UPPER LIMB REHABILITATION SYSTEM

Abstract

A robotic integrated platform for rehabilitating an upper limb of a subject, comprising: a rehabilitation device, said rehabilitation device comprising a mobile platform, a fixed platform, an upper limb platform and a movement altering device; wherein said mobile platform is movable in regard to said fixed platform, and wherein the upper limb of the subject is in physical contact with said upper limb platform, for exerting a force against said upper limb platform; and wherein said movement altering device alters a movement of said mobile platform; a controller interface for controlling said movement altering device; a computational device for controlling said controller interface, said computational device comprising a VR (virtual reality) module for constructing a VR environment, wherein said computational device provides haptic feedback to the subject through said rehabilitation device; and a VR display for the subject to view the VR environment.

Claims

1. A robotic integrated platform for rehabilitating an upper limb of a subject, comprising: a. a rehabilitation device, said rehabilitation device comprising a mobile platform, a fixed platform, an upper limb platform and a movement altering device; wherein said mobile platform is movable in regard to said fixed platform, and wherein the upper limb of the subject is in physical contact with said upper limb platform, for exerting a force against said upper limb platform; and wherein said movement altering device alters a movement of said mobile platform; b. a controller interface for controlling said movement altering device; c. a computational device for controlling said controller interface, said computational device comprising a VR (virtual reality) module for constructing a VR environment, wherein said computational device provides haptic feedback to the subject through said rehabilitation device; and d. a VR display for the subject to view the VR environment.

2. The robotic integrated platform of claim 1, wherein said movement altering device further comprises a motor or a brake, or a combination thereof, for exerting a force on said mobile platform.

3. The robotic integrated platform of claim 2, wherein said movement altering device further comprises a plurality of motors and wherein said rehabilitation device further comprises a location sensor for detecting a location of said mobile platform, such that said computational device detects a movement of said mobile platform and communicates one or more commands to said plurality of motors according to said movement.

4. The robotic integrated platform of claim 3, further comprising at least one physiological sensor for detecting a physiological signal of the subject, and a physiological monitor for receiving said physiological signal and for transmitting said physiological signal to said computational device, wherein said VR module adjusts said VR environment according to said physiological signal.

5. The robotic integrated platform of claim 4, wherein said physiological signal comprises one or more of an electroencephalogram (EEG) sensor, an electromyogram (EMG) sensor, an electrooculography (EOG) sensor, an electrocardiogram (ECG) sensor, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), functional near-infrared spectroscopic imaging (fNRIS), or a skin conductance sensor.

6. The robotic integrated platform of claim 3, wherein said mobile platform comprises a gripping device for being gripped by the subject.

7. The robotic integrated platform of claim 3, wherein said mobile platform comprises an articulate handle assembly movable, during a rehabilitation session, within a plane which is substantially coplanar or parallel to the transverse plane of the subject, wherein the handle assembly is provided with a gripping device comprising a shaft, characterized in that said articulate handle assembly comprises: a. a supporting structure having first and a second holding elements pivotally connected together to rotate about a first axis of rotation (.sub.l) perpendicular to said transverse plane, b. a third holding element connected to said supporting structure, and c. a fourth holding element supporting the shaft of the gripping device and pivotally connected to said third holding element to rotate about a second axis of rotation (.sub.2) which is perpendicular to the first axis of rotation (.sub.l), and in that said first and second axis of rotation (.sub.l, .sub.2) as well as the central axis (.sub.3) of the shaft of the gripping device always intersect at one point independently from the orientation of each of the first, second, third and fourth holding elements,

8. The robotic integrated platform according to claim 7, characterized in that each of said first and second holding elements of the supporting structure comprises upper and lower parts which are parallel to said transverse plane of the subject, wherein the upper part and lower parts of the first holding element are pivotally connected respectively to the upper and lower parts of the second holding element such that said first and second holding elements are both rotatable about said first axis of rotation (.sub.l).

9. The robotic integrated platform according to claim 8, characterized in that said third holding element comprises upper and lower parts which are parallel to said transverse plane of the patient and pivotally connected to respective upper and lower parts of the first and/or second holding elements.

10. The robotic integrated platform according to claim 7, characterized in that said first, second, third and fourth holding element have a general C-shaped or Q-shaped construction.

11. The robotic integrated platform according to claim 7, characterized in that the gripping device of the handle assembly comprises two ergonomic parts and two foldable structure therebetween, the two ergonomic part being spaced apart in a resting position and arranged to be squeezed against each other by the hand grasp movements of the subject, wherein each foldable structure is connected to the shaft of the gripping device and to a travel nut of a ball screw mounted inside said shaft , each foldable structure being further slidably mounted on the inner side of the corresponding complementary part of said gripping device .

