, zero mole percent. The glass, according to some embodiments, is free of intentionally added sodium and potassium.

[0100] In some embodiments, the glass comprises 55 to 75 percent SiO.sub.2, for example, 58 to 69 percent SiO.sub.2, or, for example, 60 to 67 percent SiO.sub.2, or, for example, 73 to 75 percent SiO.sub.2.

[0101] As mentioned above, the glasses, according some embodiments, comprise 0 to 15 percent B.sub.2O.sub.3, for example, 6 to 12 percent. B.sub.2O.sub.3 is added to the glass to reduce melting temperature, to decrease liquidus temperature, to increase liquidus viscosity, and to improve mechanical durability relative to a glass containing no B.sub.2O.sub.3.

[0102] The glass, according to some embodiments, comprises MgO+CaO+BaO+SrO in an amount from 13 to 20 mole percent. MgO can be added to the glass to reduce melting temperature and to increase strain point. It can disadvantageously lower CTE relative to other alkaline earths (e.g., CaO, SrO, BaO), and so other adjustments may be made to keep the CTE within the desired range. Examples of suitable adjustments include increase SrO at the expense of CaO.

[0103] The glasses can comprise, in some embodiments, 0 to 15 mole percent SrO, for example, greater than zero to 15 mole percent, for example, 1 to 12 mole percent SrO. In certain embodiments, the glass contains no deliberately batched SrO, though it may of course be present as a contaminant in other batch materials. SrO contributes to higher coefficient of thermal expansion, and the relative proportion of SrO and CaO can be manipulated to improve liquidus temperature, and thus liquidus viscosity. SrO is not as effective as CaO or MgO for improving strain point, and replacing either of these with SrO tends to cause the melting temperature to increase. BaO has a similar effect coefficient of thermal expansion as SrO, if not a greater effect. BaO tends to lower melting temperature and lower liquidus temperature

[0104] The glasses, in some embodiments, comprise 0 to 16 mole percent CaO, for example, greater than 0 to 15 or, for example, 0 to 12 mole percent CaO, for example, 0.5 to 9 mole percent CaO. CaO contributes to higher strain point, lower density, and lower melting temperature.

[0105] The glass, according to one embodiment, further comprises 0 to 0.5 mole percent of a fining agent. The fining agent can be SnO.sub.2.

[0106] The glass, according to one embodiment, further comprising 0 to 2 mole percent of TiO.sub.2, MnO, ZnO, Nb.sub.2O.sub.5, Ta.sub.2O.sub.5, ZrO.sub.2, La.sub.2O.sub.3, Y.sub.2O.sub.3, P.sub.2O.sub.5, or a combination thereof. These optional components can be used to further tailor glass properties.

[0107] In some embodiments, the glass is substantially free of Sb.sub.2O.sub.3, As.sub.2O.sub.3, or combinations thereof, for example, the glass comprises 0.05 mole percent or less of Sb.sub.2O.sub.3 or As.sub.2O.sub.3 or a combination thereof. For example, the glass can comprise zero mole percent of Sb.sub.2O.sub.3 or As.sub.2O.sub.3 or a combination thereof.

[0108] Accordingly, in one embodiment, the glass has a strain point of 600 C. or greater, for example, 610 C. or greater, for example, 620 C. or greater, for example, 630 C. or greater, for example, 640 C. or greater, for example, 650 C. or greater. In some embodiments, the glass has a coefficient of thermal expansion of from 3510.sup.7/ C. to 5010.sup.7/ C., for example, 3910.sup.7/ C. to 5010.sup.7/ C. In one embodiment, the glass has a coefficient of thermal expansion of from 3510.sup.7/ C. to 5010.sup.7/ C. and a strain point of 600 C. or greater.

[0109] The glass can be fusion formed as known in the art of fusion forming glass. The fusion draw process uses an isopipe that has a channel for accepting molten glass raw material. The channel has weirs that are open at the top along the length of the channel on both sides of the channel. When the channel fills with molten material, the molten glass overflows the weirs. Due to gravity, the molten glass flows down the outside surfaces of the isopipe. These outside surfaces extend down and inwardly so that they join at an edge below the drawing tank. The two flowing glass surfaces join at this edge to fuse and form a single flowing sheet. The fusion draw method offers the advantage that, since the two glass films flowing over the channel fuse together, neither outside surface of the resulting glass sheet comes in contact with any part of the apparatus. Thus, the surface properties are not affected by such contact.

