Mulch Product

Abstract

Methods and processes for producing mulch products are disclosed. A mulch product that includes a fertilizer, at least one seed, and a mulch, and methods and processes for producing mulch products are detailed. The mulch includes wood pellets formed from processed raw sawdust that has been ground. The ground sawdust is formed into pellets, such as by compression. The pellets are then crumbled to form the wood pellets to have a substantially regular outer surface that minimizes engagement with the at least one seed.

Claims

1. A mulch product, comprising: a fertilizer; at least one seed; and a mulch comprising a plurality of crumbled wood pellets each having a substantially regular outer surface that minimizes engagement with the at least one seed.

2. The mulch product of claim 1, wherein the at least one seed is a grass seed.

3. The mulch product of claim 1, wherein the plurality of crumbled wood pellets comprises ground sawdust.

4. The mulch product of claim 1, wherein the mulch has a bulk density of about 33.2 lb/ft.sup.3.

5. The mulch product of claim 1, wherein the mulch forms about 84.5% of the mulch product, the fertilizer forms about 5% of the mulch product, and the at least one seed forms about 10.5% of the mulch product.

6. A method of producing a mulch product, comprising: obtaining ground sawdust; forming pellets from the ground sawdust; crumbling the pellets into a mulch, the pellets being crumbled to have a substantially regular outer surface; and mixing the mulch with at least one seed and a fertilizer.

7. The method of claim 6, wherein the ground sawdust is ground from raw wood sawdust.

8. The method of claim 6, wherein forming of the pellets comprises applying direct pressure to the ground sawdust.

9. The method of claim 6, wherein the at least one seed is a grass seed.

10. The method of claim 6, wherein the mulch has a bulk density of about 33.2 lb/ft.sup.3.

11. The method of claim 6, wherein the mulch forms about 84.5% of the mulch product, the fertilizer forms about 5% of the mulch product, and the at least one seed forms about 10.5% of the mulch product.

12. A mulch product formed by the process of: obtaining ground sawdust; forming pellets from the ground sawdust; and crumbling the pellets into a mulch, the crumbled pellets having a substantially regular outer surface.

13. The mulch product of claim 12, further comprising: mixing the mulch with a fertilizer.

14. The mulch product of claim 12, further comprising: mixing the mulch with at least one seed.

15. The mulch product of claim 14, wherein the mixing further comprises mixing the mulch with a fertilizer.

16. The mulch product of claim 14, wherein the at least one seed is a grass seed.

17. The mulch product of claim 12, wherein the mulch has a bulk density of about 33.2 lb/ft.sup.3.

18. The mulch product of claim 12, wherein the step of forming pellets comprises applying direct pressure to the ground sawdust.

19. The mulch product of claim 12, wherein the mulch forms about 84.5% of the mulch product, the fertilizer forms about 5% of the mulch product, and the at least one seed forms about 10.5% of the mulch product.

20. The mulch of claim 12, wherein the ground sawdust is obtained by grinding raw sawdust.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0010] This patent or application file contains at least one drawing executed in color. Copies of the patent or patent application publication with color drawing(s) will be provided by the Office upon request and payment of the necessary fee.

[0011] Having described some aspects of this disclosure in general terms, reference will now be made to the accompanying drawings, which are not necessarily drawn to scale. The drawings are exemplary only, and should not be construed as limiting.

[0012] FIG. 1A is a top plan view of raw sawdust for use in a mulch product.

[0013] FIG. 1B is a top plan view of ground sawdust formed from the raw sawdust of FIG. 1A.

[0014] FIG. 1C is a top plan view of pellets formed from the ground sawdust of FIG. 1B.

[0015] FIG. 1D is a top plan view of a layer of mulch formed from the pellets of FIG. 1C.

[0016] FIG. 1E is a top plan view of a mulch product that includes the mulch of FIG. 1D, grass seed, and fertilizer.

[0017] FIG. 2 is a process flow illustrating a process for forming the mulch product of FIG. 1E.

[0018] FIG. 3A is a schematic view of the mulch product of FIG. 1E deposited over soil.

[0019] FIG. 3B is a schematic view of the mulch product of FIG. 1E deposited over soil with the mulch expanded from contact with water.

[0020] FIG. 4A is a schematic view of a comparative mulch product deposited over soil.

[0021] FIG. 4B is a schematic view of a comparative mulch product deposited over soil with the mulch expanded from contact with water.

[0022] FIG. 5A is a photograph showing the mulch of FIG. 1D mixed with grass seeds.

