Multicolour Printing Process and a Liquid Toner Composition

Abstract

The digital printing process includes the printing of liquid toner on both substrate sides. Thereto developed portions of a first and a second liquid toner are transferred to the first side and fused by exposure to infrared radiation and by subsequent contact fusing. The substrate is conditioned for a further transfer step by maintaining a substantially uniform water content therein during and after the fusing step, in which further transfer step at least one further developed portion of liquid toner is transferred to a side of the substrate. This occurs particularly by limiting heat development in the liquid toner, such as by using a black toner liquid with an absorbance at 800 nm of at most than 0.8.

Claims

1. A multicolour digital printing process comprising providing a first and a second liquid toner, each of which comprises toner particles and a substantially non-polar carrier liquid, wherein said first liquid toner comprises black toner particles and wherein said second liquid toner comprises toner particles in a colour different than black, transferring developed portions of the first and the second liquid toner to a first side of a substrate, fusing said developed portions of the first and the second liquid toner into first and second toner films adhered on the substrate, comprising the steps of exposing the first side of the substrate to infrared radiation, and subsequent contact fusing, and thereafter carrying out a further transfer step, wherein at least one further developed portion of liquid toner is transferred to a side of the substrate, wherein the substrate is conditioned for the further transfer step by limiting heating up of the first film, such that the first and the second toner films warm up under exposure to the infrared irradiation to temperatures differing at most 15 C.

2. The multicolour digital printing process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the substrate conditioning involves maintaining a substantially uniform water content in the substrate, between substrate areas below the first film and substrate areas below the second film.

3. The multicolour printing process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the carrier liquid is chosen to have a boiling temperature above the temperature reached in the fusing step.

4. The multicolour printing process as claimed in claim 3, further comprising the step of removing carrier liquid mechanically from the substrate.

5. The multicolour printing process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the process is further controlled such that the first and second toner film warm up in the first fusing step to temperatures of at least 70 C.

6. The multicolour printing process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the further transfer step occurs to the other side of the substrate.

7. The multicolour printing process as claimed in claim 6, wherein the further transfer step involves a transfer of developed portions of at least a first and a second liquid toner.

8. The multicolour printing process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the further transfer step comprises fusing said developed portions of liquid toner into toner film adhered on the second side of the substrate, which fusing comprises the steps of exposing the second side of the substrate to infrared radiation, and subsequent contact fusing.

9. The multicolour printing process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the first liquid toner has an absorbance at 800 nm of at most 0.8, after application on a substrate and fusing to obtain a optical density in the range of 1.8 and 1.9 in the visual range, which absorbance is defined as a logarithmic ratio of an intensity of reflected light from the printed substrate to an intensity of reflected light from the unprinted substrate.

10. The multicolour printing process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the first liquid toner comprises black toner particles with at most 20 wt % carbon black (CB7) pigment relative to the total pigment in the first liquid toner.

11. The multicolour printing process as claimed in claim 10, wherein the black toner particles comprise a mixture of cyan, yellow and magenta pigment, and wherein the amount of cyan, yellow and magenta pigment is in total more than 60 wt % of the total pigment in the first liquid toner.

12. The multicolour printing process as claimed in claim 11, wherein the first liquid toner comprises black toner particles containing 20-35 wt % pigment or dye.

13. The multicolour printing process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the toner particles have a volume based median particle size (dv50) of 1.5-2.5 m.

14. The multicolour printing process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the substrate is moved relative to transfer and fusing stations in use for the transfer and fusing steps with a linear speed of at least 0.5 m/s.

15. A multicolour digital printing apparatus comprising: a first transfer station for transfer of a developed portion of a first liquid toner to a first side of a substrate; a second transfer station for transfer of a developed portion of a second liquid toner to the first side of the substrate a fusing station comprising a source of infrared radiation emitted to the first side of the substrate, and means for contact fusing in the form of a plurality of heated rollers, so as to convert the first and second liquid toner into first and second toner films adhered to the substrate, and further comprising downstream of said fusing station: at least one further transfer station for transfer of a developed portion of liquid toner to a side of the substrate; a further fusing station comprising a source of infrared radiation emitted to the first side of the substrate, and means for contact fusing in the form of a plurality of heated rollers, wherein the multicolour digital printing apparatus further comprises a control device for controlling the fusing station, such that the first and the second toner films warm up under exposure to the infrared irradiation to temperatures differing at most 15 C.

