REACTION PRODUCTS AND USE OF SAME IN DEFOAMER COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS FOR DEFOAMING

Abstract

Reaction products of an optionally alkoxylated alcohol, a polyalkylene alcohol and a linker can be used in various applications such as defoamers. Methods of making the reaction products and defoamer compositions including the reaction products, and methods of using the reaction products to reduce or prevent foam in a composition are also disclosed. The reaction products can be used with an organic solvent or without an organic solvent to provide low VOC compositions.

Claims

1. The product of reacting: (a) a compound of Formula I,
R.sup.1OH wherein R.sup.1 is an aliphatic group containing from 4 to 36 carbon atoms; (b) a compound of Formula II,
H(OR.sup.2).sub.mOH wherein R.sup.2 is ethylene, propylene, butylene, or a combination thereof, and m is a number from 1 to 50, and (c) a linking compound of Formula III,
R.sup.3(X).sub.3 wherein R.sup.3 is an alkanetriyl group containing from 3 to 10 carbon atoms, and wherein each X is independently a halogen, or two carbon atoms from the R.sup.3 group and an oxygen atom form an epoxy group.

2. The product of claim 1, wherein R.sup.1 is an alkyl group containing from 4 to 22 carbon atoms.

3. The product of claim 2, wherein the alkyl group contains from 8 to 12 carbon atoms.

4. The product of any of claims 1-3, wherein Formula III is epichlorohydrin.

5. The product of any of claims 1-4, wherein m is a number from 1-25.

6. The product of any of claims 1-5, wherein OR.sup.2 includes ethyleneoxy.

7. The product of any of claims 1-6, wherein OR.sup.2 includes propyleneoxy.

8. The product of any of claims 1-3, wherein the compound of Formula II is defined as:
H[OR.sup.202].sub.x[OR.sup.203].sub.yOH wherein R.sup.202 is an ethylene group, R.sup.203 is a propylene group, x is a number from 1-25, y is a number from 1-25.

9. The product of any of claims 1-8, wherein the mole ratio of Formula III to Formula I present in the reaction is from 0.4:1 to 1.5:1.

10. The product of claim 9, wherein the mole ratio of Formula III to Formula I present in the reaction is from 0.6:1 to 1.2:1.

11. The product of any of claims 1-10, wherein the compound of Formula II is present in the reaction in an amount from 0.5% mol to 10% mol, based on the number of moles of the compound of Formula I.

12. A paint comprising the product of claim 1.

13. A method of making a defoamer composition, comprising reacting (a) a compound of Formula I,
R.sup.1OH wherein R.sup.1 is an aliphatic group containing from 4 to 36 carbon atoms; (b) a compound of Formula II,
H(OR.sup.2).sub.mOH wherein R.sup.2 is ethylene, propylene, butylene, or a combination thereof, and m is a number from 1 to 50, and (c) a linking compound of Formula III,
R.sup.3(X).sub.3 wherein R.sup.3 is an alkanetriyl group containing from 3 to 10 carbon atoms, and wherein each X is independently a halogen, or two carbon atoms from the R.sup.3 group and an oxygen atom form an epoxy group.

14. The method of claim 13, wherein the reaction further comprises a base.

15. The method of claim 14, wherein the base is sodium hydroxide.

16. The method of any of claims 14-15, wherein the mole ratio of base to Formula I present in the reaction is from 1.05:1 to 1.15:1.

17. The method of any of claims 13-16, wherein R.sup.1 is an alkyl group containing from 4 to 22 carbon atoms.

18. The method of claim 17, wherein the alkyl group contains from 8 to 12 carbon atoms.

19. The method of any of claims 13-18, wherein Formula III is epichlorohydrin.

20. The method of any of claims 13-19, wherein m is a number from 1-25.

21. The method of any of claims 13-20, wherein OR.sup.2 includes ethyleneoxy.

22. The method of any of claims 13-21, wherein OR.sup.2 includes propyleneoxy.

23. The method of any of claims 13-19, wherein the compound of Formula II is defined as:
H[OR.sup.202].sub.x[OR.sup.203].sub.yOH wherein R.sup.202 is an ethylene group, R.sup.203 is a propylene group, x is a number from 1-25, y is a number from 1-25.

24. The method of any of claims 13-23, wherein the mole ratio of Formula III to Formula I present in the reaction is from 0.4:1 to 1.5:1.

25. The method of claim 24, wherein the mole ratio of Formula II to Formula I present in the reaction is from 0.6:1 to 1.2:1.

26. The method of any of claims 13-25, wherein the compound of Formula II is present in the reaction in an amount from 0.5% mol to 10% mol, based on the number of moles of the compound of Formula I.

27. A method for reducing or preventing foam in a composition comprising adding to the composition, the product from a reaction comprising: (a) a compound of Formula I,
R.sup.1OH wherein R.sup.1 is an aliphatic group containing from 4 to 36 carbon atoms; (b) a compound of Formula II,
H(OR.sup.2).sub.mOH wherein R.sup.2 is ethylene, propylene, butylene, or a combination thereof, and m is a number from 1 to 50, and (c) a linking compound of Formula III,
R.sup.3(X).sub.3 wherein R.sup.3 is an alkanetriyl group containing from 3 to 10 carbon atoms, and wherein each X is independently a halogen, or two carbon atoms from the R.sup.3 group and an oxygen atom form an epoxy group.

28. The method of claim 27, further comprising a carrier capable of dissolving or dispersing the product.

29. The method of claim 28, wherein the carrier is selected from the group consisting of mineral oils, naphthenic oils, liquid hydrocarbons, silicon oils, polysiloxanes, modified polymethylsiloxanes, organosilicones, and combinations thereof.

30. The method of any of claims 27-29, further comprising a hydrophobic solid.

31. The method of claim 30, wherein the hydrophobic solid includes wax, silica, hydrophobized silica, or a combination thereof.

32. A method of making a defoamer composition, comprising reacting: (a) a compound of Formula II,
H(OR.sup.2).sub.mOH wherein R.sup.2 is ethylene, propylene, butylene, or a combination thereof, and m is a number from 1 to 50, (b) a linking compound of Formula III,
R.sup.3(X).sub.3 wherein R.sup.3 is an alkanetriyl group containing from 3 to 10 carbon atoms, and wherein each X is independently a halogen, or two carbon atoms from the R.sup.3 group and an oxygen atom form an epoxy group, and (c) a compound of Formula Ib,
R.sup.1(OR.sup.101).sub.nOH wherein R.sup.1 is an aliphatic group containing from 4 to 36 carbon atoms; R.sup.101 is ethylene, propylene, butylene, or a combination thereof, and n is a number from 0 to 50, and wherein the reaction does not include an organic solvent.