12. The robotic integrated platform according to claim 11, characterized in that each foldable structure comprises two interconnected links pivotally mounted together at their center, wherein one extremity of one intersecting link of each foldable structure is connected to the shaft of the gripping device , the other extremity of said one intersecting link being slidably mounted along a rail arranged on the inner side of the corresponding complementary part of the gripping device, and wherein one extremity of the other intersecting link is connected to the inner side of said complementary part, the other extremity of said other intersecting link being connected to a travel nut of a ball screw mounted inside the shaft of the gripping device.

13. The robotic integrated platform according to claim 7, characterized in that a motor is mounted on the third holding element to assist and/or impede the rotation of the fourth holding element about said second axis of rotation (.sub.2).

14. The robotic integrated platform according to claim 7 characterized in that said system comprises a motor arranged inside the shaft of the gripping device, wherein said motor is coupled to the ball screw to assist or impede grasp movements of the subject's upper limb.

15. The robotic integrated platform of claim 1, further comprising a controller for monitoring EEG or EMG signals of the subject, and for controlling said movement altering device to provide force feedback according to said signals.

16. The robotic integrated platform of claim 1, wherein said movement altering device comprises a braking device, wherein said braking device comprises a fixed part mounted on the third holding element and a rotating part rotatably mounted on the fixed part and connected to the fourth holding element in order to rotate about said second axis of rotation (.sub.2), the braking device further comprising an actuator configured to come into contact, upon actuation, with the rotating part thereby stopping its rotation in order to simulate a physical contact with a virtual object.

17. A method for the rehabilitation of an upper limb of a subject comprising the steps of: a. mapping the movements of the subjects into virtual or augmented reality environments by said computational device, in which the subject receives visual feedback concerning his/her own movements as well as visual feedback about a virtual/augmented environment whose physical properties are simulated through the robotic integrated platform of claim 1; b. recording physiological signals of the subject as well as movements parameters of the mobile platform when the subject is operating said robotic integrated platform; and c. controlling the movements of said robotic integrated platform by said computational device according to the recorded physiological signals or movement parameters.

18. A method for the rehabilitation of an upper limb of a subject with the robotic integrated platform of claim 1, the steps of the method being performed by a computational device, the method comprising: initializing a VR (virtual reality) environment for the subject; analyzing movement data of a movement of said mobile platform; adjusting said VR environment according to said movement data; and adjusting a resistance or assistance provided by said movement altering device according to said movement data.

19. The method of claim 18, further comprising displaying visual feedback of said movement of said mobile platform in said VR environment.

20. The method of claim 19, further comprising receiving a physiological signal of the subject and adjusting said VR environment according to said physiological signal.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF FIGURES

[0016] The invention will be better understood thanks to the following detailed description of the invention with reference to the attached figures, in which:

[0017] FIG. 1 shows a perspective view of the upper limb rehabilitation system according to the invention in a neutral/resting position,

[0018] FIG. 2 shows a perspective view of the handle assembly of the upper limb rehabilitation system in a neutral/resting configuration,

[0019] FIG. 3 shows another perspective view of the handle assembly in which the gripping device is in a first active position,

[0020] FIG. 4 shows a further perspective view of the handle assembly in which the gripping device is in a second active position,

[0021] FIG. 5a shows a perspective view of the gripping device of the handle assembly in an deployed/resting position,

[0022] FIG. 5b shows a perspective view of the gripping device in a retracted position,

[0023] FIG. 5c shows a front view of a foldable structure of the gripping device,

[0024] FIG. 5d shows a detailed perspective view of one of two complementary parts of the gripping device,

[0025] FIG. 6 shows a top view of the upper limb rehabilitation system of FIG. 1,

[0026] FIG. 7 shows a top view of the upper limb rehabilitation system in a first active position,

[0027] FIG. 8 shows a top view of the upper limb rehabilitation system in a second active position,

[0028] FIG. 9 shows a top view of the upper limb rehabilitation system in a third active position,

[0029] FIG. 10 shows a top view of the upper limb rehabilitation system in a forth active position,

[0030] FIG. 11 shows the upper limb rehabilitation system clamped on a table,

[0031] FIG. 12 shows a perspective view of the fixed platform of the upper limb rehabilitation system comprising gravity compensation means,