16.-28. (canceled)

29. The multicolour printing process as claimed in claim 14, wherein the substrate is moved relative to the transfer and fusing stations with a linear speed of at least 1.0 m/s.

30. The multicolour printing apparatus as claimed in claim 15, wherein the control device is configured for controlling the source of infrared radiation.

31. The multicolour digital printing apparatus as claimed in claim 15, further comprising a liquid removal unit for removal of liquid from the substrate.

32. The multicolour digital printing apparatus as claimed in claim 31, wherein the liquid removal unit is arranged downstream of the source of infrared irradiation and upstream of the means for contact fusing.

33. The multicolour digital printing apparatus as claimed in claim 31, wherein the liquid removal unit comprises a means for applying a voltage difference over the liquid toner dispersion.

Description

INTRODUCTION TO THE FIGURES

[0029] These and other aspects of the invention will be further elucidated with reference to the figures, which are diagrammatical in nature and not drawn to scale and wherein:

[0030] FIG. 1 is a schematic view illustrating a first embodiment of the invention;

[0031] FIG. 2 is a schematic view illustrating a further embodiment of the invention.

DETAILED DISCUSSION OF ILLUSTRATED EMBODIMENTS

[0032] The Figures are not drawn to scale and purely diagrammatical in nature. Equal reference numerals in different Figures refer to equal or corresponding features.

[0033] FIG. 1 illustrates diagrammatically a first embodiment of a digital printing apparatus of the invention, for setting out in more detail the overall process of the invention. The apparatus shown in FIG. 1 comprises a reservoir 100, a feed member 120, a toner member 130, an imaging member 140, an intermediate member 150 and a support member 160. A substrate 199 is transported between intermediate member 150 and support member 160. The substrate is suitably a paper substrate, i.e. comprising cellulose-fibers, or a substrate comprising a paper backing. Both the development member 130 and the imaging member 140 and also the intermediate member 150 can function as the first member according to the invention, and are shown to be provided with a removal device 133, 146, 153, and with treatment means 132, 240, 250, 260. Without loss of generality, the aforementioned members are illustrated and described as rollers, but the skilled person understands that they can be implemented differently, e.g. as belts.

[0034] In operation, an amount of liquid toner dispersion, initially stored in a liquid toner dispersion reservoir 100, also called main reservoir, is applied via a feed member 120, to a development member 130, an imaging member 140, and an optional intermediate member 150, and finally to a substrate 199. The development member 130, imaging member 140, and intermediate member 150 all transfer part of the liquid toner dispersion 100 adhering to their surface to their successor; the part of the liquid toner dispersion 100 that remains present on the member's surface, i.e. the excess liquid toner dispersion, which remains after selective, imagewise transfer, is removed after the transfer stage by appropriate means. The development member 130, the imaging member 140 and the intermediate member 150 may all act as the first member.

[0035] The charging of the toner on the development roll is done by charging device 131. This charging device can be a corona or a biased roll. By charging the toner the liquid toner dispersion splits into an inner layer at the surface adjacent of the development member 130 and an outer layer. The inner layer is richer in toner particles and the outer layer is richer in carrier liquid. The transition between these two layers may be gradual.

[0036] Upon transfer of the liquid toner dispersion from the development member 130 to the imaging member 140, excess liquid toner dispersion is left on the development member 130. Ideally, this excess liquid toner dispersion is present only in non-image areas, i.e. areas not corresponding to the image to be printed on the substrate, which is specified by the imaging member. However, it is not excluded that a thin layer remains on the development roller 130 at the area of the transferred image.

[0037] FIG. 1 further shows a discharging corona 132 that is provided downstream of the area of the rotational contact between the toner roller 130 and the imaging roller 140. The discharging corona 132 is suitable for changing/removing the charge in the dispersion. Further, downstream of the discharge corona 132 there is provided an additional member 240. In this example, the additional member is embodied as a loosening roller, which is provided with a rubbing portion. This is useful for improvement of mixing of the excess liquid toner dispersion with the added spacer agent. Similar loosening rollers 250, 260, which could be simply addition rollers without a dedicated rubbing portion, are present in rotational contact with the imaging member 140 and the intermediate member 150 respectively. Thereafter, a removal device is present, which most suitably is a scraper 133. The removed material is preferably recycled into fresh liquid toner.

