Greener process to synthesize water-soluble Mn2+-doped CdSSe(ZnS) core(shell) nanocrystals for ratiometric temperature sensing, nanocrystals, and methods implementing nanocrystals
09696317 ยท 2017-07-04
Assignee
Inventors
Cpc classification
C01B19/002
CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
B82Y30/00
PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
G01N21/6408
PHYSICS
H10H20/812
ELECTRICITY
Y10T428/2991
GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
C01P2004/64
CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
International classification
B82B3/00
PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
H01L33/06
ELECTRICITY
C09K11/02
CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
C09K11/88
CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
Abstract
Novel Mn.sup.2+-doped quantum dots are provided. These Mn.sup.2+-doped quantum dots exhibit excellent temperature sensitivity in both organic solvents and water-based solutions. Methods of preparing the Mn.sup.2+-doped quantum dots are provided. The Mn.sup.2+-doped quantum dots may be prepared via a stepwise procedure using air-stable and inexpensive chemicals. The use of air-stable chemicals can significantly reduce the cost of synthesis, chemical storage, and the risk associated with handling flammable chemicals. Methods of temperature sensing using Mn.sup.2+-doped quantum dots are provided. The stepwise procedure provides the ability to tune the temperature-sensing properties to satisfy specific needs for temperature sensing applications. Water solubility may be achieved by passivating the Mn.sup.2+-doped quantum dots, allowing the Mn.sup.2+-doped quantum dots to probe the fluctuations of local temperature in biological environments.
Claims
1. An Mn.sup.2+-doped quantum dot comprising: a fluorescent semiconductor core comprising CdSSe; an initial shell covering the fluorescent semiconductor core, wherein the initial shell is an initial ZnS shell, an initial CdS shell, or an initial ZnSe shell; an Mn.sup.2+ dopant associated with the initial shell; and a protection shell covering the initial shell and the Mn.sup.2+ dopant, wherein the protection shell is a ZnSe protection shell or a Zn.sub.1-xCd.sub.xS protection shell, wherein X is the ratio of Cd/(Cd+Zn) in the Zn.sub.1-xCd.sub.xS protection shell and has a value from 0 to 0.5.
2. The Mn.sup.2+-doped quantum dot of claim 1 further comprising a passivating agent associated with the protection shell.
3. The Mn.sup.2+-doped quantum dot of claim 2, wherein the passivating agent is D-penicillamine.
4. The Mn.sup.2+-doped quantum dot of claim 2, wherein the passivating agent is cystine.
5. The Mn.sup.2+-doped quantum dot of claim 2, wherein the passivating agent is selected from the group consisting of dihydrolipoic acid, dihydrolipoic acid derivatives, a polyethylene glycol functionalized dihydrolipoic acid, and an SH group functionalized passivating agent.
6. A method of labeling a biological specimen comprising: contacting the biological specimen with the Mn.sup.2+-doped quantum dot of claim 1.
7. The method of claim 6, wherein the biological specimen is a tissue, a cell, an intracellular organelle, an individual protein or a cellular component.
8. An Mn.sup.2+-doped quantum dot comprising: A fluorescent semiconductor core comprising a substance selected from the group consisting of copper indium sulfide, zinc indium copper sulfide, indium phosphide, and CdSSe; an initial shell covering the fluorescent semiconductor core, wherein the initial shell is an initial ZnS shell, an initial CdS shell, or an initial ZnSe shell; an Mn.sup.2+ dopant associated with the initial shell; a protective shell covering the initial shell and the Mn.sup.2+ dopant, wherein the productive shell is a ZnSe protective shell or a Zn.sub.1-xCd.sub.xS protective shell where X is the ratio of Cd/(Cd+Zn) in the Zn.sub.1-xCd.sub.xS protective shell and has a value from 0 to 0.5 and a passivating agent associated with the protective shell selected from D-penicillamine or cysteine.
9. The Mn.sup.2+-doped quantum dot of claim 8, wherein the fluorescent semiconductor core includes CdSSe.
10. The Mn.sup.2+-doped quantum dot of claim 8, wherein the passivating agent is D-penicillamine.
11. The Mn.sup.2+-doped quantum dot of claim 8, wherein the passivating agent is cystine.
12. The Mn.sup.2+-doped quantum dot of claim 8, wherein the protection shell is a ZnS protection shell, which is the Zn.sub.1-xCd.sub.xS protection shell when x is zero.
13. The Mn.sup.2+-doped quantum dot of claim 8, wherein the protection shell is the ZnSe protection shell.
14. The Mn.sup.2+-doped quantum dot of claim 8, wherein the protection shell is the Zn.sub.1-xCd.sub.xS protection shell.
15. The Mn.sup.2+-doped quantum dot of claim 1, wherein the protection shell is a ZnS protection shell, which is the Zn.sub.1-xCd.sub.xS protection shell when x is zero.
16. The Mn.sup.2+-doped quantum dot of claim 1, wherein the protection shell is the ZnSe protection shell.
17. The Mn.sup.2+-doped quantum dot of claim 1, wherein the protection shell is the Zn.sub.1-xCd.sub.xS protection shell.
Description
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
(1) The following detailed description of the preferred embodiments of the present invention will be better understood when read in conjunction with the appended drawings. For the purpose of illustrating the invention, there are shown in the drawings embodiments which are presently preferred. It is understood, however, that the invention is not limited to the precise arrangements and instrumentalities shown. In the drawings:
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DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
(12) Certain terminology is used in the following description for convenience only and is not limiting. The words a and one, as used in the claims and in the corresponding portions of the specification, are defined as including one or more of the referenced item unless specifically stated otherwise. The phrase at least one followed by a list of two or more items, such as A, B, or C, means any individual one of A, B or C as well as any combination thereof.
(13) As used herein, the terms nanocrystal and quantum dot are interchangeable as are the terms nanocrystals and quantum dots. These terms refer to the quantum dots made by the methods herein or otherwise disclosed herein. As used herein, the term MnQD refers to an Mn.sup.2+-doped quantum dot. An Mn.sup.2+-doped quantum dot may include only Mn.sup.2+ as a dopant. An Mn.sup.2+ doped quantum dot may include Mn.sup.2+ as a dopant and one or more other dopant. An Mn.sup.2+-doped quantum dot may be an Mn.sup.2+ and Cd.sup.2+ co-doped quantum dot.
(14) A new synthetic scheme allowing structural modifications to temperature-sensitive and water soluble
(15) A new approach to preparing ratiometric temperature-sensing MnQDs with a previously unreported base structure of (CdSSe)ZnS (core)shell, where the Mn.sup.2+ dopant resides in the shell, is reported herein. These MnQDs have completely different chemical structures but share features of true temperature sensing mechanism with the quantum dots made by Vlaskin et al., 2010, Nano Lett., 10, 3670-74, which is incorporated herein by reference as if fully set forth. The structure as well as the synthetic procedure were chosen and developed to be approachable to researchers without access to specialized synthesis instrumentation. A broad range of scientists, including physical biologists and biophysicists, may want to use intracellular temperature sensors as one of their investigative tools. Therefore, while the functionality of these new nano thermometers was the primary concern, special attention was paid to their accessibility, i.e., using air-stable chemicals and general procedures that may not require expensive and specialized equipment, such as a glovebox. The use of air-stable chemicals renders this procedure as an effort to become greenerthe cost of synthesis equipment and chemical storage and the risk associated with handling highly flammable chemicals commonly used in the synthesis of quantum dots may be significantly decreased. ZnS was used as the chief shell composition because it allowed capitalization on the relatively more mature development of quantum dot passivation with hydrophilic ligands (Susumu et al., 2011, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2011, 133, 9480-96; Breus et al., 2009, ACS Nano, 3, 2573-80; Medintz et al., 2005, Nat. Mater., 4, 435-46, which are incorporated herein by reference as if fully set forth). This procedure also allowed variation in the MnQD structure at different points of the step-wise scheme to tune its temperature-sensing properties for optical readouts. To this end, two examples of tuning ratiometric temperature-sensing behavior by varying the thickness of the ZnS shell and the Mn.sup.2+ dopant concentration are shown.
(16) An embodiment provides a method of producing an MnQD. Referring to
(17) The fluorescent semiconductor core 110 may be a CdSSe core, as illustrated in
(18) A Route B method of CdSSe core preparation may include heating cadmium acetate dihydrate, ODE and oleic acid, cooling the resulting solution and adding Se and sulfur. The reaction mixture be then be heated and the nanocrystals allowed to grow. The method may include quenching the reaction by injecting ambient temperature ODE. The method may include removing the heat source and allowing the product to cool to room temperature. The resultant CdSSe nanocrystals may be washed using the same procedure as above.
