A FUNCTIONAL PV POWERED FACILITATED WATER ELECTROLYZER SYSTEM FOR SOLAR HYDROGEN GENERATION AND PROCESSES THEREOF

Abstract

The present disclosure provides a functional (photovoltaic) PV powered facilitated Water electrolyzer system for solar hydrogen generation having two components: a functional PV panel and a facilitated water electrolyzer. The present invention provides functional PV powered facilitated water electrolyzer (F-PV-WE) systems. The invention provides a process using integrated functional PV with facilitated water electrolysis for multiproduct generation including hydrogen, oxygen and hypochlorite with reduction in energy and environmental footprint.

Claims

1. A functional (photovoltaic) PV power facilitated water electrolyzer system for solar hydrogen generation, wherein the said system comprises: i. a functional solar PV Panel (2), and ii. a facilitated water electrolyzer (3), wherein the functional solar PV panel (2) is made of reflectors (1) and a heat harvesting system with a hydrophobic coating on the PV panel with enhanced efficiency of 6-8% over commercial panel.

2. The functional PV power facilitated water electrolyzer system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the system includes standalone and integrated system with non-sacrificial electrodes with or without sacrificial anode with enhancement efficiency by a factor of 1.2-1.5 for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and reduced footprint.

3. The functional PV power facilitated water electrolyzer system as claimed in claim 1, wherein an electrolysis chamber of the functional PV (85 cm80 cm12 cm) powered facilitated water electrolyzer system (42 cm55 cm6 cm) is retrofitted with a photo-illumination effect through tungsten bulb using two anodic plates of titanium electrode coated with a mixed metal oxide and three uncoated cathodic plates water electrolysis to generate hydrogen at the cathode, oxygen at the anode and hypochlorite in the solution and the system is standalone comprising of the following components, i. reflectors (1) (85 cm80 cm) retrofitted to solar PV panel with the photonic wavelength to enhance the electric output of PV panel, ii. functional solar PV panel (2) (85 cm80 cm) with increased electrical output to operate the facilitated water electrolyzer, iii. facilitated water electrolyzer (3) (42 cm55 cm6 cm) with enhanced water electrolysis rate, and comprises components (4-12), iv. solution inlet (4) with tungsten lamp fixed inside the chamber (2 cm diameter) is to introduce the electrolytic solution inside the chamber whereas the retrofitted tungsten lamp is for photo-illumination effect, v. solution level indicator (5) 4 cm3.5 cm to check the solution level inside the electrolysis chamber to ensure the dipping of Ti electrode, vi. reactor chamber (6) 23 cm30 cm22 cm to carry out PV-based water electrolysis reaction inside the chamber, vii. hydrogen outlet (7) of 3 cm diameter to collect the hydrogen gas, viii. Ti electrode (8) made of mixed metal oxide coated with surface area of 300 cm.sup.2 and provides surface for redox reactions at cathode and anode for hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions, ix. On/Off Switch (9) 2 cm4.5 cm to start/stop the water electrolysis reaction, x. Cooling fan (10) 13 cm13 cm to maintain the temperature of electric circuit, xi. Voltmeter (11) is 7 cm7 cm for display the DC voltage supplied for water electrolysis, xii. Ammeter (12) is 7 cm7 cm for display of DC current supplied for water electrolysis, and xiii. facilitated water electrolyzer (3) with electrolytic solution and retrofitted with photo-illumination effect through tungsten bulb using two plates of titanium electrode coated with mixed metal oxide.

4. The functional PV power facilitated water electrolyzer system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the facilitated water electrolyzer of dimension 85 cm80 cm12 cm is retrofitted behind the functional PV panel (85 cm80 cm12 cm) for integrated and compact system having electrolytic solution and two plates of titanium electrode coated with mixed metal oxide subjected to water electrolysis to generate hydrogen at the cathode, oxygen at the anode and hypochlorite in the solution and the system also comprises components (1), (2), (4), (5), (7), (8), (9), (11) and (12).

