Droplet actuator devices comprising removable cartridges and methods

Abstract

A microfluidic device having a substrate with an electrically conductive element made using a conductive ink layer underlying a hydrophobic layer.

Claims

1. A droplet actuator device for conducting droplet operations, comprising: (a) a bottom substrate and a removable top substrate; (b) an array of droplet operations electrodes arranged on the bottom substrate; and wherein the top substrate comprises a self-contained replaceable/removable cartridge for a droplet actuator-based assay; and wherein the cartridge further comprises a dielectric layer interfacing with the droplet operations electrodes of the bottom substrate; and wherein the dielectric layer is replaceable/removable.

2. A droplet actuator device, for conducting droplet operations, comprising: (a) a bottom substrate and a removable top substrate; (b) an array of droplet operations electrodes arranged on the bottom substrate; and wherein the top substrate comprises a self-contained replaceable/removable cartridge for a droplet actuator-based assay; and wherein the cartridge further comprises a dielectric layer interfacing with the droplet operations electrodes of the bottom substrate; and wherein the dielectric layer is patterned to a desired topology that corresponds to a certain arrangement of droplet operations electrodes on the bottom substrate.

3. A droplet actuator device for conducting droplet operations, comprising: (a) a bottom substrate region and a top substrate region; (b) a hinge region comprising a flexible substrate connecting the bottom substrate region and the top substrate region; (c) an array or path of droplet operations electrodes arranged on the bottom substrate region; (d) a dielectric layer selectively disposed atop the droplet operations electrodes; and (e) wherein the hinge region provides a mechanism to fold top substrate region into proximity of bottom substrate region to form a first closed cartridge position, and also provides a mechanism to unfold the top substrate region from the bottom substrate region to form a second open cartridge position.

4. The droplet actuator device of claim 3, wherein the top substrate region further comprises a ground electrode arranged thereon.

5. The droplet actuator device of claim 4, further comprising a rigid layer disposed on a surface that is opposite the droplet operations electrodes and ground electrode and excludes hinge region.

6. The droplet actuator device of claim 3, further comprising a hydrophobic layer disposed as a final layer atop the bottom substrate region, top substrate region, and hinge region.

7. The droplet actuator device of claim 3, wherein the dielectric layers comprises an adhesive backed polyimide.

8. The droplet actuator device of claim 3, wherein the top substrate region comprises a self-contained replaceable/removable cartridge.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) FIG. 1 illustrates a cross-sectional view of an example of a portion of a droplet actuator that uses printed conductive inks to form electrodes and/or ground planes.

(2) FIG. 2 illustrates a layered substrate having a base layer, an electrically conductive printed ink layer overlying the base layer, and a hydrophobic layer overlying at least a portion of the electrically conductive printed ink layer.

(3) FIG. 3 illustrates a functional block diagram of an example of a microfluidics system including a droplet actuator.

(4) FIGS. 4A and 4B illustrate side views of a portion of a droplet actuator that includes a replaceable cartridge.

(5) FIGS. 5A and 5B illustrate side views of portions of a droplet actuator cartridge including a hinge region.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

(6) The invention provides layered structures that are useful in a variety of contexts. For example, the layered structures are useful in a variety of microfluidic devices. Examples include microfluidic devices and sensors for microfluidic devices. In one embodiment, the layered structures are employed in microfluidic devices that are configured to employ the layered structures in order to conduct droplet operations. In another embodiment, the layered structures are employed in microfluidic devices that are configured to use the layered structures in order to sense one or more electrical properties of a droplet. In yet another embodiment, the layered structures are employed in microfluidic devices that are configured to use the layered structures to charge or discharge a droplet. Various other uses for the layered structures will be immediately apparent to one of skill in the art.

(7) FIG. 1 illustrates an example of a microfluidic device employing the layered structures of the invention. The figure illustrates a top layered structure A and a bottom layered structure B. As illustrated, the two layered structures are arranged to form an electrolytic device. However, it will be appreciated that the layered structures may be used separately as components of electro-wetting microfluidic devices or other microfluidic devices. These layered structures are discussed in more detail below.

(8) 7.1 Top Substrate

(9) Layered structure A shown in FIG. 1, is also referred to herein as top substrate A. Top substrate A includes a top substrate 112, conductive layer 122, and hydrophobic layer 124.