[0038] A sensitive step in the printing process is the fusing of the liquid toner. This fusing is to result in coalescence of the toner particles on the paper. Typically use is made of a heat treatment that takes place shortly before, during or more preferably shortly after the transfer of the dispersion to the substrate. The term coalescence refers herein to the process wherein toner particles melt and form a film or continuous phase that adheres well to the substrate and that is separated from any carrier liquid. Suitably, the carrier liquid is thereafter removed in a separate step, for instance by means of rollers, by means of blowing off the carrier liquid, by means of suction. Suitably, this process occurs at high speed, for instance 50 cm/s or more, so as to enable high-speed printing. During the fusing it is necessary to avoid formation of an emulsion, since an emulsion does not give a good printing image because film formation is omitted. The presence of the spacer agent(s) does not or not significantly interfere with this filming behaviour at elevated temperature.

[0039] According to the invention, the fusing is carried out by means of a combination of non-contact coalescence in the form of infrared irradiation and contact fusing. Preferably use is made of a source of infrared radiation in the near-infrared range (NIR), such as with a wavelength of up to 2000 nm. It was found that such sources can be operated fast enough so as to enable a high-speed process. One type of suitable infrared sources is carbon lamps. The non-contact coalescence results in the formation of a film that is already adhered to the substrate. The contact fusing enhances the adhesion and improves gloss of the film.

[0040] In one embodiment of the invention, use is made of a liquid removal unit 650 that removes liquid from the substrate 199. One important advantage of carrier liquid removal is that this carrier liquid may be recycled and reused within the machine. The liquid removal unit 650 is suitably embodied as a member that is in rotational contact with the substrate, or at least with an outer layer of the liquid toner dispersion transferred to the substrate. It is deemed suitable to provide a counter-member 690 at the opposed side of the substrate 199. The liquid removal unit 650 is particularly provided upstream of a contact fusing unit 670. In this manner formation of a ghost fusing image is prevented, which is believed to be due thereto, that too much carrier liquid is available in the liquid toner dispersion during fusing, especially when a plurality of liquid toner dispersionstransferred from separate imaging stagesare present on top of each other on the substrate 199. The inventors have observed that, in order to avoid ghost fusing patterns, removing the carrier liquid before non-contact fusing is much more adequate than removing the carrier liquid during contact-fusing, i.e. by means of hot rollers. Moreover, the amount of liquid to be removed may be controlled in dependence of the substrate type.

[0041] In one embodiment, the non-contact type fusing is preceded by the liquid removal on the substrate. This increases the efficiency of the non-contact coalescence that any non-contact fusing may be carried out in an efficient manner. Moreover, because of the combination of liquid removal and non-contact coalescence, the heat requirement of this coalescence step will be somewhat reduced, as less carrier liquid is present. In another embodiment, the non-contact type fusing precedes the liquid removal. This order has the advantage that the liquid removal may be highly efficient. The infrared irradiation will induce film formation so that no electric field may be needed for the layer removal. Moreover, this order increases the time between the irradiation step and the contact fusing (in comparison to the other alternative or no liquid removal at all). That allows that the film formation may have longer duration, i.e. that the dispersing agent is further dissolved into the binder resin and particles have further fused at the start of the contact fusing. Furthermore, and not unimportantly, it has been observed that the film formation upon IR irradiation results in liberation of carrier liquid hidden or dispersed around the toner particles through chemisorption of the carrier liquid by the dispersing agents on the surface. Carrying out any liquid removal step subsequent to the IR irradiation thus enables removal of this liberated carrier liquid.

[0042] In a further implementation of this preferable embodiment, a first carrier liquid removal unit is provided upstream of the means for non-contact coalescence and a second carrier liquid removal unit is provided downstream of said means for non-contact coalescence but upstream of the means for contact-fusing. The order of steps is then a first carrier liquid removal step, a non-contact coalescence step, a second carrier liquid removal step and a contact fusing step. This implementation further reduces the possibility of ghost fusing to occur.