(19) A method of CdSSe core preparation may include synthesis by a Route A method as described in example 5. A method of CdSSe core preparation may include synthesis by a Route B method as described in example 6.
(20) The fluorescent semiconductor core 110 may include a cadmium-free fluorescent semiconductor core. Non-limiting examples of cadmium-free fluorescent semiconductor cores include copper indium sulfide (CuInS.sub.2), zinc indium copper sulfide ((ZnInCu)S) and indium phosphide (InP). CuInS.sub.2, (ZnInCu)S and InP may be utilized in cadmium-free fluorescent semiconductor cores; they can be coated with ZnS shell. Using cadmium-free fluorescent semiconductor cores can overcome the consideration of toxicity of cadmium cations. In addition, in vivo temperature sensing can be achieved when using CuInS.sub.2 and InP quantum dots as cores, because their emission wavelengths are in the range of near infrared, the so-called optical window in biological tissue.
(21) The Mn.sup.2+ dopant of any quantum dot or method herein may be referred to as an emissive dopant. In an embodiment, the Mn.sup.2+ dopant in a quantum dot or method herein may be replaced or supplemented with another emissive dopant. The emissive dopants 130 may include rare-earth ion dopants. Non-limiting examples of rare-earth ion dopants include Praseodymium (Pr.sup.3+), Neodymium (Nd.sup.3+), Samarium (Sm.sup.3+), Europium (Eu.sup.3+), Erbium (Er.sup.3+), Dysprosium (Dy.sup.3+), and Ytterbium (Yb.sup.3+).
(22) Growing initial shells, adding emissive dopants, and growing protection shells may be accomplished by methods known to the skilled artisan. A non-limiting example of growing an initial shell includes steps of loading the Zn and S precursor solutions in separate syringes and adding the Zn and S precursor solutions alternatively into a flask containing the fluorescent semiconductor core solution via the syringes. A non-limiting example of adding emissive dopants includes steps of loading the emissive dopant precursor solution in a syringe and adding the emissive dopant precursor solution into a flask containing the fluorescent core with an initial ZnS shell via the syringe. A non-limiting example of growing a protection shell includes steps of loading the Zn and S precursor solutions in separate syringes and adding the Zn and S precursor solutions alternatively into a flask containing the fluorescent semiconductor core solution via the syringes.
(23) The method may be adapted to provide an alternate initial shell. The initial shell 120 may be a ZnS initial shell, a CdS initial shell, or a ZnSe initial shell.
(24) The method may be adapted to delete steps of providing an initial shell and instead associate the emissive dopant at the interface of the fluorescent semiconductor core 110 and the protection shell 140.
(25) The method may be adapted to provide an alternate protection shell 140. The protection shell 140 may be a ZnS protection shell, a ZnSe protection shell, or a Zn.sub.1-XCd.sub.XS protection shell, where X is the ratio Cd/(Cd+Zn) and has a value from 0 to 0.5.
(26) The method of producing an Mn.sup.2+-doped quantum dot may include passivating the quantum dot. Passivating may include sonicating the quantum dot in a suspension containing a passivating agent. Passivating may also be referred to as capping, and a passivating agent may be referred to as a capping agent. Passivating may include performing biphasic exchange and additional sonication. Passivating may include retrieving the quantum dot by collecting the aqueous layer, treating with ethanol and centrifuging the resulting solution. The precipitated quantum dots may be re-dispersed in a buffer solution. The quantum dots may then be annealed for better stability in water-based solvents for photoluminescence and lifetime measurements. Passivating may allow the Mn.sup.2+-doped quantum dot to probe the fluctuations of local temperature in biological environments. Passivating agents may include but are not limited to
(27) The method of producing an MnQD may include applying a neutralizing medium on the exterior of the MnQD. The neutralizing medium may be polystyrene. The step of applying a neutralizing medium may include embedding the MnQD in the neutralizing medium. The step of embedding may be embedding the MnQD in a polystyrene bead. Tests carried out revealed that the temperature sensing of Mn.sup.2+-doped QDs may be affected by the pH value of the solution. This can be overcome by embedding the Mn.sup.2+-doped QDs in polystyrene beads, or by changes in the passivating and capping agents. The polystyrene beads may be >60 nm.
(28) The method of producing an Mn.sup.2+-doped quantum dot may include tuning the Mn.sup.2+-doped quantum dot by adjusting the ZnS shell thickness. Tuning the Mn.sup.2+-doped quantum dot may include increasing the ZnS protection shell thickness. Tuning the Mn.sup.2+-doped quantum dot by increasing the ZnS protection shell thickness is illustrated in example 2.
(29) The method of producing an Mn.sup.2+-doped quantum dot may include tuning the Mn.sup.2+-doped quantum dot by adjusting the Mn.sup.2+-dopant concentration. Tuning the Mn.sup.2+-doped quantum dot may include increasing the Mn.sup.2+-dopant concentration. Tuning MnQDs by increasing Mn.sup.2+ dopant concentration is illustrated in example 3. Mn.sup.2+-dopant concentration is the average number of Mn.sup.2+-dopant per quantum dot and has a value from 2 to 17.
(30) Referring to
(31) (1) Synthesizing fluorescent semiconductor cores 110, which may be CdSSe cores. Synthesizing a CdSSe core may occur via two routes: Route A including cadmium oxide (CdO), sulfur (S), and diphenylphosphine selenide (DPPSe); or Route B including cadmium acetate (Cd(OAc).sub.2), sulfur, and selenium (Se) in 1-octadecene). Alternatively, pre-made fluorescence semiconductor cores may be provided.
(32) (2) Growing an initial ZnS shell 120 by adding zinc stearate and sulfur alternately to form a ZnS coated core 125.
(33) (3) Adding Mn.sup.2+ dopants 130 by adding manganese acetate with sulfur to form an Mn.sup.2+-doped ZnS coated core 135.
(34) (4) Growing the ZnS protection shell by adding zinc stearate and sulfur alternately to form an Mn.sup.2+-doped ZnS coated core with ZnS protection shell 140.
(35) (5) Passivating the surface of the MnQDs with
(36) The method above may be adapted to replace CdSSe core synthesis and CdSSe cores with a different synthesis method and/or different fluorescent semiconductor cores. The method may also be adapted to include additional or different dopants in step 3. The method may include associating a targeting agent with the MnQD.
(37) An embodiment provides novel MnQDs. The Mn.sup.2+-quantum dots may include a fluorescent semiconductor core 110, an initial ZnS shell 120 covering the fluorescent semiconductor core 110, an Mn.sup.2+ dopant 130 associated with the initial ZnS shell 120, and a ZnS protection shell 140 covering the initial ZnS shell 120 and the Mn.sup.2+ dopant 130. The Mn.sup.2+ dopant 130 may be associated with the initial ZnS shell by being in or on the outer surface 126 of the initial ZnS shell. Together, the Mn.sup.2+ dopant 130, initial shell 120, and core 110 may be referred to an Mn.sup.2+-doped ZnS coated core 135. The MnQDs may be made by any method, including but not limited to methods contained herein.
(38) The Mn.sup.2+ dopant of the Mn.sup.2+-quantum dot may be referred to as an emissive dopant. In an embodiment, the Mn.sup.2+ dopant in the Mn.sup.2+-quantum dot may be replaced or supplemented with another emissive dopant. The emissive dopants 130 may include rare-earth ion dopants. Non-limiting examples of rare-earth ion dopants include Praseodymium (Pr.sup.3+), Neodymium (Nd.sup.3+), Samarium (Sm.sup.3+), Europium (Eu.sup.3+), Erbium (Er.sup.3+), Dysprosium (Dy.sup.3+), and Ytterbium (Yb.sup.3+).
(39) The fluorescent semiconductor core may include CdSSe. The fluorescent semiconductor core may be a cadmium-free fluorescent semiconductor core. Cadmium-free fluorescent semiconductor cores may include copper indium sulfide, zinc indium copper sulfide, and indium phosphide.
(40) The MnQDs may include a passivating agent disposed on the ZnS protection shell. The passivation agent may be but is not limited to
(41) The MnQDs may include a neutralizing layer. The neutralizing layer may be formed by embedding the dot in a neutralizing medium. The neutralizing medium may be but is not limited to polystyrene. The dot may be embedded in a polystyrene bead, which would be the neutralizing layer.
(42) The MnQDs may include a targeting agent.
(43) The MnQD may have the ZnS initial shell, or an alternate initial shell. The initial shell 120 may be a ZnS initial shell, a CdS initial shell, or a ZnSe initial shell.