33. The method of claim 32, wherein n is a number from 1-25.

34. The method of claim 32, wherein the compound of Formula Ib is defined as:
H[OR.sup.102].sub.x[OR.sup.3].sub.yOH wherein R.sup.102 is an ethylene group, R.sup.103 is a propylene group, x is a number from 0-25, y is a number from 0-25, and wherein the sum of x+y is at least 1.

35. The method of claim 34, wherein the reaction product is free of VOC's.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0012] The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate several embodiments of the disclosure and together with the description, serve to explain the principles of the disclosure.

[0013] FIG. 1 is a bar graph showing a comparison of percent air entrapment in a<2 g/l VOC architectural paint formulation as a function of the defoaming agent added.

[0014] FIG. 2 is a bar graph showing a comparison of the effect of defoamer composition and defoamer loading on the percent air entrapment in an architectural paint formulation.

DESCRIPTION OF THE DISCLOSURE

[0015] As used in the specification and the appended claims, the singular forms a, an and the include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to an aliphatic group includes mixtures of aliphatic groups, and reference to the product from a reaction includes mixtures of two or more of such products, and the like.

[0016] In this specification and in the claims which follow, reference will be made to a number of terms which shall be defined to have the following meanings:

[0017] The term comprising and variations thereof as used herein are used synonymously with the term including and variations thereof and are open, non-limiting terms.

[0018] Optional or optionally means that the subsequently described event or circumstance may or may not occur, and that the description includes instances where said event or circumstance occurs and instances where it does not. For example, the phrase optionally substituted alkyl means that the alkyl group may or may not be substituted and that the description includes both unsubstituted lower alkyl and lower alkyl where there is substitution.

[0019] Alkyl, as used herein, refers to the radical of saturated or unsaturated aliphatic groups, including straight-chain alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl groups, branched-chain alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl groups, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, or cycloalkynyl (alicyclic) groups, alkyl substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, or cycloalkynyl groups, and cycloalkyl substituted alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl groups. Unless otherwise indicated, a straight chain or branched chain alkyl has 40 or fewer carbon atoms in its backbone (e.g., C.sub.4-C.sub.36 for straight chain, C.sub.4-C.sub.36 for branched chain), 36 or fewer carbon atoms, 30 or fewer carbon atoms, 28 or fewer carbon atoms, 26 or fewer carbon atoms, 24 or fewer carbon atoms, 22 or fewer carbon atoms, 20 or fewer carbon atoms, 16 or fewer carbon atoms, 12 or fewer carbon atoms, 10 or fewer carbon atoms, 8 or fewer carbon atoms, 6 or fewer carbon atoms, or 4 or fewer carbon atoms. In some embodiments, the chain has 1-6 carbons. Likewise, cycloalkyls have from 3-10 carbon atoms in their ring structure, and more preferably have 5, 6 or 7 carbons in the ring structure. The ranges provided above are inclusive of all values between the minimum value and the maximum value.

[0020] The term alkyl includes both unsubstituted alkyl and substituted alkyl, the latter of which refers to alkyl moieties having one or more substituents replacing a hydrogen on one or more carbons of the hydrocarbon backbone. Such substituents include, but are not limited to, halogen, hydroxyl, alkoxyl, amino, amido, amidine, imine, cyano, nitro, azido, sulfhydryl, alkylthio, sulfate, sulfonate, sulfamoyl, sulfonamido, and sulfonyl. The alkyl groups may also contain one or more heteroatoms within the carbon backbone. Examples include oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and combinations thereof. In certain embodiments, the alkyl group contains between one and four heteroatoms.

[0021] Aliphatic as used herein, refers to a monoradical of a non-aromatic, saturated or unsaturated, unbranched (straight-chain) or branched, substituted or unsubstituted, acyclic or cyclic chain having 1-40 carbon atoms (i.e., C.sub.1-40). Thus, as used herein, the term aliphatic encompasses the groups straight-chain alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl groups, branched-chain alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl groups, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, or cycloalkynyl (alicyclic) groups, alkyl substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, or cycloalkynyl groups, and cycloalkyl substituted alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl groups as defined herein. In certain embodiments, aliphatic refers to a C.sub.4-C.sub.36 aliphatic group. In certain embodiments, aliphatic refers to a C.sub.2-C.sub.20 aliphatic group. In certain embodiments, aliphatic refers to a C.sub.4-C.sub.10 aliphatic group. In certain embodiments, aliphatic refers to a C.sub.4-C.sub.8 aliphatic group. Unless otherwise specified, each instance of aliphatic is independently unsubstituted (unsubstituted aliphatic) or substituted (substituted aliphatic) with 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more substituents as described herein. Aliphatic group substituents include, but are not limited to, any of the monovalent or divalent substituents described herein, that result in the formation of a stable moiety.

[0022] Halogen, as used herein, refers to fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine.

[0023] The term substituted as used herein, refers to all permissible substituents of the compounds described herein. In the broadest sense, the permissible substituents include acyclic and cyclic, branched and unbranched, carbocyclic and heterocyclic, aromatic and nonaromatic substituents of organic compounds. Illustrative substituents include, but are not limited to, halogens, hydroxyl groups, or any other organic groupings containing any number of carbon atoms, preferably 1-14 carbon atoms, and optionally include one or more heteroatoms such as oxygen, sulfur, or nitrogen grouping in linear, branched, or cyclic structural formats. Representative substituents include alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, phenyl, substituted phenyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, halo, hydroxyl, alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, phenoxy, substituted phenoxy, aryloxy, substituted aryloxy, alkylthio, substituted alkylthio, phenylthio, substituted phenylthio, arylthio, substituted arylthio, cyano, isocyano, substituted isocyano, carbonyl, substituted carbonyl, carboxyl, substituted carboxyl, amino, substituted amino, amido, substituted amido, sulfonyl, substituted sulfonyl, sulfonic acid, phosphoryl, substituted phosphoryl, phosphonyl, substituted phosphonyl, polyaryl, substituted polyaryl, C.sub.3-C.sub.20 cyclic, substituted C.sub.3-C.sub.20 cyclic, heterocyclic, substituted heterocyclic, amino acid, peptide, and polypeptide groups.