(10) Top substrate 112 may be formed of any of a wide variety of materials. The materials may be flexible or substantially rigid, rigid, or combinations of the foregoing. Ideally, the material selected for substrate 112 is a dielectric material or a material that is coated with a dielectric material. Examples of suitable materials include printed circuit board (PCB), polymeric materials, plastics, glass, indium tin oxide (ITO)-coated glass, silicon and/or other semiconductor materials. Examples of suitable materials include: MITSUI BN-300 (available from MITSUI Chemicals America, Inc., San Jose Calif.); ARLON 11N (available from Arlon, Inc, Santa Ana, Calif.).; NELCO N4000-6 and N5000-30/32 (available from Park Electrochemical Corp., Melville, N.Y.); ISOLA FR406 (available from Isola Group, Chandler, Ariz.), especially IS620; fluoropolymer family (suitable for fluorescence detection since it has low background fluorescence); polyimide family; polyester; polyethylene naphthalate; polycarbonate; polyetheretherketone; liquid crystal polymer; cyclo-olefin copolymer (COC); cyclo-olefin polymer (COP); aramid; THERMOUNT nonwoven aramid reinforcement (available from DuPont, Wilmington, Del.); NOMEX brand fiber (available from DuPont, Wilmington, Del.); and paper.

(11) Plastics are preferred materials for fabrication of top substrate 112 of a droplet actuator due to their improved manufacturability and potentially lower costs. In one example, top substrate 112 may be formed of injection molded polycarbonate material that has liquid wells (e.g., sample and reagent wells) on one side and is flat on the other side. The top substrate 112 may also include a conductive layer 122. In one embodiment, the conductive layer 122 may be formed by vacuum deposition of a conductive material. In another embodiment, the conductive layer may be formed using conductive polymer films.

(12) The top substrate 112 may also include a spacer (not shown) that separates the top substrate 112 from the bottom substrate 110. The spacer sets the gap 114 between a bottom substrate 110 and a top substrate 112 and determines the height of the droplet. Precision in the spacer thickness is required in order to ensure precision in droplet volume, which is necessary for accuracy in an assay. Islands of spacer material are typically required for control of gap height across large cartridges. In one embodiment, the spacer may be integrated within the injection molded polycarbonate material. In another embodiment, the spacer may be formed on the injection molded polycarbonate material by screen printing. Screen printing may be used to form a precision spacer that has small feature sizes and to form isolated spacer islands. A preferred spacer thickness is from about 0.010 inches to about 0.012 inches. In yet another embodiment, the spacer may be screen printed onto a conductive polymer film and laminated onto injection molded polycarbonate material.

(13) 7.2 Bottom Substrate

(14) Layered structure B shown in FIG. 1, is also referred to herein as bottom substrate B. Bottom substrate B includes a bottom substrate 110, conductive elements 116, dielectric layer 118, and hydrophobic layer 124.

(15) Bottom substrate 112 may be formed of any of a wide variety of materials. The materials may be flexible or substantially rigid, rigid, or combinations of the foregoing. Ideally, the material selected for bottom substrate 112 is a dielectric material or a material that is coated with a dielectric material. Examples of suitable materials include printed circuit board (PCB), polymeric materials, plastics, glass, indium tin oxide (ITO)-coated glass, silicon and/or other semiconductor materials. Examples of suitable materials include: MITSUI BN-300 (available from MITSUI Chemicals America, Inc., San Jose Calif.); ARLON 11N (available from Arlon, Inc, Santa Ana, Calif.).; NELCO N4000-6 and N5000-30/32 (available from Park Electrochemical Corp., Melville, N.Y.); ISOLA FR406 (available from Isola Group, Chandler, Ariz.), especially IS620; fluoropolymer family (suitable for fluorescence detection since it has low background fluorescence); polyimide family; polyester; polyethylene naphthalate; polycarbonate; polyetheretherketone; liquid crystal polymer; cyclo-olefin copolymer (COC); cyclo-olefin polymer (COP); aramid; THERMOUNT nonwoven aramid reinforcement (available from DuPont, Wilmington, Del.); NOMEX brand fiber (available from DuPont, Wilmington, Del.); and paper.

(16) 7.3 Conductive Layer

(17) As explained above, top substrate 112 includes conductive layer 122, and bottom substrate 110 includes conductive elements 116. Conductive layer 122 and/or conductive elements 116 may be formed using a conductive ink material. Conductive inks are sometimes referred to in the art as polymer thick films (PTF). Conductive inks typically include a polymer binder, conductive phase and the solvent phase. When combined, the resultant composition can be printed onto other materials. Thus, according to the invention, conductive layer 122 may be formed using a conductive ink which is printed onto substrate 112. Similarly, conductive element 116 may be formed using a conductive ink which is printed onto bottom substrate 110.