(44) The MnQD may be adapted to not include an initial shell and instead associate the emissive dopant at the interface of the fluorescent semiconductor core 110 and the protection shell 140.
(45) The MnQD may have the ZnS protection shall, or an alternate protection shell 140. The protection shell 140 may be a ZnS protection shell, a ZnSe protection shell, or a Zn.sub.1-XCd.sub.XS protection shell, where X is the ratio Cd/(Cd+Zn) and has a value from 0 to 0.5.
(46) An embodiment provides a method of producing an Mn.sup.2+ and Cd.sup.2+ co-doped quantum dot 850, which is a variety of Mn.sup.2+-doped quantum dot, as discussed above. Referring to
(47) The Mn.sup.2+ dopant of the Mn.sup.2+ and Cd.sup.2+ co-doped quantum dot may be referred to as an emissive dopant. In an embodiment, the Mn.sup.2+ dopant in the Mn.sup.2+ and Cd.sup.2+ co-doped quantum dot may be replaced or supplemented with another emissive dopant. The emissive dopants 830 may include rare-earth ion dopants. Non-limiting examples of rare-earth ion dopants include Praseodymium (Pr.sup.3+), Neodymium (Nd.sup.3+), Samarium (Sm.sup.3+), Europium (Eu.sup.3+), Erbium (Er.sup.3+), Dysprosium (Dy.sup.3+), and Ytterbium (Yb.sup.3+).
(48) An embodiment includes an MnQD that is an Mn.sup.2+ and Cd.sup.2+ co-doped quantum dot. The Mn.sup.2+ and Cd.sup.2+ co-doped quantum dot may include a CdSe core 810, an initial ZnS shell covering the CdSe core 810, an Mn.sup.2+ dopant 830 and a Cd.sup.2+ dopant associated with the initial ZnS shell 820, and a Zn.sub.1-xCd.sub.xS protection shell 840 covering the initial ZnS shell 820 and the Mn.sup.2+ dopant 830. X is the ratio of Cd/(Cd+Zn) in the Zn.sub.1-xCd.sub.xS protection shell 840. X may be Cd/(Cd+Zn) and has a value from 0 to 0.5. The Mn.sup.2+ dopant 830 may be associated with the initial ZnS shell by being in or on the outer surface 826 of the initial ZnS shell. Together, the Mn.sup.2+ dopant 830, initial shell 820, and core 810 may be referred to s an Mn.sup.2+ and Cd.sup.2+ co-doped ZnS coated core 835. The MnQDs may be made by any method, including but not limited to methods contained herein.
(49) The Mn.sup.2+ and Cd.sup.2+ co-doped quantum dot may have the ZnS initial shell, or an alternate initial shell. The initial shell 820 may be a ZnS initial shell, a CdS initial shell, or a ZnSe initial shell.
(50) The Mn.sup.2+ and Cd.sup.2+ co-doped quantum dot may be adapted to not include an initial shell and instead associate the emissive dopant at the interface of the fluorescent semiconductor core 810 and the protection shell 840.
(51) Embodiments include a method of labeling biological specimen. The method comprises contacting the biological specimen with an MnQD herein. The biological specimen may be a tissue sample, a specific cell, an intracellular organelle, an individual protein, or a cellular component.
(52) Embodiments include a method of sensing nanoscale temperature fluctuations in a biological material. The method may include measuring difference in temperature over time. The method may include contacting the biological material with an MnQD herein, exciting the MnQD, measuring the excitonic emission and the Mn.sup.2+ emission, calculating the emission intensity ratio of PL.sub.exc/PL.sub.total and determining the temperature based on the emission intensity ratio. PL.sub.exc represents exciton emission intensity. PL.sub.total represents the integrated intensity of PL.sub.exc and PL.sub.Mn. PL.sub.Mn represents Mn.sup.2+ emission intensity. The isosbestic point in the temperature dependent PL spectra is used to separate PL.sub.exc and PL.sub.Mn (
(53) Embodiments include methods of basic research of developmental biology and cancer biology using MnQDs. Embodiments include methods of diagnosis related to developmental biology and cancer biology using MnQDs.
(54) An embodiment includes a method of sensing the local temperature of a nano- or micro-fabricated device. The method may include contacting the device with an MnQD, exciting the MnQD, measuring the excitonic emission and the Mn.sup.2+ emissions, calculating the emission intensity ratio of PL.sub.exc/PL.sub.total and determining the temperature from the emission intensity ratio. PL.sub.exc represents exciton emission intensity. PL.sub.total represents the integrated intensity of PL.sub.exe and PL.sub.Mn. PL.sub.Mn represents Mn.sup.2+ emission intensity. The isobestic point in the temperature dependent PL spectra is used to separate PL.sub.exc and PL.sub.Mn (
(55) Embodiments include a method of sensing temperature. The method comprises contacting a sample with an MnQD herein. The sample may be a biological or non-biological sample. Examples of the biological sample include but are not limited to a tissue sample, a specific cell, an intracellular organelle, an individual protein, or a cellular component. Examples of a non-biological sample include but are not limited nano- or micro-fabricated devices. Targeting may be achieved as discussed above. The method may include exciting the MnQD, measuring the excitonic emission and the Mn.sup.2+ emission, calculating the emission intensity ratio of PL.sub.exc/PL.sub.total and determining the temperature based on the emission intensity ratio. PL.sub.exc represents exciton emission intensity. PL.sub.total represents the integrated intensity of PL.sub.exc and PL.sub.Mn. PL.sub.Mn represents Mn.sup.2+ emission intensity. The isobestic point in the temperature dependent PL spectra is used to separate PL.sub.exc and PL.sub.Mn (
(56) The MnQDs herein are a new class of quantum dots and show excellent temperature sensitivity and ratiometric temperature sensing in both organic solvents and water-based solutions. Methods of synthesis of MnQDs herein may utilize air-stable and inexpensive chemicals that can significantly reduce the cost of manufacture and chemical storage, as well as minimizing the risk associated with handling flammable chemicals. Moreover, the use of a stepwise synthesis scheme in the methods of synthesis herein offers opportunities to tune the optical properties and temperature-sensing behaviors by varying the structural parameters at each step, allowing the preparation of customized Mn.sup.2+-doped quantum dots.
(57) The MnQDs herein have potential applications in biological labeling and sensing. They may be used for probing the local temperature inside a single living cell, of living cells in a tissue sample, and so forth. For example, the MnQDs may be used in methods designed to understand the thermogenesis (generation of heat) of living cells and correlate the observation to the metabolic state of the cell. The insights could be relevant to disease diagnosis and prevention. For example, one may use the MnQD based temperature sensor to test the hypothesis that cancerous cells generate more heat than health cells due to their high metabolic activity. Or, one may study how temperature and temperature gradients impact on stem cell differentiation.
(58) MnQDs herein may be utilized in any setting where nanoscale temperature sensing is desired. A non-limiting example is to use the MnQDs during an integrated circuit chip development process. The insulator layer in the integrated circuits is very important. The newest development is to replace the inorganic materials with organic materials for the insulating layer to cut down the price and weight. However, organic insulators are much more sensitive to temperature-related degradation pathways. That imposes an additional constraint on the circuit design to keep the heat production low and homogeneous across an integrated circuit chip. Therefore, the circuit design/process development will benefit from knowing exactly where the heat is being generated.
EMBODIMENTS
(59) The following list includes particular embodiments of the present invention. The list, however, is not limiting and does not exclude alternate embodiments, as would be appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art.
(60) 1. An Mn.sup.2+-doped quantum dot comprising:
(61) a fluorescent semiconductor core;
(62) an initial shell covering the fluorescent semiconductor core, wherein the initial shell is an initial ZnS shell, an initial CdS shell, or an initial ZnSe shell;
(63) an Mn.sup.2+ dopant associated with the initial shell; and
(64) a protection shell covering the initial shell and the Mn.sup.2+ dopant, wherein the protection shell is a ZnS protection shell, a ZnSe protection shell, or a Zn.sub.1-xCd.sub.xS protection shell, wherein X is the ratio of Cd/(Cd+Zn) in the Zn.sub.1-xCd.sub.xS protection shell and has a value from 0 to 0.5.
(65) 2. The composition of embodiment 1, wherein the fluorescent semiconductor core includes CdSSe.
(66) 3. The composition of any one or more of embodiments 1 and 2, wherein the fluorescent semiconductor core includes a substance selected from the group consisting of copper indium sulfide, zinc indium copper sulfide, and indium phosphide.
(67) 4. The composition of any one or more of embodiments 1-3, wherein the Mn.sup.2+-doped quantum dot includes a neutralizing layer.
(68) 5. The composition of embodiment 4, wherein the neutralizing layer includes polystyrene.