[0043] In a preferred embodiment, use is made of a liquid removal unit 650 comprising means for applying a voltage difference over the liquid toner dispersion. This means are suitably embodied as an electrical conductor coupled to any voltage source. The counter-member 690 herein constitutes the counter electrode. The voltage is herein applied in such a manner that the charged toner particles are pushed to the substrate 199, such that carrier liquid and toner particles are split up between a first and a second layer. The second, outer layer of carrier liquid may then be removed with the removal unit 650. The removal unit 650 may thereto be porous, and could further comprise means for absorption or suction. Alternatively, the carrier liquid may be adhered to a surface of the rotational member of the removal unit 650, and therewith be removed. The adhered liquid film will again be removed from the rotational member. This can be done, in one suitable embodiment with a scraper device.

[0044] Rather than applying a positive or negative voltage to the removal unit 650, the unit could be coupled to ground, whereas an appropriate voltage is applied to the counter-member 690.

[0045] Rather than applying a voltage difference continuously, this could be done under the control of a control device, particularly for situations, in which a large volume of toner is transferred to the substrate 199 and a large volume of carrier liquid is to be removed. Such situations could for instance be the situations wherein the number of colours (applied from different imaging stages) exceeds a predefined number. Furthermore, such situations could involve situations wherein the pattern results in transfer of a high amount of liquid toner to the substrate; this is the case wherein the pattern is rather full instead of being predominantly empty. Photos typically contain a rather full pattern, whereas the printing of letterhead on paper is an example of a rather empty pattern.

[0046] In a further implementation, the liquid toner dispersion is subjected to a further charging treatment after its transfer to the substrate 199 and before removal of carrier liquid in the liquid removal unit 650. The charging treatment is for instance applied by means of a charging unit (not shown), and is for instance a corona treatment. Such a treatment ensures that the charged toner particles are pushed or drawn to the substrate 199.

[0047] FIG. 2 shows a further view of the apparatus in a further embodiment. In fact, this FIG. 2 shows the apparatus on a higher level. While FIG. 1 specified in fact the operation of a single transfer station for a single liquid toner in combination with the fusing, FIG. 2 discloses the overall layout comprises a first section 300 with a plurality of transfer stations 301-304 and the fusing station 660, 670, as well as a second section 700 with again a plurality of transfer stations 701-704 and a fusing station 760, 770. A turning unit 680 is present between the first section 300 and the second section 700 so as to turn the paper upside down. Such a turning unit 680 is however not indispensable. Rather, in the event that the second section 700 is foreseen to print additional colours to the same side of the paper 199, this is not needed.

[0048] Each of the transfer stations 301-304 and 701-704 is foreseen for transfer of liquid toner of a specific colour to the substrate 199. Each transfer station is organized as shown in FIG. 1, with a development member, an image member 140 (also known as photoconductor), an intermediate transfer member 150 and a counter member 160. For sake of clarity, only the image member 140, the intermediate transfer member 150 and the counter member 160 are shown in this FIG. 2. A liquid removal unit 650, 750 is present between the means for non-contact coalescence 660, 760, more particularly the infrared irradiation unit, and the contact fusing unit 670, 770. Herewith, carrier liquid liberated from the toner particles in the film formation process resulting from the heating by means of infrared radiation can be removed. Roller 690, 790 is present for stability purposes in this embodiment. The contact fusing station 670, 770 is provided, according to the shown example, with a series of four pairs of heated rollers 671-674, 771-774. These rollers are suitably heated, for instance by means of heat radiation, so as to operate at the desired temperature. While, in one embodiment, all rollers 671-674 are operated at the same temperature, this is not strictly necessary.

[0049] It will be understood that variations to this general layout are not excluded. A third section could be added. Each section could contain a number of transfer stations different from four. Furthermore, additional liquid removal units may be present. Furthermore, it is not deemed necessary, though believed beneficial for the sake of uniformity, that the first section 300 and the second section 700 are fully identical.

