Active power stealing

Abstract

A thermostat and related methods are described for controlling one or more functions, such as heating and cooling in an HVAC. According to some embodiments the thermostat includes a switching circuit for controlling an HVAC function, where closing the switching circuit activates the HVAC function. The thermostat may also include power harvesting circuitry adapted and arranged to harvest power from the HVAC system, where during times when the HVAC function is active the switching circuit opens for a time interval. The power harvesting circuitry may harvest power from the HVAC system during the time interval, and the time interval may be short enough that the HVAC function remains activated without interruption during the time interval.

Claims

1. A thermostat comprising: a switching circuit for controlling a Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) function of an HVAC system, wherein closing the switching circuit activates the HVAC function; and power harvesting circuitry adapted and arranged to harvest power from the HVAC system, wherein during times when the HVAC function is active, the switching circuit opens for a time interval, wherein the power harvesting circuitry: monitors a voltage associated with a charge level of a capacitive element; begins the time interval after the voltage is below a lower threshold; harvests power from the HVAC system to charge the capacitive element during the time interval; and ends the time interval after the voltage exceeds an upper threshold, wherein the time interval is short enough that the HVAC function remains activated without interruption during the time interval.

2. The thermostat of claim 1, further comprising: a rechargeable battery; and charging circuitry adapted and arranged to recharge the rechargeable battery using power harvested by the power harvesting circuitry.

3. The thermostat of claim 2, wherein the charging circuitry is adapted to charge the rechargeable battery such that longer cycle life is preferred over higher charge capacity.

4. The thermostat of claim 1, wherein the power harvesting circuitry is adapted and arranged to determine whether a common wire is available to the thermostat, and only harvest power from the HVAC system in cases where no common wire is available to the thermostat.

5. The thermostat of claim 1, wherein the power harvesting circuitry is further adapted and arranged to harvest power from the HVAC system during times when the HVAC function is inactive.

6. The thermostat of claim 1, wherein the power harvesting circuitry is adapted and arranged to automatically select the HVAC function from among one or more HVAC functions of the HVAC system.

7. The thermostat of claim 1, wherein during the time interval, the power harvesting circuitry charges one or more capacitive and/or magnetic elements to store electrical energy for use by the charging circuit and/or other operations in the thermostat.

8. The thermostat of claim 1, wherein the switching circuit comprises solid state switching components and circuitry adapted and arranged to quickly open and close.

9. The thermostat of claim 1, wherein the thermostat is adapted to control HVAC systems having more than one power transformer.

10. A method comprising: closing a switching circuit for controlling a Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) function of an HVAC system, wherein closing the switching circuit activates the HVAC function; monitoring a voltage associated with a charge level of a capacitive element; opening the switching circuit for a time interval, wherein the time interval begins after the voltage is below a lower threshold; harvesting power from the HVAC system to charge the capacitive element during the time interval by power harvesting circuitry; and ending the time interval after the voltage exceeds an upper threshold, wherein the time interval is short enough that the HVAC function remains activated without interruption during the time interval.

11. The method of claim 10, further comprising: charging, using charging circuitry, a rechargeable battery using power harvested by the power harvesting circuitry.

12. The method of claim 11, wherein the charging circuitry is adapted to charge the rechargeable battery such that longer cycle life is preferred over higher charge capacity.

13. The method of claim 10, wherein the power harvesting circuitry is adapted and arranged to determine whether a common wire is available to the thermostat, and only harvest power from the HVAC system in cases where no common wire is available to the thermostat.

14. The method of claim 10, wherein the power harvesting circuitry is further adapted and arranged to harvest power from the HVAC system during times when the HVAC function is inactive.

15. The method of claim 10, wherein the power harvesting circuitry is adapted and arranged to automatically select the HVAC function from among one or more HVAC functions of the HVAC system.

16. The method of claim 10, wherein during the time interval, the power harvesting circuitry charges one or more capacitive and/or magnetic elements to store electrical energy for use by the charging circuit and/or other operations in the thermostat.

17. The method of claim 10, wherein the switching circuit comprises solid state switching components and circuitry adapted and arranged to quickly open and close.