(69) 6. The composition of embodiment 5, wherein the neutralizing layer is a polystyrene bead and the Mn.sup.2+-doped quantum dot is embedded in the polystyrene bead.
(70) 7. The composition of any one or more of embodiments 1-6 further comprising a passivating agent associated with the protection shell.
(71) 8. The composition of embodiment 7, wherein the passivating agent is D-penicillamine.
(72) 9. The composition of embodiment 7, wherein the passivating agent is cystine.
(73) 10. The composition of embodiment 7, wherein the passivating agent is selected from the group consisting of dihydrolipoic acid, dihydrolipoic acid derivatives, a polyethylene glycol functionalized dihydrolipoic acid, and an SH group functionalized passivating agent.
(74) 11. An Mn.sup.2+ and Cd.sup.2+ co-doped quantum dot comprising:
(75) a CdSe core;
(76) an initial shell covering the CdSe core, wherein the initial shell is an initial ZnS shell, an initial CdS shell, or an initial ZnSe shell;
(77) an Mn.sup.2+ dopant associated with the initial shell; and
(78) a Zn.sub.1-xCd.sub.xS protection shell covering the initial shell and the Mn.sup.2+ dopant, wherein X is the ratio of Cd/(Cd+Zn) in the Zn.sub.1-xCd.sub.xS protection shell and has a value from 0 to 0.5.
(79) 12. A method of producing an Mn.sup.2+-doped quantum dot comprising:
(80) providing a fluorescent semiconductor core;
(81) coating the fluorescent semiconductor core with an initial shell to form a coated core, wherein the initial shell is an initial ZnS shell, an initial CdS shell, or an initial ZnSe shell;
(82) doping the coated core with Mn.sup.2+ to form an Mn.sup.2+-doped coated core; and
(83) covering the Mn.sup.2+-doped coated core with a protection shell wherein the protection shell is a ZnS protection shell, a ZnSe protection shell, or a Zn.sub.1-xCd.sub.xS protection shell, wherein X is the ratio of Cd/(Cd+Zn) in the Zn.sub.1-xCd.sub.xS protection shell and has a value from 0 to 0.5.
(84) 13. The method of embodiment 12, wherein the fluorescent semiconductor core includes CdSSe.
(85) 14. The method of embodiment 12, wherein providing the fluorescent semiconductor core includes forming the core from cadmium oxide, sulfur and diphenyl phosphine selenide.
(86) 15. The method of any one or more of embodiments 13-14, wherein forming includes injecting a sulfur selenium precursor solution comprising sulfur, diphenylphosphine selenide and 1-octadiene into a cadmium precursor solution comprising cadmium oxide, oleic acid and 1-octadiene.
(87) 16. The method of any one or more of embodiments 13-14, wherein providing the fluorescent semiconductor core includes forming the core from cadmium acetate, sulfur and selenium in 1-octadecene.
(88) 17. The method of embodiment 16, wherein forming includes:
(89) heating cadmium acetate dihydrate, 1-octadiene and oleic acid;
(90) cooling the resulting solution;
(91) and adding selenium and sulfur in the cooled solution containing cadmium precursor.
(92) 18. The method of embodiment 17, wherein the step of adding includes adding selenium powder and sulfur powder into the cooled resulting solution containing cadmium, and heating the mixture containing cadmium, sulfur, and selenium.
(93) 19. The method of embodiment 12, wherein the fluorescent semiconductor core includes a substance selected from the group consisting of copper indium sulfide, zinc indium copper sulfide, and indium phosphide.
(94) 20. The method of any one or more of embodiments 12-19 further comprising embedding the Mn.sup.2+-doped quantum dot in a neutralizing medium.
(95) 21. The method of embodiment 20, wherein the neutralizing medium is polystyrene.
(96) 22. The method of any one or more of embodiments 12-21 further comprising passivating the Mn.sup.2+-doped quantum dot with a passivating agent.
(97) 23. The method of embodiment 22, wherein the passivating agent is D-penicillamine.
(98) 24. The method of embodiment 22, wherein the passivating agent is cystine.
(99) 25. The method of embodiment 22, wherein the passivating agent is selected from the group consisting of dihydrolipoic acid, dihydrolipoic acid derivatives, a polyethylene glycol functionalized dihydrolipoic acid, and an SH group functionalized passivating agent.
(100) 26. The method of any one or more of embodiments 12-25 further comprising tuning the Mn.sup.2+-doped quantum dot by adjusting at least one of the initial shell or the protection shell thickness.
(101) 27. The method of any one or more of embodiments 12-26 further comprising tuning the Mn.sup.2+-doped quantum dot by adjusting the Mn.sup.2+-dopant concentration.
(102) 28. A method of producing an Mn.sup.2+ and Cd.sup.2+ co-doped quantum dot comprising:
(103) providing a CdSe core;
(104) coating the CdSe core with an initial shell coating to form a coated core, wherein the initial shell is an initial ZnS shell, an initial CdS shell, or an initial ZnSe shell;
(105) doping the coated core with Mn.sup.2+ to form an Mn.sup.2+-doped coated core; and
(106) covering the Mn.sup.2+-doped coated core with a Zn.sub.1-xCd.sub.xS protection shell, wherein X is the ratio of Cd/(Cd+Zn) in the Zn.sub.1-xCd.sub.xS protection shell and has a value from 0 to 0.5.
(107) 29. The method of embodiment 28 further comprising embedding the Mn.sup.2+ and Cd.sup.2+ co-doped quantum dot in a neutralizing medium.
(108) 30. The method of embodiment 30, wherein the neutralizing medium is polystyrene.
(109) 31. The method of any one or more of embodiments 28-30 further comprising passivating the Mn.sup.2+ and Cd.sup.2+ co-doped quantum dot with a passivating agent.
(110) 32. The method of embodiment 31, wherein the passivating agent is D-penicillamine.
(111) 33. The method of embodiment 31, wherein the passivating agent is cystine.
(112) 34. The method of embodiment 31, wherein the passivating agent is selected from the group consisting of dihydrolipoic acid, dihydrolipoic acid derivatives, a polyethylene glycol functionalized dihydrolipoic acid, and an SH group functionalized passivating agent.
(113) 35. The method of any one or more of embodiments 28-34 further comprising tuning the Mn.sup.2+ and Cd.sup.2+ co-doped quantum dot by adjusting at least one of the initial ZnS shell coating or Zn.sub.1-xCd.sub.xS protection shell thickness.
(114) 36. The method of any one or more of embodiments 28-35 further comprising tuning the Mn.sup.2+ and Cd.sup.2+ co-doped quantum dot by adjusting the Mn.sup.2+-dopant concentration.
(115) 37. A method of labeling a biological specimen comprising: contacting the biological specimen with an Mn.sup.2+-doped quantum dot.
(116) 38. The method of embodiment 37, wherein the Mn.sup.2+-doped quantum dot is the Mn.sup.2+-doped quantum dot of any one or more of embodiments 1-10, the Mn.sup.2+ and Cd.sup.2+ co-doped quantum dot of embodiment 11, or an Mn.sup.2+-doped quantum dot made by the method of any one or more of embodiments 12-36.
(117) 39. The method of any one or more of embodiments 37 or 38 further comprising:
(118) exciting the Mn.sup.2+-doped quantum dot;
(119) measuring the excitonic emission and Mn.sup.2+ emission;
(120) calculating the emission intensity ratio; and
(121) determining the temperature of the biological specimen based on the emission intensity ratio.
(122) 40. The method of any one or more of embodiments 37-39, wherein the Mn.sup.2+-doped quantum dot is an Mn.sup.2+ and Cd.sup.2+ co-doped quantum dot.
(123) 41. The method of any one or more of embodiments 37-40, wherein the biological specimen is a tissue, a cell, an intracellular organelle, an individual protein or a cellular component.
(124) 42. A method of sensing nanoscale temperature fluctuations in a biological material comprising:
(125) contacting the biological material with an Mn.sup.2+-doped quantum dot;
(126) exciting the Mn.sup.2+-doped quantum;
(127) measuring the excitonic emission and Mn.sup.2+ emission;
(128) calculating the emission intensity ratio; and
(129) determining the temperature based on the emission intensity ratio.
(130) 43. The method of embodiment 42, wherein the Mn.sup.2+-doped quantum dot is the Mn.sup.2+-doped quantum dot of any one or more of embodiments 1-10, the Mn.sup.2+ and Cd.sup.2+ co-doped quantum dot of embodiment 11, or an Mn.sup.2+-doped quantum dot made by the method of any one or more of embodiments 12-36.