5. A method of solar hydrogen generation with functional PV power facilitated water electrolyzer system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the method comprises the steps of: i. preparing sacrificial & non-sacrificial electrolytic solutions as donors wherein the electro-catalytic solution is having pH in the range of 5.0-6.0, 7.0-7.2 and 9.0-12.0, ii. filling the electrolytic solutions obtained of step (i) in facilitated water electrolyzer up to 8 L/12 L reactor volume, iii. connecting the electrodes to terminals (positive and negative) of the voltage regulator and applying a voltage in the range of 3 to 4 Volts at temperature in the range of 32 to 36 C. with or without illumination to produce hydrogen (2-42 lph), oxygen (0-12.6 lph) and sodium hypochlorite (stable range of 0-13%) is produced as a by-product.

6. The method of solar hydrogen generation with functional PV power facilitated water electrolyzer system as claimed in claim 5, wherein the donor is selected from NaCl, hydrogen peroxide, 3% NaCl+1% H.sub.2O.sub.2, Potassium Permanganate (KMnO.sub.4), Sodium sulphide, Sodium Borohydride (NaBH.sub.4), heteropoly acids, ethanol, urea, or combinations thereof.

7. The method of solar hydrogen generation with functional PV powered water electrolyzer system as claimed in claim 5, wherein the electrodes (anodes and cathodes) are sacrificial or non-sacrificial, selected from titanium, aluminium, steel, or nickel electrodes with and without mixed metal oxide coating.

8. The method of solar hydrogen generation with functional PV powered water electrolyzer system as claimed in claim 5, wherein the non-sacrificial electrodes are titanium electrodes with mixed metal oxide coating selected from ruthenium and iridium salt; and the sacrificial electrodes are aluminium electrodes (anode) and the surface area of the electrode is at least 360 cm.sup.2.

9. The method of solar hydrogen generation with functional PV powered water electrolyzer (without illumination) system as claimed in claim 5, wherein the method generates hydrogen (2-42 lph) with an electrolyte volume of 1 litre to 25 litre, oxygen (0-12.6 lph) and sodium hypochlorite (stable range of 0-13%) using non sacrificial Ti mixed metal oxide coated electrodes, 0-30% NaCl and 0-1% H.sub.2O.sub.2 as donor; sacrificial anode (steel) & non sacrificial Ti mixed metal coated cathode using 0-3% NaCl as donor; and sacrificial anode (aluminium) and non-sacrificial Ti mixed metal coated cathode using Na.sub.2S as donor, the variation in the volume of the electrolyte to volume of the reactor is between 8-12 L to 35-40 L and on illumination hydrogen evolution rate (HER) enhances by a factor of 1.5-2.0 with all other conditions and parametric ranges remaining the same.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[0061] The following drawings form a part of the present specification and are included to further illustrate aspects of the present disclosure. The disclosure may be better understood by reference to the drawings in combination with the detailed description of the specific embodiments presented herein.

[0062] FIG. 1 provides flow chart of solar hydrogen production, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0063] FIG. 2 provides flow diagram depicting standalone systems for solar hydrogen production using (i) functional PV panel also designated as broad band absorption cell by virtue of the fact that UV and IR photons are being absorbed in addition to absorption of visible photons; and (ii) facilitated water electrolyzer for donor assisted water Electrolysis, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0064] FIG. 3 shows standalone compact system with Reflectors (1), Functional Solar PV Panel (2), Facilitated Water Electrolyzer (3) for solar hydrogen production, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0065] FIG. 4 depicts Functional PV panels with functional coating, heat harvesting device and reflectors, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0066] FIG. 5 shows Facilitated water electrolyzer housing with Solution inlet (4), Solution level Indicator (5), Reactor chamber (6), Hydrogen Outlet (7), Electrode (8), On/Off Switch (9), Cooling fan (10), Voltmeter (11), Ammeter (12), in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0067] FIG. 6 shows integrated system for Solar Hydrogen Production using functional PV panel retrofitted with facilitated water electrolyzer (13), in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0068] Those skilled in the art will be aware that the present disclosure is subject to variations and modifications other than those specifically described. It is to be understood that the present disclosure includes all such variations and modifications. The disclosure also includes all such steps, features, compositions, and compounds referred to or indicated in this specification, individually or collectively, and any and all combinations of any or more of such steps or features.