[0023] FIG. 5B is a photograph showing a comparative mulch mixed with grass seeds.

[0024] FIG. 5C is a photograph showing a comparative mulch mixed with grass seeds.

[0025] FIG. 5D is a photograph showing a comparative mulch mixed with grass seeds.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0026] Exemplary embodiments are described below and illustrated in the accompanying drawings, in which like numerals refer to like parts throughout the several views. The embodiments described provide examples and should not be interpreted as limiting. Other embodiments, and modifications and improvements of the described embodiments will occur to those skilled in the art and all such other embodiments, modifications and improvements are within the scope of the present disclosure. For example, features illustrated or described as part of one embodiment can be used in the context of another embodiment to yield a further embodiment, and these further embodiments are within the scope of the present disclosure.

[0027] As described herein, in one aspect, a mulch product is disclosed that includes crumbled wood pellets and that provides superior fluid-retention and expansion properties while promoting contact of seeds within the mulch product with soil, as compared to comparative mulch product components. Seed/soil contact is essential for good germination and establishment of grass seeds.

[0028] As also described herein, in another aspect, a process of producing a mulch product according to an exemplary embodiment described herein is shown in progression through FIG. 1A-FIG. 1E and FIG. 2.

[0029] FIG. 1A shows a top plan view of a region of relatively raw sawdust generally indicated at 110. The relatively raw sawdust 110 may be an aggregate of individual components, for example, chips, chunks, slivers, and/or shavings of composite material (e.g., wood), of varying configurations and sizes. In embodiments, individual components of raw sawdust 110 may be provided at lengths of, for example, up to 2 inches. Such raw sawdust 110 may be obtained from various sources of wood, as indicated in step S101 of FIG. 2. In the illustrated embodiment, raw sawdust 110 may be obtained from, for example, a hardwood species of wood. In embodiments, raw sawdust 110 may be obtained from, for example, hickory, maple, oak, beech, birch, ash, walnut, cherry, hackberry, gum, elm, sycamore, alder, poplar, cottonwood, basswood, or aspen wood sources. The raw sawdust 110 could also be obtained from soft woods or medium hard wood, or can be combinations from wood with disparate hardnesses.

[0030] FIG. 1B shows a top plan view of a region of ground or relatively ground sawdust, generally indicated at 120, that can be formed, in one example, by grinding the raw sawdust 110 of FIG. 1A, and as indicated in step S102 of FIG. 2. For example, the ground sawdust 120 may be an aggregate formed of the ground individual components of raw sawdust 110, as described above. In embodiments, ground sawdust 120 may be produced by processing raw sawdust 110 through a mill or grinder, with one exemplary product being a series 5 hammer mill (and is available from Andritz Feed & Biofuel A/S of Esbjerg, Denmark). Raw sawdust 110 may also be passed through a screen, with one exemplary screen being a inch screen, in producing ground sawdust 120. In embodiments, different milling or grinding processes and/or screen sizes may be used in producing ground sawdust 120.

[0031] Referring to FIG. 1C, the ground sawdust 120 shown in FIG. 1B is formed into pellets 130 as indicated in step S103 in FIG. 2. In embodiments, ground sawdust 120 may be formed, for example, by compressing the ground sawdust 120 through the application of direct pressure or another process, and such process may incorporate the use of one or more dies and/or presses (for example, a hydraulic press or screw press). The resulting pellets 130 may be relatively large in size, and are formed such that the pellets 130 have a substantially regular, e.g., smooth, even, uniform, and/or unvarying, outer surface. While several pellets 130 are indicated and identified in FIG. 1C, it will be understood that, in embodiments, different numbers of pellets 130 may be provided in different configurations and/or sizes. In embodiments, pellets 130 may be produced from ground sawdust 120 with a pellet mill, with one exemplary product being an Andritz Sprout Model 26LM 11 pellet mill (and is available from Andritz Feed & Biofuel A/S of Esbjerg, Denmark) having a inch hole die with a 1.496 inch effective length and a 1.456 inch relief length hole, a total die hole chamfer of 60 degrees (30 degrees on each side), a die thickness of 2.95 inches, and which uses corrugated rolls. In embodiments, a different apparatus may be used in producing pellets 130.

