SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR PRODUCING ELECTRICAL DISCHARGES IN COMPOSITIONS

Abstract

Systems and methods configured to produce electrical discharges in compositions, such as those, for example, configured to produce electrical discharges in compositions that comprise mixtures of materials, such as a mixture of a material having a high dielectric constant and a material having a low dielectric constant (e.g., a composition of a liquid having a high dielectric constant and a liquid having a low dielectric constant, a composition of a solid having a high dielectric constant and a liquid having a low dielectric constant, and similar compositions), and further systems and methods configured to produce materials, such as through material modification and/or material synthesis, in part, resulting from producing electrical discharges in compositions.

Claims

1. A system for producing a voltage difference comprising: a container; an electrode configured to be at least partially disposed in the container and configured to be coupled to a power supply; and a gas supply system configured to be at least partially disposed in the container and configured to be coupled to a power supply, the gas supply system comprising: a first gas pipe comprising: a first end having an opening; and a second end configured to be coupled to a gas source; and a bore extending through the second end and the first end; where, if the first gas pipe is coupled to a gas source and the gas supply system is at least partially disposed in the container, gas from the gas source can be passed through the bore of the first gas pipe and into the container; a second gas pipe comprising: a first end having an opening; and a second end configured to be coupled to a gas source; and a bore extending through the second end and the first end; and where, if the second gas pipe is coupled to a gas source and the gas supply system is at least partially disposed in the container, gas from the gas source can be passed through the bore of the second gas pipe and into the container; and where the system is configured, to produce a voltage difference between at least a portion of the gas supply system and the electrode.

2. The system of claim 1, where the second gas pipe can be positioned such that the first pipe is disposed at least partially within the bore of the second gas pipe such that a channel is formed between the first gas pipe and the second gas pipe.

3. The system of claim 2, where the electrode is at least partially disposed in the container and coupled to a power supply, the first gas pipe is coupled to a gas source and is at least partially disposed in the container, and the second gas pipe is coupled to a gas source and is at least partially disposed in the container, and where the second gas pipe is positioned such that the first pipe is disposed at least partially within the bore of the second gas pipe such that a channel is formed between the first gas pipe and the second gas pipe.

4. The system of claim 2, where the container is configured to accommodate a composition comprising a liquid having a low dielectric constant and a liquid having a high dielectric constant.

5. The system of claim 4, where the liquid having a low dielectric constant is an organic liquid, and the liquid having a high dielectric constant is an organic liquid.

6. The system of claim 3, where a composition is disposed in the container between the gas supply system and the electrode, and the composition comprises a liquid having a low dielectric constant and a liquid having a high dielectric constant.

7. The system of claim 6, where the liquid having a low dielectric constant is an organic liquid, and the liquid having a high dielectric constant is an organic liquid.

8. The system of claim 2, where the container is configured to accommodate a composition comprising a liquid having a low dielectric constant and a solid having a high dielectric constant.

9. The system of claim 8, where the liquid having a low dielectric constant is an organic liquid, and the solid having a high dielectric constant is a packed solid.

10. The system of claim 3, where a composition is disposed in the container between the gas supply system and the electrode, and the composition comprises a solid having a high dielectric constant and a liquid having a low dielectric constant.

11. The system of claim 10, where the liquid having a low dielectric constant is an organic liquid, and the solid having a high dielectric constant is a packed solid.

12. The system of claim 6, where the first end of the first gas pipe is configured such that, if the system is activated, a nonuniform electrical field is produced between the gas supply system and the electrode.

13. The system of claim 12, where the first end of the first gas pipe is configured such that, if the system is activated, a nonuniform electrical field is produced between the gas supply system and the electrode.

14. A system for producing an electrical discharge through a composition comprising: a power supply; a reactor comprising: a container; an electrode at least partially disposed in the container and coupled to the power supply; and a gas supply system at least partially disposed in the container and coupled to the power supply; and a composition disposed in the container between the gas supply system and the electrode, where the composition comprises a liquid having a low dielectric constant and at least one of a liquid having a high dielectric constant and a solid having a high dielectric constant; where the system is configured, if activated, to produce a voltage difference between at least a portion of the gas supply system and the electrode.

15. The system of claim 14, where the liquid having a high dielectric constant has a dielectric constant of greater than 10.