(18) The conductive ink may be a transparent conductive ink. The conductive ink may be a substantially transparent conductive ink. The conductive ink may be selected to transmit electromagnetic radiation (EMR) in a predetermined range of wavelengths. Transmitted EMR may include EMR signal indicative of an assay result. The conductive ink may be selected to filter out EMR in a predetermined range of wavelengths. Filtered EMR may include EMR signal that interferes with measurement of an assay result. The conductive ink may be sufficiently transparent to transmit sufficient EMR to achieve a particular purpose, such as sensing sufficient EMR from an assay to make a quantitative and/or qualitative assessment of the results of the assay within parameters acceptable in the art given the type of assay being performed. Where the layered structure is used as a component of a microfluidic device, and the microfluidic device is used to conduct an assay which produces EMR as a signal indicative of quantity and/or quality of a target substance, the conductive ink may be selected to permit transmission of a sufficient amount of the desired signal in order to achieve the desired purpose of the assay, i.e. a qualitative and/or quantitative measurement through the conductive ink layer of EMR corresponding to target substance in the droplet.

(19) The conductive ink may be sufficiently transparent to permit a sensor to sense from an assay droplet at least 50% of EMR within a target wavelength range which is directed towards the sensor. The conductive ink may be sufficiently transparent to permit a sensor to sense from an assay droplet at least 5% of EMR within a target wavelength range which is directed towards the sensor. The conductive ink may be sufficiently transparent to permit a sensor to sense from an assay droplet at least 90% of EMR within a target wavelength range which is directed towards the sensor. The conductive ink may be sufficiently transparent to permit a sensor to sense from an assay droplet at least 99% of EMR within a target wavelength range which is directed towards the sensor.

(20) A particular microfluidic device may employ multiple conductive inks in different detection regions, such that in one region, one set of one or more signals may be transmitted through the conductive ink and therefore detected, while another set of one or more signals is blocked in that region. Two or more of such regions may be established that block and transmit selected sets of electromagnetic wavelengths. Moreover, where a substrate is used that produces background EMR, conductive inks may be selected on an opposite substrate to block the background energy while permitting transmission of the desired signal from the assay droplet. For example, conductive layer 122 may be selected to block background EMR from bottom substrate 110.

(21) Conductive inks may be employed together with non-conductive inks in order to create a pattern of conductive and non-conductive regions with various optical properties established by the inks. For example, EMR transmitting (e.g., transparent, translucent) conductive inks may be used in a region where detection of EMR through the ink is desired, while EMR blocking (e.g., opaque, ink that filters certain bandwidths) conductive and/or non-conductive inks may be used in a region where detection is not desired in order to control or reduce background EMR. Moreover, conductive inks may be patterned in a manner which permits a droplet to remain in contact with the conductive ink while leaving an opening in the conductive ink for transmission of EMR.

(22) Examples of suitable conductive inks include intrinsically conductive polymers. Examples include CLEVIOS PEDOT:PSS (Heraeus Group, Hanau, Germany) and BAYTRON polymers (Bayer AG, Leverkusen, Germany. Examples of suitable inks in the CLEVIOS line include inks formulated for inkjet printing, such as P JET N, P JET HC, P JET N V2, and P JET HC V2. Other conductive inks are available from Orgacon, such as Orgacon PeDot 305+.

(23) The conductive ink may be printed on the surface of top substrate 112 and/or bottom substrate 110. The ink may be patterned to create electrical features, such as electrodes, sensors, grounds, wires, etc. The pattern of the printing may bring the conductive ink into contact with other electrical conductors for controlling the electrical state of the conductive ink electrical elements.