[0032] FIG. 13 shows the subject's hand operating the handle assembly of the rehabilitation system,

[0033] FIG. 14a and FIG. 14b show a detailed view of a motor transmission arranged on a first, respectively a second degree of freedom of the rehabilitation system,

[0034] FIG. 15a and FIG. 15b show a braking device in a unactuated and actuated configuration respectively;

[0035] FIG. 16 shows an illustrative, exemplary, non-limiting robotic integrated platform;

[0036] FIG. 17 shows an exemplary, non-limiting, illustrative method for upper limb rehabilitation by using the system of FIG. 16 according to at least some embodiments of the present invention ; and

[0037] FIG. 18 shows an illustrative, exemplary, non-limiting robotic integrated platform 1800, featuring some of the components of FIG. 16.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0038] An upper limb rehabilitation system, for improving performance of coordinated movements of an upper limb (i.e. shoulder, elbow, wrist, and hand, and fingers) of a subject, is described herein and is seen generally in FIG. 1. The compact and lightweight characteristics of the system allow it to be used in any restricted-space area in medical and rehabilitative facilities. In addition, the upper limb rehabilitation system is advantageously transportable and configured to be easily clamped to any appropriate supporting structure such as a table 50 as shown in FIG. 11 allowing on-site therapeutic procedures at home.

[0039] As particularly shown in FIG. 1, the rehabilitation system comprises essentially a gripping device 11 mounted on an articulated handle assembly 10 which is pivotally connected to a fixed platform 12 in a manner that the gripping device 11 is movable within a plane which is substantially coplanar or parallel to the transverse plane of the subject, referred hereafter as the working plane, during a working session. The handle assembly 10 is supported by a holding unit 12a which is slidably mounted along a linear guide 25 arranged vertically on a tower 40 forming part of the fixed platform 12. The holding unit 12a comprises locking means (not shown) in order to be locked in an appropriate height in function of the supporting structure and/or the position of the subject to adjust the working plane at a desired height. In a variant, the holding unit 12a of the rehabilitation system is arranged to freely move upwards and downwards along the linear guide 25 to provide a further degree of freedom to the system thereby allowing the subject to perform exercises in a three dimension environment with partial or full compensation of his forearm thanks to gravity compensation means as described subsequently.

[0040] The handle assembly 10 comprises a first and a second holding element 14, 15 which have each a general -shaped construction and which are each oriented within a plane perpendicular to the plane of the supporting structure 50 on which the fixed platform 12 of the rehabilitation system is clamped. These first and second holding element 14, 15 are pivotally connected to a supporting structure which comprises a first and a second connecting link 13a, 13b which are both pivotally connected to the holding unit 12a of the fixed platform 12 to allow movements of the handle assembly 10 in two orthogonal directions within the working plane.

[0041] Referring to FIG. 2, the extremities of the upper and lower parts of the first holding element 14 are pivotally connected to the corresponding extremities of respective upper and lower parts of the second holding element 15 such that said first and second holding elements 14, 15 of the handle assembly 10 are both rotatable about a first axis of rotation .sub.1 which is perpendicular to the transverse plane of the subject. Referring now to FIG. 3, the handle assembly 10 further comprises a third and a fourth holding element 16, 17, both of which have also a general -shaped construction. The extremities of lower and upper parts of the third holding element 16 are pivotally connected to respective upper and lower parts of the first and second holding elements 14, 15. The gripping device 11 is mounted on a shaft 18 whose extremities are rotatably mounted on opposite sides of the fourth-shaped holding element 17. The latter is pivotally connected to the third holding element 16 to rotate about a second axis of rotation .sub.2 perpendicular to the first axis of rotation .sub.1 within said third holding element 16 in order to allow forearm pronation movements and forearm supination movements of the subject through an angle up to +/90 degrees as shown in FIG. 3 as well as wrist flexion movements about a third axis of rotation .sub.3 as shown in FIG. 4 corresponding to the longitudinal/central axis of the shaft 18. According to the configuration of the system, the first and second axes of rotation .sub.1, .sub.2 as well as the longitudinal/central axis of the shaft 18 of the gripping device 11 always intersect at one point independently from the orientation of each of the first, second, third and fourth holding elements 14, 15, 16, 17 which allows the system to simulate a wide range of interactions with an object including reaching and grasping movements for training the hand and fingers' movements of a subject in order to help retraining the whole function of the impaired upper limb of the subject.