[0024] The term linker, as used herein, refers to one or more polyfunctional, e.g., bi-functional or tri-functional molecules, which can be used to covalently couple two moieties. For example, a linking group may be used to covalently couple compounds of Formula I and Formula III.

[0025] The term defoamer, as used herein, includes the reduction and/or prevention of foam or foaming in aqueous systems. An aqueous system is any aqueous medium such as an aqueous solution, dispersion or emulsion.

[0026] Defoamer compositions that may be used for reduction and/or prevention of foam or foaming in aqueous systems are disclosed herein. The defoamer compositions can contain the in situ product(s) of reacting an alcohol, a polyalkylene glycol, and a linker.

[0027] The alcohol can be defined as a compound of Formula I:

R.sup.1OH

wherein R.sup.1 is an aliphatic group containing from 4 to 36 carbon atoms. The aliphatic group can be linear, branched, or cyclic. For example, the aliphatic group can be a straight-chain alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl groups; branched-chain alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl groups; cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, or cycloalkynyl groups; alkyl substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, or cycloalkynyl groups; cycloalkyl substituted alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl groups; a saturated heterocyclic group; an unsaturated heterocyclic group having one or more multiple bonds; a substituted saturated heterocyclic group; or a substituted unsaturated heterocyclic group having one or more multiple bonds. In some embodiments, R.sup.1 can be an alkyl group containing from 4 to 22 carbon atoms (e.g., R.sup.1 can contain 4 carbon atoms, 5 carbon atoms, 6 carbon atoms, 7 carbon atoms, 8 carbon atoms, 9 carbon atoms, 10 carbon atoms, 11 carbon atoms, 12 carbon atoms, 13 carbon atoms, 14 carbon atoms, 15 carbon atoms, 16 carbon atoms, 17 carbon atoms, 18 carbon atoms, 19 carbon atoms, 20 carbon atoms, 21 carbon atoms, 22 carbon atoms, or combinations thereof).

[0028] Representative examples of suitable alcohols include, but are not limited to butanol, pentanol, hexanol, heptanol, octanol, nonanol, decanol, undecanol, dodecanol, tridecanol, tetradecanol, pentadecanol, hexadecanol, heptadecanol, octadecanol, nonadecanol, eicosanol, fatty alcohol, and where the hydroxy group can be located at any carbon atom. The alcohols can be straight-chain (e.g., n-decanol), branched-chain (e.g., t-butanol), or cyclic (e.g., cyclohexanol); cyclic alcohols can be substituted with n-alkyl and/or branched alkyl groups, and cyclic alkanes can be substituted with one straight-chain alcohol or one branched alcohol, plus additional n-alkyl and/or branched alkyl groups. More specifically, suitable alcohols include, but are not limited to, 1-butanol, 1-pentanol, 1-hexanol, 1-heptanol, 1-octanol, 1-nonanol, 1-decanol, 1-undecanol, 1-dodecanol, 1-tridecanol, 1-tetradecanol, 1-pentadecanol, 1-hexadecanol, 1-heptadecanol, 1-octadecanol, 1-nonadecanol, 1-eicosanol, LOROL C8-C9, HD-OCENOL 90/95V, 2-ethylhexanol, or combinations thereof.

[0029] The alcohol used in the reaction can be a mixture of two or more compounds of Formula I. For example, the alcohol can be a mixture of compounds of Formula I with aliphatic groups from 4 to 22 carbon atoms, from 4 to 12 carbon atoms, from 5 to 10 carbon atoms, from 6 to 10 carbon atoms, from 6 to 12 carbon atoms, from 6 to 14 carbon atoms, from 6 to 16 carbon atoms, from 6 to 18 carbon atoms, from 8 to 18 carbon atoms, from 6 to 20 carbon atoms, from 8 to 9 carbon atoms, from 8 to 10 carbon atoms, from 8 to 12 carbon atoms, from 8 to 14 carbon atoms, from 8 to 16 carbon atoms, from 10 to 12 carbon atoms, from 10 to 13 carbon atoms, from 10 to 14 carbon atoms, or from 10 to 16 carbon atoms. Representative examples of suitable mixes of alcohols for use in the defoamer compositions include, but are not limited to, decanol and dodecanol, decanol and 2-ethylhexanol, dodecanol and 2-ethylhexanol, and decanol and Lutensol XL50.

[0030] The weight ratio of the two or more compounds of Formula I can be any suitable weight ratio. For example, the weight ratio of the two compounds of Formula I can be from 1:100 to 100:1 (e.g., 1:50, 1:20, 1:18, 1:16, 1:15, 1:14, 1:12, 1:10, 1:9, 1:8, 1:7, 1:6, 1:5, 1:4, 1:3, 1:2, 1:1, 1:0.5; 2:1, 3:1, 4:1, 5:1, 6:1, 7:1, 8:1, 9:1, 10:1, 12:1, 14:1, 16:1, 18:1, 20:1, 25:1, 50:1, or 100:1). For example, the alcohol can be a mixture of decanol and dodecanol with weight ratio ranging from 1:10 to 10:1, (e.g., the weight ratio can be 9:1, 3:1, 1:3, 1:9, or 1:1). In another embodiment, the alcohol can be a mixture of decanol and 2-ethylhexanol with weight ratio ranging from 1:10 to 10:1, (e.g., the weight ratio can be 9:1, 3:1, 1:3, 1:9, or 1:1). In another embodiment, the alcohol can be a mixture of dodecanol and 2-ethylhexanol with weight ratio ranging from 1:10 to 10:1, (e.g., the weight ratio can be 9:1, 3:1, 1:3, 1:9, or 1:1).

[0031] In some embodiments, the alcohol can include an alkoxylated alcohol, defined as a compound of Formula Ib:

R.sup.1(OR.sup.101).sub.nOH,

wherein R.sup.1 can be as described herein, R.sup.101 can be ethylene, propylene, butylene, or a combination thereof, and n can be a number from 0 to 50. For example, the OR.sup.101 group can be ethyleneoxy, 1-propyleneoxy, 2-propyleneoxy, 1-butyleneoxy, 2-butyleneoxy, or combinations thereof. The number of OR.sup.101 groups, that is, the value for n, can be 50 or less (e.g., 45 or less, 40 or less, 35 or less, 30 or less, 25 or less, 20 or less, 15 or less, 10 or less, 9 or less, 8 or less, 7 or less, 6 or less, 5 or less, 4 or less, 3 or less, or 2 or less). In some embodiments, n can be 1 or greater, 2 or greater, 3 or greater, 4 or greater, 5 or greater, 6 or greater, 7 or greater, 8 or greater, 9 or greater, 10 or greater, 12 or greater, 15 or greater, 20 or greater, 25 or greater, 30 or greater, 35 or greater, 40 or greater, or 45 or greater. For example, the value for n can be 48, 44, 36, 32, 26, 22, 18, 14, 12, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, or 1. The R.sup.101 groups in Formula Ib can be any combination of two or more of ethyleneoxy, 1-propyleneoxy, 2-propyleneoxy, 1-butyleneoxy, or 2-butyleneoxy units in any mole ratio.