(24) FIG. 2 illustrates top substrate 112. Top substrate 112 includes openings 232 for pipetting liquid through the top substrate 112 into a droplet operations gap 114. Openings 232 are positioned in proximity to reservoir electrodes situated on a bottom substrate (not shown) and arranged in association with other electrodes for conducting droplet dispensing operations. Top substrate 112 also includes reservoirs 234. Reservoirs 234 are molded into top substrate, and are formed as wells in which liquid can be stored. Reservoirs 234 include openings 236, which provide a fluid passage for flowing liquid from reservoirs 234 through top substrate 212 into a droplet operations gap 114. Openings 236 are arranged to flow liquid through top substrate 112 and into proximity with one or more droplet dispensing electrodes associated with a bottom substrate (not shown). Top substrate 112 includes a conductive ink reference electrode patterned on a bottom surface of top substrate 112 so that the conductive ink reference electrode faces the droplet operations gap 114. In this manner, droplets in the droplet operations gap 114 can be exposed to the reference electrode. The reference electrode pattern is designed to align with electrodes and electrode pathways on the bottom substrate. Thus, it can be seen from FIG. 2, that the reference electrode mirrors the bottom substrate electrodes, including portions 216 and 222 of the reference electrode 214 which correspond to droplet dispensing or reservoir electrodes on the bottom substrate, as well as portions 218 of the reference electrode 214, which correspond to droplet transport pathways established by electrodes on the bottom substrate. Reference electrode 214 also includes a connecting portion 220, which is used to connect reference electrode 214 to a source of reference potential, e.g. a ground electrode.

(25) In one embodiment, the reference electrode pathways 218 overlie and have substantially the same width as electrode pathways on the bottom substrate. This arrangement provides for improved impedance detection of droplets in the droplet operation gap 114. Impedance across the droplet operations gap 114 from one of more electrodes on the bottom substrate to the reference electrode pathway 218 may be detected in order to determine various factors associated with the gap 114, such as whether droplet is situated between the bottom electrode and the reference electrode, to what extent the droplet is situated between the bottom electrode and the reference electrode, the contents of a droplet situated between the bottom of electrode and the reference electrode, whether oil has filled the gap 114 between the bottom electrode and the reference electrode, electrical properties of the droplet situated between the bottom electrode and the reference electrode, and electrical properties of the oil situated between the bottom electrode and the reference electrode.

(26) In one embodiment, conductive ink is patterned on substrate 112 and/or substrate 110 to form an arrangement of electrode suitable for conducting one or more droplet operations. In one embodiment, the droplet operations are electrowetting-mediated droplet operations. In another embodiment, the droplet operations are dielectrophoresis-mediated droplet operations.

(27) In one embodiment, the substrate is subject to a corona treatment prior to application of the conductive ink. For example, the corona treatment may be conducted using a high-frequency spot generator, such as the SpotTec spot generator (Tantec A/S, Lunderskov, Denmark). In another embodiment, the substrate is subject to plasma treatment prior to application of the conductive ink.

(28) 7.4 Dielectric Layer

(29) In some embodiments, the layered structure will also include a dielectric layer. A dielectric layer is useful, for example, when the conductive ink is patterned to form electrodes for conducting droplet operations. For example, the droplet operations may be electrowetting-mediated droplet operations or dielectrophoresis-mediated droplet operations. FIG. 1, bottom substrate B includes dielectric layer 118 layered atop a patterned conductive layer 116, which may be a conductive ink layer. Various materials are suitable for use as the dielectric layer. Examples include: vapor deposited dielectric, such as PARYLENE C (especially on glass) and PARYLENE N (available from Parylene Coating Services, Inc., Katy, Tex.); TEFLON AF coatings; cytop; soldermasks, such as liquid photoimageable soldermasks (e.g., on PCB) like TAIYO PSR4000 series, TAIYO PSR and AUS series (available from Taiyo America, Inc. Carson City, Nev.) (good thermal characteristics for applications involving thermal control), and PROBIIVIER 8165 (good thermal characteristics for applications involving thermal control (available from Huntsman Advanced Materials Americas Inc., Los Angeles, Calif.); dry film soldermask, such as those in the VACREL dry film soldermask line (available from DuPont, Wilmington, Del.); film dielectrics, such as polyimide film (e.g., KAPTON polyimide film, available from DuPont, Wilmington, Del.), polyethylene, and fluoropolymers (e.g., FEP), polytetrafluoroethylene; polyester; polyethylene naphthalate; cyclo-olefin copolymer (COC); cyclo-olefin polymer (COP); any other PCB substrate material listed above; black matrix resin; and polypropylene. Thus, in one embodiment, the invention includes a base layer, a conductive ink layer on the base layer, and a dielectric layer overlying the conductive ink layer and any exposed portions of the base layer. The base layer may be a substrate, such as described above with respect to FIG. 1 substrate 112 and substrate 110.