16. The system of claim 14, where the liquid having a low dielectric constant has a dielectric constant of less than or equal to 10.

17. The system of claim 14, where the solid has a dielectric constant of greater than 10.

18. The system of claim 14, where the solid is at least one of substantially cylindrical, substantially rectangular, and substantially spherical shape.

19. The system of claim 14, where at least a portion of the gas supply system is substantially pointed such that at least a portion of the gas supply narrows from an end to another end.

20. A method for producing an electrical discharge through a composition comprising: disposing a composition, which comprises a liquid having a low dielectric constant and at least one of a liquid having a high dielectric constant and a solid having a high dielectric constant, in a reactor, where the reactor comprises: a container; disposing an electrode at least partially in the container; and disposing a gas supply system at least partially in the container; and activating the reactor such that a voltage difference is produced between the gas supply system and the electrode.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0015] The following drawings illustrate by way of example and not limitation. For the sake of brevity and clarity, every feature of a given structure is not always labeled in every figure in which that structure appears. Identical reference numbers do not necessarily indicate an identical structure. Rather, the same reference number may be used to indicate a similar feature or a feature with similar functionality, as may non-identical reference numbers. At least some of the figures depict graphical symbols or representations that will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art.

[0016] FIG. 1 depicts an embodiment of the present systems that are configured to produce electrical discharges in compositions, where the compositions comprise a liquid having a low dielectric constant and a liquid having a high dielectric constant.

[0017] FIG. 2 depicts an embodiment of the present systems that are configured to produce electrical discharges in compositions, where the compositions comprise a liquid having a low dielectric constant and a solid having a high dielectric constant.

DESCRIPTION OF ILLUSTRATIVE EMBODIMENTS

[0018] Referring now to the drawings, and more particularly to FIG. 1, shown therein as numeral 10a is one embodiment of the present systems. In the embodiment shown, system 10a comprises power supply 14a (e.g., a high voltage power supply), which can be configured to provide, for example, from 0 to 200 kilovolts of power to system 10a. Though depicted as one symbol in FIG. 1, power supply 14a can comprise one or more power sources. Further, power supply 14a can be one or more of an alternating current (AC) power supply, a direct current (DC) power supply, and/or a pulsed power supply.

[0019] In the embodiment shown in FIG. 1, system 10a further comprises reactor 18a. Reactor 18a comprises container 22a, which is electrically insulated, electrode 26a, which is configured to be at least partially disposed in container 22a and configured to be coupled to power supply 14a (and is at least partially disposed in container 22a and coupled to power supply 14a in the embodiment shown), and gas supply system 30a, which is configured to be at least partially disposed in container 22a and configured to be coupled to power supply 14a (and is at least partially disposed in container 22a and coupled to power supply 14a in the embodiment shown). Though depicted as one symbol in FIG. 1, electrode 26a can comprise one or more electrodes having the same sizes and shapes or different sizes and shapes. For example, in the embodiment shown, electrode 26a comprises a plate-like configuration; however, in other embodiments, electrode 26a can comprise any suitable configuration, such as a needle-like configuration, a rod-like configuration, and the like. Further, electrode 26a may comprise, for example, copper alloys, graphite, any metal having a high melting point (e.g., steel, stainless steel, tungsten, platinum), and/or other suitable materials.

[0020] In the embodiment shown in FIG. 1, system 10a (and, more specifically, gas supply system 30a) comprises gas pipe 34a, which can be at least partially disposed in container 22a (and is at least partially disposed in container 22a in the embodiment shown). Gas pipe 34a includes first end 38a and second end 42a. First end 38a of gas pipe 34a has opening 46a through which fluid (e.g., gas) can exit gas pipe 34a. Second end 42a of gas pipe 34a is configured to be coupled to gas source 50a (and is coupled to gas source 50a in the embodiment shown). Gas source 50a may comprise one or more containers of gas. Further, if gas source 50a comprises one container of gas, gas source 50a may comprise one or more types of gas in the container. Similarly, if gas source 50a comprises more than one containers of gas, the more than one containers of gas may have the same or different types of gas, and each of the containers can have one or more types of gas in the container. Gas pipe 34a also includes bore 54a extending through second end 42a and first end 38a of gas pipe 34a. If gas pipe 34a is coupled to gas source 50a and is at least partially disposed in container 22a, as depicted in the embodiment shown, gas from gas source 50a may be passed through bore 54a of gas pipe 34a and into container 22a. Gas from gas source 50a may comprise, for example, hydrogen, carbon dioxide, helium, argon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrocarbon gas, and/or any suitable noble gas or mixtures thereof. In the embodiment shown, first end 38a of gas pipe 34a is substantially pointed (e.g., at least a portion of the width of gas pipe 34a narrows from second end 42a to first end 38a). However, in other embodiments, first end 38a of gas pipe 34a may comprise any suitable shape such that, if system 10a is activated, a nonuniform electrical field is produced between gas supply system 30a and electrode 26a.