Definitions

[0069] For convenience, before further description of the present disclosure, certain terms employed in the specification, and examples are delineated here. These definitions should be read in the light of the remainder of the disclosure and understood as by a person of skill in the art. The terms used herein have the meanings recognized and known to those of skill in the art, however, for convenience and completeness, particular terms and their meanings are set forth below.

[0070] The invention has other advantages and features which will be more readily apparent from the following detailed description of the invention, when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:

[0071] While the invention has been disclosed with reference to certain embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes may be made, and equivalents may be substituted without departing from the scope of the invention. In addition, many modifications may be made to adapt to a particular situation or material to the teachings of the invention without departing from its scope.

[0072] Throughout the specification and claims, the following terms take the meanings explicitly associated herein unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. The meaning of a, an, and the include plural references. The meaning of in includes in and on. Referring to the drawings, like numbers indicate parts throughout the view. Additionally, a reference to the singular includes a reference to the plural unless otherwise stated or inconsistent with the disclosure herein.

[0073] The tables, figures and protocols have been represented where appropriate by conventional representations in the drawings, showing only those specific details that are pertinent to understanding the embodiments of the present invention so as not to obscure the disclosure with details that will be readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art having benefit of the description herein.

[0074] In order to address the huge demand to enhance the power generation, renewable energy sources are the best options. The solar energy is the best alternative to the existing technologies for production of electrical energy. There is a need to enhance the overall performance of the PV panel since the efficiency of the PV-panel get affected by various parameters such as UV radiations, dust, dirt, excessive heat and temperature. By using peltier device, the overall performance of the PV-panel could be enhanced up to certain extent by harvesting excess heat thereby increasing the electrical power output. The conventional PV panel can be replaced by functional PV panel.

[0075] Accordingly, to accomplish the objectives of the invention, the present invention relates to an eco-friendly functional PV powered facilitated Water electrolyzer system for solar hydrogen with concomitant oxygen cum hypochlorite generation with reduced energy and environmental footprint compared to the commercial water electrolyzer/or its counterpart. Specifically, this invention focusses on enhanced performance of solar panels and reduction of electricity consumption with the usage of donors and photo-illumination for consequent benefit of low cost and reduced emissions.

[0076] In an embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a functional PV powered facilitated water electrolyzer system for solar hydrogen generation and method for generation thereof wherein the said system comprises; Functional Solar PV Panel (2) and Facilitated Water Electrolyzer (3).

[0077] In an embodiment of the present invention, the functional solar PV panel (2) is made of reflectors (1) and heat harvesting system with hydrophobic coating on the Panel with enhanced efficiency of 6-8% over commercial panel, the said system includes standalone and integrated system with non-sacrificial electrodes with or without sacrificial anode with enhancement efficiency by a factor of 1.2-1.5 for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and reduced footprint. FIG. 3 represents the complete Functional PV powered facilitated Water electrolyzer system for solar hydrogen generation having two components, a Functional PV panel (2, FIG. 4) and Facilitated water electrolyzer (3, FIG. 5). FIG. 4 represents the detailed structure of the functional PV panel, in which the mixed oxide nano-particle coating is applied on the PV panel with V-trough glass reflectors 1 for efficiency enhancement by way of increased reflection leading to increased path length of photons and generation of heat and retrofitted peltier device fixed behind the PV-panel. Type 1 with hydrophobic coating to prevent deposition of aerosol and particulate, Type 2 with V-trough concentrator for concentrating photons and heat and enhancing efficiency by about 10-12%, Type 3 Peltier device for harvesting heat and enhancing efficiency by about 10-12%, Type 4 is all in one with hydrophobic coating, V-trough concentrator and Peltier device with enhanced efficiency of 20-24% and increased shelf life. The energy output i.e., electricity generated from the functional PV panel is then supplied to the facilitated water electrolyzer as shown in FIG. 5, for hydrogen generation. FIG. 5 stands for the facilitated water electrolyzer (made using fiber reinforced plastic material) in which the electrolytic solution is filled from the solution inlet retrofitted with photo-illumination effect of tungsten bulb 4, solution level indicator 5 is used to confirm the solution level inside the electrolysis chamber 6 to ensure the Ti electrode 8 dipping inside the electrolyte solution. Ti Electrode (Mixed metal oxide coated) which is used for PV based electrolysis in which 3 plates are of uncoated (blank) titanium electrode and the remaining two plates are coated with mixed metal oxide coating. The power supply unit comprises of the on/off switch 9, cooling fan 10, voltmeter 11 and ammeter 12 which is used to supply DC electricity to activate water electrolysis for hydrogen generation. The generated hydrogen gas is then collected via hydrogen outlet 7. FIG. 6 represents integrated system for solar Hydrogen generation using functional PV panel integrated with facilitated water electrolyzer 13 for water Electrolysis as single compact system.