[0042] Turning now in particular to FIGS. 5a to 5d, the gripping device 11 of the handle assembly 10 comprises two complementary parts 11a, 11b which are each connected to a foldable structure 19 (FIG. 5c) mounted on both sides of the shaft 18. Each foldable structure 19 comprises a first and a second intersecting link 19a, 19b pivotally mounted together at their centre. The first intersecting link 19a is further connected at one end to the shaft 18 while its other end is slidably mounted along a rail 19c arranged on the upper inner side of the corresponding complementary part 11a, 11b of the gripping device 11. The second intersecting link 19b, for its part, is connected at one end to the lower inner side of said complementary part 11a, 11b while its other end is connected to a travel nut 20 of a ball screw 21 mounted inside the shaft 18. Each foldable structure 19 is folded between the shaft 18 and the inner side of the corresponding complementary part 11a, 11b of the gripping device 11 when the latter is in a retracted position as shown in FIG. 5b. The configuration of the gripping device allows hand grasp movements and hand release movements of the subject.

[0043] The upper limb rehabilitation device according to the invention further comprises a forearm supporting structure 22 which is pivotally connected to handle assembly 10 to rest the subject's forearm, during a rehabilitation session, when operating the handle assembly 10 in the two orthogonal directions within the working plane as shown specifically in FIGS. 6 to 10.

[0044] According to one embodiment of the invention, the upper limb rehabilitation system as described above is adapted to provide active forces and/or torques to assist the subject's motions as well as resistive active movement in response to the subject motion to simulate the interaction with a virtual object. More specifically, the rehabilitation system according to this embodiment comprises two motors 30, 31 as shown in FIG. 12 coupled with the first, respectively the second connecting link 13a, 13b to assist or impede movements of the handle assembly 10 in the two orthogonal directions within the working plane. FIGS. 14a shows a detailed view of the motor 30 coupled to a driving pulley 30a which is connected to a driven pulley 32 through a cable/belt 33 and which is arranged at one extremity of the connecting link 13a. A third motor 34 is mounted on the third shaped holding element 16 as shown for example in FIG. 14b. A driving pulley 35 is mounted on the motor's shaft and is coupled to a driven pulley 36 through a cable/belt 37 to assist or impede rotational movement of the fourth holding element 17 along with the gripping device 11 about the second axis of rotation .sub.2. The cable transmission configuration amplified the torque produced by the motors 30, 31 and 34 by a factor equal to the ratio between the radiuses of the driven and the drive pulley respectively. Cable transmissions are preferred over more standard solutions such as gear boxes which have the disadvantage of introducing friction and backlash preventing a smooth interaction of the rehabilitation system with the subject.

[0045] With reference to FIG. 5c, a fourth motor 38 is arranged inside the shaft 18 of the gripping device 11 and is coupled to the ball screw 21 to assist or impede grasp movements of the subject's hand. More particularly, the motor 38 is configured to be driven to rotate the ball screw 21 clockwise or anticlockwise to cause the travel nut 20 to move upwards or downwards thereby bringing the two complementary parts 11a, 11b of the gripping device, through the foldable structure 19, against each other or moving said complementary parts 11a, 11b away from each other.

[0046] According to this embodiment, the rehabilitation system can advantageously be used in an integrated robotic platform that combines robotics and interactive gaming to facilitate performance of task-specific repetitive, upper extremity/hand motor tasks, to enable individual undergoing rehabilitation to improve performance of coordinated movements of the forearm and hand. To this end, the robotic integrated platform comprises a gaming interface which is provided with a display device to simulate virtual reality and to present sensorimotor integration tasks to the subject. The rehabilitation device is used as a haptic interface to simulate the interaction with objects in a virtual reality world presented in the display device. Positions sensors (not shown) such as encoders or potentiometers are placed on the rehabilitation system on strategic locations to track the movement of the system. The integrated robotic platform further comprises a controller interface that is adapted to monitor and forward continuously, during the rehabilitation session, the outputs from the sensors to a programmable computer which determines desired force feedback to be applied by the controller interface to the corresponding motors 30, 31, 34 and 38 of rehabilitation system.

[0047] The level of assistance can be tuned on-line (e.g. during a working session) providing adapting time-dependent force fields. For example, given a specific task in which the subject has to follow a certain trajectory, the robotic platform can provide different level of support, from complete assistance, i.e. movements of the rehabilitation system are entirely driven by its motors, to full transparency, i.e. movements of the rehabilitation system are entirely caused by the subject upper limb's movements. The robotic platform can also provide force perturbation to increase the difficulty of the task.