[0021] In the embodiment shown in FIG. 1, system 10a (and, more specifically, gas supply system 30a) comprises gas pipe 58a, which can be at least partially disposed in container 22a (and is at least partially disposed in container 22a in the embodiment shown). Gas pipe 58a includes first end 62a and second end 66a. First end 62a of gas pipe 58a has opening 70a through which fluid (e.g., gas) can exit gas pipe 58a. Second end 66a of gas pipe 58a is configured to be coupled to gas source 50a (and is coupled to gas source 50a in the embodiment shown). As above, gas source 50a may comprise one or more containers of gas. Further, if gas source 50a comprises one container of gas, gas source 50a can comprise one or more types of gas in the container. Similarly, if gas source 50a comprises more than one containers of gas, the more than one containers of gas may have the same or different types of gas, and each of the containers may have one or more types of gas in the container. Gas pipe 58a also includes bore 74a extending through second end 66a and first end 62a of gas pipe 58a. If gas pipe 58a is coupled to gas source 50a and is at least partially disposed in container 22a, as depicted in the embodiment shown, gas from gas source 50a may be passed through bore 74a of gas pipe 58a and into container 22a. Gas pipe 34a and gas pipe 58a can be coupled to the same or different containers of gas (e.g., such that the same or different types of gas can pass through gas pipe 34a and gas pipe 58a). As above, gas from gas source 50a may comprise, for example, hydrogen, carbon dioxide, helium, argon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrocarbon gas, and/or any suitable noble gas. In some embodiments, such as the embodiment shown, gas pipe 58a may be positioned such that gas pipe 34a is disposed at least partially within bore 74a of gas pipe 58a such that channel 78a is formed between gas pipe 34a and gas pipe 58a. In the embodiment shown, gas pipe 34a and gas pipe 58a share a longitudinal axis (e.g., gas pipe 34a is concentric with gas pipe 58a). However, in other embodiments, gas pipe 34a and gas pipe 58a may have different substantially longitudinal axes (e.g., such that channel 78a between gas pipe 34a and gas pipe 58a does not have a uniform width).

[0022] In the embodiment shown in FIG. 1, container 22a may be configured to accommodate (and is depicted as accommodating) a composition that comprises a liquid (e.g., an organic or inorganic liquid) having a low dielectric constant (e.g., alkane hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons, and alkene hydrocarbons, and the like) and a liquid (e.g., an organic or inorganic liquid) having a high dielectric constant (e.g., water). Mixing a liquid having a high dielectric constant with a liquid having a low dielectric constant raises the effective dielectric constant of the composition above the dielectric constant of the liquid having a low dielectric constant. Varying the dielectric constant of the liquid having a high dielectric constant and/or the liquid having a low dielectric constant varies the effective dielectric constant of the composition, and such a variance can affect the voltage difference that is necessary to achieve electrical discharge in the composition. In the embodiment shown, the composition is disposed in container 22a, at least some of which is between gas supply system 30a and electrode 26a. In the embodiment shown, the liquid having a high dielectric constant has a dielectric constant of greater than 10 (e.g., 10.001, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, or more). For example, some liquids having a high dielectric constant include water (approximate dielectric constant of 80.4), acetone (approximate dielectric constant of 20.7), alcohol, ethyl (ethanol) (approximate dielectric constant of 24.3), alcohol, methyl (methanol) (approximate dielectric constant of 33.1), alcohol, propyl (approximate dielectric constant of 21.8), cresol (approximate dielectric constant of 10.6), ethylene glycol (approximate dielectric constant of 37), and the like. In the embodiment shown, the liquid having a low dielectric constant has a dielectric constant of less than or equal to 10 (e.g., 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, or less). For example, some liquids having a low dielectric constant include acetic acid (approximate dielectric constant of 6.2), naphthalene (approximate dielectric constant of 2.5), benzene (approximate dielectric constant of 2.3), butane (approximate dielectric constant of 1.4), caproic acid (approximate dielectric constant of 2.6), castor oil (approximate dielectric constant of 4.7), cotton seed oil (approximate dielectric constant of 3.1), decane (approximate dielectric constant of 2.0), dodecane (approximate dielectric constant of 2.0), gasoline (approximate dielectric constant of 2.0), heptane (approximate dielectric constant of 1.9), hexane (approximate dielectric constant of 2.0), jet fuel (approximate dielectric constant of 1.7), octane (approximate dielectric constant of 2.0), toluene (approximate dielectric constant of 2.4), olive oil (approximate dielectric constant of 3.1), and the like. The liquid having a low dielectric constant and the liquid having a high dielectric constant can be mixed, for example, by mechanical agitation, magnetic agitation, one or more acoustic waves (e.g., supersonic waves), and/or any other suitable mixing device.