[0078] In an embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a functional PV powered standalone facilitated water electrolyzer system for solar hydrogen generation and method for generation thereof comprising the following as per FIG. 1 to FIG. 6 with detailed dimensions. [0079] i. Reflectors (1) (85 cm80 cm) retrofitted to solar PV panel with the photonic wavelength to enhance the electric output of PV panel, [0080] ii. Functional Solar PV Panel (2) (85 cm80 cm) with increased electrical output to operate the facilitated water electrolyzer, [0081] iii. Facilitated Water Electrolyzer (3) (42 cm55 cm6 cm) with enhanced water electrolysis rate, and comprises components (4-12), [0082] iv. Solution inlet (4) with tungsten lamp fixed inside the chamber (2 cm diameter) is to introduce the electrolytic solution inside the chamber whereas the retrofitted tungsten lamp is for photo-illumination effect, [0083] v. Solution level Indicator (5) 4 cm3.5 cm to check the solution level inside the electrolysis chamber to ensure the dipping of Ti electrode, [0084] vi. Reactor chamber (6) 23 cm30 cm22 cm to carry out PV-based water electrolysis reaction inside the chamber, [0085] vii. Hydrogen Outlet (7) of 3 cm diameter to collect the hydrogen gas. [0086] viii. Ti Electrode (8) made of Mixed metal oxide coated with surface area of 300 cm.sup.2 and provides surface for redox reactions at cathode and anode for hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions, [0087] ix. On/Off Switch (9) 2 cm4.5 cm to start/stop the water electrolysis reaction, [0088] x. Cooling fan (10) 13 cm13 cm to maintain the temperature of electric circuit, [0089] xi. Voltmeter (11) is 7 cm7 cm for display the DC voltage supplied for water electrolysis, [0090] xii. Ammeter (12) is 7 cm7 cm for display of DC current supplied for water electrolysis, [0091] xiii. Facilitated water electrolyzer (3) with electrolytic solution and retrofitted with photo-illumination effect through tungsten bulb using two plates of titanium electrode coated with mixed metal oxide water electrolysis to generate hydrogen generation at the cathode, oxygen at the anode and hypochlorite in the solution and the said system also comprises components i-xii is connected to functional PV Panel (85 cm80 cm12 cm).

[0092] In an embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a functional PV powered facilitated Water electrolyzer system for solar hydrogen generation, wherein the facilitated water electrolyzer of dimension 85 cm80 cm12 cm is retrofitted behind the functional PV panel (85 cm80 cm12 cm) for integrated and compact system having electrolytic solution and two plates of titanium electrode coated with mixed metal oxide water electrolysis to generate hydrogen generation at the cathode, oxygen at the anode and hypochlorite in the solution and the said system also comprises components (1), (2), (4), (5), (7), (8), (9), (11) and (12).