[0048] The robotic integrated platform optionally comprises a controller arranged to monitor different physiological signals of the subject such as EEG or EMG and to drive the motors of the rehabilitation system for real time correlation between the movement of the device and brain activity pattern of the subject.

[0049] According to one alternate embodiment of the invention, the upper limb rehabilitation system as described above is adapted to provide resistive movements only, in response to the subject's motions. In this configuration, the motors are replaced by braking devices. For example, forearm pronation movements and forearm supination movements of the subject around the second axis of rotation 82 can be hindered by a braking device as shown in FIGS. 15a, 15b. The braking device comprises for example a fixed part 45 mounted on the third holding element of the rehabilitation system (not shown) and a rotating part 46 rotatably mounted on the fixed part 45 and fixed to the fourth holding element in order to rotate about the second axis of rotation 82 of the system. A linear actuator 47 is mounted on the fixed part 45 to engage upon actuation into one of several arcuate slots 48 disposed along a circular path on the rotating part 45 thereby stopping its rotation in order to simulate a physical contact with a virtual object.

[0050] The rehabilitation system according to the invention preferably comprises gravity compensation means that can provide different levels of gravity compensation either passively (i.e. counterweights or springs) or actively (i.e. motors). FIG. 12 illustrates an example of gravity compensation means which comprise a counterweight holder 41 slidably mounted along a vertical rail 41a on the rear side of the tower 40 of the fixed platform 12. At least one cable 42 is arranged on pulleys 43 located on the top of the tower 40 to connect the holding unit 12a with the counterweight holder 41. The latter is adapted to receive one or several counterweight 41b in function of the desired level of gravity compensation.

[0051] As previously described, the rehabilitation system can advantageously be used in a robotic integrated platform that combines robotics and interactive gaming to facilitate performance of task-specific repetitive, upper extremity/hand motor tasks, to enable individual undergoing rehabilitation to improve performance of coordinated movements of the forearm and hand.

[0052] As shown in FIG. 16, there is provided an illustrative, exemplary, non-limiting robotic integrated platform 1600. Robotic integrated platform 1600 comprises a rehabilitation device 1602 for rehabilitating an upper limb of a subject. Rehabilitation device 1602 comprises a mobile platform 1604 movably connected to a fixed platform 1606. The upper limb of the subject is preferably in contact with an upper limb platform 1608, which enables the subject to exert force against mobile platform 1604. For example and without limitation, upper limb platform 1608 may optionally comprise a gripper for a hand of the subject to grip and/or may optionally comprise a restraint for restraining the upper limb of the subject.

[0053] Rehabilitation device 1602 also comprises a movement altering device 1610, which preferably alters a movement of mobile platform 1604. For example, movement altering device 1610 may optionally comprise a motor or a braking system, as described for example with regard to FIG. 12, 14 or 15. Movement altering device 1610 may optionally control, resist or induce a movement of mobile platform 1604, for example to interact with a movement caused by the subject.

[0054] Robotic integrated platform 1600 further comprises a controller interface 1612 for controlling movement altering device 1610, for example to induce a motorized and/or braking action. Controller interface 1612 is in turn controlled by a computational device 1614, which determines desired force feed-back to be applied by controller interface 1612 to mobile platform 1604 through movement altering device 1610 to assist and/or impede the movements of the subject.

[0055] Computational device 1614 also preferably features a VR (virtual reality) module 1616 for supporting three-dimensional graphic simulation of exercises to simulate the upper limb (i.e. shoulder, elbow, wrist, hand and fingers) movements of the subject, thereby providing sensory (e.g. visual, haptic) feedback to the user. Preferably robotic integrated platform 1600 also features a gaming interface 1618, comprising a display device 1620, to receive VR information from VR module 1616 and to display a VR environment to the subject. Display device 1620 may optionally comprise a VR headset for example (not shown).

[0056] It should be noted that although reference is made herein to VR, optionally the system and method as described herein could also relate to AR (augmented reality).

[0057] Rehabilitation device 1602 is preferably used as a haptic interface to simulate the interaction with objects in a virtual reality world presented in display device 1618. A position sensor 1620 is therefore also preferably placed on rehabilitation device 1602, to track movement of rehabilitation device 1602. Position sensor 1620 may optionally comprise a plurality of such sensors (not shown), and may optionally comprise one or more of encoders or potentiometers.