(131) 44. The method of any one or more of embodiments 42-43, wherein the biological material is a cell, a tissue, an intracellular organelle, an individual protein or a cellular component.
(132) 45. The method of any one or more of embodiments 42-44, wherein the Mn.sup.2+-doped quantum dot is an Mn.sup.2+ and Cd.sup.2+ co-doped quantum dot.
(133) 46. The method of any one or more of embodiments 42-45, wherein the Mn.sup.2+-doped quantum dot includes a targeting agent.
(134) 47. The method of embodiment 46, wherein the targeting agent is a ligand that binds a target selected from the group consisting of cytosol, endosome, mitochondria or nucleus.
(135) 48. A method of sensing the local temperature of a nano- or micro-fabricated device comprising:
(136) contacting the nano- or micro-fabricated device with an Mn.sup.2+-doped quantum dot;
(137) exciting the Mn.sup.2+-doped quantum dot;
(138) measuring the excitonic emission and Mn.sup.2+ emission;
(139) calculating the emission intensity ratio; and
(140) determining the temperature based on the emission intensity ratio.
(141) 49. The method of embodiment 48, wherein the Mn.sup.2+-doped quantum dot is the Mn.sup.2+-doped quantum dot of any one or more of embodiments 1-10, the Mn.sup.2+ and Cd.sup.2+ co-doped quantum dot of embodiment 11, or an Mn.sup.2+-doped quantum dot made by the method of any one or more of embodiments 12-36.
(142) 50. The method of any one or more of embodiments 46-49, wherein the Mn.sup.2+-doped quantum dot is an Mn.sup.2+ and Cd.sup.2+ co-doped quantum dot.
(143) 51. A method of sensing temperature in a sample comprising:
(144) contacting the sample with an Mn.sup.2+-doped quantum dot.
(145) 52. The method of embodiment 51, wherein the Mn.sup.2+-doped quantum dot is the Mn.sup.2+-doped quantum dot of any one or more of embodiments 1-10, the Mn.sup.2+ and Cd.sup.2+ co-doped quantum dot of embodiment 11, or an Mn.sup.2+-doped quantum dot made by the method of any one or more of embodiments 12-36.
(146) 53. The method of any one or more of embodiments 51-52 further comprising:
(147) exciting the Mn.sup.2+-doped quantum dot;
(148) measuring the excitonic emission and Mn.sup.2+ emission;
(149) calculating the emission intensity ratio; and
(150) determining the temperature of the sample based on the emission intensity ratio.
(151) 54. The method of any one or more of embodiments 51-53, wherein the Mn.sup.2+-doped quantum dot is an Mn.sup.2+ and Cd.sup.2+ co-doped quantum dot.
(152) Further embodiments herein may be formed by supplementing an embodiment with one or more element from any one or more other embodiment herein, and/or substituting one or more element from one embodiment with one or more element from one or more other embodiment herein.
EXAMPLES
(153) The following non-limiting examples are provided to illustrate particular embodiments. The embodiments throughout may be supplemented with one or more detail from one or more example below, and/or one or more element from an embodiment may be substituted with one or more detail from one or more example below.
Example 1Synthetic Scheme for Temperature-Sensitive DPA-Coated Mn2+-Doped Quantum Dots
(154) Mn.sup.2+-doped quantum dots and the rare earth-doped materials share a similar principle by which the temperature can be read out through the ratio of two energetically proximate emission bands (Wade et al., 2003, J. Appl. Phys., 94, 4743-56; Vlaskin et al., 2010, Nano Lett., 10, 3670-74, which are incorporated herein by reference as if fully set forth). Such an emission intensity ratio (EIR) scheme for temperature sensing has been extensively studied in rare earth-doped materials (see Wade et al., 2003, J. Appl. Phys., 94, 4743-56 for review). Briefly, the EIR scheme utilizes the relative emission intensities from two closely separated energy levels of a single rare earth ion dopant. When the two energy levels are thermally coupled to reach thermal equilibrium, the population of the two levels can be described by a Boltzmann-type distribution parameterized by temperature. The relative populations of the two energy levels (a function of temperature) can be approximated using the intensity ratio of the emission from the two thermally coupled levels, providing information of the surrounding temperature. To obtain reliable information from the emission intensity ratio (e.g., sufficient number of photons detected), the mechanism put forth by the study of rare earth-doped materials highlights the necessity to have radiative transitions dominate over nonradiative transitions (Wade et al., 2003, J. Appl. Phys., 94, 4743-56, which is incorporated herein by reference as if fully set forth). In addition, the energy separation between the two states should be small in order for efficient thermal coupling, but it should not be too small such that the two emission bands become indistinguishable. For MnQDs, it should be possible to change the temperature-sensing capacity without replacing dopants and host materials because the separation between the two emissive states can be easily tuned by varying the band gap of the semiconductor nanocrystals (Murray et al., 1993, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 115, 8706-15; Bailey and Nie, 2003, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 125, 7100-06; Zhong et al., 2003, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 125, 8589-94, which are incorporated herein by reference as if fully set forth).
(155) The temperature-sensing mechanism of Mn.sup.2+-doped quantum dots can be understood by a dual emission model (
(156) The (core)shell structure was chosen as the base configuration because it allows independent tuning of the composition and size of the core, the composition and thickness of the shell, and the Mn.sup.2+ dopant amount. The core serves as the primary excitonic emission source whereas the shell hosts the Mn.sup.2+ dopant. ZnS was chosen as the host shell material to take advantage of the extensive knowledge on water-soluble ligands designed for this surface. Here,
(157) With the shell material chosen, a new accessible synthetic procedure was designed that retains the excellent temperature sensitivity of MnQDs. One of the most common core compositions for ZnS-shelled QDs is CdS. The synthetic procedure for Mn.sup.2+-doped (CdS)ZnS nanocrystals reported by Yang et al. met the greener-approach criteriait uses air-stable and inexpensive chemicals (Yang et al., 2006, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 128, 12428-29; Yang et al., 2008, 130, 15649-61, which are incorporated herein by reference as if fully set forth). That procedure also affords the flexibility to tune the optical properties by modifying the structure of the MnQDs, e.g., the radial position of Mn.sup.2+-dopant and the Mn.sup.2+ concentration. Ratiometric temperature sensing, however, was not observed in their Mn.sup.2+-doped (CdS)ZnS nanocrystals. This is because the excitonic state of the (CdS)ZnS quantum dot has a much higher energy than the excited-state of Mn.sup.2+ dopant such that an efficient thermal coupling between the two cannot be achieved. By doping the CdS core (bulk CdS band gap 2.42 eV) with CdSe (bulk CdSe band gap 1.74 eV), yielding CdS.sub.1-xSe.sub.x core composition, the excitonic emission was brought closer to the Mn.sup.2+ excited state to allow efficient coupling. The simplified designation, CdSSe, is used to indicate the core composition.
(158) A synthetic scheme for temperature-sensitive DPA-coated Mn.sup.2+-doped quantum dots is illustrated in
Example 2Tuning Mn2+-Doped Quantum Dots by Increasing External ZnS Shell Thickness
(159) For robust ratiometric temperature sensing, radiative transitions should dominate the nonradiative transitions so that a sufficient number of photons can be detected. The ZnS shell thickness may play a role for ratiometric temperature sensing in MnQDs. To examine this parameter systematically, a series of MnQDs with different shell thicknesses were synthesized. To avoid batch-to-batch variations, the samples were prepared from the same intermediate MnQDs (the intermediate MnQD structure after step 3 in
(160) TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Temperature sensitivity, precision of temperature sensing, quantum yields, and estimated percentages of undoped quantum dots of DPA-MnQDs Temperature Quantum Undoped Sample name sensitivity* Precision** yield dots*** (%) DPA- (2.6 0.3) 10.sup.3 C..sup.1 2.29 0.42 C. 14% 7.55 0.03 Mn08ZnS02 DPA- (4.0 0.4) 10.sup.3 C..sup.1 1.61 0.43 C. 11% 3.05 0.06 Mn08ZnS05 DPA- (3.0 0.3) 10.sup.3 C..sup.1 1.68 0.27 C. 13% 6.8 0.06 Mn08ZnS10 DPA- (1.7 0.3) 10.sup.3 C..sup.1 2.19 0.66 C. 17% 14.7 0.2 Mn02ZnS10 DPA- (3.1 0.1) 10.sup.3 C..sup.1 0.59 0.20 C. 14% 14.1 0.1 Mn05ZnS10 DPA- (3.0 0.1) 10.sup.3 C..sup.1 0.79 0.07 C. 8% 3.37 0.07 Mn17ZnS10 *Temperature sensitivity was obtained from the slopes of temperature-dependent PL.sub.exc/PL.sub.total plots of DPA-MnQDs. The error bars are one standard deviation from the average values collected from heating-cooling cycling measurements. **The precision of temperature sensing (temperature-dependent uncertainty of measurement), for each sample, was the average value for uncertainties obtained at different temperatures over the heating-cooling cycles. ***The percentages of undoped quantum dots were estimated based on the lifetime traces (see example 11).
