Amplification optical fiber and optical fiber amplifier

Abstract

An amplification optical fiber operable to propagate light beams in a plurality of modes in a predetermined wavelength range through a core doped with a rare earth element, wherein Expression (1) is satisfied, where a cutoff wavelength of a propagated highest mode light beam is defined as max, under conditions in which the cutoff wavelength of the highest mode light beam is defined as c, a shortest wavelength of the wavelength range is defined as min, and a cutoff wavelength of a second-highest mode light beam to the highest mode light beam is min.
c>0.5 min+0.5 max(1).

Claims

1. An amplification optical fiber operable to propagate light beams in a plurality of modes in a predetermined wavelength range through a core doped with a rare earth element,, wherein Expression (1) is satisfied, where a cutoff wavelength of a propagated highest mode light beam is defined as max, under conditions in which the cutoff wavelength of the highest mode light beam is defined as c, a shortest, wavelength of the wavelength range is defined as min, and a cutoff wavelength of a second-highest mode light beam to the highest, mode light beam is min.
c>0.5 min+0.5 max(1).

2. The amplification optical fiber according to claim 1, wherein Expression (2) is satisfied.
c>0.25 min+0.7 max(2).

3. The amplification optical fiber according to claim 1, wherein the predetermined wavelength range is a range of 1,530 to 1,565 nm, inclusive.

4. The amplification optical fiber according to claim 1, wherein: the core has an inner core doped with no rare earth element and an outer core surrounding an outer circumferential surface of the inner core and doped with a rare earth element; and a relative refractive index difference between the inner core and a cladding is smaller than a relative refractive index difference between the outer core and the cladding.

5. The amplification optical fiber according to claim 1, wherein the plurality of modes is an LP.sub.01 mode and an LP.sub.11 mode.

6. The amplification optical fiber according to claim 1, wherein the plurality of modes is an LP.sub.01 mode, an LP.sub.11 mode, an LP.sub.21 mode, and an LP.sub.02 mode.

7. An optical fiber amplifier comprising: the amplification optical fiber according to claim 1; and a pumping light source operable to emit pumping light entered to the core.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) FIG. 1 is a diagram of a cross section perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of an amplification optical fiber according to an embodiment of the present invention;

(2) FIG. 2 is a diagram of the relationship between the cutoff wavelength of a highest mode light beam propagated through the amplification optical fiber in FIG. 1 and a normalized ;

(3) FIG. 3 is a diagram of the relationship between the cutoff wavelength of a highest mode light beam propagated through the amplification optical fiber in FIG. 1 and a normalized when the refractive index of a core is different from that in FIG. 2;

(4) FIGS. 4A to 4C are diagrams of the structure of a core, the refractive index profile of the core, and a region doped with a rare earth element of the core when the refractive index profile of the core of the amplification optical fiber in FIG. 1 is a ring type;

(5) FIG. 5 is a diagram of the relationship between the cutoff wavelength of a highest mode light beam propagated through the amplification optical fiber in FIGS. 4A to 4C and a normalized ; and

(6) FIG. 6 is a diagram of an optical fiber amplifier according to an embodiment of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

(7) In the following, preferred embodiments of an amplification optical fiber according to an aspect of the present invention and an optical fiber amplifier will be described in detail with reference to the drawings. Note that, for easy understanding, scales in the drawings are sometimes different from scales in the following description.

(8) <Description of an Amplification Optical Fiber>

(9) FIG. 1 is a diagram of a cross section perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of an amplification optical fiber according to an embodiment of the present invention. As illustrated in FIG. 1, an amplification optical fiber 10 includes a core 11, a cladding 12 surrounding the outer circumferential surface of the core 11 with no gap, and a buffer layer 14 enclosing the cladding 12. The refractive index of the cladding 12 is lower than the refractive index of the core 11. The refractive indexe of the core 11 is uniform and the refractive index of the cladding 12 is the uniform in the radial direction. In other words, the core 11 of the amplification optical fiber 10 has a step type refractive index profile. In the embodiment, the diameter of the core 11 is 10 m, for example. The outer diameter of the cladding 12 is 125 m, for example.

(10) A material configuring this core 11 includes, for example, silica doped with an element, such as germanium, which increases the refractive index, and a rare earth element, such as erbium (Er), which is pumped with pumping light. In addition to erbium, the rare earth element includes ytterbium (Yb), thulium (Tm), cerium (Ce), neodymium (Nd), europium (Eu), and the like. The core 11 of the amplification optical fiber 10 according to the embodiment is uniformly entirely doped with a rare earth element. A material configuring the cladding 12 includes, for example, pure silica doped with no dopant. A material configuring the buffer layer 14 includes, for example, an ultraviolet curing resin.