18. The method of claim 10, wherein the thermostat is adapted to control HVAC systems having more than one power transformer.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) The inventive body of work will be readily understood by referring to the following detailed description in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:

(2) FIG. 1 is a diagram of an enclosure with an HVAC system, according to some embodiments;

(3) FIG. 2 is a diagram of an HVAC system, according to some embodiments;

(4) FIG. 3 is a block diagram of some circuitry of a thermostat, according to some embodiments;

(5) FIGS. 4A-C schematically illustrate the use of auto-switching connectors being used to automatically select a source for power harvesting, according to some embodiments;

(6) FIG. 5 is a schematic of a half-bridge sense circuit, according to some embodiments;

(7) FIGS. 6A-B are schematics showing the high voltage buck, bootstrap LDO and battery LDO power circuitry, according to some embodiments; and

(8) FIG. 7 shows a battery charging circuit and rechargeable battery, according to some embodiments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

(9) A detailed description of the inventive body of work is provided below. While several embodiments are described, it should be understood that the inventive body of work is not limited to any one embodiment, but instead encompasses numerous alternatives, modifications, and equivalents. In addition, while numerous specific details are set forth in the following description in order to provide a thorough understanding of the inventive body of work, some embodiments can be practiced without some or all of these details. Moreover, for the purpose of clarity, certain technical material that is known in the related art has not been described in detail in order to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the inventive body of work.

(10) FIG. 1 is a diagram of an enclosure with and HVAC system, according to some embodiments. Enclosure 100, in this example is a single-family dwelling. According to other embodiments, the enclosure can be, for example, a duplex, an apartment within an apartment building, a light commercial structure such as an office or retail store, or a structure or enclosure that is a combination of the above. Thermostat 110 controls HVAC system 120 as will be described in further detail below. According to some embodiments, the HVAC system 120 is has a cooling capacity less than about 5 tons.

(11) FIG. 2 is a diagram of an HVAC system, according to some embodiments. HVAC system 120 provides heating, cooling, ventilation, and/or air handling for the enclosure, such as a single-family home 100 depicted in FIG. 1. The system 120 depicts a forced air type heating system, although according to other embodiments, other types of systems could be used such as hydronic, in-floor radiant heating, heat pump, etc. In heating, heating coils or elements 242 within air handler 240 provide a source of heat using electricity or gas via line 236. Cool air is drawn from the enclosure via return air duct 246 through fan 238 and is heated heating coils or elements 242. The heated air flows back into the enclosure at one or more locations via supply air duct system 252 and supply air grills such as grill 250. In cooling an outside compressor 230 passes gas such as freon through a set of heat exchanger coils to cool the gas. The gas then goes to the cooling coils 234 in the air handlers 240 where it expands, cools and cools the air being circulated through the enclosure via fan 238. According to some embodiments a humidifier 254 is also provided. Although not shown in FIG. 2, according to some embodiments the HVAC system has other known functionality such as venting air to and from the outside, and one or more dampers to control airflow within the duct systems.

(12) Thermostat 110 controls the HVAC system 120 through a number of control circuits. In particular, there are often separate control systems for heating and cooling. The heating system can include a low voltage, for example 24 VAC, operated gas valve which controls the flow of gas to the furnace; the cooling system includes a contactor having a low-voltage coil and high-voltage contacts which control energizing of the compressor; and the circulation system includes a fan relay having a low-voltage coil and high-voltage contacts which control energizing of the fan which circulates the conditioned air. The electrical power for energizing such low-voltage operated devices is provided either by a single transformer 260 for both heating and cooling, or by two separate transformers 260 for heating and 262 for cooling. Often, a single transformer is provided when the heating and cooling system is installed as a complete unit. If the cooling system is added to an existing heating system, sometimes an additional transformer is used.

(13) According to some embodiments, the thermostat 110 is split into two parts: a head unit 270 and a backplate 286. The head unit 270 contains a main processor 272, storage 274 (such as flash storage), local area wireless networking 276, and display and user interface 278. Also included are environmental sensors such as temperature, humidity and/or pressure. A rechargeable battery 282 and power management subsystems 284 are also included as will be described in further detail herein. The head unit 270 is removable by the user and can be connected to a computer for configuration.