[0023] In the embodiment shown, system 10a is configured such that, if activated, system 10a produces a voltage difference in reactor 18a and between at least a portion of gas supply system 30a and electrode 26a. Such a voltage difference in reactor 18a may cause electrical discharge in the composition. The present systems and methods permit electrical discharge in a composition to be achieved at lower voltage differences. For example, electrical discharge can be achieved in heptane with a voltage difference of approximately 20 kilovolts. By contrast, with the present systems and methods, electrical discharge can be achieved in a composition comprising heptane and water with a voltage difference of approximately 8 kilovolts.

[0024] The present systems and methods are also configured to produce materials (e.g., material modification and/or material synthesis) due to an electrical discharge in a composition. As previously discussed, gas from gas source 50a can comprise, for example, hydrogen, carbon dioxide, helium, argon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrocarbon gas, and/or any suitable noble gas. Gas from gas source 50a may enter container 22a through gas pipe 34a (e.g., via bore 54a) and/or through gas pipe 58a (e.g., via channel 78a and/or bore 74a) to produce bubbles in reactor 18a, at least some of which are between electrode 26a and gas supply system 30a. If system 10a is activated, power from power supply 14a may be supplied to at least a portion of gas supply system 30a such that a voltage difference is produced between the at least a portion of gas supply system 30a and electrode 26a. Such a voltage difference produces an electrical field (e.g., in bubbles of gas from gas source 50a, in liquid having a high dielectric constant, and/or in liquid having a low dielectric constant) and may cause electrical discharge in the composition, which encourages, for example, material modification and/or material synthesis. For example, gas supply system 30a can supply oxygen and methane into reactor 18a to produce materials such as oxygen atoms, hydrogen radicals, CH radicals, CH.sub.2 radicals, CH.sub.3 radicals. As another example, gas supply system 30a can supply oxygen into reactor 18a, in which there is a composition of heptane and water, to produce materials such as H.sub.2, CO, CH.sub.4, and ethane as a gas, and heptanol and heptanone as a liquid. Other compositions and/or gas combinations can be used to produce other materials, such as ozone, H.sub.2O.sub.2, OFF, and

[0025] Referring now to FIG. 2, shown therein as numeral 10b is another embodiment of the present systems. In the embodiment shown, system 10b comprises power supply 14b (e.g., a high voltage power supply), which can be configured to provide, for example, from 0 to 200 kilovolts of power to system 10b. Though depicted as one symbol in FIG. 2, power supply 14b may comprise one or more power sources. Further, power supply 14b can be one or more of an alternating current (AC) power supply, a direct current (DC) power supply, and/or a pulsed power supply.

[0026] In the embodiment shown in FIG. 2, system 10b further comprises reactor 18b. Reactor 18b comprises container 22b, which is electrically insulated, electrode 26b, which may be configured to be at least partially disposed in container 22b and configured to be coupled to power supply 14b (and is at least partially disposed in container 22b and coupled to power supply 14b in the embodiment shown), and gas supply system 30b, which may be configured to be at least partially disposed in container 22b and configured to be coupled to power supply 14b (and is at least partially disposed in container 22b and coupled to power supply 14b in the embodiment shown). Though depicted as one symbol in FIG. 2, electrode 26b may comprise one or more electrodes having the same sizes and shapes or different sizes and shapes. For example, in the embodiment shown, electrode 26b comprises a plate-like configuration; however, in other embodiments, electrode 26b can comprise any suitable configuration, such as a needle-like configuration, a rod-like configuration, and the like. Further, electrode 26b may comprise, for example, copper alloys, graphite, any metal having a high melting point (e.g., steel, stainless steel, tungsten, platinum), and/or other suitable materials.