(11) The amplification optical fiber 10 propagates light beams in a plurality of modes in a predetermined wavelength range. For example, the amplification optical fiber 10 is a few-mode optical fiber operable to propagate an LP.sub.01 mode light beam and an LP.sub.11 mode light beam in the C-band, in which a predetermined wavelength range is a range of 1,530 to 1,565 nm, inclusive. For example, the amplification optical fiber 10 is a few-mode optical fiber operable to propagate the LP.sub.01 mode light beam, the LP.sub.11 mode light beam, an LP.sub.21 mode light beam, and an LP.sub.02 mode light beam in the C-band.

(12) FIG. 2 is a diagram of the relationship between a cutoff wavelength c of the highest mode light beam propagated through the amplification optical fiber 10 according to the embodiment having a step type refractive index profile and a normalized . The normalized can be defined as below. First, the sum total of the power of the LP.sub.01 mode light beam propagated through a region doped with a rare earth element is defined as .sub.01, and the sum total of the power of the highest mode light beam propagated through the doped region is defined as .sub.max. Commonly, in light beams propagated through the core of the optical fiber, a higher mode light beam tends to spread. Thus, the power of a higher mode light beam becomes smaller in a region in which the light beam has more overlaps with the core. In the embodiment, the core is entirely doped with a rare earth element as described above. Thus, .sub.01 becomes the largest, and .sub.max becomes the smallest. is defined as the difference between .sub.01 and .sub.max.

(13) For example, in the case in which the amplification optical fiber 10 is a two-mode optical fiber operable to propagate the LP.sub.01 mode and the LP.sub.11 mode light beams, the highest mode light beam propagated through the amplification optical fiber 10 is the LP.sub.11 mode light beam. Thus, in the case in which the sum total of the power of the LF.sub.11 mode light beam propagated through the region doped with a rare earth element is defined as .sub.11, is the difference between .sub.01 and .sub.11. For example, in the case in which the amplification optical fiber 10 is a four-mode optical fiber operable to propagate the LP.sub.01 mode light beam, the LP.sub.11 mode light beam, the LP.sub.21 mode light beam, and the LP.sub.02 mode light beam, the highest mode light beam propagated through the amplification optical fiber 10 is the LP.sub.02 mode light beam. Thus, in the case in which the sum total of the power of the LP.sub.02 mode light beam propagated through the region doped with a rare earth element is defined as .sub.02, is the difference between .sub.01 and .sub.02. FIG. 2 is a diagram of the relationship between the cutoff wavelength c of the highest mode light beam propagated through the amplification optical fiber 10 and the normalised for the two-mode optical fiber and the four-mode optical fiber.

(14) Note that, in FIG. 2, the relative refractive index difference between the core 11 and the cladding 12 is 1%, the wavelength of a light beam propagated through the core 11 is a wavelength of 1550 nm, and the amplification optical fiber 10 propagates light beams in the C-band.

(15) As described above, c is defined as the cutoff wavelength of the highest mode light beam propagated through the amplification optical fiber 10. Thus, for example, in the case in which the amplification optical fiber 10 is a two-mode optical fiber, c is defined as the cutoff wavelength of the LP.sub.11 mode light beam. In the case in which the amplification optical fiber 10 is a four-mode optical fiber, c is defined as the cutoff wavelength of the LP.sub.02 mode light beam. min is defined as the shortest wavelength of a light beam in a predetermined wavelength range propagated through the amplification optical fiber 10. Thus, in the case in which the amplification optical fiber 10 propagates light beams in the C-band, min is a wavelength of 1,530 nm. In this case, in the case in which the amplification optical fiber 10 is a two-mode optical fiber, the cutoff wavelength of the LP.sub.11 mode light beam is a wavelength of 1,530 nm or more, which is min. max is defined as the cutoff wavelength of the highest mode light beam in the case in which the cutoff wavelength of a second-highest mode light beam to the highest mode light beam in the propagated light beams is min. For example, similar to the description above, in the case in which the amplification optical fiber 10 is a two-mode optical fiber, a light beam that appears after the highest mode light beam is the LP.sub.21 mode light beam. In the case in which the amplification optical fiber 10 is a two-mode optical fiber-like this and propagates light beams in the C-band, max is the cutoff wavelength of the LP.sub.11 mode light beam under the conditions in which the cutoff wavelength of the LP.sub.21 mode light beam is a wavelength of 1,530 nm. In this case, max is a wavelength of 2,520 nm. In the case in which the cutoff wavelength of the LP.sub.11 mode light beam is shorter than a wavelength of max, the cutoff wavelength of the LP.sub.21 mode light beam is also shorter than a wavelength of min. Suppose that the amplification optical fiber 10 is a two-mode optical fiber and propagates light beams in the C-band as described above. In this case, under the conditions in which the cutoff wavelength of the LP.sub.11 mode light beam is a wavelength of 1,530 nm or more and the cutoff wavelength of the LP.sub.21 mode light beam is shorter than a wavelength of 1,530 nm, light beams in two modes in the C-band are propagated through the amplification optical fiber 10.

(16) In FIG. 2, the horizontal axis expresses (cmin)/(maxmin). Thus, at zero on the horizontal axis, the cutoff wavelength c of the highest mode light beam propagated through the amplification optical fiber 10 is equal to the shortest wavelength min in a predetermined wavelength range propagated through the amplification optical fiber 10. At one on the horizontal axis, c is equal to the cutoff wavelength max of the highest mode light beam, in the case in which the cutoff wavelength of the second-highest mode light beam to the highest mode light beam in the propagated light beams is min. Consequently, at one or more on the horizontal axis, the second-highest mode light beam to the highest mode light beam in the propagated light beams appears in a predetermined wavelength range, which is unnecessary to take it into account.

(17) As illustrated in FIG. 2, the present inventors found that the normalized becomes smaller as c comes closer from min to max and that the decrease rate of the normalized to an increase in c becomes greater in a region in which c comes closer to min. In other words, as c comes closer to min, the normalized is suddenly increased. Thus, the amplification optical fiber 10 preferably satisfies Expression (1).
c>0.5 min+0.5 max(1)

(18) Expression (1) is satisfied, i.e. the horizontal axis is greater than 0.5. Thus, in the conditions in FIG. 2, the normalized can be made 0.35 or less. From the definition of , is large, which means that differential modal gain is large. Consequently, Expression (1) is satisfied, allowing differential modal gain to be small enough.

(19) Furthermore, the amplification optical fiber 10 preferably satisfies Expression (2).
c>0.25 min+0.75 max(2)

(20) Expression (2) is satisfied, i.e. the horizontal axis is greater than 0.75. Thus, the normalized can be made 0.30 or less. Consequently, differential modal gain can be made further smaller.

(21) Note that, in FIG. 2, under the conditions in which the amplification optical fiber 10 is a two-mode optical fiber or a four-mode optical fiber, the relationship between the cutoff wavelength c of the highest mode light beam in the propagated light beams and the normalized is shown. However, even in the case in which the amplification optical fiber 10 is a three-mode optical fiber or a five-mode optical fiber or more, the result is almost equivalent to the result in FIG. 2.

(22) FIG. 3 is a diagram of the relationship similar to the relationship for the amplification optical fiber 10 in FIG. 2 in the same conditions as the conditions in FIG. 2 except that the relative refractive index difference between the core 11 and the cladding 12 is 0.5%. Also in FIG. 3, the result was almost similar to the result in FIG. 2. In other words, FIG. 3 reveals that even in the case in which the relative refractive index difference between the core 11 and the cladding 12 is different, Expression (1) is preferably satisfied, and Expression (2) is more preferably satisfied.

(23) As described above, in accordance with the amplification optical fiber 10 according to the embodiment, Expression (1) is satisfied, and thus differential modal gain can be made sufficiently small. Expression (2) is satisfied, and thus differential modal gain can be made much smaller.

(24) <Description of Another Amplification Optical Fiber>

(25) In the description above, the refractive index of the core 11 is uniform, and the core 11 is entirely doped with a rare earth element. In this embodiment,, the case in which the refractive index profile of a core 11 is a ring type will be described. Note that, in describing the embodiment, components the same as or equivalent to ones in the description of the amplification optical fiber 10 having the step type refractive index profile are designated the same reference numerals and signs, and the overlapping description is omitted, unless otherwise specified. FIGS. 4A, 4B and 4C are diagrams of the structure, refractive index profile, and region doped with a rare earth element of the core, when the refractive index profile of the core 11 of the amplification optical fiber 10 in FIG. 1 is a ring type.

(26) As illustrated in FIG. 4A, the core 11 of an amplification optical fiber 10 according to the embodiment includes an inner core 11i including the center axis and an outer core 11o surrounding the outer circumferential surface of the inner core 11i with no gap.

(27) As illustrated in FIG. 4B, the refractive index of the inner core 11i is lower than the refractive index of the outer core 11o. In the embodiment, the refractive index of the inner core 11i is equal to the refractive index of the cladding 12. The relative refractive index difference between the outer core 11o and the cladding 12 is 1%, for example. In order to provide this refractive index profile, for example, the outer core 11o is made of silica doped with a dopant, such as germanium (Ge) , which increases the refractive index. The inner core 11i and the cladding 12 are made of silica doped with no dopant. Note that, in the case in which the outer core 11o is made of silica doped with no dopant, the inner core 11i and the cladding 12 are made of silica doped with a dopant, such as fluorine, which decreases the refractive index.

(28) As illustrated in FIG. 4C, the outer core 11o is doped with a rare earth element, such as erbium. In the embodiment, the outer core 11o is entirely doped with erbium. The inner core 11i is doped with no erbium.

(29) FIG. 5, which is similar to FIG. 2, illustrates the amplification optical fiber 10. FIG. 5 is a diagram of the relationship between the cutoff wavelength of the highest mode light beam propagated through the amplification optical fiber 10 having the refractive index profile in FIGS. 4A, 4B and 4C and the normalized . Note that, FIG. 5 illustrates the case in which the amplification optical fiber 10 is a two-mode optical fiber. Here, in FIG. 5, the refractive index of the inner core 11i is equal to the refractive index of the cladding 12, and the relative refractive index difference between the outer core 11o and the cladding 12 is 1%. A ratio D.sub.1/D.sub.2 is set to 0.5, which is the ratio of a diameter D.sub.1 of the inner core 11i to a diameter D.sub.2 of the outer core 11o in FIGS. 4A, 4B and 4C, and D.sub.2 is changed to vary the cutoff wavelength of the LP.sub.11 mode light beam.

(30) As illustrated in FIG. 5, also in the case in which the refractive index profile of the core 11 is a ring type, it was revealed that the normalized becomes smaller as c comes closer from min to max and that the decrease rate of the normalized to c becomes greater in a region in which c comes closer to min. Thus, also in the amplification optical fiber 10 according to the embodiment, Expression (1) is preferably satisfied. In the case of the amplification optical fiber 10 according to the embodiment, Expression (1) is satisfied, and thus the normalized can be made 0.16 or less. The amplification optical fiber 10 satisfies Expression (2), and thus the normalized can be made 0.05 or less. Consequently, also in the embodiment, the amplification optical fiber 10 satisfies Expression (1), and thus, differential modal gain can be made sufficiently small. The amplification optical fiber 10 satisfies Expression (2), and thus differential modal gain can be made much smaller.

(31) Note that, FIG. 5 illustrates the relationship between the cutoff wavelength c of the highest mode light beam in the propagated light beams and the normalized , in the case in which the amplification optical fiber is a two-mode optical fiber. Also in the case in which the amplification optical fiber 10 is a three-mode optical fiber, a four-mode optical fiber, or a five-mode optical fiber or more, the result is almost equivalent to the result in FIG. 5.

(32) As described above, in accordance with the amplification optical fiber 10 according to the embodiment, regardless of the refractive index profile of the core 11, Expression (1) is satisfied, and thus differential modal gain can be made sufficiently small. Expression (2) is satisfied, and thus differential modal gain can be made much smaller.

(33) <Description of an Optical Fiber Amplifier>

(34) Next, referring to FIG. 6, an optical fiber amplifier using the amplification optical fiber 10 will be described. Note that, the refractive index profile of the core 11 of the amplification optical fiber 10 may be a step type or a ring type as described above, or may be other refractive index profi1es.

(35) FIG. 6 is a diagram of an optical fiber amplifier according to an embodiment. As illustrated in FIG. 6, an optical fiber amplifier 1 according to the embodiment includes an optical fiber 21 operable to propagate a signal light beam to be amplified, an optical isolator 30a provided in the midway point of the optical fiber 21, a WDM coupler 40a connected to the optical fiber 21, an optical fiber 22 having one end connected to the WDM coupler 40a, an amplification optical fiber 10 having one end connected to the other end of the optical fiber 22, an optical fiber 24 having one end connected to the other end of the amplification optical fiber 10, a WDM coupler 40b connected to the other end of the optical fiber 24, an optical fiber 25 connected to the WDM coupler 40b, an optical isolator 30b provided in the midway point of the optical fiber 25, and a pumping light source 50 as main configurations.