(30) 7.5 Hydrophobic Layer

(31) As illustrated in FIG. 1, with respect to substrate A hydrophobic layer 124 may be deposited on conductive layer 122. Similarly, with respect to substrate B, hydrophobic layer 120 may be deposited atop dielectric layer 118. It will be appreciated that where the conductive ink layer and/or the dielectric layer is patterned, the hydrophobic layer may cover the conductive ink layer in some regions while covering the dielectric layer or even the base layer and other regions of the substrate. Focusing here on the conductive ink layer, the conductive ink layer may be derivatized with low surface-energy materials or chemistries, e.g., by deposition or using in situ synthesis using compounds such as poly- or per-fluorinated compounds in solution or polymerizable monomers. Examples include TEFLON AF (available from DuPont, Wilmington, Del.), members of the CYTOP family of materials, coatings in the FLUOROPEL family of hydrophobic and superhydrophobic coatings (available from Cytonix Corporation, Beltsville, Md.), silane coatings, fluorosilane coatings, hydrophobic phosphonate derivatives (e.g., those sold by Aculon, Inc), and NOVEC electronic coatings (available from 3M Company, St. Paul, Minn.), and other fluorinated monomers for plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD). In some cases, the hydrophobic coating may have a thickness ranging from about 10 nm to about 1,000 nm.

(32) 7.6 Systems

(33) FIG. 3 illustrates a functional block diagram of an example of a microfluidics system 300 that includes a droplet actuator 305. Digital microfluidic technology conducts droplet operations on discrete droplets in a droplet actuator, such as droplet actuator 305, by electrical control of their surface tension (electrowetting). The droplets may be sandwiched between two substrates of droplet actuator 305, a bottom substrate and a top substrate separated by a droplet operations gap 114. The bottom substrate may include an arrangement of electrically addressable electrodes. The top substrate may include a reference electrode plane made, for example, from conductive ink or indium tin oxide (ITO). The bottom substrate and the top substrate may be coated with a hydrophobic material. The space around the droplets (i.e., the droplet operations gap 114 between bottom and top substrates) may be filled with an immiscible inert fluid, such as silicone oil, to prevent evaporation of the droplets and to facilitate their transport within the device. Other droplet operations may be effected by varying the patterns of voltage activation; examples include merging, splitting, mixing, and dispensing of droplets.

(34) Droplet actuator 305 may be designed to fit onto an instrument deck (not shown) of microfluidics system 300. The instrument deck may hold droplet actuator 305 and house other droplet actuator features, such as, but not limited to, one or more magnets and one or more heating devices. For example, the instrument deck may house one or more magnets 310, which may be permanent magnets. Optionally, the instrument deck may house one or more electromagnets 315. Magnets 310 and/or electromagnets 315 are positioned in relation to droplet actuator 305 for immobilization of magnetically responsive beads. Optionally, the positions of magnets 310 and/or electromagnets 315 may be controlled by a motor 320. Additionally, the instrument deck may house one or more heating devices 325 for controlling the temperature within, for example, certain reaction and/or washing zones of droplet actuator 305. In one example, heating devices 325 may be heater bars that are positioned in relation to droplet actuator 305 for providing thermal control thereof.

(35) A controller 330 of microfluidics system 300 is electrically coupled to various hardware components of the invention, such as droplet actuator 305, electromagnets 315, motor 320, and heating devices 325, as well as to a detector 335, an impedance sensing system 340, and any other input and/or output devices (not shown). Controller 330 controls the overall operation of microfluidics system 300. Controller 330 may, for example, be a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, personal computer, or other programmable data processing apparatus. Controller 330 serves to provide processing capabilities, such as storing, interpreting, and/or executing software instructions, as well as controlling the overall operation of the system. Controller 330 may be configured and programmed to control data and/or power aspects of these devices. For example, in one aspect, with respect to droplet actuator 305, controller 330 controls droplet manipulation by activating/deactivating electrodes.

(36) In one example, detector 335 may be an imaging system that is positioned in relation to droplet actuator 305. In one example, the imaging system may include one or more light-emitting diodes (LEDs) (i.e., an illumination source) and a digital image capture device, such as a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera.

(37) Impedance sensing system 340 may be any circuitry for detecting impedance at a specific electrode of droplet actuator 305. In one example, impedance sensing system 340 may be an impedance spectrometer. Impedance sensing system 340 may be used to monitor the capacitive loading of any electrode, such as any droplet operations electrode, with or without a droplet thereon. For examples of suitable capacitance detection techniques, see Sturmer et al., International Patent Publication No. WO/2008/101194, entitled Capacitance Detection in a Droplet Actuator, published on Aug. 21, 2008; and Kale et al., International Patent Publication No. WO/2002/080822, entitled System and Method for Dispensing Liquids, published on Oct. 17, 2002; the entire disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.