[0027] In the embodiment shown in FIG. 2, system 10b (and, more specifically, gas supply system 30b) comprises gas pipe 34b, which can be at least partially disposed in container 22b (and is at least partially disposed in container 22b in the embodiment shown). Gas pipe 34b includes first end 38b and second end 42b. First end 38b of gas pipe 34b has opening 46b through which fluid (e.g., gas) may exit gas pipe 34b. Second end 42b of gas pipe 34b is configured to be coupled to gas source 50b (and is coupled to gas source 50b in the embodiment shown). Gas source 50b may comprise one or more containers of gas. Further, if gas source 50b comprises one container of gas, gas source 50b can comprise one or more types of gas in the container. Similarly, if gas source 50b comprises more than one containers of gas, the more than one containers of gas may have the same or different types of gas, and each of the containers may have one or more types of gas in the container. Gas pipe 34b also includes bore 54b extending through second end 42b and first end 38b of gas pipe 34b. If gas pipe 34b is coupled to gas source 50b and is at least partially disposed in container 22b, as depicted in the embodiment shown, gas from gas source 50b can be passed through bore 54b of gas pipe 34b and into container 22b. Gas from gas source 50b may comprise, for example, hydrogen, carbon dioxide, helium, argon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrocarbon gas, and/or any suitable noble gas or mixtures thereof. In the embodiment shown, first end 38b of gas pipe 34b is substantially pointed (e.g., at least a portion of the width of gas pipe 34b narrows from second end 42b to first end 38b). However, in other embodiments, first end 38b of gas pipe 34b may comprise any suitable shape such that, if system 10b is activated, a nonuniform electrical field is produced between gas supply system 30b and electrode 26b.

[0028] In the embodiment shown in FIG. 2, system 10b (and, more specifically, gas supply system 30b) comprises gas pipe 58b, which may be at least partially disposed in container 22b (and is at least partially disposed in container 22b in the embodiment shown). Gas pipe 58b includes first end 62b and second end 66b. First end 62b of gas pipe 58b has opening 70b through which fluid (e.g., gas) can exit gas pipe 58b. Second end 66b of gas pipe 58b is configured to be coupled to gas source 50b (and is coupled to gas source 50b in the embodiment shown). As above, gas source 50b may comprise one or more containers of gas. Further, if gas source 50b comprises one container of gas, gas source 50b may comprise one or more types of gas in the container. Similarly, if gas source 50b comprises more than one containers of gas, the more than one containers of gas may have the same or different types of gas, and each of the containers may have one or more types of gas in the container. Gas pipe 58b also includes bore 74b extending through second end 66b and first end 62b of gas pipe 58b. If gas pipe 58b is coupled to gas source 50b and is at least partially disposed in container 22b, as depicted in the embodiment shown, gas from gas source 50b may be passed through bore 74b of gas pipe 58b and into container 22b. Gas pipe 34b and gas pipe 58b may be coupled to the same or different containers of gas (e.g., such that the same or different types of gas may pass through gas pipe 34b and gas pipe 58b). As above, gas from gas source 50b may comprise, for example, hydrogen, carbon dioxide, helium, argon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrocarbon gas, and/or any suitable noble gas or mixtures thereof. In some embodiments, such as the embodiment shown, gas pipe 58b may be positioned such that gas pipe 34b is disposed at least partially within bore 74b of gas pipe 58b such that channel 78b is formed between gas pipe 34b and gas pipe 58b. In the embodiment shown, gas pipe 34b and gas pipe 58b share a substantially longitudinal axis (e.g., gas pipe 34b is substantially concentric with gas pipe 58b). However, in other embodiments, gas pipe 34b and gas pipe 58b may have different longitudinal axes (e.g., such that channel 78b between gas pipe 34b and gas pipe 58b does not have a uniform width).