[0032] For example, the OR.sup.101 group in Formula Ib can contain ethyleneoxy, 1-propyleneoxy, 2-propyleneoxy, 1-butyleneoxy, and 2-butyleneoxy units, or ethyleneoxy, 1-propyleneoxy, and 1-butyleneoxy units, or ethyleneoxy and 1-propyleneoxy units. The OH group can be covalently bonded to any carbon atom of the OR.sup.101 group.

[0033] In some embodiments, the alcohol can be further defined as a compound of Formula Ic:

R.sup.1[OR.sup.102].sub.x[OR.sup.103].sub.yOH

wherein R.sup.102 and R.sup.103 can independently be selected from ethylene, propylene, or butylene groups, x is a number from 0-25, y is a number from 0-25, and wherein the sum of x+y is at least 1. The values of x and y can independently be less than 25, less than 20, less than 18, less than 16, less than 14, less than 12, less than 10, less than 9, less than 8, less than 7, less than 6, less than 5, less than 4, less than 3, less than 2, or less than 1. The values of x and y can independently be 1 or greater, 2 or greater, 3 or greater, 4 or greater, 5 or greater, 6 or greater, 7 or greater, 8 or greater, 9 or greater, 10 or greater, 12 or greater, 15 or greater, or 20 or greater. For example, the value of x or y can independently be 25, 22, 20, 15, 12, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, or 0. The [OR.sup.102] and [OR.sup.103] groups can be provided either as blocks or can be random. In some embodiments, x is a number from 1-25. In some embodiments, y is 0. In some embodiments, x is a number from 1-25, y is a number from 1-25, wherein the sum of x+y is at least 2.

[0034] In some embodiments, R.sup.102 can be an ethylene group and R.sup.103 can be a propylene group. The mole ratio of the R.sup.102 and R.sup.103 groups (e.g., ethyleneoxy and 1-propyleneoxy) in Formula Ic can be 1:20 (e.g., 1:18, 1:16, 1:15, 1:14, 1:12, 1:10, 1:9, 1:8, 1:7, 1:6, 1:5, 1:4, 1:3, 1:2, 1:1, 2:1, 3:1, 4:1, 5:1, 6:1, 7:1, 8:1, 9:1, 10:1, 12:1, 14:1, 16:1, 18:1, 20:1, 25:1, or 50:1). In some embodiments, the alkoxylated alcohol can contain ethyleneoxy and 1-propyleneoxy units with mole ratio ranging from 1:10 to 10:1 (e.g., the mole ratio can be 9:1, 3:1, 1:3, 1:9, or 1:1).

[0035] In some embodiments, the compound of Formula Ib or Ic has a number average molecular weight of from 100 to 5000, or from 100 to 2000. In some embodiments, the compound of Formula Ib or Ic has a weight average molecular weight of from 100 to 5000, or from 100 to 2000.

[0036] Representative examples of suitable compounds of Formula Ib and Ic include, but are not limited to, alkoxypoly(alkylene glycol), such as methoxy poly(ethylene glycol) 350, 500, 750, 1000 or ethoxypoly(ethylene glycol); ethoxylated alcohols available under the Lutensol trade name, such as Lutensol XP50, Lutensol XP90, Lutensol XL50, or Lutensol XL90; and combinations thereof. Examples of other compounds of Formula Ib and Ic include, ethoxylated alcohols available under the Tomadol trade name, such as Tomadol 45-7, Tomadol 25-7, Tomadol or Tomadol 91-6. Other examples of compounds of Formula Ib and Ic include, ethoxylated alcohols available under the Neodol trade name, such as Neodol 1-9, Neodol 23-6.5, Neodol 23-9, Neodol 25-7 or Neodol 25-3, Neodol 45-13, or Neodol 91-2.5.

[0037] The polyalkylene glycol, that reacts to form the defoamer composition, can be defined as Formula II:

H(OR.sup.2).sub.mOH

wherein R.sup.2 is ethylene, propylene, butylene, or a combination thereof. For example, the OR.sup.2 group can be ethyleneoxy, 1-propyleneoxy, 2-propyleneoxy, 1-butyleneoxy, 2-butyleneoxy, or combinations thereof. The number of OR.sup.2 groups, that is, the value for m, can be from 1 to 100 (e.g., 100 or less, 50 or less, 45 or less, 40 or less, 35 or less, 30 or less, 25 or less, 20 or less, 15 or less, 10 or less, 9 or less, 8 or less, 7 or less, 6 or less, 5 or less, 4 or less, 3 or less, or 2 or less). In some embodiments, the value for m can be 1 or greater, 2 or greater, 3 or greater, 4 or greater, 5 or greater, 6 or greater, 7 or greater, 8 or greater, 9 or greater, 10 or greater, 12 or greater, 15 or greater, 20 or greater, 25 or greater, 30 or greater, 35 or greater, 40 or greater, or 45 or greater. For example, the value for m, can be 48, 44, 36, 32, 26, 22, 18, 14, 12, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, or 1. The OH group can be covalently bonded to any carbon atom of the R.sup.2 group. In some embodiments, the OR.sup.2 group is ethyleneoxy or propyleneoxy.

[0038] The OR.sup.2 groups in Formula II can be any combination of two or more of ethyleneoxy, 1-propyleneoxy, 2-propyleneoxy, 1-butyleneoxy, or 2-butyleneoxy units in any mole ratio. For example, the OR.sup.2 groups in Formula II can contain ethyleneoxy, 1-propyleneoxy, 2-propyleneoxy, 1-butyleneoxy, and 2-butyleneoxy units, or ethyleneoxy, 1-propyleneoxy, and 1-butyleneoxy units, or ethyleneoxy and 1-propyleneoxy units. The mole ratio of the OR.sup.2 groups (e.g., ethyleneoxy and 1-propyleneoxy) in Formula II can be 1:50, 1:25, 1:20, 1:18, 1:16, 1:15, 1:14, 1:12, 1:10, 1:9, 1:8, 1:7, 1:6, 1:5, 1:4, 1:3, 1:2, or 1:1. For example, the polyalkylene glycol can contain ethyleneoxy and 1-propyleneoxy units with mole ratio ranging from 1:10 to 10:1 (e.g., the mole ratio can be 9:1, 3:1, 1:3, 1:9, or 1:1).