(38) Droplet actuator 305 may include disruption device 345. Disruption device 345 may include any device that promotes disruption (lysis) of materials, such as tissues, cells and spores in a droplet actuator. Disruption device 345 may, for example, be a sonication mechanism, a heating mechanism, a mechanical shearing mechanism, a bead beating mechanism, physical features incorporated into the droplet actuator 3105, an electric field generating mechanism, a thermal cycling mechanism, and any combinations thereof. Disruption device 345 may be controlled by controller 330.

(39) It will be appreciated that various aspects of the invention may be embodied as a method, system, computer readable medium, and/or computer program product. Aspects of the invention may take the form of hardware embodiments, software embodiments (including firmware, resident software, micro-code, etc.), or embodiments combining software and hardware aspects that may all generally be referred to herein as a circuit, module or system. Furthermore, the methods of the invention may take the form of a computer program product on a computer-usable storage medium having computer-usable program code embodied in the medium.

(40) Any suitable computer useable medium may be utilized for software aspects of the invention. The computer-usable or computer-readable medium may be, for example but not limited to, an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor system, apparatus, device, or propagation medium. The computer readable medium may include transitory and/or non-transitory embodiments. More specific examples (a non-exhaustive list) of the computer-readable medium would include some or all of the following: an electrical connection having one or more wires, a portable computer diskette, a hard disk, a random access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or Flash memory), an optical fiber, a portable compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM), an optical storage device, a transmission medium such as those supporting the Internet or an intranet, or a magnetic storage device. Note that the computer-usable or computer-readable medium could even be paper or another suitable medium upon which the program is printed, as the program can be electronically captured, via, for instance, optical scanning of the paper or other medium, then compiled, interpreted, or otherwise processed in a suitable manner, if necessary, and then stored in a computer memory. In the context of this document, a computer-usable or computer-readable medium may be any medium that can contain, store, communicate, propagate, or transport the program for use by or in connection with the instruction execution system, apparatus, or device.

(41) Program code for carrying out operations of the invention may be written in an object oriented programming language such as Java, Smalltalk, C++ or the like. However, the program code for carrying out operations of the invention may also be written in conventional procedural programming languages, such as the C programming language or similar programming languages. The program code may be executed by a processor, application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), or other component that executes the program code. The program code may be simply referred to as a software application that is stored in memory (such as the computer readable medium discussed above). The program code may cause the processor (or any processor-controlled device) to produce a graphical user interface (GUI). The graphical user interface may be visually produced on a display device, yet the graphical user interface may also have audible features. The program code, however, may operate in any processor-controlled device, such as a computer, server, personal digital assistant, phone, television, or any processor-controlled device utilizing the processor and/or a digital signal processor.

(42) The program code may locally and/or remotely execute. The program code, for example, may be entirely or partially stored in local memory of the processor-controlled device. The program code, however, may also be at least partially remotely stored, accessed, and downloaded to the processor-controlled device. A user's computer, for example, may entirely execute the program code or only partly execute the program code. The program code may be a stand-alone software package that is at least partly on the user's computer and/or partly executed on a remote computer or entirely on a remote computer or server. In the latter scenario, the remote computer may be connected to the user's computer through a communications network.

(43) The invention may be applied regardless of networking environment. The communications network may be a cable network operating in the radio-frequency domain and/or the Internet Protocol (IP) domain. The communications network, however, may also include a distributed computing network, such as the Internet (sometimes alternatively known as the World Wide Web), an intranet, a local-area network (LAN), and/or a wide-area network (WAN). The communications network may include coaxial cables, copper wires, fiber optic lines, and/or hybrid-coaxial lines. The communications network may even include wireless portions utilizing any portion of the electromagnetic spectrum and any signaling standard (such as the IEEE 802 family of standards, GSM/CDMA/TDMA or any cellular standard, and/or the ISM band). The communications network may even include powerline portions, in which signals are communicated via electrical wiring. The invention may be applied to any wireless/wireline communications network, regardless of physical componentry, physical configuration, or communications standard(s).

(44) Certain aspects of invention are described with reference to various methods and method steps. It will be understood that each method step can be implemented by the program code and/or by machine instructions. The program code and/or the machine instructions may create means for implementing the functions/acts specified in the methods.