[0029] In the embodiment shown in FIG. 2, container 22b may be configured to accommodate (and is depicted as accommodating) a composition that comprises a liquid (e.g., an organic or inorganic liquid) having a low dielectric constant (e.g., alkane hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons, and alkene hydrocarbons, and the like) and a solid (e.g., a packed solid) having a high dielectric constant. Mixing a solid having a high dielectric constant with a liquid having a low dielectric constant raises the effective dielectric constant of the composition above the dielectric constant of the liquid having a low dielectric constant. Varying the dielectric constant of the solid having a high dielectric constant and/or the liquid having a low dielectric constant varies the effective dielectric constant of the composition, and such a variance can affect the voltage difference necessary to achieve electrical discharge in the composition. The solid (e.g., packed solid) may comprise any suitable shape, such as substantially cylindrical, substantially rectangular, and substantially spherical. In the embodiment shown, the composition is disposed in container 22b, at least some of which is between gas supply system 30b and electrode 26b. In the embodiment shown, the solid (e.g., packed solid) having a high dielectric constant has a dielectric constant of greater than 10 (e.g., 10.001, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, or more). For example, some solids having a high dielectric constant include titanium dioxide (approximate dielectric constant of 86 to 173), strontium titanate, (approximate dielectric constant of 310), barium titanate (approximate dielectric constant of 1250 to 10,000), lead zirconium titanate (approximate dielectric constant of 500 to 6,000), calcium copper titanate (approximate dielectric constant of 250,000), and the like. In the embodiment shown, the liquid having a low dielectric constant has a dielectric constant of less than or equal to 10 (e.g., 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, or less). For example, as explained above, some liquids having a low dielectric constant include acetic acid (approximate dielectric constant of 6.2), naphthalene (approximate dielectric constant of 2.5), benzene (approximate dielectric constant of 2.3), butane (approximate dielectric constant of 1.4), caproic acid (approximate dielectric constant of 2.6), castor oil (approximate dielectric constant of 4.7), cotton seed oil (approximate dielectric constant of 3.1), decane (approximate dielectric constant of 2.0), dodecane (approximate dielectric constant of 2.0), gasoline (approximate dielectric constant of 2.0), heptane (approximate dielectric constant of 1.9), hexane (approximate dielectric constant of 2.0), jet fuel (approximate dielectric constant of 1.7), octane (approximate dielectric constant of 2.0), toluene (approximate dielectric constant of 2.4), olive oil (approximate dielectric constant of 3.1), and the like. The liquid having a low dielectric constant and the solid having a high dielectric constant may be mixed, for example, by mechanical agitation, magnetic agitation, one or more acoustic waves (e.g., supersonic waves), and/or any other suitable mixing device.

[0030] In the embodiment shown, system 10b may be configured such that, if activated, system 10b produces a voltage difference in reactor 18b and between at least a portion of gas supply system 30b and electrode 26b. Such a voltage difference in reactor 18b may cause electrical discharge in the composition. The present systems and methods permit electrical discharge in a composition to be achieved at lower voltage differences.

[0031] The present systems and methods are also configured to produce materials (e.g., material modification and/or material synthesis) due to an electrical discharge in a composition. As previously discussed, gas from gas source 50b may comprise, for example, hydrogen, carbon dioxide, helium, argon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrocarbon gas, and/or any suitable noble gas. Gas from gas source 50b can enter container 22b through gas pipe 34b (e.g., via bore 54b) and/or through gas pipe 58b (e.g., via channel 78b and/or bore 74b) to produce bubbles in reactor 18b, at least some of which are between electrode 26b and gas supply system 30b. If system 10b is activated, power from power supply 14b may be supplied to at least a portion of gas supply system 30b such that a voltage difference is produced between the at least a portion of gas supply system 30b and electrode 26b. Such a voltage difference produces an electrical field (e.g., in bubbles of gas from gas source 50b, at contact points between a solid (e.g., a packed solid) having a high dielectric constant, and/or in liquid having a low dielectric constant) and can cause electrical discharge in the composition, which encourages, for example, material modification and/or material synthesis.