(161) The photoluminescence (PL) spectra of this MnQD series are shown in
(162) The temperature dependence of DPA-MnQD spectroscopic response with different shell thicknesses is generally similar. As a representative example,
(163) Further insights can be obtained from photoluminescence lifetime measurements. The nanosecond lifetime data can be suitably modeled by two exponential decays with a constant intensity offset, and the fitting results are tabulated in Table 2, below (see example 11). The fast decay (1 ns) is assigned to either the exciton non-radiative relaxation and/or the energy transfer from exciton to Mn.sup.2+ excited states. The second, slower decay (13 ns) is commensurate with the typical lifetime for exciton emission in quantum dots and therefore assigned to the exciton emission. The constant plateau intensity in the lifetime trace is seen to increase with temperature. It appears flat in the 200-ns lifetime acquisition window because Mn.sup.2+ dopants have long-lived excited states (lifetime 2 ms) and only a small fraction of energy is transferred back to the excitonic states from the Mn.sup.2+ excited states via BET. The temperature-dependent plateau intensity is attributed to contributions from BET, originated from temperature-dependent Boltzmann-type distribution (see Table 2, below, for temperature-dependent plateau intensity). Indeed, the measured lifetimes of the PL decays beyond 200 ns were on the order of milliseconds (see Table 3, below, for fitting results), indicating the existence of BET from Mn.sup.2+.
(164) TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Nanosecond biexponential lifetime fitting results of exciton PL decay of DPA-MnQDs measured at different temperatures Sample Temp. Amplitude Reduced Name ( C.) (N.sub.ns) f.sub.1* .sub.1 (ns) .sub.2 (ns) Offset .sup.2 DPA- 20 (8.69 0.04) 10.sup.3 0.136 0.003 0.83 0.04 14.6 0.1 20.6 0.2 1.20 Mn08ZnS02 29 (7.40 0.03) 10.sup.3 0.134 0.003 0.69 0.04 13.7 0.1 18.1 0.2 1.22 38 (6.48 0.03) 10.sup.3 0.135 0.003 0.69 0.04 13.3 0.1 16.1 0.2 1.22 48 (5.67 0.03) 10.sup.3 0.144 0.003 0.60 0.04 12.3 0.1 13.8 0.2 1.18 DPA- 20 (5.81 0.03) 10.sup.3 0.153 0.004 0.84 0.05 10.0 0.1 35.1 0.2 1.07 Mn08ZnS05 29 (4.75 0.03) 10.sup.3 0.160 0.005 0.70 0.05 8.37 0.11 30.3 0.2 1.12 38 (4.12 0.03) 10.sup.3 0.169 0.005 0.80 0.05 10.3 0.2 27.2 0.2 1.11 48 (3.48 0.03) 10.sup.3 0.177 0.005 0.69 0.05 8.92 0.14 25.4 0.2 0.97 DPA- 20 (8.75 0.03) 10.sup.3 0.110 0.003 0.67 0.04 12.3 0.1 23.9 0.2 1.15 Mn08ZnS10 29 (8.42 0.03) 10.sup.3 0.106 0.003 0.73 0.05 12.9 0.1 24.8 0.2 1.19 38 (7.71 0.03) 10.sup.3 0.115 0.003 0.79 0.05 12.8 0.1 26.2 0.2 1.10 48 (7.46 0.04) 10.sup.3 0.122 0.003 0.88 0.05 14.0 0.1 27.5 0.2 1.16 DPA- 20 (7.76 0.03) 10.sup.3 0.153 0.003 0.66 0.04 10.5 0.1 8.55 0.14 1.20 Mn02ZnS10 29 (8.21 0.03) 10.sup.3 0.147 0.003 0.65 0.04 9.87 0.06 8.66 0.14 1.33 38 (7.37 0.03) 10.sup.3 0.150 0.003 0.66 0.04 9.64 0.07 9.17 0.14 1.15 48 (8.23 0.03) 10.sup.3 0.158 0.003 0.80 0.04 10.5 0.1 9.96 0.14 1.24 DPA- 20 (6.23 0.01) 10.sup.3 0.090 0.001 2.02 0.05 18.1 0.1 77.7 0.4 1.35 Mn05ZnS10 29 (5.65 0.01) 10.sup.3 0.093 0.001 1.96 0.05 18.3 0.1 82.1 0.4 1.22 38 (5.26 0.01) 10.sup.3 0.092 0.001 1.91 0.05 18.4 0.1 88.4 0.4 1.35 48 (4.78 0.01) 10.sup.3 0.093 0.001 1.83 0.05 17.4 0.1 93.9 0.4 1.36 DPA- 20 (1.89 0.02) 10.sup.3 0.272 0.008 0.44 0.04 5.16 0.11 8.81 0.13 1.17 Mn17ZnS10 29 (1.62 0.02) 10.sup.3 0.299 0.008 0.49 0.04 6.85 0.17 9.52 0.13 1.08 38 (1.50 0.02) 10.sup.3 0.313 0.009 0.55 0.04 7.1 0.10 11.0 0.1 1.02 48 (1.31 0.02) 10.sup.3 0.333 0.010 0.57 0.04 6.58 0.22 11.7 0.1 1.12 *f.sub.1 is the fraction of the short lifetime (.sub.1) component.
(165) TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Millisecond stretched exponential lifetime fitting results of exciton PL decay of DPA-MnQDs Sample Name .sub.KWW (ms) <Lifetime> Reduced .sup.2 DPA-Mn08ZnS02 0.045 0.392 0.906 1.83 DPA-Mn08ZnS05 0.106 0.423 1.40 1.47 DPA-Mn08ZnS10 0.210 0.453 1.98 1.62 DPA-Mn02ZnS10 0.161 0.422 2.16 1.5 DPA-Mn05ZnS10 0.243 0.445 2.48 1.99 DPA-Mn17ZnS10 0.342 0.508 1.93 1.38
Uncertainties were not included in this table because they are less than 0.5% of the fitted values.
(166) To quantify the ratiometric temperature sensitivity in DPA-MnQDs with different shell thicknesses, the exciton emission ratios (PL.sub.exc/PL.sub.total) at different temperatures were measured. As mentioned above, the PL.sub.exc/PL.sub.total ratio is obtained from the ratio of the integrated PL intensity between 415 and 565 nm to its total PL intensity. The temperature sensitivity of DPA-MnQDs is represented by the slope of PL.sub.exc/PL.sub.total as a function of temperature, shown in
(167) The non-radiative relaxation rate of the excitonic state tends to increase at higher temperatures, resulting in reduced emission intensity. The contribution of the temperature-dependent nonradiative relaxation channel can be examined by plotting the total intensity PL.sub.total as a function of temperature, shown in
Example 3Tuning MnQDs by Increasing Mn2+ Dopant Concentration
(168) To investigate the effect of Mn.sup.2+ dopant content, a series of samples with the nominal number of Mn.sup.2+ ion per quantum dot at 2, 5, 8, and 17, designated as DPA-Mn02ZnS10, DPA-Mn05ZnS10, DPA-Mn08ZnS10, and DPA-Mn17ZnS10, respectively, were prepared. TEM images of the MnQDs with different Mn/QD are shown in
(169) TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 ICP-MS data Sample name Cd (atomic %) Mn (atomic %) Zn (atomic %) Mn02ZnS10 6.8 0.02 93 Mn05ZnS10 5.4 0.04 95 Mn08ZnS10 6.4 0.08 93 Mn17ZnS10 4.7 0.12 95
The Mn/QD dependent photoluminescence spectra of DPA-MnQDs at 20 C. are displayed in
(170) Insights about the relative excitonic populations due to BET from the Mn.sup.2+ dopant can be obtained from photoluminescence lifetime measurements. As before, the exciton decay lifetimes of DPA-MnQDs with lower Mn.sup.2+ concentrations (Mn/QD at 2, 5, 8) are similar (1118 ns), shown in Table 2. In temperature-dependent lifetime traces of DPA-Mn17ZnS10, the plateau intensities are seen to increase with temperature, indicating a greater BET contribution with higher temperatures.
(171) Assuming that the 10-ns exciton decay exclusively comes from undoped DPA-MnQDs, a method was developed to estimate the extent of undoped dots in the samples based on the lifetime traces (see example 11). The estimated amounts of undoped dots were 15%, 14%, 6.8%, and 3.4% for Mn/QD=2, 5, 8, and 17, respectively. It should be pointed out that quencher-decorated quantum dots could exhibit excursions to high-emission and long-lifetime states on the single-particle level, as has been nicely demonstrated by Song et al., 2011, ACS Nano, 128, 13320-21, which is incorporated herein by reference as if fully set forth. Therefore, the estimation assuming the 10-ns component comes exclusively from undoped quantum dots is an upper bound for the percentage of undoped DPA-MnQDs. In addition, assuming the distribution of Mn.sup.2+ in the samples follows the Poisson statistics, the amount of undoped dots were estimated to be 14%, 0.67%, 0.03%, and 0% for Mn/QD=2, 5, 8, and 17, respectively. This result is consistent with the PL spectrum of Mn17ZnS10 measured at low temperature (ca. 50 C.), where exciton emission was not observed. Furthermore, the temperature sensitivities (slopes) of DPA-MnQDs with high Mn.sup.2+ concentration (Mn/QD5) are almost the same, implying the contribution of undoped dots on temperature sensing in the DPA-MnQDs with high Mn.sup.2+ concentrations (Mn/QD5) are negligible.
(172) To further characterize the sensitivity of DPA-MnQDs, the precision of the temperature sensing, i.e., the extent of temperature-dependent uncertainties, was estimated from the error bars in the temperature-dependent PL.sub.exc/PL.sub.total plots, shown in Table 1. Low precision (2.2 C.) was obtained from the DPA-MnQDs with thin ZnS shell (DPA-Mn08ZnS02) and low Mn.sup.2+ dopant concentration (DPA-Mn02ZnS10). The precision of the DPA-MnQDs with thick ZnS shell and high Mn.sup.2+ dopant concentration was relatively high, 0.59 C. (in DPA-Mn05ZnS10), comparable to the precision of the previously reported MnQDs in toluene (Vlaskin et al., 2010, Nano Lett., 10, 3670-74, which is incorporated herein by reference as if fully set forth). These results support that thick ZnS shell and high Mn.sup.2+ dopant concentration are two key parameters to maintain excellent temperature sensitivity in aqueous solutions.
(173) Materials. All chemicals were used without further purification. Diphenylphosphine (98%), manganese(II) acetate (98%), sulfur (99.998%), cadmium oxide (CdO, 99.99%), olelylamine (OAm, Tech grade), oleic acid (Tech 90%), anhydrous toluene (99.8%) and D-penicillamine (DPA, 98-101%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. 1-octadecene (ODE, 90% Tech) and cadmium acetate dehydrate (98%) were purchased from Acros organics. Selenium shots (99.999+%) and zinc stearate (Cat. No 33238) were purchased from Alfa Aesar.
Example 4Preparation of Diphenylphosphine Selinide (DPPSe)
(174) DPPSe was prepared by following previously published procedures (Evans et al., 2010, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 132, 10973-75, which is incorporated herein by reference as if fully set forth). A mixture of selenium shot (1.5 g, 20 mmol) and diphenylphosphine (3.48 mL, 20 mmol) was dissolved in 25 mL of anhydrous toluene in a three-neck flask under N.sub.2 environment. The mixture was refluxed for 16 hours, forming a clear and slightly yellow solution. Toluene was removed under reduced pressure, and the resulting white solid powder (DPPSe) was collected and stored. Note that diphenylphosphine (DPP) is a pyrophoric chemical. To perform the synthesis of DPPSe without using a glovebox, it is necessary to purchase DPP (252964-50G, Sigma-Aldrich) and anhydrous toluene (244511-100ML, Sigma-Aldrich) stored in septum-sealed bottles. DPP and anhydrous toluene were transferred using syringes into the flask containing selenium after proper degassing and subsequent placement in nitrogen environment at room temperature. After the reaction, the air-stable DPPSe is formed. A large quantity of DPPSe can be prepared, so the synthesis of DPPSe does not need to be performed very often.
Example 5Synthesis of CdSSe Nanocrystals Using DPPSe (Route A)
(175) The synthetic procedure was modified from a previously published procedure (Chen et al., 2010, J. Phys. Chem. C, 114, 4418-23, which is incorporated herein by reference as if fully set forth). Colloidal CdSSe nanocrystals were prepared by injecting sulfur-selenium (SSe) precursor into a hot cadmium (Cd) precursor solution. The SSe stock solution (molar ratio 60:40) was freshly prepared using 38.4 mg of sulfur, 212.0 mg of DPPSe and 8 mL of ODE in a three-neck 50-mL flask (aged SSe stock solution may cause the first absorption and emission peaks of the CdSSe core to blue shift, indicating a decrease of Se content in the nanocrystals). The solution was degassed, refilled with nitrogen and heated to 120 C., producing a yellow solution. In a separate three-neck flask, a Cd precursor stock solution was prepared using 128 mg of CdO, 2.4 mL of oleic acid and 8 mL of ODE. The solution was degassed, refilled with nitrogen and heated to 280 C., producing a clear solution. 2 mL of SSe stock solution was injected into the Cd precursor solution, lowering the temperature to 265 C. After injection, the mixture turned orange, indicating the formation of CdSSe nanocrystals. The temperature was kept at 265 C. for about 8 minutes for further nanocrystal growth. The reaction was quenched by removing the heat source, and the resulting solution was cooled to room temperature. Unreacted precursors and excess surfactants were removed by performing the following washing procedure. The resulting nanocrystals were precipitated by adding acetone. A pellet of nanocrystals was formed after centrifugation at 4,000 rpm for 10 minutes. The supernatant was discarded, and the yellow pellet containing CdSSe was re-suspended in 10 mL of toluene. 10 mL of methanol was added, forming a turbid solution, and the mixture was centrifuged at 4,000 rpm for 5 minutes. The supernatant was discarded, and the yellow precipitate was re-suspended in 7 mL of hexane. The nanocrystals were centrifuged again for 5 min at 4,000 rpm to remove undesirable large particles, and the yellow transparent solution was filtered through a 0.2 m Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) filter (Fisherbrand, 09-719G) into an amber vial. The resultant CdSSe cores were stored at 4 C.
Example 6Synthesis of CdSSe Nanocrystals Using Se Powder (Route B)
(176) The nanocrystals were prepared according to previously published noninjection procedures with minor modifications (Zou et al., 2010, Nanoscale Res. Lett., 5, 966-71; Ouyang et al., 2009, J. Phys. Chem. C, 113, 5193-5200, which are incorporated herein by reference as if fully set forth). For 40% Se nanocrystals, 1 mmol of cadmium acetate dihydrate, 15 mL ODE and 2.4 mL of oleic acid were heated at 120 C. for 30 minutes under vacuum. The resulting clear solution was cooled under N.sub.2 flow to 30 C. and added to a dry mixture of 0.2 mmol of Se and 0.3 mmol of S degassed in a three-neck round bottom flask. The reaction mixture was raised to 240 C. under N.sub.2 environment at a rate of 10 C. per minute. When the reaction reached 240 C., the reaction time began. Nanocrystals were allowed to grow for 3 minutes after which the reaction was quenched by injecting 8 mL of ambient temperature ODE. The product was cooled to room temperature by removing the heat source. The washing step followed the same procedure described in example 5 above.
Example 7Preparation of Zinc, Sulfur, and Manganese Precursor Solutions for Mn2+-Doped QDs
(177) A 0.04 M zinc stearate (Zn(St).sub.2) stock solution was prepared using 1.01 g of Zn(St).sub.2, 1 mL of oleic acid, and 39 mL of ODE. The solution was degassed, refilled with nitrogen and kept at room temperature. 0.04 M sulfur stock solution was prepared using 51.2 mg of sulfur and 40 mL of ODE. The solution was degassed, refilled with nitrogen and heated to 120 C. The resulting clear solution was cooled to 60 C. 7.25 mM manganese precursor solution was prepared using 10.4 mg of Mn(OAc).sub.2. After the powder was degassed at room temperature for 10 minutes, 8 mL of oleylamine was injected into the flask. After an additional 10 minutes, the resulting clear, pale yellow solution was refilled with nitrogen and kept at room temperature. The Mn precursor solution needs to be prepared immediately prior to use to avoid oxidation. Oxidation of Mn precursor can be easily observed by the color change from clear to brown.
Example 8Synthesis of Mn2+-Doped QDs from CdSSe Cores
(178) Mn.sup.2+-doped QDs were prepared by following previously published procedures (Yang et al., 2006, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 128, 12428-29; Yang et al., 2008, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 130, 15649-61, which are incorporated herein by reference as if fully set forth) with modifications. In the published procedures, Mn.sup.2+-doped QDs were prepared by three separated stepsthe initial ZnS shell coating, Mn cation doping, and the final ZnS shell coating. To simplify the synthetic procedure, the three separated steps were combined. First, CdSSe nanocrystal cores (610.sup.8 mol) were placed in a three-neck flask with 2 mL of oleylamine and 6 mL of ODE. The mixture was degassed to remove hexane, refilled with nitrogen and heated to 120 C. ZnS shell coating was performed following the SILAR procedure (Li et al., 2003, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 125, 12567-75, which is incorporated herein by reference as if fully set forth), where approximately 0.8 monolayer (ML) of ZnS shell was grown in every cycle. 0.52 mL of 0.04-M sulfur stock solution was added drop-wise into the mixture and heated to 220 C. for 10 minutes. 0.52 mL of 0.04-M Zn(St).sub.2 stock solution was added drop-wise into the mixture, and kept at 220 C. for another 10 minutes, forming 0.8 ML of ZnS shell. Another 0.8 ML of ZnS was coated by drop-wise addition of 0.64-mL sulfur stock solution and 0.64-mL Zn(St).sub.2 stock solution at 220 C. where each sulfur or Zn addition was metered over 10 minutes. After heating the mixture to 280 C., 0.90 mL of 0.04-M sulfur stock solution and 0.79 mL of 7.25-mM Mn stock solution were added drop-wise, and the mixture was kept at 280 C. for 20 minutes. Note that the Mn-growth (measured/added) yield is 11% according to the inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS) data measured by Evans Analytical Group. 0.79 mL of 0.04-M Zn stock solution was added at 280 C., and the mixture was kept at 280 C. for 10 min. After doping the quantum dot with Mn, the subsequent ZnS shell coating was performed by growing 0.8 ML of ZnS sequentially at 280 C. until the desired thickness of ZnS shell was obtained. The product was cooled down to room temperature by removing the heat source. The washing step followed the same procedure described for the CdSSe cores in example 5. 10.4 MLs of external ZnS layers of MnQDs were achieved by coating additional 5.6 MLs of ZnS shell on the MnQDs with 4.8 MLs of ZnS shell after washing.
Example 9DPA Passivation Procedure
(179) The DPA passivation procedure was modified based on previous procedures (Breus et al., 2009, ACS Nano, 3, 2573-80; Moloney et al., 2007, Chem. Commun., 3900-02, which are incorporated herein by reference as if fully set forth), primarily through the use of sonication to accelerate the passivation process. Briefly, water-soluble passivation was conducted by sonicating 10 nmol of Mn.sup.2+-doped QDs suspended in 400-L 0.8-M NaOH/methanol solution with
Example 10Photoluminescence Quantum Yield Measurements
(180) The photoluminescence quantum yields of DPA-MnQDs were estimated from the integrated PL intensity ratio of DPA-MnQDs to a reference dye, quinine in 0.1-M H2504, the quantum yield of which is reported to be 55%. The measurements were performed at 20 C., and the excitation wavelength was 350 nm with 1-nm excitation width.
Example 11Photoluminescence and Lifetime Measurements
(181) Photoluminescence measurements were performed using the Flurolog-3 fluorometer (Horiba Jobin-Yvon). Exciton lifetime measurements were performed using the Time-Correlated Single Photon Counting (TCSPC) option of the fluorometer where the QDs were excited by a NanoLED device. The excitation wavelength was 445 nm with pulse duration of about 1.2 ns. The detection wavelength was set to the peak position of exciton emission with a spectral window of 10 nm. The fluorescence lifetime window was set to a time range of 200 ns. The PL lifetimes on microsecond and millisecond timescale were obtained using the Multi-Channel Scaler (MCS) option of the fluorometer where the MnQDs were excited by SpectraLED device (excitation wavelength was 390 nm). The detection wavelengths were set to 510 nm for exciton emission and 620 nm for Mn.sup.2+ emission with a spectral window of 15 nm. The lifetime window was set to a time range of 80 ms with a time resolution of 20 s. The dark counts of PL lifetime traces on microsecond and millisecond timescale were subtracted before the performance of curve fitting.
(182) Analysis of photoluminescence lifetime. The nanosecond PL lifetime decays at the 510-nm exciton emission were fitted to a biexponential model,
(183)
where N.sub.ns is the number of photons from the nanosecond decay channels, f.sub.1 the fraction of the faster decay channel (.sub.1<1 ns), t the TCSPC digitization time (t=0.2237 ns in the present case), B the background count of the fluorometer measured from a separate control experiment, and g.sub.offset the signal offset resulting from the back energy transfer from the coupling Mn.sup.2+ ions. Eq. (1) was convolved with an instrument response function and compared with the PL lifetime. The optimal N.sub.ns, f.sub.1, .sub.1, .sub.2, and g.sub.offset were located through a .sup.2 minimization procedure.
(184) The millisecond PL lifetime decays were fitted to a stretched exponential (Kohlrausch-Williams-Watts) model,
(185)
where N.sub.ms is the number of photons from the millisecond decay channels, .sub.KWW and .sub.KWW are parameters for the stretched exponential, t the TCSPC digitization time (t=20 s in the present case), and B.sub.ms is the background. The parameters N.sub.ms, .sub.KWW and .sub.KWW were optimized through a .sup.2 minimization procedure after convolving Eq. (2) with an instrument response function on this timescale. The expectation value for the millisecond lifetime was calculated using the optimized parameters with the formula,
(186)
(187) Error bars for the PL decay parameters were calculated using the analytical covariance matrices derived from Eqs. (1) and (2). Unless specified, all data analyses were carried out using Matlab (Mathworks, version 2011a).
(188) Estimation of undoped MnQD percentage. The probability for a photon from the millisecond decay channel to appear in the nanosecond window is expected to be diminishingly small. However, if the relative population through the millisecond channel is great, as in the present case, it will become detectable in the nanosecond time window. That is, the ms decay from the BET contribution to the exciton radiative relaxation on the nanosecond time window would appear as a constant offset, denoted as g.sub.offset in Eq. (1). Once the parameters of the millisecond decay were determined, Eq. (2), the probability for one photon from the millisecond channel to appear in the nanosecond window can be calculated by
g.sub.nsms.sub.k=0.sup.g.sub.KWW(kT)
where T is the period between consecutive laser excitation pulses. The summation takes into account the situation when the stop signal (the laser pulse immediately following the excitation pulse) arrives before the millisecond PL decay has completed in a TCSPC setup. In the present case, T=1 s for the nanosecond PL lifetime measurements and the summation was calculated numerically. At the exciton emission wavelength, the number of photons coming from undoped and doped MnQDs are
N.sub.undoped=N.sub.ns(1f.sub.1) and N.sub.doped=g.sub.offset/g.sub.nsms,
respectively. The percentage of undoped MnQDs in a sample is therefore,
P.sub.undoped=N.sub.undoped/(N.sub.undoped+N.sub.doped)
(189) Temperature-dependent photoluminescence measurements. The excitation wavelength was set to 400 nm with 1-nm excitation width. The temperature-dependent measurements were conducted using a cuvette holder to hold the sample while water was pumped around the holder from an external circulating temperature bath. The temperature was measured by inserting a thermocouple probe through a septum-capped cuvette. The temperature-dependent PL spectra were collected from DPA-MnQDs in PBS buffer solution.
Example 12Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
(190) TEM images were collected using the Philips CM100 TEM. The sample was prepared by adding a drop of diluted MnQDs in hexane solution on a carbon-supported copper grid. The TEM images were analyzed using the image processing toolbox in the Matlab. The TEM images were converted into black-and-white images. In order to ensure the black-white images well present the nanocrystals in the original TEM images, it is necessary to fine-tune the threshold for the image conversion. In the black-and-white binary image, the connected pixels were considered as nanocrystals. The diameters of nanocrystals were estimated from the area of the connected components, assuming all the particles are circular on two-dimensional projection of TEM. In general, the average diameters were obtained from more than 500 particles, which are consistent with the hand-measured values (100 particles).
(191) The references cited throughout this application are incorporated for all purposes apparent herein and in the references themselves as if each reference was fully set forth. For the sake of presentation, specific ones of these references are cited at particular locations herein. A citation of a reference at a particular location indicates a manner(s) in which the teachings of the reference are incorporated. However, a citation of a reference at a particular location does not limit the manner in which all of the teachings of the cited reference are incorporated for all purposes.
(192) It is understood, therefore, that this invention is not limited to the particular embodiments disclosed, but is intended to cover all modifications which are within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims; the above description; and/or shown in the attached drawings.