[0110] Glasses having a liquidus viscosity of greater than or equal to 100 kP, 100,000 poise, are usually fusion formable. Glass having a liquidus viscosity in the range of from 10 kP to less than 100 kP are usually float formable but not fusion formable. Some embodiments are alkali-free glasses with Tstr>630 C., in the range of 4-5 ppm/ C., as well as liquidus viscosity (liq) in excess of 100,000 poise. As such, they are ideally suited for being formed into sheet by the fusion process. Moreover, many of these glasses also have a 200 poise temperature (T.sub.200) that is well below 1550 C., making them ideal candidates for lower-cost versions of the fusion process.

[0111] In one embodiment, the glass is in the form of a sheet. The glass in the form of a sheet can be strengthened, for example, thermally tempered.

[0112] The glass, according to one embodiment, is optically transparent.

[0113] In one embodiment, as shown in FIG. 1, a photovoltaic device 100 comprises the glass in the form of a sheet 10. The photovoltaic device can comprise more than one of the glass sheets, for example, as a substrate and/or as a superstrate. In one embodiment, the photovoltaic device 100 comprises the glass sheet as a substrate or superstrate 10 or 18, a conductive material 12 adjacent to the substrate, and an active photovoltaic medium 16 adjacent to the conductive material. In one embodiment, the device comprises two glass sheets, one as the superstrate and one as the substrate, having the compositions described herein. The functional layer can comprise copper indium gallium diselenide, amorphous silicon, crystalline silicon, one or more crystalline silicon wafers, cadmium telluride, or combinations thereof adjacent to the substrate or superstrate. In one embodiment, the active photovoltaic medium comprises a CIGS layer. In one embodiment, the active photovoltaic medium comprises a cadmium telluride (CdTe) layer. In one embodiment, the photovoltaic device comprises a functional layer comprising copper indium gallium diselenide or cadmium telluride. In one embodiment, the photovoltaic device the functional layer is copper indium gallium diselenide. In one embodiment, the functional layer is cadmium telluride.

[0114] The photovoltaic device 100, according to one embodiment, further comprises one or more intermediate layer(s) 14 such as a sodium containing layer, for example, a layer comprising NaF or a barrier layer disposed between or adjacent to the superstrate or substrate and the functional layer. In one embodiment, the photovoltaic device further comprises a barrier layer disposed between or adjacent to the superstrate or substrate and a transparent conductive oxide (TCO) layer, wherein the TCO layer is disposed between or adjacent to the functional layer and the barrier layer. A TCO may be present in a photovoltaic device comprising a CdTe functional layer. In one embodiment, the barrier layer is disposed directly on the glass. In one embodiment, the device comprises multiple intermediate layers such as a sodium containing layer, for example, a layer comprising NaF, and an adjacent sodium metering layer located between the superstrate and the substrate.

[0115] In one embodiment, the glass sheet is optically transparent. In one embodiment, the glass sheet as the substrate and/or superstrate is optically transparent.

[0116] According to some embodiments, the glass sheet has a thickness of 4.0 mm or less, for example, 3.5 mm or less, for example, 3.2 mm or less, for example, 3.0 mm or less, for example, 2.5 mm or less, for example, 2.0 mm or less, for example, 1.9 mm or less, for example, 1.8 mm or less, for example, 1.5 mm or less, for example, 1.1 mm or less, for example, 0.5 mm to 2.0 mm, for example, 0.5 mm to 1.1 mm, for example, 0.7 mm to 1.1 mm. Although these are exemplary thicknesses, the glass sheet can have a thickness of any numerical value including decimal places in the range of from 0.1 mm up to and including 4.0 mm.

[0117] Alkali-free glasses are becoming increasingly attractive candidates for the superstrate, substrate of CdTe, CIGS modules, respectively. In the former case, alkali contamination of the CdTe and conductive oxide layers of the film stack is avoided. Moreover, process simplification arises from the elimination of the barrier layer (needed, e.g., in the case of conventional soda-lime glass). In the latter case, CIGS module manufacturers are better able to control the amount of Na needed to optimize absorber performance by depositing a separate Na-containing layer that, by virtue of its specified composition and thickness, results in more reproducible Na delivery to the CIGS layer.

EXAMPLES

[0118] Table 1, Table 2, Table 3, Table 4, Table 5, Table 6, and Table 7 show exemplary glasses, according to embodiments of the invention. Properties data for some exemplary glasses are also shown in Table 1, Table 2, Table 3, Table 4, Table 5, Table 6, and Table 7. In the Tables T.sub.str( C.) is the strain point which is the temperature when the viscosity is equal to 10.sup.14.7 P as measured by beam bending or fiber elongation. (10.sup.7/ C.) in the Tables is the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) which is the amount of dimensional change from either 0 to 300 C. or 25 to 300 C. depending on the measurement. CTE is typically measured by dilatometry. (g/cc) is the density which is measured with the Archimedes method (ASTM C693). T.sub.200( C.) is the two-hundred Poise (P) temperature. This is the temperature when the viscosity of the melt is 200 P as measured by HTV (high temperature viscosity) measurement which uses concentric cylinder viscometry. T.sub.liq( C.) is the liquidus temperature. This is the temperature where the first crystal is observed in a standard gradient boat liquidus measurement (ASTM C829-81). .sub.liq is the liquidus viscosity expressed in kilopoise; thus 100 kP=100,000 P. This is the viscosity of the melt corresponding to the liquidus temperature.

TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Example Mole % 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 MgO 6.4 6.9 6.9 4.6 4.8 6.4 4.4 4.4 2.7 2.6 CaO 8.5 6.9 9.1 5.4 5.6 5.2 7.2 5.2 2.9 2.0 SrO 0 0 0 3.6 3.8 3.5 3.5 5.5 11.8 9.6 BaO 2.4 3.4 2.6 2.4 2.5 2.3 2.3 2.3 0.7 3.6 RO 17.2 17.2 18.6 16.0 16.7 17.4 17.4 17.4 18.0 17.7 B.sub.2O.sub.3 10.0 10.0 10.8 10.7 11.2 10.3 10.3 10.3 9.0 7.5 Al.sub.2O.sub.3 11.1 11.1 12.0 11.1 11.6 10.7 10.7 10.7 9.6 9.3 SiO.sub.2 61.5 61.5 58.5 62.0 60.5 61.5 61.5 61.5 63.3 65.4 SnO.sub.2 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 Tstr 645 642 641 643 641 642 641 642 645 649 41.8 40.6 41.5 40.7 41.2 40.0 41.0 41.9 46.2 46.5 2.53 2.56 2.56 2.57 2.59 2.58 2.58 2.62 2.70 2.75 T200 1473 1490 1515 Tliq 1060 1065 1050 1015 1020 1070 1040 1035 1130 1110 liq 205 777 459 (kP)

TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Example Mole % 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 MgO 4.1 5.4 1.8 0 2.0 4.4 6.4 5.4 5.4 6.4 CaO 9.9 6.4 11.0 10.0 9.0 8.5 6.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 SrO 3.3 4.3 2.9 9.0 8.0 2.0 2.0 1.0 1.0 0 BaO 2.2 2.8 3.3 0 0 2.4 2.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 RO 19.4 19.0 19.0 19.0 19.0 17.3 17.3 17.3 17.3 17.3 B.sub.2O.sub.3 9.7 10.7 10.7 8.0 8.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 9.0 9.0 Al.sub.2O.sub.3 10.0 11.1 8.5 9.0 9.0 11.1 11.1 11.1 12.1 12.1 SiO.sub.2 60.8 59.0 62.3 64.0 64.0 61.5 61.5 61.5 61.5 61.5 SnO.sub.2 0.10 0.10 0.07 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 Tstr 639 636 631 648 649 650 645 650 659 661 46.5 43.9 46.0 48.4 45.8 40.4 41.4 39.5 40.3 39.8 2.70 2.64 2.67 2.63 2.57 2.60 2.56 2.60 2.58 T200 1423 Tliq 1045 1030 1075 1150 1145 1080 1080 1095 1080 1090 liq 192 (kP)

TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Example Mole % 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 MgO 0.1 2.0 0 0 1.98 1.97 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.06 CaO 4.3 2.0 4.3 3.3 1.3 0.8 4.6 4.6 4.5 4.6 SrO 9.7 12.0 10.0 10.5 11.9 11.5 9.7 9.6 10.2 9.5 BaO 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 2.0 4.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 RO 14.1 16.1 14.4 13.9 17.2 18.3 14.4 14.4 14.8 14.2 B.sub.2O.sub.3 8.4 6.6 8.5 8.5 6.4 6.4 9.9 11.4 9.9 11.5 Al.sub.2O.sub.3 9.3 9.3 10.0 10.5 8.7 8.6 9.3 9.3 10.0 10.0 SiO.sub.2 68.1 67.8 67.0 67.0 67.6 66.5 66.2 64.8 65.2 64.1 SnO.sub.2 0.16 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 Tstr 668 674 668 673 667 665 658 649 659 656 40.9 42.8 41.7 41.8 45.9 46.6 42.1 42.5 42.3 42.4 2.59 2.65 2.59 2.59 2.72 2.77 2.58 2.58 2.59 2.59 T200 1595 1595 1594 1610 1563 1545 1569 1540 1555 1528 Tliq 1125 1125 1135 1150 1100 1075 1075 1070 1080 1080 liq 142 162 119 121 124 235 274 202 253 163 (kP)

TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 Example Mole % 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 MgO 4.7 2.5 3.5 4.5 3.8 3.9 4.2 4.4 CaO 5.6 7.0 5.5 4.5 6.0 5.7 5.6 5.5 SrO 3.7 1.5 2.0 2.0 2.2 2.5 2.9 3.3 BaO 2.5 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.6 6.2 4.9 3.7 RO 16.5 18.0 18.0 18.0 19.5 18.3 17.6 16.8 B.sub.2O.sub.3 11.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.8 9.8 10.1 10.4 Al.sub.2O.sub.3 11.4 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.8 9.9 10.3 10.8 SiO.sub.2 61.0 63.9 63.9 63.9 60.9 62.0 62.0 62.0 SnO.sub.2 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 Tstr 640 632 632 635 630 631 633 638 41.2 46.5 45.9 45.8 48.2 46.0 43.7 41.7 2.58 2.73 2.72 2.72 2.77 2.71 2.67 2.62 T200 1510 1490 1490 1494 1443 1475 1490 Tliq 1000 1050 1025 1020 1045 1000 1010 liq (kP) 893 166 364 437 106 756 808

TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 5 Example Mole % 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 MgO 1.4 1.3 1.8 0.0 2.0 4.4 6.4 5.4 5.4 6.4 CaO 15.4 14.2 11.0 10.0 9.0 8.5 6.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 SrO 2.9 9.0 8.0 2.0 2.0 1.0 1.0 0 BaO 1.4 1.3 3.3 0 0 2.4 2.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 RO 18.1 16.7 19.0 19.0 19.0 17.3 17.3 17.3 17.3 17.3 B.sub.2O.sub.3 10.7 8.0 8.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 9.0 9.0 Al.sub.2O.sub.3 7.0 8.4 8.5 9.0 9.0 11.1 11.1 11.1 12.1 12.1 SiO.sub.2 74.9 74.9 62.3 64.0 64.0 61.5 61.5 61.5 61.5 61.5 SnO.sub.2 0.10 0.10 0.07 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 Tstr 735 745 613 648 649 650 645 650 659 661 42.7 40.6 46 48.4 45.8 40.4 41.4 39.5 40.3 39.8 2.67 2.67 2.63 2.57 2.60 2.56 2.60 2.58 T200 Tliq 1080 1080 1075 1150 1145 1080 1080 1095 1080 1090 liq (kP)

TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 6 Example Mole % 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 MgO 0.1 2.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 2.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 CaO 4.3 2.0 4.3 3.3 1.3 0.8 4.6 4.6 4.5 SrO 9.7 12.0 10.0 10.5 11.9 11.5 9.7 9.6 10.2 BaO 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 2.0 4.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 RO 14.1 16.1 14.4 13.9 17.2 18.3 14.4 14.4 14.8 B.sub.2O.sub.3 8.4 6.6 8.5 8.5 6.4 6.4 9.9 11.4 9.9 Al.sub.2O.sub.3 9.3 9.3 10.0 10.5 8.6 8.6 9.3 9.3 9.9 SiO.sub.2 68.1 67.8 67.0 66.9 67.6 66.5 66.2 64.8 65.2 SnO.sub.2 0.16 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 Tstr 668 674 668 673 667 665 658 649 659 40.9 42.8 41.7 41.8 45.9 46.6 42.1 42.5 42.3 2.59 2.65 2.59 2.59 2.72 2.77 2.58 2.58 2.59 T200 1595 1595 1594 1610 1563 1545 1569 1540 1555 Tliq 1125 1125 1135 1150 1100 1075 1075 1070 1080 liq (kP) 142 162 119 121 124 235 274 202 253

TABLE-US-00007 TABLE 7 Example Mole % 58 59 60 61 62 MgO 0.1 0.1 1.6 0.1 0.1 CaO 4.6 5.0 4.9 6.5 8.0 SrO 9.5 9.8 8.4 8.5 6.9 BaO 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 RO 14.2 15.0 15.0 15.1 15.1 B.sub.2O.sub.3 11.5 10.4 10.3 10.3 10.4 Al.sub.2O.sub.3 10.0 9.7 9.6 9.6 9.6 SiO.sub.2 64.1 64.9 65.0 64.8 64.8 SnO2 0.17 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16 Tstr 656 655 653 657 656 42.4 42 41.8 42 42.5 2.59 2.60 2.56 2.57 2.55 T200 1528 1539 1546 1539 1536 Tliq 1080 1090 1100 1100 1080 liq (kP) 163 132 136 106 178

[0119] It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made to the present invention without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. Thus, it is intended that the present invention cover the modifications and variations of this invention provided they come within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents.