Ammonia capturing by CO2 product liquid in water wash liquid

Abstract

A method for capturing ammonia present in combustion flue gas subjected to carbon dioxide removal using a water wash unit included in a chilled ammonia process. The method includes combining a CO.sub.2 loaded liquid and a wash water liquid to form a CO.sub.2 enriched wash water liquid that is then brought into contact with the combustion flue gas.

Claims

1. A method for capturing ammonia present in combustion flue gas subjected to CO.sub.2 removal, using a water wash unit that comprises at least first and second stages included in a chilled ammonia process, comprising the steps of: providing CO.sub.2 loaded liquid comprising CO.sub.2 dissolved in the liquid; providing wash water liquid; combining the CO.sub.2 loaded liquid with the wash water liquid to form a CO.sub.2 enriched wash water liquid providing the CO.sub.2 enriched wash water liquid at each of the first and second stages of the water wash unit; bringing the combustion flue gas into contact with the CO.sub.2 enriched wash water liquid by adding the CO.sub.2 enriched wash water liquid to said water wash; and forming a reduced ammonia flue gas stream and a used wash water stream.

2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the concentration of ammonia in the CO.sub.2 enriched wash water liquid added to the first stage is 0.5 to 3 mol/liter.

3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the wash water liquid comprises 0.0005 mol/l to 0.2 mol/l ammonia (NH.sub.3) before it is combined with the CO.sub.2 loaded liquid.

4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the wash water unit operates at 1 C. to 10 C.

5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the ratio of moles of ammonia (NH.sub.3) to moles of carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2) for the CO.sub.2 enriched wash water liquid is kept at about 0.05 to 10.

6. A method for capturing ammonia present in combustion flue gas subjected to CO.sub.2 removal, using a water wash unit that comprises at least first and second stages included in a chilled ammonia process, comprising: providing CO.sub.2 loaded liquid comprising CO.sub.2 dissolved in the liquid; providing wash water liquid; combining the CO.sub.2 loaded liquid with the wash water liquid to form a CO.sub.2 enriched wash water liquid; providing the CO.sub.2 enriched wash water liquid to the water wash unit; and bringing said combustion flue gas into contact with said CO.sub.2 enriched wash water liquid to form a cleaned flue gas stream and a used wash liquid.

7. The method of claim 6, further comprising: providing a portion of the CO.sub.2 enriched wash water liquid to the water wash unit to each of the first and second stages.

8. The method according to claim 5, wherein the ratio of moles of ammonia (NH.sub.3) to moles of carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2) for the CO.sub.2 enriched wash water liquid is kept at about 0.1 to 5.

9. The method according to claim 5 wherein the ratio of moles of ammonia (NH.sub.3) to moles of carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2) for the CO.sub.2 enriched wash water liquid is kept at about 1 to 4.

10. A method for capturing ammonia present in combustion flue gas subjected to CO.sub.2 removal, using a water wash unit that comprises at least first and second stages, the method comprising: providing a CO.sub.2 loaded liquid comprising CO.sub.2 dissolved in the liquid; providing wash water liquid; combining the CO.sub.2 loaded liquid with the wash water liquid to form CO.sub.2 enriched wash water liquid; providing the CO.sub.2 enriched wash water liquid to the water wash unit to each of the at least first and second stages; bringing said combustion flue gas into contact with said CO.sub.2 enriched wash water liquid to form a reduced ammonia flue gas stream and a used wash water stream; wherein the concentration of ammonia in the CO.sub.2 enriched wash water liquid added to the first stage is 0.5 to 3 mol/liter; and wherein the concentration of ammonia in the CO.sub.2 enriched wash water liquid added to the second stage is 0.005 to 0.2 mol/liter.

11. The method according to claim 10, wherein the wash water liquid comprises 0.0005 mol/l to 0.2 mol/l ammonia (NH.sub.3) before it is combined with the CO.sub.2 loaded liquid.

12. The method according to claim 10, wherein the wash water unit operates at 1 C. to 10 C.

13. The method according to claim 10, wherein the ratio of moles of ammonia to moles of carbon dioxide for the CO.sub.2 enriched wash water liquid is kept at about 0.05 to 10.

14. The method according to claim 1, wherein the concentration of ammonia in the CO.sub.2 enriched wash water liquid added to the second stage is 0.005 to 0.2 mol/liter.

15. The method according to claim 3, wherein the concentration of ammonia in the wash water entering the second stage is lower than the concentration of ammonia entering the first stage.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) FIG. 1 is a flow diagram generally depicting an embodiment of an ammonia based gas purification system according to the present invention.

(2) FIG. 2 is a flow diagram generally depicting a known ammonia based gas purification system (prior art).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

(3) Specific embodiments of gas purification systems of the prior art and of the present invention are described in detail hereinbelow with reference to the drawings.

(4) FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of an embodiment of an ammonia based gas purification system 101 according to the present invention. The gas purification system 101 comprises a water wash unit 102 arranged to allow contact between a gas stream to be purified and one or more wash liquids.

(5) In accordance with one embodiment, the water wash unit 102 is arranged for cleaning a flue gas that has passed through a CO.sub.2 absorber 140 of a chilled ammonia process. The chilled ammonia process is, as such, described in, for example, WO 2006/022885 (Eli GAL). Hence, the CO.sub.2 absorber 140 may, for example, be arranged for capturing CO.sub.2 from a flue gas of, for example, a power plant, an industrial plant, a waste incineration plant or a metallurgical plant, in accordance with the chilled ammonia process. In the chilled ammonia process CO.sub.2 is captured in an ammoniated solution in the absorber 140, and the ammoniated solution is regenerated in a regenerator unit 142. Such regeneration involves heating the ammoniated solution to cause a release of CO.sub.2. For reasons of maintaining clarity of illustration FIG. 1 does not illustrate the flows of ammoniated solution between the CO.sub.2 absorber 140 and the regenerator unit 142, or the flow of flue gas through the absorber 140.

(6) Flue gas that has passed through the CO.sub.2 absorber 140 for carbon dioxide capture contains ammonia and is forwarded to water wash unit 102 via a duct 107a for washing, as will be described in more detail hereinafter.

(7) CO.sub.2 product that is released as an effect of the heating of the ammoniated solution in the regenerator unit 142 is forwarded via a fluidly connected duct 142a from regenerator unit 142 to a CO.sub.2 product cooler unit 120. The CO.sub.2 product cooler unit 120 purifies the CO.sub.2 product forwarded from regenerator unit 142 by capturing ammonia and condensing water vapor from the CO.sub.2 product. A liquid that contains water is circulated, via fluidly connected loop duct 121, in the CO.sub.2 product cooler unit 120. The liquid circulated in loop duct 121 is cooled in heat exchanger 121a to cause condensation of water vapor from the CO.sub.2 product. The liquid circulating in loop duct 121 of CO.sub.2 product cooler unit 120 will capture ammonia and also some CO.sub.2 from the CO.sub.2 product of the regenerator unit 142. Hence, the liquid circulating in loop duct 121 will contain some dissolved ammonia, and some dissolved CO.sub.2.

(8) As will be described in more detail hereinafter, regenerated wash water, having a reduced content of ammonia, is forwarded to CO.sub.2 product cooler unit 120 via duct 111, and a portion of the liquid circulated in CO.sub.2 product cooler unit 120 is forwarded from the unit 120 via duct 122 fluidly connected to loop duct 121.

(9) The water wash unit 102 is a mass transfer unit, which may comprise mass transfer enhancing arrangements, for example the water wash unit 102 may comprise a column with a packed bed wherein the packing material is selected to optimize the mass transfer in the unit 102. The packing material may be selected from many different suitable and commercially available packing materials. Also, the water wash unit 102 may be arranged to comprise one, two or more stages of washing, wherein the material forming the packed bed in each stage may be the same or different, and the arrangements, such as, for example, random or structured packaging, may be the same or different to optimize parameters such as surface area, flow pattern, mass flow, etc. The liquid flow through the unit 102 may also be arranged differently between the different stages, to optimize the system and/or mass transfer. For example, the liquid flow may be in counter current mode, with the liquid flowing in the opposite direction of the gas, with the gas flowing vertically upwards and the liquid flowing vertically downwards, or in co-current mode, with both the liquid and the gas flowing vertically down-wards. Furthermore, the liquid could either be arranged, for each of the stages, in a circulation mode, with the liquid being recirculated several times in the stage before being removed therefrom, or in a once through arrangement, in which the liquid passes once through the stage and is then removed therefrom.

(10) In the specific embodiment of FIG. 1, the water wash unit is a water wash unit 102 that comprises a two stage wash system having sections with different packing. The bottom section 103, i.e., the lower part of the water wash unit 102, comprises structured packing and is operated in counter current mode and with circulation mode with respect to the liquid solution, and with once through mode with respect to the flue gas. The top section 104, i.e., the second section of the water wash unit 102, comprises random packing, and is operated in counter current mode with once through water flow and once through flue gas flow. Flue gas to be cleaned enters the water wash unit 102 via duct 107a. Cleaned flue gas leaves the water wash unit 102 via duct 107b.

(11) The used wash liquid leaving the water wash unit 102 contains absorbed ammonia and leaves the water wash unit 102 via fluidly connected duct 108. The used wash liquid may be at least partly recirculated and reintroduced to the water wash unit 102 and its lower part 103 via fluidly connected duct 105.

(12) An option of the invention is that a portion of CO.sub.2 may be introduced to the wash liquid in duct 105, via fluidly connected duct 125, and CO.sub.2 containing wash liquid is thus introduced to the water wash unit 102 at the bottom (first) section 103 of the unit 102. In combination with, or as alternative to, introducing a portion of CO.sub.2 to the wash liquid in duct 105, and as will also be described in more detail hereinafter, a portion of CO.sub.2 may be introduced to the wash liquid in duct 106, via fluidly connected duct 122, and CO.sub.2 containing wash liquid is thus introduced to the water wash unit 102 at the upper (second) section 104 of the unit 102.

(13) The liquid introduced to the water wash unit 102, via duct 105 and/or duct 106, is denoted CO.sub.2 enriched wash water liquid, which is the wash water resulting after the mixing of wash water liquid with the portion of CO.sub.2. The portion of CO.sub.2 may, as illustrated in FIG. 1, be CO.sub.2 that has been captured in the liquid of the CO.sub.2 product cooler unit 120 from the CO.sub.2 product forwarded from the regenerator 142. Such liquid containing a portion of CO.sub.2 dissolved therein is forwarded from CO.sub.2 product cooler unit 120 to water wash unit 102 via fluidly connected duct 122, and, optionally, via fluidly connected duct 125. The dissolved CO.sub.2 forwarded to the water wash unit 102 via duct 122, and optionally duct 125, serves to improve the capture of ammonia in the water wash unit 102 by reducing the vapor pressure of ammonia, as will be described in more detail hereinafter.

(14) The content of ammonia in the flue gas entering the water wash unit 102 via duct 107a may be about 5000-16000 ppm.

(15) Flue gas with a reduced content of ammonia leaves the water wash unit 102 via fluidly connected duct 107b and is, for example, forwarded to a direct contact cooler (DCC) unit, not shown for reasons of maintaining clarity of illustration. The amount of ammonia in the flue gas leaving the water wash unit 102 via duct 107b may be about 0-500 ppm, preferably less than 200 ppm.

(16) A portion, which may be referred to as spent wash water, of the wash water liquid leaving the water wash unit 102 via duct 108 may be fed to a heat exchanger 110 via fluidly connected duct 112. In the heat exchanger 110 the spent wash water coming from water wash unit 102 via ducts 108, 112 exchanges heat with a flow of regenerated wash water coming from a stripper unit 130 via a fluidly connected duct 132. The spent wash water coming from water wash unit 102 is, hence, forwarded to heat exchanger 110 via duct 112 and leaves heat exchanger 110 via fluidly connected duct 131. Fluidly connected duct 131 forwards the spent wash water to the stripper unit 130. Typically, the spent wash water forwarded to stripper unit 130 via fluidly connected duct 131 may comprise ammonia in a concentration in the range of 0.5-3 mol/liter. In stripper unit 130 at least a portion of the content of ammonia of the spent wash water is removed, thereby generating, as will be described in more detail hereinafter, a regenerated wash water, that leaves stripper unit 130 via the fluidly connected duct 132. Typically, the regenerated wash water leaving stripper unit 130 via fluidly connected duct 132 may comprise ammonia in a concentration in the range of 0.005-0.2 mol/liter.

(17) The regenerated wash water is forwarded via duct 132 to the heat exchanger 110 in which the regenerated wash water is heat exchanged with the spent wash water transported in ducts 112, 131. The regenerated wash water forwarded via duct 132 has a higher temperature than the spent wash water forwarded via duct 112. Hence, in heat exchanger 110 the spent wash water is heated before being forwarded, via fluidly connected duct 131, to the stripper unit 130. Such reduces the amount of heat that must be supplied to stripper unit 130 to achieve the stripping of ammonia from the spent wash water. The regenerated wash water forwarded from stripper unit 130 via fluidly connected duct 132 is cooled in the heat exchanger 110 before being forwarded, via fluidly connected duct 138a, to fluidly connected duct 138 and further, optionally via heat exchanger 124, to the upper section 104 of the water wash unit 102, and via fluidly connected duct 111 to the CO.sub.2 product cooler unit 120.

(18) Regenerated wash water is, hence, forwarded from the heat exchanger 110 to the CO.sub.2 product cooler unit 120 via fluidly connected ducts 138a, 111. The flow rate of the water flow to the CO.sub.2 product cooler unit 120 is typically about 5 l/min to 300 l/min, for example about 5 l/min to 200 l/min. In the CO.sub.2 product cooler unit 120, CO.sub.2 containing water is recirculated into the CO.sub.2 cooler unit 120 by fluidly connected loop duct 121. From the duct 121, a part of the CO.sub.2 containing water is split and water is transported to the water wash unit 102 via fluidly connected duct 122, with a flow rate of about 5 l/min to 300 l/min. The liquid forwarded in duct 122 may also be denoted CO.sub.2 loaded liquid, i.e., liquid comprising the dissolved CO.sub.2 and forwarded from the CO.sub.2 cooler unit 120.

(19) In one embodiment, the duct 122 is connected to the recycling loop, duct 108 of the bottom section 103, via fluidly connected duct 125, wherein the CO.sub.2 containing water from the CO.sub.2 product cooler unit 120 is mixed with the water reintroduced via duct 105 after passing the heat exchanger 123, into the bottom, first section 103 of the water wash unit 102.

(20) In one embodiment of the invention, the duct 122 is fluidly connected to the duct 138, wherein the CO.sub.2 containing water is mixed with the regenerated wash water forwarded from the heat exchanger 110, and further forwarded via duct 106, to the water wash unit 102 and its top section 104.

(21) From the CO.sub.2 product cooler unit 120 cooled CO.sub.2 product is forwarded via a duct 126 and an optional heat exchanger 127, to a CO.sub.2 compressor system 150 generating a compressed CO.sub.2 rich gas transported via fluidly connected duct 151 for further processing. The condensate, comprising water and CO.sub.2, obtained in the CO.sub.2 compressor system 150 as an effect of intercooling between compression stages may be recycled to the gas purification system 101 via fluidly connected duct 152. The liquid is herein denoted CO.sub.2 compressor interstage cooler CO.sub.2 rich condensate. The duct 152 is fluidly connected to the duct 122 and the CO.sub.2 compressor interstage cooler CO.sub.2 rich condensate is forwarded to the water wash unit 102 as described above.

(22) Optionally, in the gas purification system 101 the carbon dioxide CO.sub.2 in liquid form is reintroduced into the water wash unit 102 via fluidly connected ducts 154 and 152 after separation and liquefaction in a CO.sub.2 product cooler unit 155, which may be a cryogenic unit for separating carbon dioxide from non-condensable gases, such as oxygen and nitrogen, such unit 155 being included in a high pressure CO.sub.2 compressor system 153.

(23) In one embodiment, the CO.sub.2 containing liquid is generated by combining the CO.sub.2 cooler loaded wash water solution forwarded via duct 121 to duct 122 and the CO.sub.2 compressor interstage cooler CO.sub.2 rich condensate forwarded via duct 152.

(24) Optionally, the CO.sub.2 containing water passes through heat exchanger units 124a, 124b before entering the water wash unit 102 at a temperature of about 3 to about 7 C.

(25) The heat exchanger unit 110 is fluidly connected to the stripper unit 130, via fluidly connected ducts 131 and 132, wherein heat is transferred from the stripper bottom stream to the feed stream to minimize energy consumption in the stripper unit 130, as well as to provide low temperature liquid to the water wash unit 102 to reduce chiller load. For example, the stripper unit 130 may operate at a temperature of more than 120 C. and with a pressure of more than 20 bar. The stripper unit 130 is heated by steam via fluidly connected ducts 136 and 137. In the stripper unit 130 ammonia is removed from the spent wash water coming from the water wash unit 102 via duct 131 and the ammonia is, via fluidly connected duct 135, transferred to the CO.sub.2 absorber 140 for further treatment, such as capturing CO.sub.2. The gas containing ammonia and leaving the stripper unit 130 via a duct 133 passes a condenser 134 on its way to the regenerator or absorber system depending on stripper operating pressure. A cooling liquid is forwarded to condenser 134 via a fluidly connected duct 134a, and leaves the condenser 134 via fluidly connected duct 134b. The cooling liquid forwarded through condenser 134 via ducts 134a, 134b could be of various origins. For example, the cooling liquid could be ammoniated solution forwarded from absorber 140 to regenerator unit 142 for being regenerated therein. The cooling liquid of condenser 134 could also, for example, be feed water for a boiler, or another cooling water available in the plant. Vapor and liquid formed in the condenser 134 as an effect of the cooling of the gas leaving stripper unit 130 via duct 133 leave condenser 134 via fluidly connected duct 133a and are forwarded to a vapor-liquid separator 135a. In vapor-liquid separator 135a gas and liquid are separated from each other. The liquid collected at the bottom of the vapor-liquid separator 135a is returned, via fluidly connected duct 135b, to the stripper unit 130. In low-pressure stripper operation, the overhead vapor stream is then transferred to the absorber 140 via duct 135.

(26) The systems described in detail above operate at a pressure of 20 bar. However, it shall be considered obvious that the systems are also applicable for operation at a lower pressure, in an arrangement where the available parameters have been adjusted for achieving the NH.sub.3 capturing effect as is intended.

(27) The gas entering the water wash unit 102 via the duct 107a comprises typically CO.sub.2 in a concentration of 1.5-2.5% by volume.

(28) The water wash unit 102 is typically operating at relatively high gas velocities, such as in the range of 2-8 m/s, for example about 2.5 m/s.

(29) By introducing a portion of CO.sub.2, via a CO.sub.2 containing liquid, into the water wash unit 102, the mole ratio between the moles of ammonia to the moles of CO.sub.2 may be lowered. Such lowering of the mole ratio between the moles of ammonia to the moles of CO.sub.2 suppresses the equilibrium vapor pressure of NH.sub.3 present over the surface of the CO.sub.2 enriched wash water liquid utilized in the water wash unit 102. In the top section 104 of the water wash unit 102, the concentration of ammonia of the CO.sub.2 enriched wash water liquid, forwarded via duct 106, may typically be 0.005 to 0.2 mol/liter of NH.sub.3. The ratio of moles of ammonia (NH.sub.3) to moles of carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2) for the CO.sub.2 enriched wash water liquid forwarded via duct 106 may typically be kept at about 0.05 to 10, and more typically at about 0.05 to 2. In the bottom section 103 of the water wash unit 102, the concentration of ammonia of the CO.sub.2 enriched wash water liquid, forwarded via duct 105, may be 0.5 to 3 mol/liter of NH.sub.3. The ratio of moles of ammonia (NH.sub.3) to moles of carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2) for the CO.sub.2 enriched wash water liquid forwarded via duct 105 may typically be kept at about 0.05 to 10, and more typically at about 0.5 to 10.

(30) The CO.sub.2 product cooler unit 120 is also connected to the regenerator unit 142, the regenerator unit 142 being arranged for regenerating absorption liquid that has been utilized in the absorber 140 for absorbing CO.sub.2 from, for example, flue gas in accordance with the chilled ammonia process. Hence, the CO.sub.2 product cooler unit 120 cools CO.sub.2 that has been released from the ammoniated solution in the regenerator unit 142.

(31) FIG. 2 is a schematic representation of a previously used gas purification system 201 (prior art). The system comprises a water wash unit 202 arranged to allow contact between a gas stream to be purified and one or more wash liquids.

(32) The water wash unit 202 is represented in FIG. 2 and comprises a two stage wash system having sections with different packing. The bottom section 203 in the lower part of the water wash unit 202 comprises a structured packed bed and is operated in circulation mode for the solution and with once through mode for the flue gas. The top section 204 in the top part of the water wash unit 202 comprises a random packed bed operating in counter current mode with once through water flow and once through flue gas flow.

(33) The used wash water liquid leaving the water wash unit 202 and containing absorbed ammonia leave the water wash unit via fluidly connected duct 208. The used wash water liquid may be recycled and reintroduced to the water wash unit 202 and its lower part via duct 205.

(34) Flue gas having a reduced concentration of ammonia leaves the water wash unit 202 via duct 207 and may be forwarded to a Direct Contact Cooler (DCC) unit, not illustrated for reasons of maintaining clarity of illustration.

(35) The wash water is fed to the heat exchanger unit 210 via duct 212. Water is forwarded from the heat exchanger unit 210 to the CO.sub.2 product cooler unit 220 via the duct 211.

(36) Advantages of embodiments described hereinabove in connection with FIG. 1 include:

(37) Low concentration of NH.sub.3 in the treated flue gas discharged from the water wash unit 102;

(38) Low consumption of acidifying components, like sulfuric acid, following treatment, such as in the direct contact cooling system (DCC) and direct contact heating (DCH) system;

(39) Maintainability of the desired solution molarity in the systems for absorption and regeneration;

(40) Lower energy consumption of the stripper process;

(41) Minimizing of amount of liquid required in the water wash unit 102 to capture ammonia.

EXAMPLES

Example 1 (Verification of Computer Model)

(42) A computer model with a simulated water wash unit (A) in accordance with the above described prior art system (FIG. 2) was compared with test results (B) for a similar prior art system.

(43) The simulation results showed 2.3% lower ammonia emission compared to the test results, as shown in Table 1. Hence, the computer model was considered a reasonable representation of a physical process and system.

(44) TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Comparison: Computer model to test result (prior art system) Inlet gas to water wash After bottom After top Case unit 202 stage 203 stage 204 Unit A (model) NH.sub.3 in 8897 2404 312 (in duct ppm gas 207) B (test) NH.sub.3 in 8897 Not available 319 (in duct ppm gas 207)

Example 2 (Effect of Adding CO2 Containing Liquid)

(45) An introduction of CO.sub.2 containing liquid from the CO.sub.2 product cooler 120 via duct 105 was made in a simulated water wash unit 102 (FIG. 1), thus CO.sub.2 containing liquid was introduced to the bottom section 103 of the water wash unit 102, and was compared to introducing CO.sub.2 containing liquid from the CO.sub.2 product cooler 120 via duct 106, thus to the top section 104 of the water wash unit 102. The effect of the CO.sub.2 containing liquid introduced in the water wash unit 102 is presented in table 2. The CO.sub.2 containing liquid had a content of ammonia (mole/liter) of 0.54, and the mole ratio R was 1.05 (mole NH.sub.3/mole CO.sub.2), and the flow rate of CO.sub.2 containing liquid was measured to about 59 l/min at a flue gas flow in duct 107b of about 40 800 kg/hour.