(14) The backplate 286 installs on the wall and interfaces with the HVAC wiring 264. Backplate 286 provides power to the head unit 270 and also facilitates control of the attached HVAC systems, which in FIG. 2 is heating and cooling but could include other functions such as humidification, dehumidification and ventilation. According to some embodiments, backplate 286 also include a cellular wireless interface. Components within backplate 286 will be described in further detail herein.

(15) FIG. 3 is a block diagram of some circuitry of a thermostat, according to some embodiments. Circuitry 300, according to some embodiments, is a backplate of a thermostat. A number of HVAC wires can be attached using HVAC terminals 312. One example of which is the W1 terminal 314. Each terminal is used to control an HVAC function. According to some embodiments, each of the wires from the terminals W1, W2, Y1, Y2, G, O/B, AUX and E is connected to a separate isolated FET drive within 310. The common HVAC functions for each of the terminals are: W1 and W2 heating; Y1 and Y2 for cooling; G for fan; O/B for heatpumps; and E for emergency heat. Note that although the circuitry 300 is able control 8 functions using the isolated FET drives 310, according to some embodiments, other functions, or fewer functions can be controlled. For example circuitry for a more simply equipped HVAC system may only have a single heating (W), and single cooling (Y) and a fan (G), in which case there would only be three isolated FET drives 310. According to a preferred embodiment, 5 FET drives 310 are provided, namely heating (W), cooling (Y), fan (G), auxiliary (AUX) and compressor direction (O/B). Not shown are the circuit returns such as RH (return for heat) and RC (return for cooling). According to some embodiments the thermostat can control a humidifier and/or de-humidifier. Further details relating to isolated FET drives 310 are described in co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/034,674, entitled Thermostat Circuitry for Connection to HVAC Systems, filed on even date herewith which is incorporated herein by reference.

(16) The HVAC functions are controlled by the HVAC control general purpose input/outputs (GPIOs) 322 within MCU 320. MCU 320 is a general purpose microcontroller such as the MSP430 16-bit ultra-low power MCU available from Texas Instruments. MCU 320 communicates with the head unit via Head Unit Interface 340. The head unit together with the backplate make up the thermostat. The head unit has user interface capability such that it can display information to a user via an LCD display and receive input from a user via buttons and/or touch screen input devices. According to some embodiments, the head unit has network capabilities for communication to other devices either locally or over the internet. Through such network capability, for example, the thermostat can send information and receive commands and setting from a computer located elsewhere inside or outside of the enclosure. The MCU detects whether the head unit is attached to the backplate via head unit detect 338.

(17) Clock 342 provides a low frequency clock signal to MCU 320, for example 32.768 kHz. According to some embodiments there are two crystal oscillators, one for high frequency such as 16 MHz and one for the lower frequency. Power for MCU 320 is supplied at power input 344 at 3.0 V. Circuitry 336 provides wiring detection, battery measurement, and buck input measurement. A temperature sensor 330 is provided, and according to some embodiments and a humidity sensor 332 are provided. According to some embodiments, one or more other sensors 334 are provided such as: pressure, proximity (e.g. using infrared), ambient light, and pyroelectric infrared (PIR).

(18) Power circuitry 350 is provided to supply power. According to some embodiments, when the thermostat is first turned on with insufficient battery power, a bootstrap power system is provided. A high voltage low dropout voltage regulator (LDO) 380 provides 3.0 volts of power for the bootstrap of the MCU 320. The bootstrap function can be disabled under MCU control but according to some embodiments the bootstrap function is left enabled to provide a safety net if the head unit supply vanishes for any reason. For example, if the head-unit includes the re-chargeable battery 384 and is removed unexpectedly, the power would be lost and the bootstrap function would operate. The input to this Bootstrap LDO 380 is provided by connectors and circuitry 368 that automatically selects power from common 362 (highest priority), cool 366 (lower priority); or heat (lowest priority) 364.

(19) In normal operation, a 3.0 volt Primary LDO 382 powers the backplate circuitry and itself is powered by VCC Main. According to some embodiments, high voltage buck 360 is provided as a second supply in the backplate. The input to this supply is the circuitry 368. According to some embodiments, the high voltage buck 380 can supply a maximum of 100 mA at 4.5 v. According to some embodiments, the VCC main and the Primary LDO 382 can be powered by a rechargeable battery (shown in FIG. 7) in cases where there is no alternative power source (such as the high voltage buck or USB power, for example).

(20) FIGS. 4A-C schematically illustrate the use of auto-switching connectors being used to automatically select a source for power harvesting, according to some embodiments. The connectors 362, 364, and 366 are connectors as shown in FIG. 3. For further details regarding preferred automatically switching connectors, see co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/034,666, entitled Thermostat Wiring Connector filed on even date herewith and incorporated herein by reference. The connector 362 is used for connection to an HVAC C (common) wire and includes two switched pairs of normally closed secondary conductors 410 and 412. The connector 366 is used for connection to an HVAC Y (cooling) wire and includes one switched pair of normally closed secondary conductors 454. The connector 364 is used for connection to an HVAC W (heating) wire. Note that although not shown in FIGS. 4A-C, one or more additional pairs of switched secondary conductors can be provided with any of the connectors 362, 366 and 365, such as could be used for the purpose of electronically detecting the presence of an HVAC system wire to the connector. Power harvesting circuitry 460 is used to supply power to the thermostat and is also connected to the Rc wire 462 (or according to other embodiment the Rh wire). For example, the power harvesting circuitry 460 can include the HV buck 360 and Bootstrap LDO 380 as shown in and described with respect to FIGS. 3 and 6A-B.

(21) FIG. 4A shows the case of the switches 454, 410 and 412 when no C wire and no Y wire is attached. In this case all of the switches 454, 410 and 412 are closed and the power harvesting circuitry 460 is connected at input 464 with the W wire via circuit paths 420, 422 and 426. FIG. 4B shows the case of the switches 454, 410 and 412 when no C wire is attached but there is a Y wire attached. In this case switches 410 and 412 are closed but switch 454 is opened due to the presence of the Y wire. In this case the power harvesting circuitry 460 is connected at input 464 with the Y wire via circuit paths 424 and 428. FIG. 4C shows the case of the switches 454, 410 and 412 when both C and Y wires are attached. In this case all the switches 454, 410 and 412 are open and the power harvesting circuitry 460 is connected at input 464 with the C wire via circuit path 430. Note that the case of a connection of C and W wires and no Y wire is not shown but that in this case the W wire would not be connected to circuitry 420 since switch 410 would be open. Thus, through the use of circuitry and the connectors shown, the power harvesting circuitry is automatically switched so as to use connections to C, Y and W wires in decreasing order of priority. Preferably, the C wire is the highest priority as this ordinarily provides the best power source, if available. Note that according to some embodiments, the Y and W priorities are reversed to make W higher priority than Y.

(22) FIG. 5 is a schematic of a half-bridge sense circuit, according to some embodiments. Circuit 500 provides voltage sensing, clipped to 3.0 volts, for presence detection and current sensing. At inputs 502, 504 and 506 are the 24 VAC waveforms from three of the HVAC circuits. In the case shown in FIG. 5, inputs 502, 504 and 506 are for HVAC W1, HVAC Y1 and HVAC G, respectively. The sense input bias buffer 550 is provided as shown. Note that a voltage divider is used in each case that takes the voltage from 24 volts to approximately 4 volts. Clamp diodes 520a, 520b and 520c ensure that the voltage goes no higher or lower than the range of the microcontroller 320 (shown in FIG. 3). The Sense outputs 530, 532 and 534 are connected to the microcontroller 320 so that the microcontroller 320 can sense the presence of a signal on the HVAC lines. The circuits are repeated for the other HVAC lines so that the microcontroller can detect signals on any of the HVAC lines.

(23) FIGS. 6A-B are schematics showing the high voltage buck, bootstrap LDO and battery LDO power circuitry, according to some embodiments. FIG. 6A shows the input 464 from the connector selected power, which corresponds to input 464 to power circuitry 460 in FIG. 4. The diodes 632 are used to rectify the AC power signal from the HVAC power transformer wire that is selected by the connector circuitry shown in FIG. 4. When the thermostat is installed in a building having two HVAC power transformers, such as may be the case when an existing HVAC heating-only system is upgraded to add an HVAC cooling system. In such cases, there are two power wires from the HVAC system, often called Rh the power wire directly from the heating system transformer, and Rc the power wire directly from the cooling transformer. Input 462 is from a terminal connected to the Rc wire. According to some embodiments, the Rc and Rh terminals are switched using automatic switching or other jumperless design, as shown and described in co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/034,674, entitled Thermostat Circuitry for Connection to HVAC Systems, filed on even date herewith and which is incorporated herein by reference.

(24) Rectified input 624 is input to the high voltage buck circuit 610, according to some embodiments. In buck circuit 610, which corresponds to high voltage buck 360 in FIG. 3, the voltage on the input capacitors 612, 614 and 616 of high voltage buck 610 can be measured by the MCU 320 (of FIG. 3) at node 620, allowing the MCU to momentarily open the W1 or Y1 contacts during an enabled or on phase in order to recharge the buck input capacitors 612, 614 and 616 and continue power harvesting. According to some embodiments, the same HVAC circuit (e.g. heating or cooling) is used for power harvesting, whether or not there is more than one HVAC function in the system. According to some other embodiments, when the thermostat is used with an HVAC system having two circuits (e.g. heating and cooling), the system will power harvest from the non-activated circuit. In cases where a common wire is available from the HVAC power transformer, the system preferably does not power harvest at all from the heating and cooling circuits. According to some embodiments, the step down converter 630 is a high efficiency, high voltage 100 mA synchronous step-down converter such as the LTC3631 from Linear Technology. According to some embodiments, inductor 642 is a 100 uH power inductor such as the MOS6020 from Coilcraft. According to some embodiments, one or more other types of elements in addition to or instead of input capacitors 612, 614 and 616 are used to store electrical energy during power harvesting when the HVAC function is active (or on). For example, magnetic elements such as inductors and/or transformers can be used.

(25) In order to control the HVAC functions, the HVAC function wire is shorted to the return or power wire. For example, in the case of heating, the W wire is shorted to the Rh (or R or Rc depending on the configuration). In the case of cooling the Y wire is shorted to the Rc (or R or Rh depending on the configuration). By shorting these two wires, the 24 VAC transformer is placed in series with a relay that controls the HVAC function. However, for power harvesting, a problem is that when these wires are shorted, there is no voltage across them, and when open, there is no current flow. Since Power=Voltage*Current, if either quantity is zero the power that can be extracted is zero. According to some embodiments, the power harvesting circuitry allows power to be taken from the two wires in both the states of HVACthe HVAC on and the HVAC off.

(26) In the HVAC off state, some energy can be harvested from these two wires by taking less energy than would cause the of the relay to turn on, which would cause the HVAC function to erroneously turn on. Based on testing, it has been found that HVAC functions generally do not turn on when (0.040 A*4.5V)=0.180 watts is extracted at the output. So after the input diodes, capacitors, and switching regulator, this allows us to take 40 mA at 4.5 volts from these wires without turning on the HVAC system.

(27) In the HVAC on state, the two wires must be connected together to allow current to flow, which turns on the HVAC relay. This, however, shorts out the input supply, so our system does not get any power when the HVAC on switch is closed. To get around this problem, the voltage is monitored on the capacitors 612, 614 and 616 at the input switching power supply node 620. When the voltage on these capacitors C.sub.in drops close to the point at which the switching power supply would Drop out and lose output regulation, for example at about +8 Volts, the HVAC on switch is turned off and C.sub.in, is charged. During the time that C.sub.in, is charging, current is still flowing in the HVAC relay, so the HVAC relay stays on. When the C.sub.in, capacitor voltages increases some amount, for example about +16 Volts, the HVAC on switch is closed again, C.sub.in begins to discharge while it feeds the switching regulator, and current continues to flow in the HVAC relay. Note that C.sub.in, is not allowed to discharge back to the HVAC on switch due to input diodes 632. When the voltage on C.sub.in drops to about +8 Volts the HVAC on switch is turned off and the process repeats. This continues until the system tells the HVAC on switch to go off because HVAC is no longer needed. According to some embodiments, the ability of the HVAC on switch to turn on and off relatively quickly is provided by circuitry 450 as shown in and described with respect to FIG. 4 of co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/034,674, entitled Thermostat Circuitry for Connection to HVAC Systems, filed on even date herewith, which is incorporated herein by reference.