[0032] Turning to FIG. 1D, the pellets 130 shown in FIG. 1C are broken down, e.g., granularized or crumbled, into crumbled pellets 132 to form a mulch 140, as indicated in step S104 of FIG. 2. As described above, pellets 130 have a substantially regular outer surface such that crumbled pellets 132 also have an outer surface S1 that is substantially regular. In this regard, crumbled pellets 132 are substantially free from surface extensions, e.g., branches, tendrils, or whisps, that may be seen, for example, in fibrous materials such as shells or husks. While several crumbled pellets 132 are indicated and identified in FIG. 1D, it will be understood that, in embodiments, different numbers of crumbled pellets 132 may be provided and in different configurations and/or sizes. In embodiments, crumbled pellets 132 may be produced from ground sawdust 120 with a crushing or crumbling apparatus such as a mill, with one exemplary product being a model TRC1200-36 roller mill which uses 12 inch corrugated rolls (available from CPM Roskamp Champion of Waterloo, Iowa). In embodiments, a different apparatus may be used in producing crumbled pellets 132. Post-processing of pellets 130 to produce crumbled pellets 132 may also include passing crumbled portions of pellets 130 across a screen, one exemplary product being a shaker having a scalping screen size of a No. 3 wire and a sifting screen size of a No. 8 wire (available from BM&M Screening Solutions of Surrey, BC, Canada). In embodiments, different screen sizes and configurations may be used in producing crumbled pellets 132.

[0033] Referring to FIG. 1E, the mulch 140 formed of crumbled pellets 132 shown in FIG. 1D is mixed with a fertilizer 150 and at least one seed 160 to produce a mulch product 100, as indicated in step S105 of FIG. 2. In some embodiments, the fertilizer 150 may be an organic fertilizer, while in other embodiments, the fertilizer 150 may be an inorganic fertilizer. In embodiments, the fertilizer 150 may be UFLEXX fertilizer (available from Koch Turf & Ornamental of Wichita, Kans.) having Nitrogen in an amount of 46-0-0 and Sulfate of Potassium in an amount of 0-0-50S with a Biodac filler (available from Kadant GranTek Inc. of Green Bay, Wis.) using a carrier of limestone blended in an amount of 12% N-0% P-3% K. In the mulch product 100, fertilizer 150 may be available in an amount of 1% N-0% P-0% K. In embodiments, fertilizer 150 may be provided in different amounts and configurations.

[0034] The seed 160 may be a grass seed, such as, for example, strong creeping red fescue, slender creeping red fescue, chewings fescue, hard fescue, Kentucky bluegrass, and Bermudagrass. In embodiments, different seeds may be used, for example, those use in wild game mixes, flower mixes, and forage mixes. While several crumbled pellets 132, portions of fertilizer 150, and seeds 160 are indicated and identified in FIG. 1D, it will be understood that, in embodiments, different numbers of crumbled pellets 132, portions of fertilizer 150, and seeds 160 may be provided, and each of these may be provided in different configurations and/or sizes. In embodiments, the components of the mulch product 100 may be provided such that the mulch product 100 is, for example, about 84.5% mulch, about 10.5% seed 160, and about 5% fertilizer 150. In embodiments, mulch product 100 may have a different composition, for example, such that the mulch product 100 is about 84.0% mulch, about 11.0% seed 160, and about 5% fertilizer 150; about 84.1% mulch, about 10.9% seed 160, and about 5% fertilizer 150; about 84.2% mulch, about 10.8% seed 160, and about 5% fertilizer 150; about 84.3% mulch, about 10.7% seed 160, and about 5% fertilizer 150; about 84.4% mulch, about 10.6% seed 160, and about 5% fertilizer 150; about 84.6% mulch, about 10.4% seed 160, and about 5% fertilizer 150; about 84.7% mulch, about 10.3% seed 160, and about 5% fertilizer 150; about 84.8% mulch, about 10.2% seed 160, and about 5% fertilizer 150; about 84.9% mulch, about 10.1% seed 160, and about 5% fertilizer 150; or about 85.0% mulch, about 10.0% seed 160, and about 5% fertilizer 150, to name a few.

[0035] In FIG. 3A, an exemplary schematic view of mulch product 100 over soil G is illustrated. A region of mulch product 100 may be deposited over soil G, for example, by a mulch spreader, thrower, or other apparatus (not shown). The substantially regular outer surface S1 of the crumbled pellets 132 of the mulch 140 (FIG. 1D) within mulch product 100, along with fertilizer 150, provides an at least partially porous matrix through which seeds 160 can pass or fall to reach soil G. In this regard, the crumbled pellets 132 of the mulch product 100 have an outer surface S1 that minimizes interference, e.g., blocking, buffering, or other inhibition of the passage of seeds 160 toward soil G upon disposition of the mulch product 100 over soil G.