[0058] Computational device 1614 preferably controls a level of assistance or resistance to be provided to the subject through control of movement altering device 1610. The level of assistance can be tuned on-line (e.g. during a working session) providing adapting time-dependent force fields. For example, given a specific task in which the subject has to follow a certain trajectory, computational device 1614 may optionally determine that movement altering device 1610 is to provide different level of support, from complete assistance, i.e. movements of mobile platform 1604 are entirely driven by motors and the like, to full transparency, i.e. movements of mobile platform 1604 are entirely caused by the subject's upper limb movements. A level of resistance may also optionally be determined by movement altering device 1610, for example by providing force perturbation to increase the difficulty of the task.

[0059] FIG. 17 shows an exemplary, non-limiting, illustrative method for upper limb rehabilitation by using the system of FIG. 16 according to at least some embodiments of the present invention.

[0060] In stage 1, a user, such as the subject or a separate operator, interfaces with a user input of the computational device to select an exercise from a library of exercises which may be stored. In this example a reach an object exercise is selected. At this stage the user may optionally be provided with the results of previously performed exercises. These results may be provided to aid in the selection of the particular exercise or exercise difficulty. The user may also input parameters to adjust the difficulty of the exercise, for example based on a level of success from the previous exercise.

[0061] At stage 2, the computational device initializes the exercise, for example by sending commands to the VR module to set up the VR environment, and also preferably by initializing the rehabilitation device. For example, the computational device may optionally initialize the movement altering device, to cause an initial amount of resistance to be applied to the mobile platform. Also optionally, one or more body parts of the subject are tracked, in order for the VR environment to appear more realistic. Alternatively, or in addition, to such tracking, the upper limb to be rehabilitated may optionally be modeled according to interactions with the mobile platform, for example from the previously described positional sensor(s).

[0062] Initialization may also optionally include mapping the movements of the subject into the VR environment.

[0063] In stage 3, the exercise begins, with the subject in physical communication with the mobile platform, and also optionally and preferably wearing a VR headset or the like, to be able to see and interact with the VR environment. The subject may optionally be asked to move his/her arm toward a virtual object, for example

[0064] The computational device receives data regarding such movement, for example from the previously described positional sensor(s), in stage 4. In stage 5, the computational device preferably determines whether to increase or decrease resistance or assistance, according to the received data. Such an increase or decrease could optionally be used for example to simulate interactions with objects whose physical properties (e.g. stiffness, roughness, etc) are simulated through the upper limb rehabilitation system. Optionally other types of haptic feedback may be incorporated as well, for example with regard to temperature.

[0065] In stage 6, the computational device optionally adjusts resistance or assistance, through communication with the controller interface. In stage 7, the controller interface communicates with the movement altering device to perform the adjustment.

[0066] In stage 8, optionally the subject receives visual feedback concerning his/her own movements, for example through the projection of an avatar replicating his/her movements in the VR environment according to one or more commands from the VR module to the VR display device. Optionally the visual and haptic feedback is coordinated, such that the subject experiences both in real time.

[0067] In stage 9, the VR environment is preferably updated with regard to the effect of movement of the mobile platform, in terms of movement parameters such as trajectories, velocities, accelerations and forces.

[0068] FIG. 18 shows an illustrative, exemplary, non-limiting robotic integrated platform 1800, featuring some of the components of FIG. 16. Not all components from FIG. 16 are shown for the sake of clarity but may optionally be included.

[0069] Robotic integrated platform 1800 optionally further comprises a physiological monitor 1802 arranged to monitor different physiological signals of the subject, and to provide information to drive the actions of movement altering device 1610 for real time correlation between the movement of mobile platform 1604 and brain activity pattern of the subject. Physiological monitor 1802 is connected to a physiological sensor 1804 in order to monitor different physiological signals of the subject. Physiological sensor 1804 optionally comprises one or more of electroencephalogram (EEG) sensors, Electromyogram (EMG) sensors, Electrooculography (EOG) sensors, Electrocardiogram (ECG) sensors, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), functional near-infrared spectroscopic imaging (fNRIS), or skin conductance sensor.

[0070] Physiological monitor 1802 in turn communicates with computational device 1614, to provide the physiological sensor data. Computational device 1614 optionally uses the physiological sensor data in order to update the VR environment and/or to control controller interface 1612, in order to increase or reduce assistance or resistance to movements of the subject through rehabilitation device 1602. For example, computational device 1614 may optionally control the movements of rehabilitation device 1602, additionally or alternatively, in regard to input from the physiological, brain or movement signals.

[0071] While the invention has been described with respect to a limited number of embodiments, it will be appreciated that many variations, modifications and other applications of the invention may be made, including different combinations of various embodiments and sub-embodiments, even if not specifically described herein.