[0093] In an embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a functional PV powered facilitated Water electrolyzer system for solar hydrogen generation, wherein the donor is selected from NaCl, 3% NaCl, hydrogen peroxide, 3% NaCl+1% H.sub.2O.sub.2, Potassium Permanganate (KMnO.sub.4), Sodium sulphide, Sodium Borohydride (NaBH.sub.4), heteropoly acids, ethanol, urea or combinations thereof; and the sacrificial and non-sacrificial electrodes (anodes and cathodes) are selected from titanium, aluminium, steel and nickel electrodes with and without mixed metal oxide coating.

[0094] The present disclosure provides a functional PV powered facilitated Water electrolyzer system which is developed on the basis of the following:

i) Developing Facilitated Water Electrolyzer with Reduced Energy and Environmental Footprint [0095] Facilitated water electrolyzer with reduced electricity consumption using organic & inorganic donors for multiproduct generation including hydrogen, oxygen and mixed oxide disinfectant. [0096] Facilitate water electrolyzer with reduced electricity consumption using organic & inorganic donor for solar hydrogen and hypochlorite generation with minimal oxygen generation. [0097] Facilitated water electrolyzer with reduced electricity consumption using organic & inorganic donor for solar oxygen and hypochlorite generation with minimal hydrogen generation.

ii) Developing Functional PV Panel for Harnessing UV, IR Light and Heat Singly or in Combination

[0098] The present invention provides: a) functional PV panel with enhanced efficiency and b) new class of donor based facilitated water electrolyzer which reduces electricity consumption with donors which have dual function and properties of reducing electricity and residual/unreacted donor function as disinfectant. The electricity requirement is reduced significantly thus addressing the explicit aim to reduce electricity consumption. These systems showed enhanced performance in solar to hydrogen conversion efficiency as compared with their counterpart commercially available in the market.

[0099] The following criteria have been taken into consideration for usage of donors: [0100] Safety, affordability, ready availability and practicability [0101] Non-toxicity [0102] Pollution neutral [0103] Potential for reducing electricity consumption [0104] Potential for generation of hydrogen and oxygen

[0105] This invention deals in specific with environment-friendly integration of functional PV panel for powering facilitated water electrolyzer. The process flow diagram is shown in FIG. 2.

[0106] The present invention discloses use of BBC (Broadband Absorption Photovoltaic Cell) for enhancement of electrical efficiency and use of a hybrid, modular, portable and transformative broadband absorption photovoltaic cell (BBC) based photocatalyzed water electrolyzer for delivering hydrogen gas. Augmentation of water electrolysis process with innovations including illumination, photocatalysis and plasmonics, usage of donors like sodium chloride, sodium hypochlorite, HPA/HPB, sodium sulphide for splitting water is disclosed herein. Generation of redox shuttle for coupling with water electrolyzer that reduces the energy requirements and use of functional PV panels by harvesting heat through Peltier device and nano fluids is also provided.

[0107] Although the subject matter has been described in considerable detail with reference to certain embodiments thereof, other embodiments are possible. As such, the spirit and scope of the disclosure should not be limited to the description of the embodiments contained herein.

EXAMPLES

[0108] The following examples are given by way of illustration and therefore should not be construed to limit the scope of the present invention.

Example 1

[0109] The present invention provides a functional PV power facilitated water electrolyzer system for solar hydrogen generation and method for generation thereof, wherein the said system comprises; (i) Functional Solar PV Panel (2); (ii) Facilitated Water Electrolyzer (3).

[0110] The said system included standalone and integrated system with non-sacrificial electrodes with or without sacrificial anode with enhancement efficiency by a factor of 1.2-1.5 for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and reduced footprint.

[0111] The electrolysis chamber of the functional PV (85 cm80 cm12 cm) powered facilitated water electrolyzer system (42 cm55 cm6 cm) was retrofitted with photo-illumination effect through tungsten bulb using two anodic plates of titanium electrode coated with mixed metal oxide and three uncoated cathodic plates water electrolysis to generate hydrogen generation at the cathode, oxygen at the anode and hypochlorite in the solution and the system was standalone and comprising of the components 1-12, mentioned in the summary of the invention.

[0112] Different system of facilitated water electrolyzer & functional PV panel is illustrated below as:

A) Design of Facilitated Water Electrolyzer for Generation of Multi-Products (Hydrogen, Oxygen and Disinfectant): The Details of the System are as Follows:

[0113] i) Sacrificial donor assisted water electrolysis with and without illumination. [0114] ii) Usage of photo-catalytically generated non-sacrificial redox shuttle like HPA/HPB to reduce electricity requirement in water electrolyzer with and without illumination. [0115] iii) Plasmonic heating for improved water splitting with and without illumination.

[0116] Facilitated Water Electrolyzer for Hydrogen Generation with concomitant oxygen cum hypochlorite generation. [0117] Conditions for Solar Hydrogen, Oxygen (minimal) and mixed oxide disinfectant generation (FIG. 3). [0118] It was observed that hydrogen rich gas was generated by the electrolysis of NaCl+H.sub.2O.sub.2 solution when higher voltage was applied across the electrodes, along with the formation of mixed oxide disinfectant. [0119] Conditions for Solar Hydrogen (minimal), Oxygen and mixed oxide disinfectant generation) [0120] It was observed that oxygen rich gas was generated by the electrolysis of NaCl+H.sub.2O.sub.2 solution when lower voltage was applied across the electrodes, along with the formation of mixed oxide disinfectant.

[0121] The system was designed to generate solar hydrogen and oxygen using facilitated water electrolyzer coupled with PV panel.

[0122] The system was helpful in generation of solar hydrogen with concomitant oxygen generation and liquid based disinfectant i.e., hypochlorite based mixed oxidant solution. The invention provided a practical, non-polluting technology for producing hydrogen that can be used as a fuel for various applications.

[0123] The system involved use of donor-assisted water electrolysis system for generation of hydrogen. The process involved use of brine solution in combination with peroxide as the electrolytic solution along with the use of Mixed Metal Oxide coated Titanium electrodes.

[0124] DC current was supplied to the Mixed Metal Oxide coated Titanium electrodes and the hydrogen and oxygen generated were analyzed using Thermal Conductivity Detector (TCD) where Nitrogen was used as the carrier gas. Performance of facilitated water electrolyzer for hydrogen generation along with concomitant oxygen & hypochlorite generation with the functionality of different donors varied.

[0125] Hydrogen was produced by the electrolysis of brine (a solution of sodium chloride) in a fully mixed cell. A direct current was passed through a solution of sodium chloride (common salt) containing Na.sup.+ and Cl.sup., producing chlorine at the anode, and hydrogen at the cathode. In the present invention, a combination of 1-5% hydrogen peroxide and 1-5% NaCl was used for arriving at optimal conditions to produce solar hydrogen enriched gas and hypochlorite or solar oxygen enriched gas and hypochlorite.

[0126] Hydrogen generation using ethanol as a donor, an alcohol-based electrolysis system for hydrogen generation was studied using ethanol (C.sub.2H.sub.5OH). Ethanol when used in alkaline medium (1 N NaOH solution) was also found to generate hydrogen at comparatively higher generation rate.

[0127] HPA (Heteropoly acid) or electron coupled proton buffer (ECPB) based shuttle was studied for the generation of hydrogen. Heteropoly acid (HPA) had strong proton conducting ability and redox property. HPA could accommodate the excess electrons owing to their high oxidizability. Reduced system of mixed valance (+5, +6) possessed a deep blue color which justifies its name of heteropolyblue (HPB). HPB served as an e rich centre and acted as antenna molecules for harvesting visible light and proton storage which can release hydrogen at reduction sites. Hydrogen was generated using HPA/HPB shuttle in acidic conditions at comparatively higher generation rate.