(36) The optical fiber 21 is a few-mode optical fiber operable to propagate signal light beams in individual modes propagated through the amplification optical fiber 10 in a predetermined wavelength range, such as the C-band, in which signals are superposed on the propagated light beams in the individual modes. These signal light beams are propagated through the optical fiber 21 toward the WDM coupler 40a side.

(37) The optical isolator 30a provided in the midway point of the optical fiber 21 transmits the signal light beams propagated from the optical fiber 21 side to the WDM coupler 40a side, and avoids the transmission of the light beams propagated toward the opposite side. Thus, the entrance of light beams from the optical isolator 30a to the optical fiber 21 is avoided, the light beams traveling in the direction opposite to the traveling direction of the signal light beams because of the reflection unnecessarily taken place in the inside of the optical fiber amplifier 1, for example.

(38) The pumping light source 50 emits a multimode pumping light beam at a wavelength of 980 nm, for example. The emitted pumping light, beam is entered to the WDM coupler 40a. Note that, in the case of adjusting the power of pumping light beams in individual modes, it is only required that the LP.sub.01 mode light beam be emitted for each mode and light beams in individual modes be excited from the emitted light beams.

(39) To the WDM coupler 40a, the signal light beams are entered from the optical fiber 21, and the pumping light beams are entered from the pumping light source 50. The WDM coupler 40a multiplexes the signal light beams with the pumping light beams, which have been entered, and enters the light beams to the optical fiber 22. The optical fiber 22 is similarly configured as the optical fiber 21.

(40) The amplification optical fiber 10 connected to the optical fiber 22 preferably satisfies Expressions (1) and (2). To the amplification optical fiber 10, the signal light beams in the individual modes propagated from the optical fiber 21 and the pumping light beams emitted from the pumping light source 50 are entered. The amplification optical fiber 10 satisfies Expression (1). Thus, in the signal light beams in the individual modes entered to the amplification optical fiber 10 and propagated through the core 11, the difference is reduced, which is the difference between the sum total .sub.01 of the power of the signal light beam in the fundamental mode propagated through the region doped with a rare earth element and the sum total .sub.max of the power of the signal light beam in the highest mode propagated through the doped region. Thus, the difference between the sum totals of power of the light beams in the individual modes is reduced. The rare earth element pumped with the pumping light beams causes stimulated emission in the signal light beams in the individual modes for amplifying the signal light beams in the individual modes.

(41) In this amplification, the difference between the sura totals of power is reduced in the region doped with a rare earth element for each of the light beams in the individual modes as described above. Thus, the differential modal gain between the signal light beams in the individual modes is reduced. Consequently, the signal light beams in the individual modes, which are amplified with the differential modal gain being reduced, are emitted from the amplification optical fiber 10.

(42) The optical fiber 24 connected to the amplification optical fiber 10 is configured similarly as the optical fiber 22. The signal light beams and the excess pumping light beams emitted from the amplification optical fiber 10 are entered to the optical fiber 24, and propagated through the optical fiber 24.

(43) The signal light beams and the excess pumping light beams entered from the optical fiber 24 to the WDM coupler 40b are separated at the WDM coupler 40b. The separated excess pumping light beams are terminated at a terminating device E. The signal light beams are entered to the optical fiber 25, and propagated through the optical fiber 25.

(44) The optical isolator 30b provided in the midway point of the optical fiber 25 transmits the signal light beams propagated from the WDM coupler 40b through the optical fiber 25, and reduces the transmission of the light beams propagated toward the WDM coupler 40b. Thus, the signal light beams are transmitted through the optical isolator 30b for emission.

(45) In accordance with the optical fiber amplifier 1 according to the embodiment, differential modal gain is reduced in the amplification optical fiber 10, allowing the emission of few-mode light beams with a low differential modal gain.

(46) As described above, the embodiments of the present invention are described as examples. However, the embodiments of the present invention are not limited to these embodiments.

(47) For example, in FIGS. 4A, 4B and 4C, the relative refractive index difference between the inner core 11i and the cladding 12 is set to zero percent. However, the relative refractive index difference can have any percentage.

(48) In the foregoing embodiments, for the refractive index of the core 11, a step type refractive index and a ring type refractive index are described. However, the core 11 may have a graded-index (GI) type refractive index, in which the center is high. Even in the case in which the amplification optical fiber 10 is an optical fiber having a GI refractive index. Expression (1) is satisfied. Thus, the difference between .sub.01 and .sub.max can be made smaller, and differential modal gain can be reduced.

(49) As described above, in accordance with the embodiments of the present invention, there are provided an amplification optical fiber that can reduce differential modal gain and an optical fiber amplifier, which can be expected for use in the field of few-mode optical communications.