[0036] Referring additionally to FIGS. 3B and 5A, upon contact with water W or another liquid, at least the crumbled pellets 132 of mulch 140 are configured to at least partially absorb water W such that the crumbled pellets 132 expand in volume, for example, such that the density of the crumbled pellets 132 increases up to twice the density of the seeds 160. As shown, due to the substantially regular outer surface S1 of the crumbled pellets 132 of mulch product 100, the crumbled pellets 132 are free to expand in volume with minimal disturbance of the contact of seeds 160 with soil G. In this regard, as the crumbled pellets 132 expand in volume, the crumbled pellets 132 substantially cover the seeds 160 such that the mulch 140 substantially overlies the seeds 160, which can provide a protective cover from environmental elements that may otherwise disturb seeds 160, for example, wind, rain, insects, or animals. In addition, the weight of crumbled pellets 132 upon seeds 160 may also promote contact of the seeds 160 with soil G.

[0037] Turning now to FIG. 4A, an exemplary schematic view of a comparative mulch product 200 over soil G is illustrated. The comparative mulch product 200 is described herein to highlight advantages of the mulch product 100 described above. As shown, the comparative mulch product 200 includes at least seeds 160 and a mulch that includes one or more irregular mulch components 232, for example, a fibrous material such as a plant shell or husk. The comparative mulch product 200 may also include fertilizer 150. As illustrated, the irregular mulch components 232 includes a surface that can interfere with the passage of seeds 160 towards soil G such that seeds 160 are inhibited from contact with the soil G by the presence of irregular mulch components 232.

[0038] Referring additionally to FIG. 4B, upon contact with water W or other liquid, the irregular mulch components 232 generally increase in volume in an irregular manner, e.g., in a branching or interlocking manner, such that the components 232 interfere with the seeds 160 and cause the seeds 160 to lift away from the soil G. To the extent that any seeds 160 had been previously in contact with soil G, the irregular mulch components 232 may at least partially underlie such seeds 160, or at least partially dislodge or disturb seeds 160, and lift the seeds 160 away from the soil G upon swelling of the irregular mulch components 232.

[0039] In contrast, as described herein, the mulch product 100 (FIG. 3A) includes crumbled pellets 132 having an outer surface S1 that allows and promotes soil contact for seeds 160 as compared to comparative mulch products, e.g., mulch product 200.

Mulch Particle Study

[0040] An exemplary mulch particle study was conducted at NexGen Turf Research LLC, facility in Albany, Oreg. (44 33N, 123 08N) to determine the particle size of different mulch products. The study consisted of four entries:

[0041] 1. Mulch 140 (FIG. 1D)

[0042] 2. Mulch from Pennington One Step Complete combination mulch, seed, and fertilizer (sold commercially by Pennington Seed, Inc. of Madison, Ga.).

[0043] 3. Mulch from Scotts EZ Seed combination mulch, seed, and fertilizer (sold commercially by The Scotts Miracle-Gro Company of Marysville, Ohio).

[0044] 4. Mulch from Vigoro Certain Seed combination mulch, seed, and fertilizer (sold commercially by the Home Depot Product Authority, LLC of Atlanta, Ga.).

[0045] The composition of the mulch is described below in Table 1:

TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Mulch Compositions Product Mulch Material Mulch 140 crumbled wood pellets from particles/dust Mulch from finely divided paper & wood Pennington One Step Complete Mulch from Scotts EZ coir pith fiber Seed Mulch from Vigoro premium coco coir Certain Seed

[0046] For each product, 908 g of mulch was used and any seed or fertilizer mixed with the mulch was hand separated, so that only the mulch was used in this study. The particle size weights were based on the weight of 1 cup (8 fl. oz.) of mulch. The average weight was calculated from 10, 1-cup samples, detailed below in Table 2.

TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Mulch Weights 1 Cup Mulch Rep Weight g 1 124.581 2 128.237 3 119.424 4 131.245 5 122.794 6 126.343 7 125.058 8 127.035 9 118.945 10 124.338 AVG 124.8

[0047] Particle size distribution was determined for each entry by running a 124.8 g sample, for 60 seconds, through nine (9) sieves in a RX-812/B Dura TAP Testing Sieve Shaker (available from the Seeburo Equipment Co. of Des Plaines, Ill.). For each entry, eight samples of 124.8 g were weighed on a FX-300 A&D Electronic Balance (available from A&D Instruments Ltd. of Abingdon, UK). The test was replicated eight times for each entry. The nine sieves (screens) that were used are detailed in Table 3 below.

TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Screens Screen Size Screen Number mm NO4 4.75 NO5 4.00 NO6 3.35 NO7 2.80 NO8 2.36 NO10 2.00 NO12 1.70 NO14 1.40 NO16 1.18 Bottom 0.0

Results

[0048] The Mulch Particle Size Study results are shown in the following Table 4 and Chart 1:

TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 Mulch Particle Size Study Results PRODUCT NO4 NO5 NO6 NO7 NO8 NO10 NO12 NO14 NO16 BOTTOM Mulch from 2.12538 1.06013 0.73675 0.74738 0.68013 0.65513 1.06025 1.05850 0.97700 6.93100 Certain Seed Mulch from 0.11850 1.22913 1.56638 1.47238 1.26638 1.08488 1.45525 1.36863 1.28663 5.21663 EZ Seed Mulch from 5.51025 3.01038 1.98738 1.54775 0.91275 0.62400 0.92588 0.51788 0.35900 0.73450 Pennington One Step Complete Mulch 140 4.88638 4.57275 2.58350 2.23425 1.19838 0.45250 0.16375 0.04163 0.02325 0.03650 CV.sup.1 22.65988 18.58984 14.46528 16.17533 19.12007 29.03411 10.51656 13.61404 12.42711 24.47638 LSD.sup.2 0.61610 0.39475 0.21388 0.20881 0.16687 0.17589 0.08155 0.08746 0.07072 0.68013 .sup.1CV (coefficient of variation) is a standardized measure of dispersion of a probability distribution or frequency distribution that is often expressed as a percentage and defined as the ratio of the standard deviation to the mean (or its absolute value, []). CV shows the extent of variability in relation to the mean of the population. .sup.2LSD (Least Significant Difference) is a statistic that allows for any comparison between two treatment means to be assessed for statistical significance. If the difference between any two is greater than the LSD, then that difference is declared to be significant.

[0049] From the Chart 1 above and the subset table (Table 5) presented below, the results show that each mulch in the study had a unique particle size signature. The particle size of mulch 140 was higher than the other tested mulches at several sieve sizes. Additionally, in terms of the Bottom Pan weights, mulch 140 had less dust than other tested mulches. Generally, more dust equates to less stability of product on the soil because, due to its very small particle size, dust is more prone to being disturbed, for example by air movement (e.g., because it dries quickly), or by washing away with water. Accordingly, mulch 140 is more stable than comparative mulches such that constituent components of mulch 140 tend to remain undisturbed in the presence of environmental conditions, for example, wind and water.

[0050] The following Subset Table, Table 5 was excerpted from the Mulch Particle Size Study above:

TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 5 Subset Table PRODUCT NO4 NO5 NO6 NO7 NO8 NO10 NO12 NO14 NO16 BOTTOM Mulch 140 4.886.sup. 4.573.sup. 2.584.sup. 2.234.sup. 1.198.sup. 0.453 0.164.sup. 0.042.sup. 0.023.sup. 0.037.sup. Mulch from One Step 5.510 3.010 1.987 1.548 0.913 0.624 0.926 0.518 0.359 0.735 Complete CV 22.660 18.590 14.465 16.175 19.120 29.034 10.517 13.614 12.427 24.476 LSD 0.616 0.395 0.214 0.209 0.167 0.176 0.082 0.087 0.071 0.680 .sup.significantly more .sup.significantly less

Seed/Contact Study

[0051] A Seed/Soil Contact Study was conducted to determine the actual number of seeds that make contact with the soil in the different types of mulch. 500 seeds of tall fescue [Rebel V (ATF1736)], indicated as 170, were counted for each replication of this study.

[0052] The study consisted of four entries:

[0053] 1. Mulch 140 with seeds 170 (shown in FIG. 5A)

[0054] 2. Mulch from Pennington One Step Complete with seeds 170 (shown in FIG. 5B)

[0055] 3. Mulch from Scotts EZ Seed with seeds 170 (shown in FIG. 5C)

[0056] 4. Mulch from Vigoro Certain Seed with seeds 170 (shown in FIG. 5D)

[0057] Each count was replicated 6 times per entry. The seeds 170 were sprayed with fluorescent orange paint to aid in counting of seeds 170 in the mulch. Two acrylic lids from a small germination box were used in the study. The lids had an area of 17.53 in2 and were 0.25 deep. Based on a mulch application rate of 1 cup (124.8 g)/1 ft2, was calculated that 15.2 g of mulch was needed to cover 17.53 in2. Six samples of mulch were weighed out of each entry. Then, the 500 fluorescent seeds 170 were thoroughly mixed into each sample. The mulch/seed mixture was spread evenly on the lid and 100 ml of water was added to the mulch/seed mixture, then a second acrylic lid as placed over the mulch/seed mixture. The lids were then flipped over and the number of seeds 170 that were on the bottom lid was counted, representing the number of seeds 170 that would make contact with the soil.