B) Design of Functional PV Panel:

[0128] The functional PV panel has the following modifications: [0129] i) Solar PV panel with peltier module; [0130] ii) V-trough concentrator coupled with solar PV panel; [0131] iii) Hydrophobic coating to prevent dust.
a) Peltier module (thermoelectric device): a device that consisting of a p-type and n-type semiconductors. This structure could be used to convert heat energy to electricity by using a principle known as the Seebeck effect. A thermoelectric (TE) power generation occurred when a voltage was generated from a temperature difference across two different semiconductor materials.

[0132] The solar and peltier energy obtained was stored to a battery. By hybrid which increased cell life, improve performance, and provided operational benefits under different environmental conditions. A peltier device with water jacket was used to harvest heat of PV-panel which was then used to heat the water. Heated water could be used for different application.

b) V-Trough Concentrator Coupled with Solar PV Panel

[0133] The conventional PV panel was retrofitted with two reflecting surfaces on two of its parallel sides. The reflecting surfaces were placed at an angle such that the incident solar radiations were reflected and uniformly distributed at the panel surface which in turn increased the output power thereby increasing the efficiency of panel. Experiments were performed with the experimental setup given below and the data were summarized in the table given in the output section of this table. It was observed that approximately 10% enhancement in electrical efficiency of a 10 W PV-panel. The schematic representation of the system is given in FIG. 4.

C) Facilitated Donor Assisted Electro-Chlorination Process

[0134] The system was customized for the generation of hypochlorite based mixed oxidant solution for use as a disinfectant.

[0135] Sodium hypochlorite was produced by the electrolysis of brine (a solution of sodium chloride). Electro-chlorination produced a weak hypochlorite (<10 g/l) solution that was easy to handle and avoided many of the safety hazards associated with the use of purchased liquefied chlorine and bulk sodium hypochlorite.

[0136] A direct current passed through a solution of sodium chloride (common salt) containing Na.sup.+ and Cl.sup., produces chlorine at the anode, and hydrogen at the cathode. With mixing of the catholyte, anolyte and sodium ions in the solution, sodium hypochlorite (Na.sup.+OCl.sup.) was produced. The process had the advantage that the hypochlorite solution can be manufactured on site (if required), thus avoiding the risks of transporting, storing and handling liquid and gas chlorine and the difficulty of meeting all the associated safety measures required. A simple on-site generation system operation begins with usage of brine solution (3%).

[0137] The strength of hypochlorite obtained was found to be 0.5-0.7% using commercially available electrodes based on Titanium with energy requirement of 4-4.5 KW/hr.

[0138] The facilitated electro-chlorination process reduced the potential required for above reaction by using inorganic donor cum disinfectant like peroxide and hypochlorite.

[0139] The sodium hypochlorite solution of strength (1-14%) was thus produced in facilitated electro-chlorination process in presence of donor using the conventional electrolyzer. This generated a mixture of hypochlorite and other oxidants and is termed as hypochlorite based mixed oxidant solution.

[0140] The process developed was thus found relatively safe for on-site, generation of hypochlorite solution for disinfecting surfaces and is scalable ranging from 500 ml/h to 2 litre/h.

[0141] The donor assisted electro-chlorination hypochlorite generation was based on the usage of donor with potential to reduce electricity requirement and generate/add additional oxidant as the case maybe. It also had the potential of reduced energy footprint by facilitating electro chlorination with minimal energy input. The process had reduced environmental footprint i.e., reduced energy input with consequent minimal CO.sub.2 emissions. The resultant hypochlorite solution admixed with in-situ generated oxidant or unused donor (as oxidant) or a by-product reaction (as oxidant) found application as disinfectant with significantly enhanced disinfection efficacy. The hypochlorite based mixed oxidant solution obtained by the facilitated electro-chlorination system using 3% brine was having higher disinfection potential compared to conventional hypochlorite and could be used as disinfectant. The strength of stable hypochlorite solution was found to be ranging from 1-7% for different donor systems illustrated.