EXAMPLES

[0050] Characterization of the Liquid Toner

[0051] Tests were carried out with the digital printing process and apparatus as described in the foregoing. Herein, the liquid toner composition was characterized by means of its absorbance at 800 nm, its viscosity, its glass transition temperature, and its optical density.

[0052] Absorbance

[0053] The absorbance is defined as the logarithmic ratio of the intensity of the reflected light of a printed sample relative to the intensity of the reflected light of an sample free of printing. The absorbance is measured with a Stellarnet spectrofotometer type Black comet model C in reflection mode at 800 nm, using a R600-8-UVVIS-SR reflectance probe held at a 45 angle.

[0054] The samples used in the absorbance test were prepared by application of a toner layer by a bar coater on a 170 gsm coated paper commercially available from UMP under the tradename Digifinesse. The thickness of the layer was adjusted to obtain an optical density after fusing between 1.8 and 1.85 as measured with a Gretag D19C densitometer. The image was fused in an oven heated to 125 C. during 5 minutes.

[0055] Viscosity

[0056] The dynamic viscosity || of the toner particle is measured (in mPa.Math.s) at 100 C. during a temperature sweep from 80 to 120 C. in an oscillatory mode in a plate-plate geometry of 25 mm at a frequency of 1 Hz with a rheometer type AR2000 from TA Instruments.

[0057] The toner particle is prepared for the viscosity measurement by first pressing the particle into a pellet of approximately 1 mm thick. The toner particle has a particle size of approximately 10 m This pellet is put between the plates of the rheometer followed by a temperature equilibration at 80 C. for 10 min before starting the measurement.

[0058] Glass Transition Temperature

[0059] The glass transition temperature T.sub.g of the toner particle is measured according to ASTM D3418 with a model Q20 from TA instruments.

[0060] Optical Density

[0061] The optical density of the printed toner film, as prepared in accordance with Example 3, in the manner corresponding to FIGS. 1 and 2, is measured with a Gretag densitometer type D19C. This apparatus performs a diffuse reflection measurement, not including specular reflection. A liquid toner layer of 4.5 to 5 m was applied on the development roller 130 as shown in FIG. 1.

Example 1Preparation of the Liquid Toner Compositions

[0062] A liquid toner dispersion comprising a toner particle, a carrier liquid and a dispersing agent is prepared. The ingredients used to prepare the toner particles and the liquid toner dispersions are summarized in Table 1.

TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 ingredients Name Description Polymer PM1 polyester resin with an acid value of 12 mg KOH/g, a Tg of 60 C. (1) and a Tm of 99.8 C. (1) Additive AD1 Toluene sulfonamide Pigment PIG1 Pigment black 7 (carbon black) PIG2 PB 15:3 (cyan) PIG3 PY185 (yellow) PIG4 PR57:1 (magenta) PIG5 PO72 (orange) PIG6 PB61 (blue) PIG7 PB25 (brown) PIG8 SB45 (black dye) Dispersing DA1 polymeric dispersing agents with a polyethylenimine Agent backbone and polyhydroxystearate grafts having a base equivalent (2) of 560-620 Liquid LIQ1 mineral oil having a viscosity of 5 mPas measured at 1 Hz at 25 C. (1) measured according to ASTM D3418 (2) the amount of dispersing agent that is needed to neutralize 1 mol of acid

[0063] Table 2 shows the composition of the toner particles. The toner particles are prepared by kneading the ingredients of Table 2 at a temperature of 100 to 120 C. for 45 minutes. This mixture is cooled down and milled down to obtain particles with a size of about 10 m using a fluidized bed mill. Toner particles 1 and 5-12 are black toner particles. Toner particles 2, 3 and 4 are magenta, yellow and cyan.

TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Composition of toner particles Toner particle PM1 pig 1 pig 2 pig 3 pig 4 pig 5 pig 6 pig 7 pig 8 AD1 1 77 17 6 2 82 12 6 3 82 12 6 4 79 15 6 5 77 6 6 6 6 6 62 10 10 10 8 7 62 9 7 7 7 8 8 62 4.5 8.5 8.5 8.5 8 9 62 30 8 10 62 5 5 5 15 8 11 62 10 20 8 12 62 7 7 7 4.5 4.5 8

[0064] The prepared toner particles 112 were used for the preparation of liquid toner dispersions LD1LD12. Herein, the toner particles 1, 5-12 were black toner particles. First, a pre-dispersion of the ingredients shown in Table 3 is prepared by stirring the ingredients during 10 minutes at room temperature. The pre-dispersion is thereafter brought into a liquid milling device. The liquid toner dispersion is milled down with a bead mill type PML2 from Buhler AG with a tip speed of 5 to 9 m/s to a obtain a volume based median particle size (dv50) of 1.5 to 2.5 m. Finally, the liquid toner dispersions are diluted with the liquid LIQ1 to obtain a solid content of 25%.

TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 liquid toner dispersion concentrate composition toner particles dispersing agent carrier liquid amount amount amount type (wt %) type (wt %) Liquid (wt %) LD1 to 12 Marking 35 DA1 3 LIQ1 62 particle 1 to 12

Example 2Characterization of the Liquid Toner Compositions

[0065] The liquid toner compositions LD1-LD12 were characterized by means of their physical properties: optical density, absorbance, viscosity and glass transition temperature. It is observed for sake of clarity that the toners 2, 3 and 4 have a significantly lower toner particle viscosity, which is due to the lower pigment concentration. It is further observed that the LD toners 8 and 10, while including a different mixture of pigments demonstrate an absorbance at 800 nm that is relatively similar. The same observation is made for the toners LD6 and LD9, even though LD6 contains a pigment mixture and LD9 contains a dye.

TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 physical properties of liquid toner compositions Viscosity Optical Absorbance (*, mPa .Math. s) of toner Tg LD toner density at 800 nm particle at 100 C. ( C.) 1* 1.85 1.55 1980 48 2 1.47 0.12 725 47.3 3 1.42 0.18 847 46.8 4 1.53 0.15 930 48.2 5** 1.16 0.19 1578 47.1 6 1.81 0.24 2320 40.4 7* 1.94 1.09 1874 39.8 8 1.83 0.57 2089 41.1 9 1.9 0.22 2723 42.2 10** 1.24 0.63 2210 38.9 11* 1.62 1.12 2157 39.2 12 1.75 0.25 1925 39.7 *comparative examples **very low optical density (lower than 1.3), not preferred.

Example 3Printing Test with the Liquid Toner Compositions

[0066] This example was carried out with a printing apparatus as shown in FIG. 2

[0067] A liquid toner composition with a solid content of 25 wt % is applied to a development roller, so as to form a toner layer with a thickness of 5 m. The liquid toner is transferred to the imaging member (140) according to the pattern defined on the imaging member as the latent image. The pattern is a so called colour patch, which is a strip in the specified colour with a width of 3 cm and a length of at least 20 cm. The colour patches of different colours were designed so as to be printed on a single substrate adjacent to each other. This was done to minimize the effect of the substrate. The liquid toners used as specified in Table 5.

TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 5 Black Cyan Yellow Magenta Print liquid Liquid liquid liquid IR duty sample toner toner toner toner cycle 1 LD 1 LD 2 LD 3 LD 4 80 2 LD5 LD 2 LD 3 LD 4 80 3 LD6 LD 2 LD 3 LD 4 80 4 LD7 LD 2 LD 3 LD 4 80 5 LD8 LD 2 LD 3 LD 4 80 6 LD9 LD 2 LD 3 LD 4 80 7 LD10 LD 2 LD 3 LD 4 80 8 LD11 LD 2 LD 3 LD 4 80 9 LD12 LD 2 LD 3 LD 4 80 10 LD 1 LD 2 LD 3 LD 4 60

[0068] This visual image is then transferred via an intermediate transfer member (150) to the substrate (199), as indicated schematically hereinabove with reference to FIG. 1. The substrate was a coated paper substrate of 115 gsm, which is commercially available from UPM under the tradename Digifinesse. The station 660 for non-contact coalescence included six carbon lamps for infrared radiation, each of which had a maximum power of 150 kW/m2. No liquid removal unit was present. The contact fusing unit 670 included six pairs of rollers operated at 120 C. The linear speed of the substrate along the fusing unit was 1 m/s. The duty cycle of the infrared radiation is specified in Table 5 for each print sample.