(45) The program code may also be stored in a computer-readable memory that can direct the processor, computer, or other programmable data processing apparatus to function in a particular manner, such that the program code stored in the computer-readable memory produce or transform an article of manufacture including instruction means which implement various aspects of the method steps.

(46) The program code may also be loaded onto a computer or other programmable data processing apparatus to cause a series of operational steps to be performed to produce a processor/computer implemented process such that the program code provides steps for implementing various functions/acts specified in the methods of the invention.

(47) 7.7 Droplet Actuators with Disposable and Non-Disposable Components

(48) The invention provides droplet actuator devices and methods for replacing one or more components of a droplet actuator. For example, the invention provides droplet actuator devices that may include the combination of both disposable components that may be readily replaced and non-disposable components that may be more expensive to manufacture. Ready replacement of one or more disposable components may also provide substantially unlimited re-use of a droplet actuator device or a portion of a droplet actuator device without concern for cross-contamination between applications. In one embodiment, moveable films may be used to readily replace substrate layers (e.g., dielectric and/or hydrophobic layers). In another embodiment, reversible attachment of a top substrate and a bottom substrate may be used to provide ready access to and replacement of one or more substrate layers. In yet another embodiment, a self-contained replaceable top cartridge may be used to provide a single-use, contaminant-free substrate. In yet another embodiment, selectively removable layered structures may be used to replace one or more dielectric and/or hydrophobic substrate layers. In yet another embodiment, a single-unit droplet actuator cartridge that is easily opened and closed may be used to provide a droplet actuator device wherein one or more substrate layers are readily removed and replaced.

(49) 7.7.1 Replaceable Top Cartridges

(50) FIGS. 4A and 4B illustrate side views of a portion of a droplet actuator 6800 that includes a fixed bottom substrate and a removable top substrate, wherein the top substrate is a replaceable cartridge. The replaceable top cartridge of the invention is a self-contained cartridge, i.e., may include reagents, buffers, substrates and filler fluid required for a droplet actuator-based assay.

(51) Droplet actuator 6800 may include a bottom substrate 6810, which may be fixed, and a replaceable top cartridge 6812. Bottom substrate 6810 may, for example, be formed of a PCB or a rigid material, such as a silicon-based material, glass, and/or any other suitable material. Bottom substrate 6810 may include a fixed array of droplet operations electrodes 6814 (e.g., electrowetting electrodes).

(52) Top cartridge 6812 may be, for example, a plastic housing that is formed around an enclosed area 6816. Enclosed area 6816 may be of sufficient height for conducting droplet operations. In one embodiment, top cartridge 6812 may include a ground electrode 6818. In an alternative embodiment, ground electrode 6818 may be replaced with a hydrophobic layer (not shown) suitable for co-planar electrowetting operations. Top cartridge 6812 may include an opening 6820. Opening 6820 provides a fluid path from top cartridge 6812 into enclosed area 6816 in sufficient proximity of certain droplet operations electrodes 6814 on bottom substrate 6810. Opening 6820 may be used for loading one or more samples into top cartridge 6812. Positioning of top cartridge 6812 in sufficient proximity of certain droplet operations electrodes 6814 may, for example, be provided by alignment guides (not shown).

(53) Referring to FIG. 4A, top cartridge 6812 may include one or more pouches 6822. Pouches 6822 may be used as fluid reservoirs for holding a volume of a certain fluid 6823. Pouches 6822 may be formed of a material that may be punctured for releasing fluid 6823 into enclosed area 6816. Fluid 6823 may be, for example, one or more different reagents required for droplet actuator-based assays. In one example one or more pouches 6822 may contain a filler fluid such as silicone oil. In this example, a piercing mechanism may be used for puncturing pouches 6822 and dispensing a filler fluid there from into enclosed area 6816 during alignment and loading of top cartridge 6812 onto bottom substrate 6810. In another example, one or more pouches 6822 may include reagents, buffers, and substrates required for performing a molecular assay. An interface material 6824 is disposed between top cartridge 6812 and bottom substrate 6810. Interface material 6824 may be, for example, a thin layer of certain liquid, certain grease, a certain soft material, or certain reversible glue. Interface material 6824 may also serve as the dielectric layer atop droplet operations electrodes 6814 of bottom substrate 6810. Referring to FIG. 4B, top cartridge 6812 may include a dielectric layer 6828 that interfaces with droplet operations electrodes 6814. Because top cartridge 6812 is a replaceable cartridge, dielectric layer 6828 is also replaceable. Dielectric layer 6828 may be patterned according to a desired topology that may, for example, correspond to a certain arrangement of droplet operations electrodes 6814 on bottom substrate 6810. For example, certain features 6830 may be patterned into dielectric layer 6828 for fitting between droplet operations electrodes 6814 on bottom substrate 6810 when assembled. In one example, a stamping process may be used to form features 6830 of dielectric layer 6828. More specifically, a stamp (not shown) may be provided that mimics the topology of bottom substrate 6810 that has droplet operations electrodes 6814 patterned thereon. Initially, dielectric layer 6828 is formed on top cartridge 6812 having a certain uniform thickness, and then the stamp may be brought into contact with dielectric layer 6828 of top cartridge 6812 under a certain amount of heat and/or pressure for a certain amount of time. In this way, a reverse impression of bottom substrate 6810 that has droplet operations electrodes 6814 patterned thereon is formed in dielectric layer 6828 of top cartridge 6812, thereby forming, for example, features 6830. The reverse impression of droplet operations electrodes 6814 of bottom substrate 6810 that is patterned into dielectric layer 6828 of top cartridges 6812 provides a tight coupling between bottom substrate 6810 and top cartridge 6812 when assembled.