[0039] In some embodiments, the polyalkylene glycol can be further defined as a compound of Formula IIb:

H[OR.sup.202].sub.x[OR.sup.203].sub.yOH

wherein R.sup.202 and R.sup.203 can independently be selected from ethylene, propylene, or butylene groups, x is a number from 1-25, y is a number from 1-25. The values of x and y can independently be less than 25, less than 20, less than 18, less than 16, less than 14, less than 12, less than 10, less than 9, less than 8, less than 7, less than 6, less than 5, less than 4, less than 3, or less than 2. In some embodiments, the values of x and y can independently be greater than 1, greater than 2, greater than 3, greater than 4, greater than 5, greater than 6, greater than 7, greater than 8, greater than 9, greater than 10, greater than 12, greater than 15, or greater than 20. For example, the values of x and y can independently be 25, 22, 20, 15, 12, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, or 1.

[0040] Representative examples of suitable compounds of Formula II or IIb include, but are not limited to, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, tetraethylene glycol, PEG 200 up to PEG 2000 (e.g., PEG 200, PEG 300, PEG 400, PEG 600, PEG 800, PEG 1000, PEG 1200, PEG 1400, PEG 1500, PEG 1600, or PEG 2000). In some embodiments, the compound of Formula II or IIb has a number average molecular weight of from 100 to 5000, or from 100 to 2000. In some embodiments, the compound of Formula II or lIb has a weight average molecular weight of from 100 to 5000, or from 100 to 2000.

[0041] The polyalkylene glycol used in the reaction to form the defoamer composition can be a mixture of two or more compounds. For example, the polyalkylene glycol can be a mixture of any PEG compounds ranging from PEG 200 up to PEG 2000. Representative examples of suitable mixtures of compounds include, but are not limited to, PEG 200 and PEG 400, PEG 200 and PEG 300, and PEG 300 and PEG 400.

[0042] The linker, that reacts to form the defoamer composition, can be defined as a compound of formula III:

R.sup.3(X).sub.3

wherein R.sup.3 can be an alkanetriyl group containing from 3 to 10 carbon atoms (e.g., 3 carbon atoms, 4 carbon atoms, 5 carbon atoms, 6 carbon atoms, 7 carbon atoms, 8 carbon atoms, 9 carbon atoms, 10 carbon atoms, or combinations thereof). X can be a halogen, for example, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, or combinations thereof.

[0043] Representative examples of suitable compounds of Formula III include, but are not limited to, trihaloalkanes, such as 1,2,3-trichloropropane, 1,2,4-trichlorobutane, 1,3,6-trichlorohexane, and the like. In some embodiments, the linker can contain two or more compounds of Formula III. For example, the linker can comprise two or more containing R.sup.3 groups from 3 to 10 carbon atoms, from 3 to 9 carbon atoms, from 3 to 8 carbon atoms, from 3 to 7 carbon atoms, from 4 to 10 carbon atoms, from 4 to 9 carbon atoms, from 4 to 8 carbon atoms, from 4 to 7 carbon atoms, from 4 to 6 carbon atoms, from 5 to 10 carbon atoms, from 5 to 9 carbon atoms, from 5 to 8 carbon atoms, from 5 to 7 carbon atoms, from 5 to 6 carbon atoms, from 6 to 9 carbon atoms, from 6 to 8 carbon atoms, from 6 to 7 carbon atoms, from 7 to 9 carbon atoms, or from 7 to 8 carbon atoms.

[0044] The linker can also comprise an epoxy group, wherein, two Xs on two adjacent carbon atoms in the R.sup.3 group combine to form an oxygen atom. Representative examples of suitable compounds of Formula III that comprise an epoxy group include, but are not limited to, epihalohydrins such as epichlorohydrin, epibromohydrin, epifluorohydrin, epiiodohydrin, or combinations thereof. The linker used in the reaction to form the defoamer composition can be a mixture of two or more compounds of Formula Ill. For example, the linker can be two or more epihalohydrins.

[0045] Methods of making defoamer compositions comprising the in situ product(s) of reacting an alcohol, a linker, and a polyalkylene glycol are also described. The reaction can be prepared without a solvent, such as an organic solvent. In some embodiments, the reaction is carried out in a solvent that can azeotrope water, e.g., benzene, toluene, or xylene. In some embodiments, water may be added to the reaction mixture. The water can produce glycerol and increase branching in the polymer. In some embodiments, the reaction is free of solvents or substantially free of solvents.

[0046] The reaction can be carried out by first mixing the aliphatic alcohol (e.g., a compound of Formula I, Ib, or Ic) and the polyalkylene glycol (e.g., a compound of Formula II or IIb) together in the presence of a base, under reflux conditions, and at atmospheric pressure and then reacting the aliphatic alcohol and the polyalkylene glycol. The base can be an alkali metal hydroxide (e.g., aqueous concentrated sodium hydroxide) or an alkali or alkaline earth metal lower alkoxide (e.g., sodium methoxide). The reflux temperature is generally high enough to remove water produced in the reaction and any water introduced with the base, by distillation. The reaction is continued until substantially all of the water in the reaction mixture is removed, e.g. to a residual water content of 0.5% by weight or less. The reaction mixture can then be cooled. The linking compound (e.g., a compound of Formula III) can then be added to the reaction products of the previous step and then reacted at a temperature of 60 C. to 110 C. In some embodiments, the reaction can be refluxed at the boiling point of the solvent used. The solvent can then be removed from the reaction mixture, for example by vacuum distillation.

[0047] The mole percent of polyalkylene glycol relative to the aliphatic alcohol in the reaction can be from 0.5 mol % to 10 mol %. For example, the mole percent of the polyalkylene glycol can be 0.5 mol % to 8 mol %, 0.5 mol % to 7 mol %, 0.5 mol % to 6 mol %, 0.5 mol % to 5 mol %, 0.5 mol % to 4 mol %, 0.5 mol % to 3 mol %, 0.5 mol % to 2 mol %, 0.5 mol % to 1.5 mol %, at least 0.5 mol %, at least 0.6 mol %, at least 0.7 mol %, at least 0.8 mol %, at least 0.9 mol %, at least 1 mol %, at least 1.1 mol %, at least 1.2 mol %, at least 1.4 mol %, at least 1.6 mol %, at least 1.8 mol %, at least 2.0 mol %, at least 2.2 mol %, at least 2.4 mol %, at least 3 mol %, at least 3.5 mol %, at least 4 mol %, at least 4.5 mol %, at least 5 mol %, at least 5.5 mol %, at least 6 mol %, at least 8 mol % or at least 10 mol %. The mole percent of polyalkylene glycol to the aliphatic alcohol can be 10 mol % or less (e.g., 9 mol % or less, 8 mol % or less, 7 mol % or less, 6 mol % or less, 5 mol % or less, 4 mol % or less, 3 mol % or less, 2.5 mol % or less, 2.3 mol % or less, 2.1 mol % or less, 1.9 mol % or less, 1.7 mol % or less, 1.5 mol % or less, 1.3 mol % or less, 1.1 mol % or less, 0.9 mol % or less, 0.8 mol % or less, 0.7 mol % or less, or 0.6 mol % or less).

[0048] The weight percent of polyalkylene glycol relative to the aliphatic alcohol in the reaction can be from 0.5 wt % to 15 wt %. For example, the weight percent of the polyalkylene glycol relative to the aliphatic alcohol can be at least 0.75 wt %, at least 1 wt %, at least 1.25 wt %, at least 1.5 wt %, at least 2 wt %, at least 2.5 wt %, at least 3.0 wt %, at least 3.5 wt %, at least 4.0 wt %, at least 4.5 wt %, at least 5.0 wt %, at least 5.5 wt %, at least 6.0 wt %, at least 6.5 wt %, at least 7.0 wt %, at least 7.5 wt %, at least 10 wt %, or at least 12.5 wt %. The weight percent of the polyalkylene glycol relative to the aliphatic alcohol can be 15 wt % or less, 14 wt % or less, 13 wt % or less, 12 wt % or less, 11 wt % or less, 10 wt % or less, 9 wt % or less, 8 wt % or less, 7 wt % or less, 6 wt % or less, 5 wt % or less, 4 wt % or less, 3 wt % or less, or 2 wt % or less,

[0049] The mole ratio of the base (e.g., sodium hydroxide) to the aliphatic alcohol (e.g., a compound of Formula I, Ib, or Ic) can be 0.5:1 to 1.3:1, 0.7:1 to 1.25:1, 0.9:1 to 1.2:1, 1:1 to 1.2:1, or 1.05:1 to 1.15:1. For example, the mole ratio of base to aliphatic alcohol can be 0.5:1, 0.6:1, 0.7:1, 0.8:1, 0.9:1, 1:1, 1.05:1, 1.06:1, 1.07:1, 1.08:1, 1.09:1, 1.1:1, 1.11:1, 1.12:1, 1.13:1, 1.14:1, 1.15:1, 1.2:1, or 1.3:1.

[0050] The mole ratio of the linker to the aliphatic alcohol (e.g., a compound of Formula I, Ib, or Ic) can be 0.4:1 to 1.5:1. For example, the mole ratio of linker to aliphatic alcohol can be 0.5:1, 0.6:1, 0.7:1, 0.8:1, 0.9:1, 1:1, 1.1:1, 1.2:1, 1.3:1, 1.4:1, or 1.5:1. In some embodiments, the mole ratio of the linker to the aliphatic alcohol is from 0.5:1 to 1.2:1 or from 0.6:1 to 0.9:1.

[0051] In some embodiments, the defoamer compositions are free, substantially free, or have low amounts of volatile organic compounds (VOC's). Substantially free, as used herein, refers to a defoamer composition, for example, with less than 10 g/L VOC's. In some embodiments, the compositions contain low amount of volatile organic compounds (VOC) and can include less than 100 g/L, less than 50 g/L, less than 30 g/L, less than 20 g/L, less than 15 g/L, less than 10 g/L, less than 5 g/L, less than 3 g/L, less than 1 g/L, or 0 g/L VOCs. Generally, these low VOC compounds are free or substantially free of organic solvents.

[0052] The compositions comprising the product(s) of reacting the aliphatic alcohol, linker, and polyalkylene glycol, described herein, are suitable for use as defoamers in aqueous systems. For example, the compositions can be used to control foam generated by any type of aqueous system having a surface tension below that of water such as aqueous-based personal care products (e.g., shampoos, facial cleaners, liquid hand soaps, and the like), and polymer latexes and latex paints.

[0053] The compositions can be used in the aqueous system in several ways. For example, the compositions can be added to an aqueous system such as a latex or a latex paint in an amount effective to eliminate or decrease the foam generated as a result of some type of mechanical action such as mixing, pouring, applying to a surface such as by a brush or a roller, and/or shaking. The amount of the compositions required to eliminate and/or decrease the amount of foam is defined as a defoaming effective amount and will vary from one instance to another depending upon the nature of the aqueous system and the defoaming effect desired. A defoaming effective amount will be readily determinable by one of ordinary skill in the art. In some embodiments, the defoaming effective amount can vary from 0.001 wt % to 10.0 wt % based on the weight of the composition.

[0054] The defoaming effective amount of the defoamer present in the aqueous formulation can be in an amount of 0.01 wt % to 10 wt %. For example, the defoaming effective amount of the defoamer can be at least 0.03 wt %, 0.05 wt %, 0.07 wt %, 0.1 wt %, at least 0.2 wt %, at least 0.3 wt %, at least 0.4 wt %, at least 0.5 wt %, at least 0.6 wt %, at least 0.7 wt %, at least 0.8 wt %, at least 0.9 wt %, at least 1 wt %, at least 1.5 wt %, at least 2 wt %, at least 2.5 wt %, at least 3 wt %, at least 3.5 wt %, at least 4 wt %, at least 5 wt %, or at least 6 wt %. The defoaming effective amount of the defoamer present in the aqueous formulation can be 5 wt % or less (e.g., 4 wt % or less, 3 wt % or less, 2.5 wt % or less, 2.3 wt % or less, 2.1 wt % or less, 1.9 wt % or less, 1.7 wt % or less, 1.5 wt % or less, 1.3 wt % or less, 1.1 wt % or less, 0.9 wt % or less, 0.8 wt % or less, 0.7 wt % or less, 0.6 wt % or less, 0.5 wt % or less, 0.4 wt % or less, 0.3 wt % or less, or 0.2 wt % or less.