Results

[0058] The Seed/Soil Contact Study results are shown in the Table 6 below:

TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 6 Seed/Soil Contact Study Seed/Soil Contact Study Separation AVG PRODUCT Test 1* Test 2* AVG Class % Seed Mulch 140 230.00 264.67 247.33 A 49.47 and seeds 170 Mulch from 122.67 181.00 151.83 B 30.37 One Step Complete and seeds 170 Mulch from 38.33 12.67 25.50 C 5.10 EZ Seed and seeds 170 Mulch from 3.67 2.00 2.83 D 0.57 Certain Seed and seeds 170 CV 11.34 9.62 8.79 LSD 17.75 17.56 14.90 MIN. MEAN 3.67 2.00 2.83 MAX. MEAN 230.00 264.67 247.33 *3 reps

[0059] As shown, mulch 140 was shown with a significant number of seeds 170 in contact with reference to the other entries in the study. A high seed/soil contact of mulch 140 is provided, at least in part, by the substantially regular outer surface S1 of the crumbled pellets 132 of mulch 140, as described above (shown best in FIGS. 3A and 3B).

Bulk Density Study

[0060] Bulk density evaluations were also carried out on four separate mulch and seed treatments: Mulch from Pennington One Step Complete and seed, mulch 140 (FIG. 1D) and seed, mulch from Scotts EZ Seed Sun and Shade and seed, and Tall Fescue (sold commercially by Pennington Seed Inc. of Madison, Ga.). These evaluations of each of the four treatments were repeated for five replications of each treatment. Evaluations were based on methods described by Niedziela and Nelson (Niedziela, Carl E., and Paul V. Nelson. A rapid method for determining physical properties of undisturbed substrate. HortScience 27.12 (1992): 1279-1280, which publication is incorporated by reference herein as if repeated in its entirety). Samples were evaluated at moisture levels present upon removal from packaging, without saturation. Plastic pots (height 8.5 cm, top diameter 11.3 cm, bottom diameter 9 cm) were used to contain each treatment and were obtained from ITML Horticultural Products Inc., Brantford, Ontario, Canada. Drainage holes on the bottom of the pots were sealed to prevent any loss of the mulch/seed mixture. Individual pots were filled with pre-weighed amounts of their respective treatments (mulch 140 and seed at 280 g, Pennington One Step Complete at 165 g, Scotts EZ Seed Sun and Shade and seed at 195 g, and Tall Fescue at 190 g.

[0061] A circular plywood disc (10.2 cm diameter) was used to compress the top of each sample 1.4 cm below the top of the pot to a final volume of 500 cm.sup.3. Samples were transferred into drying containers, dried at 87 C. for 93.5 hours and then reweighed. Bulk density was calculated using the compressed volume and final dry weight of each sample.

Results

[0062] The bulk density results are shown in the Table 7 below:

TABLE-US-00007 TABLE 7 Bulk Density Bulk density LSD Product g/cc lb/ft.sup.3 group Tall Fescue 0.330 20.6 C Mulch from 0.353 22.0 B Sun and Shade and seed Mulch from 0.314 19.6 D One Step Complete and seed Mulch 140 and 0.532 33.2 A seed 0.010 0.59

[0063] Mulch 140 was observed to have a higher bulk density that any of other entries tested. Bulk density is the density of just the solid part of a mulch and does not include any pore space. In the case of mulch 140, the bulk density is the density of the crumbled pellets 132. The data on bulk density combined with the particle size and seed/soil contact data shows that the unique combination of reduced or no dust, a high bulk density, and a higher pore space (due to very low amounts of dust size particles) produces a mulch product that enables a higher number of seeds to contact the soil, thus providing an environment for seed germination and establishment. Thus, as fewer seeds are lost in the mulch matrix with mulch 140, fewer seeds are prevented from reaching the soil.

[0064] The above examples are in no way intended to limit the scope of the present invention. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that while the present disclosure has been discussed above with reference to exemplary embodiments, various additions, modifications and changes can be made thereto without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the claims.