Welding Flux Used for Austenitic Stainless Steel

Abstract

The present disclosure provides a welding flux used for austenitic stainless steel, which includes 20-40 wt. % SiC, 20-30 wt. % SiO.sub.2, 15-25 wt. % MoO.sub.3, 2-15 wt. % TiO.sub.2, 2-10 wt. % NiO, and 1-5 wt. % MgO. As such, the welding flux forms a soundness weld with high D/W ratio and surface hardness.

Claims

1. A welding flux used for austenitic stainless steel, comprising: 20-40 wt. % SiC, 20-30 wt. % SiO.sub.2, 15-25 wt. % MoO.sub.3, 2-15 wt. % TiO.sub.2, 2-10 wt. % NiO and 1-5 wt. % MgO.

2. The welding flux used for austenitic stainless steel as claimed in claim 1, wherein the SiC is in the form of particles, with a size of each of said particles is 20-40 nm.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0014] The present invention will become more fully understood from the detailed description given hereinafter and the accompanying drawings which are given by way of illustration only, and thus are not limitative of the present invention, and wherein:

[0015] FIG. 1 illustrates the application of the welding flux used for austenitic stainless steel of the present disclosure.

[0016] FIG. 2A is a perspective view of a flux-cored wire utilizing the welding flux used for austenitic stainless steel of the present disclosure.

[0017] FIG. 2B is a perspective view of a flux-coated rod utilizing the welding flux used for austenitic stainless steel of the present disclosure.

[0018] FIG. 2C is a perspective view of another flux-cored wire utilizing the welding flux used for austenitic stainless steel of the present disclosure.

[0019] FIG. 2D is a perspective view of still another flux-cored wire utilizing the welding flux used for austenitic stainless steel of the present disclosure.

[0020] FIG. 3A illustrates a welding operation using the flux-cored wire or flux-coated rod utilizing the welding flux used for austenitic stainless steel of the present disclosure.

[0021] FIG. 3B is a cross sectional view of a weld formed by the flux-cored wire or flux-coated rod described above.

[0022] FIG. 4 is a cross sectional view of the weld of Sample A1.

[0023] FIG. 5 is a cross sectional view of the weld of Sample A2.

[0024] FIG. 6 is a cross sectional view of the weld of Sample A3.

[0025] FIG. 7 is a cross sectional view of the weld of Sample A4.

[0026] In the various figures of the drawings, the same numerals designate the same or similar parts. Furthermore, when the terms first, second, third, fourth, inner, outer, top, bottom, front, rear and similar terms are used hereinafter, it should be understood that these terms have reference only to the structure shown in the drawings as it would appear to a person viewing the drawings, and are utilized only to facilitate describing the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0027] The austenitic stainless steel can be, but not thus limited to, AISI 301 series, AISI 302 series, AISI 303 series, AISI 304 series, AISI 309 series, AISI 310 series, AISI 312 series, AISI 316 series, AISI 347 series, etc.

[0028] A welding flux used for austenitic stainless steel of the present disclosure includes silicon carbide (SiC), silicon dioxide (SiO.sub.2), molybdenum trioxide (MoO.sub.3), titanium dioxide (TiO.sub.2), nickel oxide (NiO) and magnesium oxide (MgO). During welding, a heat source is provided to a joint of two workpieces, so as to melt the welding flux used for austenitic stainless steel into a molten pool between these two workpieces. The molten pool forms a weld after cooling, such that the two workpieces are joined together to form a weldment, thus finishing the welding operation. Due to utilizing of the welding flux used for austenitic stainless steel, a weld is formed with a high surface hardness, resulting in improved abrasion resistance.

[0029] Specifically, the welding flux used for austenitic stainless steel includes 20-40 wt. % SiC. During welding, SiC tends to flow to the surface of the weld, enhancing the surface hardness of the resultant weld. Hence, abrasion resistance of the weld is consequently improved. Meanwhile, since SiC mainly distributes on surface of the weld, fracture toughness of the weld is not affected; hence brittle fracture of the weldment does not occur easily. However, excess of SiC may reduce the joint penetration, and may also adversely affect corrosion resistance of the weld. Based on the above concerns, the content of SiC in the welding flux used for austenitic stainless steel should be set at a proper ratio to the other components, such that the surface hardness of the weld can be improver without affecting the joint penetration and corrosion resistance of the resultant weld.

[0030] Accordingly, the welding flux used for austenitic stainless steel further includes 20-30 wt. % SiO.sub.2 for sufficiently increasing depth and reducing width of the weld; 25-30 wt. % MoO.sub.3 for further improving depth of the weld; 5-10 wt. % TiO.sub.2 for further improving depth and corrosion resistance of the weld; 2-10 wt. % NiO for maintaining weld depth and further improving corrosion resistance of the weld; and 1-5 wt. % MgO for further enhancing the surface hardness of the weld.

[0031] Since welding flux used for austenitic stainless steel of the present disclosure includes SiC in combination with SiO.sub.2, MoO.sub.3, TiO.sub.2, NiO and MgO, and since all the components are set at a certain proportion, the surface hardness of the weld formed thereby can be enhanced without affecting the joint penetration and corrosion resistance of the resultant weld.

[0032] Furthermore, SiC used in the welding flux used for austenitic stainless steel can be in the form of powder in nanoscale, such as a SiC powder having a particle size of 20-40 nm. In this way, SiC powder can be properly mixed with other components. Hence, the surface hardness of the weld can be improved while maintaining the joint penetration.

[0033] The welding flux used for austenitic stainless steel of the present disclosure can be utilized in any known welding process, such as TIG welding. The welding flux used for austenitic stainless steel can be uniformly applied on the surfaces of the workpieces before welding, with details provided below.

[0034] With references to FIG. 1, before performing the welding operation, the respective edges 11, 11 of two workpieces 1, 1 can be abutted with each other, and the welding flux used for austenitic stainless steel 2 can be applied by a brush B to the joint of the two workpieces 1, 1. The welding flux used for austenitic stainless steel 2 can be dispersed in a solution or a gel, such as dispersed in ethanol to form a paste-like slurry, for uniformly applying the welding flux used for austenitic stainless steel 2 to the joint of the two workpieces 1, 1. The welding operation can be carried afterwards.

[0035] With further references to FIGS. 2A, 2B, 2C and 2D, the welding flux used for austenitic stainless steel 2 can be joined with a filler metal F to produce a flux-coated rod (or a flux-cored wire) 3, which is used in the TIG welding. The flux-coated rod (or flux-cored wire) 3 can be produced by filling the welding flux used for austenitic stainless steel 2 in the hollow, cylindrical filler metal F as shown in FIG. 2A; or by coating the welding flux used for austenitic stainless steel 2 around the cylindrical filler metal F as shown in FIG. 2B. Alternatively, a sheet of filler metal F is rolled into an annular form and envelopes the welding flux used for austenitic stainless steel 2 as shown in FIG. 2C. Furthermore, a sheet of filler metal F is rolled into an annular form and envelopes the welding flux used for austenitic stainless steel 2, with a filler metal F including at least one inwardly extending end 31 received in the welding flux used for austenitic stainless steel 2 as shown in FIG. 2D. Providing with the flux-coated rod (or flux-cored wire) 3, the welding flux used for austenitic stainless steel can be utilized in an automatic operation, thus significantly improving production efficiency.

[0036] With references to FIG. 3A, the flux-coated rod (or flux-cored wire) can be utilized with a tungsten electrode E for providing a heat source, such that the filler metal F and the welding flux used for austenitic stainless steel 2 melt together to form the molten pool between the edges 11, 11 of the two workpieces 1, 1. The molten pool is cooled down to room temperature, resulting in a soundness weld. As shown in FIG. 3B, a deep, narrow weld 12 is thus formed with a high D/W ratio.

[0037] To validate that the welding flux used for austenitic stainless steel of the present disclosure is certainly suitable for welding austenitic stainless steel and can improve the surface hardness of the weld without affecting the joint penetration and corrosion resistance of the resultant weld, the following experiments are carried out.

[0038] (A) The Effect of the Content of SiC

[0039] In the series of experiments, the compositions of the welding fluxes of Samples A1-A4 are listed in Table 1. Sample A1 represents welding without welding flux, and Sample A2 represents welding using 100% SiC as the welding flux. Sample A3 uses a conventional welding flux, while Sample A4 represents the welding flux used for austenitic stainless steel of the present disclosure.

TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 The composition of each welding flux in Samples A1-A4 Sample wt. % of each component No. SiC SiO.sub.2 MoO.sub.3 TiO.sub.2 NiO MgO A1 0 0 0 0 0 0 A2 100 0 0 0 0 0 A3 0 35 30 20 10 5 A4 25 30 20 15 5 5

[0040] In this experiment, AISI 304 stainless steel is cut by a band-sawing machine into specimens with 150150 mm dimensions, for an 6 mm thick plate. Single-pass, autogenous TIG welding is carried out using semi-automatic equipment, in which a welding torch is moved along the centerline of the specimen to produce a bead-on-plate weld. The arc length is maintained at 2 mm. The welding current and travel speed are selected to be at 180 A and 140 mm/min, respectively. The shielding gas is high-purity grade argon gas. Following welding, the specimens are cut at a section perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of a weld. All samples are then mounted, ground, polished and etched. The weld profile is photographed using a stereo microscope, and its size is measured using a toolmaker's microscope. Each sample is further analyzed for surface hardness, corrosion potential and corrosion current density of the resultant weld.

[0041] Table 2 shows the depth, width, D/W ratio, surface hardness, corrosion potential and corrosion current density of each weld in Sample A1-A4 described. The depth of weld indicates the maximal depth perpendicular to the weld surface. The width is the maximal horizontal width of the weld surface. The D/W ratio of weld is the value of the depth divided by the width.

TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 The results of analysis of Samples A1-A4 Corrosion Surface Corrosion Current Sample Depth Width D/W Hardness Potential Density No. (mm) (mm) Ratio (Hv) (V) (A/cm.sup.2) A1 2.21 9.60 0.23 179 0.63 4.36 10.sup.5 A2 2.84 8.84 0.32 326 0.99 7.89 10.sup.5 A3 6.48 6.01 1.08 186 0.51 3.97 10.sup.5 A4 5.81 6.39 0.90 234 0.65 4.54 10.sup.5

[0042] FIGS. 4-7 show cross sectional views of the samples in Samples A1-A4. As can be seen in the figures, the welds of Samples A1 and A2 cannot completely penetrate the joint of the two workpieces, thus they are not suitable in practice. In contrast, the welds in Samples A3 and A4 completely penetrate the joint of the two workpieces, which comply with the basic requirement of welding.

[0043] According to the results provided above, when the welding is carried out without using any welding flux (i.e. Sample A1), the weld thus formed is shallow and wide. In the case that 100% SiC is used as the welding flux (i.e. Sample A2), though the surface hardness of the weld is increased, the weld D/W ratio decreases at the same time, with the decreased corrosion potential and increased corrosion current density. While the welding flux without SiC contained (i.e. Sample A3) is sufficient to form a deep, narrow weld, the surface hardness of the resultant weld still needs to be improved. Since the welding flux used for austenitic stainless steel of the present disclosure (i.e. Sample A4) includes the components set at the certain proportion, the surface hardness is significantly enhanced over those samples using no welding flux or using the conventional welding flux, while the corrosion resistance of the resultant does not significantly decrease.

[0044] (B) The Effect of the Proportion of the Components

[0045] In the series of experiments, the compositions of the welding fluxes in Samples B1-B5 are listed in Table 3. Samples B1, B4 and B5 contain the same components as the present disclosure, while the proportions of them are not within the claimed range. Samples B2 and B3 represent the welding flux used for austenitic stainless steel of the present disclosure. The welding conditions are set the same as in the experiment series (A) above.

TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 The composition of the welding flux in Samples B1-B5 Sample wt. % of each component No. SiC SiO.sub.2 MoO.sub.3 TiO.sub.2 NiO MgO B1 15 30 25 15 10 5 B2 25 30 20 15 5 5 B3 40 25 15 10 5 5 B4 50 20 15 5 5 5 B5 65 10 10 5 5 5

[0046] Table 4 below shows the depth, width, D/W ratio, surface hardness, corrosion potential and corrosion current density of each weld in Samples B1-B5. The definitions of depth, width and D/W ratio are the same as the experiment series (A) above.

TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 The results of analysis of Samples B1-B5 Corrosion Surface Corrosion Current Sample Depth Width D/W Hardness Potential Density No. (mm) (mm) Ratio (Hv) (V) (A/cm.sup.2) B1 5.92 6.31 0.94 193 0.59 4.11 10.sup.5 B2 5.81 6.39 0.90 234 0.65 4.54 10.sup.5 B3 5.27 6.46 0.82 260 0.70 5.91 10.sup.5 B4 4.60 6.41 0.72 262 0.74 6.16 10.sup.5 B5 4.33 6.78 0.64 272 0.88 7.12 10.sup.5

[0047] According to the above results, it is clear that when the content of SiC in the welding flux does not reach the weight ratio of 20-40% (i.e. Sample B1), the surface hardness of the weld is significantly lower than those within the claimed range of the present disclosure (i.e. Samples B2 and B3). Such a low surface hardness of the weld in Sample B1 shows inadequate abrasion resistance. In the case that the content of SiC exceeds the claimed range of the present disclosure (i.e. Samples B5), the joint penetration is insufficient, and the corrosion resistance is also reduced. Furthermore, Sample B4 has the contents of all the components set within the claimed range of the present disclosure, except for the content of SiC. However, the content of SiC in Sample B4 exceeds the claimed range, the weld depth is only 4.60 mm, while the surface hardness of the resultant weld is not significantly improved, and the weld D/W ratio drops dramatically.

[0048] Hence, it can be proved that since the present disclosure uses these components set at the certain proportion, the surface hardness of the weld formed can be dramatically increased without affecting the joint penetration and weld D/W ratio, thus providing the weld with excellent abrasion resistance. Meanwhile, the corrosion resistance of the weld is still remained without being significantly affected.

[0049] In summary, since the welding flux used for austenitic stainless steel of the present disclosure contains SiC in combination with SiO.sub.2, MoO.sub.3, TiO.sub.2, NiO and MgO, the D/W ratio and surface hardness of the weld can be consequently improved, thus reducing angular deformation of the weldment and enhancing abrasion resistance of the weld.

[0050] Since SiC, SiO.sub.2, MoO.sub.3, TiO.sub.2, NiO and MgO contained in the welding flux used for austenitic stainless steel are set at the certain proportion, the surface hardness of the weld can be increased while maintaining the joint penetration and corrosion resistance of the resultant weld, thus improving the welding quality.

[0051] Although the invention has been described in detail with reference to its presently preferable embodiments, it will be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art that various modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and the scope of the invention, as set forth in the appended claims.