[0069] Subsequently, the second side of the substrate is printed. Herein, use is made again of a pattern of colour patches of different colours. The colour patches printed on the second side extend in a direction perpendicular to those printed on the first side to check which colour combination possibly results in a more difficult or inhomogeneous transfer in the second tower.

Example 4Test Methods of the Printed Samples

[0070] The temperature of the different colourpatches was measured by a non contact IR thermometer type Proscan 510 immediately after the exposure to the infrared irradiation on the first side and before contact fusing.

[0071] Ghost transfer is reviewed after the printing including fusing on the second side. The ghost transfer is observed visually by inspecting the difference in transfer at the backside between areas, where black is printed and where no black is printed at the first side.

[0072] The result is ranked as follows from 1 (no ghost transfer) to 5 (ghost transfer):

[0073] 1=very good: no difference

[0074] 2=good: almost no difference

[0075] 3=acceptable: small difference is observed

[0076] 4=not acceptable: clear difference is observed

[0077] 5=very bad: very clear difference

[0078] Adhesion of the printed image was tested by means of a tape test. This tape test is performed according the FINAT test method no 21 (see www.finat.com). Use is made of 3M Scotch 810 Magic tape.

Example 5Test Results of the Printed Samples

[0079] The results of the temperature sensing of the patches on the first side, the ghost transfer on the second side and the adhesion strength are listed in Table 6. Further included is the absorbance of the liquid toner.

TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 6 results from the printing test Absorbance Temperature ( C.) Temperature difference ( C.) Print at 800 nm Sub- cyan Black Cyan- Black- Black- Ghost Adhe- sample Black strate patch patch substrate substrate Cyan transfer sion 1* 1.55 77 78 119 1 42 41 5 1 2 0.19 78 80 83 2 5 3 1 1 3 0.24 79 79 86 0 7 7 1 2 4* 1.09 77 78 102 1 25 24 4 1 5 0.57 77 79 88 2 11 9 2 1 6 0.22 78 80 85 2 7 5 1 2 7 0.63 78 79 89 1 11 10 2 1 8* 1.12 76 77 105 1 29 28 4 1 9 0.25 76 78 86 2 10 8 1 2 10* 1.55 65 66 89 1 24 23 3 4 *not according to the invention

[0080] The results demonstrate that good printing results are achieved when the temperature difference between the patches of black and cyan is less than 15 C. This result turns out to correspond well with the absorbance test of the liquid toner. It is further shown in print sample 10, that the reduction of the infrared duty cycle to 60% tends to improve the printing on the second side, but against an unacceptable decreased adhesion strength. This not merely confirms the relevance of the temperature difference as indicator, but also implies that the infrared radiation is needed for correct fusing of the liquid toners of the invention. The lower duty cycle moreover results in a lower temperature of the substrate and the cyan patch. This implies that there is a high risk for bad adhesion or coalescence. Therefore, the temperature of the substrate having colours is preferably at least 70 C., so as to achieve proper fusing, for samples processed in accordance with the protocol set out in Example 3.

[0081] Thus in summary, the invention relates to a multicolour digital printing process. The process comprises (1) providing a first and a second liquid toner, each of which comprising toner particles and a substantially non-polar carrier liquid, wherein said first liquid toner comprises black toner particles and wherein said second liquid toner comprises toner particles in a colour different to black; (2) transferring developed portions of the first and the second liquid toner to a first side of a substrate; (3) fusing said developed portions of the first and the second liquid toner into first and second toner films adhered on the substrate, comprising the steps of exposing the first side of the substrate to infrared radiation, and subsequent contact fusing, and thereafter; (4) carrying out a further transfer step, wherein at least one further developed portion of liquid toner is transferred to a side of the substrate. Herein the substrate is conditioned for the further transfer step by maintaining a substantially uniform water content therein during and after the fusing step. Particularly, the conditioning of the substrate occurs by limiting heating up of the first film, thereby avoiding that the first toner film acts as a heat source for the underlying substrate portion. More particularly, first and second toner films warm up under the exposure to the infrared radiation to temperatures differing at most 15 C. One way of achieving this is a reduction in carbon black content of the first liquid toner, for instance to at most 20 wt % of the total amount of pigment (also including dyes).