[0055] The compositions can be added to an aqueous system as a mixture. The mixture can contain the composition and a carrier oil base. Suitable carrier oil base that can be used in the aqueous formulations can be any water-insoluble liquid that will dissolve and/or disperse the compositions. Representative examples of suitable carrier oil bases include, but are not limited to, mineral oil such as a paraffin oil, naphthenic oils, tall oil fatty acids and ethoxylated tall oil fatty acids, fatty alcohols and ethoxylated fatty alcohols, liquid polypropylene oxide, liquid polyethylene oxide, liquid poly(ethylene oxide-propylene oxides), modified polymethylsiloxanes, polysiloxanes, organosilicones, or any combination thereof. The amount of the composition in the mixture can be from 0.5% to 50% by weight (e.g., from 1% to 20% by weight, from 3% to 15% by weight, or from 4% by weight to 7% by weight).

[0056] The compositions can also be added to an aqueous system as part of a multi-component defoamer composition. The multi-component defoamer composition can comprise the composition and a hydrophobic solid dispersed in an inert, water insoluble carrier fluid. The hydrophobic solid is any solid that is insoluble in the carrier fluid. Examples of the hydrophobic solid include, but are not limited to, waxes such as polyethylene wax, ethylene-bis-stearamide; inorganic powders such as silica, and hydrophobed silica. Mixtures of various types of hydrophobic solids can also be used. The carrier fluid useful in the processes and compositions is any water-insoluble liquid such as mineral oils, naphthenic oils, liquid hydrocarbons, tall oil fatty acids and ethoxylated tall oil fatty acids, fatty alcohols and ethoxylated fatty alcohols, liquid polypropylene oxide, liquid polyethylene oxide, liquid poly(ethyleneoxide propyleneoxide), or any combination thereof. The amount of the composition in the mixture of can be the same as the values provided above for the carrier oil base mixtures. For example, the amount of the composition in the mixture can be from 0.5% to 50% by weight (e.g., from 1% to 20% by weight, from 3% to 15% by weight, or from 4% by weight to 7% by weight).

[0057] The compositions can also be used in combination with one or more additional defoaming compositions. For example, the compositions can be used with a hyperbranched polymer blend defoamer, an organosilicone emulsion defoamer, a polysiloxane, polyol blend defoamer, or modified polymethylsiloxane defoamer. Specific examples of suitable defoamers that can be used in combination with the compositions disclosed include, but are not limited to, FoamStar and Foamaster defoamers, such as FoamStar ED 2522, FoamStar ED 2526, FoamStar ED 2527, FoamStar SI 2210, FoamStar SI 2220, FoamStar SI 2242, FoamStar SI 2250, FoamStar SI 2260, FoamStar SI 2270, FoamStar SI 2280, FoamStar SI 2292, FoamStar ST 2410, FoamStar ST 2420, FoamStar ST 2422, FoamStar ST 2434, FoamStar ST 2436, FoamStar ST 2438, FoamStar ST 2439, FoamStar ST 2445, or FoamStar ST 2446.

[0058] The additional defoamer can be added in an amount including less than 3% by weight or less than 1% by weight of the aqueous composition.

[0059] The compositions disclosed are also useful as thickeners for aqueous compositions, for e.g., for use in hydrophilic emulsion polymer latexes. The products can be added to aqueous compositions, such that the products are present from 0.1 to 20% by weight, based on the solids content of the aqueous composition.

[0060] By way of non-limiting illustration, examples of certain embodiments of the present disclosure are given below. Unless indicated otherwise, parts are parts by weight, temperature is in C. or is at ambient temperature, and pressure is at or near atmospheric.

Example 1

Preparation of Defoamer Compositions

[0061] Defoamer compositions were prepared using the compositions as described in Table 1. The alcohol (400 g), polyethylene glycol, and an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide (or solid pellets) (in a molar ratio of 1.1:1 sodium hydroxide:alcohol) were mixed. The water generated from the reaction was removed by distillation until no more moisture would distill off. Epichlorohydrin (in a molar ratio of 0.9:1 epichlorohydrin:alcohol) was slowly added to the reaction mixture over 3 hours at 80 C. The resulting mixture was then refluxed at about 100 C. to about 110 C. for about 24 hours. The mixture was then neutralized with an acid and the salt was removed via water washing, centrifugation, filtration, electro dialysis or any combination of these, resulting in an amber liquid. The reaction product was treated as follows: For defoamer composition 1, the reaction product (4 wt %) was mixed with ethylene bis-stearamide (5 wt %), and mineral oil (91 wt %).

[0062] For defoamer composition 2, the reaction product (4 wt %) was mixed with polyethylene wax (7 wt %), and mineral oil (89 wt %).

Defoamer Activity TestRed Devil

[0063] Materials:

[0064] Red Devil Shaker (Model 5110-X), pint paint can, Paint gravity cup (weight per gallon cup), Balance (500 gm. capacity min., accurate to 0.01 gm), Test mediumstandard batch of defoamer-free paint (also free of entrained air), defoamer reference standard, and the defoamer composition to be evaluated.

[0065] Method:

[0066] A 150 cc sample of test paint formulation (See Tables 1 and 2) was weighed into a pint (250 cc) paint can. The defoamer composition being evaluated was added, in an amount described in Table 3. The can was sealed, then placed on the outer-most edge of a Red Devil Paint Shaker Clamp (farthest from axis of rotation) so that maximum arc was achieved. The cans were placed in identical location on the clamp for each test. The cans were shaken for 5 minutes. Immediately after shaking, the weight/gallon of the shaken paint sample was determined. The decrease in density compared with that of the unshaken control paint sample was regarded as the amount of foam generated.

% Air Entrained=[(wt./gal.(unshaken control)wt/gal(test sample with defoamer))/wt. gal.(unshaken control)]100

[0067] Results:

[0068] A plot of the defoamer composition and the percent air entrained in the paint formulation is shown in FIG. 1.

TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Paint formulation 1 Standard Formula <0 g/L VOC Semi-gloss Topcoat (g) Grind WATER 120 Rheovis PU 1191 2 Proxel AQ 2 Dispex AA 4144 7.5 Hydropalat WE 3111 2.5 Omyacarb 3 25 Ti Pure R-706 225 Letdown Water 150 Loxanol CA 5320 8 Acronal Plus 4130 450 Ropaque Ultra 60 Hydropalat WE 3322 6 Ammonium Hydroxide 0.5 Rheovis PE 1331 40 Rheovis PU 1251 8 Total 1106.5

TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Paint formulation 2 Standard Formula 50 g/L VOC Semi-gloss Topcoat (g) Grind Water 150 Ethylene Glycol 15 Rheovis PU 1191 2 Proxel BD 20 1 Dispex AA 4144 6 Hydropalat WE 3111 3 Tipure R706 (DU PONT) 240 Attagel 50 3 Pre-Letdown Water 50 Acronal PLUS 4670 450 Water 34 Loxanol CA 5320 15 Letdown Hydropalat WE 3320 3 Ammonium hydroxide (aq.) 1 Water 44.5 Rheovis PE 1331 31.5 Rheovis PU 1215 6 Total 1055

TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Defoamer composition and results from air entrapment studies Defoamer PEG-400 Conc. (wt. Defoamer ID Alcohol (mol %) Conc. (wt. %) %) Air % Paint Formulation 1 - Defoamer Formulation 2 D1 Trycol 5950 0 0.25 0.01 14.7 D2 XP50 0 0.25 0.01 8.3 D3 XL50 0 0.25 0.01 8.3 D4 Decanol 2.5 0.25 0.01 6.5 D5 Lorol C8-98 2.5 0.25 0.01 5.1 D6 2EH 2.5 0.25 0.01 6.5 D7 2EH/Dodecanol 2.5 0.25 0.01 7.3 (75/25) D8 HD-Ocenol 90/95V 2.5 0.25 0.01 8.2 Paint Formulation 2 - Defoamer Formulation 2 D1 Trycol 5950 0 0.25 0.01 10.3 D9 Decanol 0.0 0.25 0.01 7.30 D10 Decanol 1.0 0.25 0.01 5.70 D11 Decanol 2.5 0.25 0.01 6.20 D12 Decanol 10.0 0.25 0.01 14.30 Paint Formulation 1 - Defoamer Formulation 2 D1 Trycol 5950 0 0.25 0.01 14.7 D10 Decanol 1.0 0.25 0.01 7.7 D11 Decanol 2.5 0.25 0.01 6.8 D13 Decanol 5.0 0.25 0.01 7.1 D12 Decanol 10.0 0.25 0.01 9.4 Paint Formulation 1 in Defoamer Formulation 1 D1 Trycol 5950 0 0.25 0.01 12.2 D14 Decanol 2.5 0.25 0.01 2.1 D5 Lorol C8-98 2.5 0.25 0.01 2.9 D6 2EH 2.5 0.25 0.01 3.8 D7 2EH/Dodecanol 2.5 0.25 0.01 3.9 (75/25) D8 HD-Ocenol 90/95V 2.5 0.25 0.01 2.3 Paint Formulation 1 in Defoamer Formulation 1 Defoamer PEG 200 Conc. (wt. Defoamer ID Alcohol (mol %) Conc. (wt. %) %) Air % D15 XP50 0 0.25 0.01 8.3 D3 XL50 0 0.25 0.01 8.3 D16 Decanol 2.5 0.25 0.01 8.6 D17 Decanol 5.0 0.25 0.01 7.2

Defoamer Activity TestRoller Application

[0069] Materials:

[0070] 3 roller handle, 3 roller cover nap, roller pan, Leneta Paper, and Shurline Brush & Roller Cleaner

[0071] Method:

[0072] A 3 roller cover was pre-soaked in distilled water and then spin dried using 10 strokes on Shurline Brush & Roller Cleaner. The contents of the pint paint cans used in Test A (Shaker Test) was poured into a roller pan to saturate nap roller. Paint was then applied to 12 in x 12 in sheet of Leneta paper mounted in a vertical position. Roller application technique was consistent from test to test. Immediately upon completion of roll-out, the rate of bubble break was observed. The dry roll-outs were observed for craters resulting from delayed bubblebreak. Roll-outs resulting from various defoamers as well as a blank were rated relative to each other.

TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 Defoamer composition and results from roll-out studies Paint Formulation 1 in Defoamer Formulation 2 Defoamer Roll Defoamer PEG-400 Conc. Conc. Out Active Alcohol (mol %) (wt. %) (wt. %) (0 <5) Control Ethoxylated 0 0.25 0.01 0 Alcohol D3 Decanol 2.5 0.25 0.01 4 D5 Lorol C8-98 2.5 0.25 0.01 3 D6 2EH 2.5 0.25 0.01 4 D7 2EH/Dodecanol 2.5 0.25 0.01 3 (75/25) D8 HD-Ocenol 90/95V 2.5 0.25 0.01 4
Defoamer Activity TestPercent air entrained

[0073] Defoamer compositions were prepared as described above, using the alcohols disclosed in Table 5. The defoamer compositions were loaded into semi-gloss latex paint formulation 2 at 0.25 wt % loading and 0.5 wt % loading. The % air entrapment was evaluated as described above.

[0074] Results:

[0075] The percent air entrained in the paint formulation is shown in Table 5. A graphical comparison of the percent air entrained is shown in FIG. 2.

TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 5 Defoamer composition and percent air entrained. % Air at % Air at Alcohol 0.25% loading 0.5% loading FoamStar ST 2420** 9.8 6.7 Loral C8-C98 5.7 4.2 Decanol 5.1 4.1 HD-Ocenol 90/95V 6.9 4.5 2-ethyl hexanol 8.2 6.5 Decanol/Dodecanol (90/10) 8.8 5.2 Decanol/Dodecanol (75/25) 5.4 5.2 Decanol/2EH (75/25) 7.5 5.6 Decanol/2EH (25/75) 7.2 5.3 2EH/Dodecanol (90/10) 8.2 6.4 2EH/Dodecanol (10/90) 7.3 3.5 FoamStar ST 2420** is a commercial defoamer.

[0076] The compositions and methods of the appended claims are not limited in scope by the specific compositions and methods described herein, which are intended as illustrations of a few aspects of the claims and any compositions and methods that are functionally equivalent are intended to fall within the scope of the claims. Various modifications of the compositions and methods in addition to those shown and described herein are intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims. Further, while only certain representative materials and method steps disclosed herein are specifically described, other combinations of the materials and method steps also are intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims, even if not specifically recited. Thus, a combination of steps, elements, components, or constituents may be explicitly mentioned herein; however, other combinations of steps, elements, components, and constituents are included, even though not explicitly stated. The term comprising and variations thereof as used herein is used synonymously with the term including and variations thereof and are open, non-limiting terms. Although the terms comprising and including have been used herein to describe various embodiments, the terms consisting essentially of and consisting of can be used in place of comprising and including to provide for more specific embodiments and are also disclosed. As used in this disclosure and in the appended claims, the singular forms a, an, the, include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.