(28) According to some embodiments, one or more alternative power harvesting techniques are used. For example, rather than having the HVAC on switch turn on when the voltage on C.sub.in reaches a certain point, it the system might turn off the HVAC on switch for a predetermined period of time instead. According to some embodiments, power harvesting is enhanced by synchronizing the power harvesting with the AC current waveform.

(29) FIG. 6B is a schematic of high voltage low dropout voltage regulators used to provide bootstrap power and battery, according to some embodiments. The bootstrap LDO circuitry 680, and battery LDO circuitry correspond to the bootstrap LDO 380 and battery LDO 382 in FIG. 3 respectively. Rectified input 624 is input to bootstrap circuit 680. According to some embodiments, regulator 670 is low-dropout linear regulator such as the TPS79801 from Texas Instruments. The output power 690 is provided to the backplate at 3.0V. The bootstrap disable signal 680 can be used to disable the bootstrap power unit, as shown. The input 660 comes from VCC main, which can be, for example, from the rechargeable battery. According to some embodiments, the low dropout regulator 662 is a low quiescent current device designed for power-sensitive applications such as the TLV70030 from Texas Instruments.

(30) FIG. 7 shows a battery charging circuit 700 and rechargeable battery, according to some embodiments. The charger 710 is used to charge the lithium-ion battery 750. In general, li-ion battery capacity depends on what voltage the battery is charged to, and the cycle life depends on the charged voltage, how fast the battery is charged and the temperature during which the battery is charged. Ordinarily, Li-ion batteries are charged at about 4.2V. In some cases the charging voltage is even higher in an attempt to gain greater capacity, but at the expense of decreased cycle life. However, in the case of the rechargeable battery 750 for use with a wall-mounted thermostat, a greater cycle life is preferred over capacity. High capacity is generally not needed since charging power is available via the power harvesting circuitry, and greater cycle life is preferred since user replacement may be difficult or unavailable. Thus, according to some embodiments, a low charging speed, low final float voltage and reduced charging temperature range is preferred. According to some embodiments, a final float voltage of between 3.9V and 4.1V is used. According to some embodiments a final float voltage of less than 4.0V is used, such as 3.95V. According to some embodiments, the ratio of charge current to total capacity C is also controlled, such as charging the battery to 0.2 C (0.2 times the rated capacity) to provide better cycle life than a higher ratio. According to some embodiments, using a lower charging current aids in avoiding unintended tripping of the HVAC relay.

(31) According to some embodiments, charger 710 is a USB power manager and li-ion battery charger such as the LTC4085-3 from Linear Technology. Backplate voltage 720 is input to charger 710. The circuitry 730 is used to select the charging current. In particular the value of resistor 732 (24.9 k) in parallel with resistor 734 (16.9 k) in combination with the inputs Double Current 738 and High Power 728 are used to select the charging current. If High Power 728 and Double Current 738 are both set to 0, then the charging current is 8.0 mA; if the High Power 728 is set to 0 and Double Current 738 is set to 1, then the charging current is 19.9 mA; if the High Power 728 is set to 1 and Double Current 738 is set to 0, then the charging current is 40.1 mA; and if the High Power 728 and Double Current 738 are both set to 1, then the charging current is 99.3 mA. Resistor 736 is used to set the default charge current. In the case shown, a 220 k resistor set the default charge current to 227 mA. According to some embodiments, a charge temperature range of 0-44 degrees C. is set via the Thermistor Monitoring Circuits.

(32) According to some embodiments, the thermostat is capable of being powered by a USB power supply. This could be supplied by a user, for example, by attaching the thermostat via a USB cable to a computer or another USB power supply. In cases there a USB power supply is available, it is selected as the preferred power source for the thermostat and can be used to recharge the rechargeable battery. According to some embodiments, a charge current of about 227 mA is used when a USB supply source is available; a charge current of about 100 mA is used when an HVAC common wire is present; and a charge current of between about 20-40 mA is used when power is harvested from an HVAC heating and/or cooling circuit.

(33) Although the foregoing has been described in some detail for purposes of clarity, it will be apparent that certain changes and modifications may be made without departing from the principles thereof. It should be noted that there are many alternative ways of implementing both the processes and apparatuses described herein. Accordingly, the present embodiments are to be considered as illustrative and not restrictive, and the inventive body of work is not to be limited to the details given herein, which may be modified within the scope and equivalents of the appended claims.