(54) 7.7.2 Single-Unit Droplet Actuator Cartridge

(55) FIGS. 5A and 5B illustrate side views of portions of a droplet actuator cartridge 7000. Droplet actuator cartridge 7000 is an example of a droplet actuator wherein a rigid-flex process may be used to form a single unit droplet actuator cartridge.

(56) Cartridge 7000 may include a flexible substrate 7010. Flexible substrate 7010 may be selectively processed (e.g., rigid-flex processing) to provide certain regions for conducting droplet operations. For example, flexible substrate 7010 may include a bottom substrate region 7012 and a top substrate region 7014. Bottom substrate region 7012 and top substrate region 7014 may be separated by a hinge region 7016. Hinge region 7016 provides a mechanism to fold top substrate region 7014 into proximity of bottom substrate region 7012 (i.e., to close cartridge 7000). In the closed position, cartridge 7000 is ready for operation. Hinge region 7016 also provides a mechanism to readily open cartridge 7000. Cartridge 7000 may, for example, be readily opened at hinge region 7016 for removing and replacing one or more substrate layers.

(57) Bottom substrate region 7012 may include a path or array of droplet operations electrodes 7018 (e.g., electrowetting electrodes). A dielectric layer 7020 may be selectively disposed atop droplet operations electrodes 7018 in bottom substrate region 7012. In one embodiment and referring to FIG. 70B, dielectric layer 7020 may be an adhesive backed polyimide, such as a Pyralux LF coverlay composite (DuPont). In one example, Pyralux LF7013 may be used. Pyralux LF7013 includes an approximately 25 micrometer thick Dupont KAPTON polyimide film and an approximately 25 micrometer thick acrylic adhesive. In another example, a Pyralux coverlay composite that includes a polyimide film and adhesive layer of a different thickness may be used.

(58) Top substrate region 7014 may include a ground electrode 7022. Ground electrode 7022 may, for example, be formed of copper or another suitable material. A hydrophobic layer 7024 may be disposed as a final layer atop bottom substrate region 7012, top substrate region 7014, and hinge region 7016. In one embodiment and again referring to FIG. 70B, hydrophobic layer 7024 may be a Cytop coating. Hydrophobic layer 7024 may, for example, be approximately 700 nm to several microns in thickness.

(59) An optional rigid layer 7026 may be disposed on the surface of flexible substrate 7010 that is opposite droplet operations electrodes 7016 and ground electrode 7022 and excluding hinge region 7014.

CONCLUDING REMARKS

(60) The foregoing detailed description of embodiments refers to the accompanying drawings, which illustrate specific embodiments of the invention. Other embodiments having different structures and operations do not depart from the scope of the present invention. The term the invention or the like is used with reference to specific examples of the many alternative aspects or embodiments of the applicants' invention set forth in this specification, and neither its use nor its absence is intended to limit the scope of the applicants' invention or the scope of the claims. This specification is divided into sections for the convenience of the reader only. Headings should not be construed as limiting of the scope of the invention. The definitions are intended as a part of the description of the invention. It will be understood that various details of the present invention may be changed without departing from the scope of the present invention. Furthermore, the foregoing description is for the purpose of illustration only, and not for the purpose of limitation.