[0032] The present disclosure further includes methods for producing an electrical discharge through compositions. Such methods may comprise disposing a composition, which comprises a liquid (e.g., an organic or inorganic liquid) having a low dielectric constant and at least one of a liquid (e.g., an organic or inorganic liquid) having a high dielectric constant and a solid (e.g., a packed solid) having a high dielectric constant, in a reactor (e.g., reactor 18a and reactor 18b), where the reactor comprises a container (e.g., container 22a and container 22b), an electrode (e.g., electrode 26a and electrode 26b) disposed in the container, and a gas supply system (e.g., gas supply system 30a and gas supply system 30b) at least partially disposed in the container; and activating the reactor such that a voltage difference is produced between the gas supply system and the electrode. In some embodiments, the liquid having a low dielectric constant is an organic liquid. In some embodiments, the liquid having a high dielectric constant is an organic liquid. In some embodiments, the solid having a high dielectric constant is a packed solid. The present methods may further comprise mixing the composition by mechanically agitating and/or magnetically agitating the composition and/or mixing the composition, for example, by producing at least one acoustic wave (e.g., at least one supersonic wave) to pass through the composition. In some embodiments, the gas supply system comprises a first gas pipe (e.g., gas pipe 34a and gas pipe 34b) comprising a first end having an opening, a second end configured to be coupled to a gas source and a bore extending through the second end and the first end, where gas from a gas source may be passed through the bore of the first gas pipe and into the container. In some embodiments, the gas system comprises a second gas pipe (e.g., gas pipe 58a and gas pipe 58b) comprising a first end having an opening, a second end configured to be coupled to a gas source, and a bore extending through the second end and the first end, where gas from a gas source may be passed through the bore of the second gas pipe and into the container. In some embodiments, the second gas pipe may be positioned such that the first pipe is disposed at least partially within the bore of the second gas pipe such that a channel is formed between the first gas pipe and the second gas pipe. In some embodiments, the methods further comprise introducing gas from a gas source (e.g., gas source 50a and gas source 50b) into the gas supply system such that the gas may enter the container. In some embodiments, the gas source comprises a noble gas, hydrogen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, helium, oxygen, hydrocarbon gas, and/or argon or mixtures thereof. Some embodiments of the methods comprise introducing gas from a gas source into the first gas pipe and the second gas pipe such that gas may be introduced into the container in at least three different locations. In some embodiments, the liquid (e.g., an organic or inorganic liquid) having a high dielectric constant has a dielectric constant of greater than 10. In some embodiments, the liquid (e.g., an organic or inorganic liquid) having a low dielectric constant has a dielectric constant of less than or equal to 10. In some embodiments, the solid (e.g., a packed solid) has a dielectric constant of greater than 10. In some the composition is mixed by mechanical agitation. In some embodiments, the solid (e.g., a packed solid) is at least one of substantially cylindrical, substantially rectangular, and substantially spherical. In some embodiments, the liquid (e.g., an organic or inorganic liquid) having a low dielectric constant comprises at least one of alkane hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons, and alkene hydrocarbons. In some embodiments, the liquid having a low dielectric constant comprises heptane and the liquid having a high dielectric constant comprises water, and the methods further comprise activating the reactor such that a voltage difference of 10 kilovolts or less is produced between the gas supply system and the electrode to produce an electrical discharge in the composition. In some embodiments, the liquid having a low dielectric constant comprises heptane and the liquid having a high dielectric constant comprises water, and the method further comprising introducing oxygen from the gas supply system into the reactor; and activating the reactor such that at least one of H.sub.2, CO, CH.sub.4, heptanol, and heptanone is produced.

[0033] The above specification and examples provide a complete description of the structure and use of exemplary embodiments. Although certain embodiments have been described above with a certain degree of particularity, or with reference to one or more individual embodiments, those skilled in the art could make numerous alterations to the disclosed embodiments without departing from the scope of this invention. As such, the various illustrative embodiments of the present systems and methods are not intended to be limited to the particular forms disclosed. Rather, they include all modifications and alternatives falling within the scope of the claims, and embodiments other than the ones shown may include some or all of the features of the depicted embodiments. For example, components may be combined as a unitary structure and/or connections may be substituted. Further, where appropriate, aspects of any of the examples described above may be combined with aspects of any of the other examples described to form further examples having comparable or different properties and addressing the same or different problems. Similarly, it will be understood that the benefits and advantages described above may relate to one embodiment or may relate to several embodiments.

[0034] The claims are not intended to include, and should not be interpreted to include, means-plus- or step-plus-function limitations, unless such a limitation is explicitly recited in a given claim using the phrase(s) means for or step for, respectively.