(46) TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Comparison: introduction of CO.sub.2 containing liquid via duct 105, compared to introduction of CO.sub.2 containing liquid via duct 106 Inlet gas to water wash After bottom After top Case unit 102 stage 103 stage 104 Unit CO.sub.2 via NH.sub.3 in 8897 (in 1695 294 (in duct ppm duct 105 gas duct 107a) 107b) CO.sub.2 via NH.sub.3 in 8897 (in 1736 171 (in duct ppm duct 106 gas duct 107a) 107b)

(47) The results presented in Table 2 show that supply of CO.sub.2 containing liquid via duct 106 to the top stage 104 of the water wash unit 102 reduces the emission of ammonia by about 42% compared to introduction of CO.sub.2 containing liquid via duct 105 to bottom stage 103.

(48) When comparing to the prior art results of Table 1, it is clear that introducing CO.sub.2 containing liquid via duct 105 results in a reduction of the ammonia emission of about 6% (reduction from 312 to 294 ppm of NH.sub.3), and that introducing CO.sub.2 containing liquid via duct 106 results in a reduction of the ammonia emission of about 45% (reduction from 312 to 171 ppm of NH.sub.3).

Example 3 (High Inlet Ammonia Concentration)

(49) Simulations were made to test the ammonia emission at high ammonia concentration in the flue gas forwarded to the water wash unit, in the example inlet ammonia is 16 000 ppm.

Comparative Example: Table 3 Illustrates the Simulated Result with the Prior Art Water Wash Unit 202 of FIG. 2

(50) TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Comparative example: Ammonia capture of prior art water wash system 202. Inlet gas to water After bottom After top wash unit 202 stage 203 stage 204 NH.sub.3, (ppm) 15948 10157 2263
Simulation of High Ammonia Concentration in Gas and Introduction of CO.sub.2 Containing Liquid Via Duct 105 or Via Duct 106:

(51) The gas flow rate was kept at the same level as in Comparative example. CO.sub.2 containing liquid from the CO.sub.2 product cooler unit 120 was, in a first simulation, added via the duct 105, to the bottom section 103 of the water wash unit 102. In a second simulation CO.sub.2 containing liquid from the CO.sub.2 product cooler unit 120 was added via the duct 106 to the top section 104 of the water wash unit 102. The CO.sub.2 containing liquid was, in each simulation, added with a flow rate of 227 l/min at a flue gas flow in duct 107b of about 40 800 kg/hour, concentration of ammonia was kept at 1 mole/liter, and the mole ratio (mole NH.sub.3/mole CO.sub.2) was 1.05.

(52) The results achieved are shown in Table 4:

(53) TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 Ammonia capture of water wash system 102, CO.sub.2 introduced via duct 105, or via duct 106. Inlet gas to water wash unit After bottom After top Case 102 stage 103 stage 104 CO.sub.2 via duct NH.sub.3, (ppm) 15948 4969 710 105 CO.sub.2 via duct NH.sub.3, ppm 15948 5605 159 106

(54) As indicated above the emission of ammonia is reduced from about 2300 ppm (table 3) as obtained for the prior art water wash system 202, to about 710 ppm (table 4) with the water wash unit 102 with supply of CO.sub.2 to bottom section 103 via duct 105, and is reduced to about 160 ppm (table 4) by introducing the CO.sub.2 containing liquid to the wash water unit 102 at the top section 104 via the duct 106.

(55) To summarize, a method for capturing ammonia present in combustion flue gas subjected to carbon dioxide removal, using a water wash unit (102) included in a chilled ammonia process, comprises: providing CO.sub.2 loaded liquid (122) comprising CO.sub.2 dissolved in the liquid; providing wash water liquid (108, 138); combining the CO.sub.2 loaded liquid with the wash water liquid to form CO.sub.2 enriched wash water liquid (105, 106) before the liquid is added said water wash unit (102); and bringing said combustion flue gas into contact with said CO.sub.2 enriched wash water liquid by adding the CO.sub.2 enriched wash water liquid to said water wash unit (102).

(56) While the invention has been described with reference to various exemplary embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes may be made and equivalents may be substituted for elements thereof without departing from the scope of the invention. In addition, many modifications may be made to adapt a particular situation or material to the teachings of the invention without departing from the essential scope thereof. Therefore, it is intended that the invention not be limited to the particular embodiment disclosed as the best mode contemplated for carrying out this invention, but that the invention will include all embodiments falling within the scope of the appended claims.