D) Integrated Standalone System for Solar Hydrogen and Oxygen Generation

[0142] i) Standalone Enhanced energy efficient Peltier based Functional PV panel coupled with energy efficient facilitated Water electrolyzer system using sacrificial/non-sacrificial donor (FIG. 3), [0143] ii) Standalone Enhanced energy efficient functional PV panel with V-trough concentrator coupled with facilitated Water electrolyzer system using sacrificial/non-sacrificial donor (FIG. 3), [0144] iii) Standalone Enhanced energy efficient functional PV panel with V-trough concentrator and peltier coupled with facilitated Water electrolyzer system using sacrificial/non-sacrificial donor), [0145] iv) Unified, compact and modular system by Integration of Enhanced energy efficiency functional PV panel and non-sacrificial redox shuttle-based facilitated water electrolyzer (FIG. 6), [0146] v) Unified system by Integration of Enhanced energy efficiency functional PV panel with sacrificial electrode-based water electrolyzer using sacrificial and non-sacrificial donor (FIG. 6), [0147] vi) Unified, compact and modular system by Integration of energy efficient facilitated Water electrolyzer coupled with parabolic dish for harvesting &generating electricity by Peltier/TEG, [0148] vii) Unified, compact and modular system by Integration of energy efficient facilitated Water electrolyzer (pyro-electric water splitting) coupled with peltier device for harvesting heat & generating electricity, [0149] viii) Unified, compact and modular system by Integration of energy efficient facilitated photocatalyzed Water electrolyzer coupled with peltier device for harvesting heat & generating electricity, [0150] ix) Unified, compact and modular system by Integration of energy efficient facilitated photocatalyzed Water electrolyzer coupled with photocatalyzed peltier device for harvesting heat & generating electricity, [0151] x) Unified, compact and modular system by Integration of functional PV panel with retrofitted water electrolyzer (skirting type) using non-sacrificial donor and electrode, [0152] xi) Unified, compact and modular system by Integration of functional PV panel with retrofitted water electrolyzer (bottom reactor with separator type).

Example 2

[0153] The facilitated water electrolyzer generated solar hydrogen using donors. The system also generated sodium hypochlorite (in case of specific donors), that was widely used as a disinfectant. The steps involved are as follows: [0154] a) The electrolytic solutions were prepared according to specific concentration for donors such as 3% NaCl, 1% H.sub.2O.sub.2, 3% NaCl+1% H.sub.2O.sub.2. The volume of electrolytic solutions (sacrificial & non-sacrificial) used during the experiments was 700 ml. The electrolytic solutions were further classified into three categories namelyneutral, acidic and alkaline. [0155] b) The solution was filled in the water electrolyzer (acrylic reactor), up to a certain level. The electrodes were connected to the respective terminals (positive and WO 2023/181071 PCT/N2023/050276 negative) of the voltage regulator. The study was performed using Titanium electrodes (Mixed Metal Oxide coated) at 4 Volts at room temperature 32 to 36 C. The surface area of electrode was 380 cm.sup.2. [0156] c) A specific voltage was applied using the voltage regulator and the outlet of the water electrolyzer was connected to GC for analysis of hydrogen and oxygen generated.

[0157] Hydrogen generation rate using various donors and their combinations was studied and tabulated in table 1

TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Effect of variation in NaCl & H.sub.2O.sub.2 concentration and pH on hydrogen generation H.sub.2 O.sub.2 Sl. Electrolytic Voltage Current (mmoles/ H.sub.2 (mmoles/ O.sub.2 no Solution Electrode (Volts) (Amperes) pH hr) (lph) hr) (lph) 1. Water (H.sub.2O) Ti 4 0.1 7 0.39 0.009 0.58 0.013 2. 3% NaCl Ti 4 6.5 6.8 66.84 1.49 16.40 0.36 3. 3% NaCl + Ti 3.5 11 1 84.50 1.89 22.90 0.51 1N H.sub.2SO.sub.4 4. 3% NaCl + Ti 4 12 13 215.01 4.8 96 2.15 1N NaOH 5. 1% H.sub.2O.sub.2 Ti 4 0.05 6.5 0.01 0.0002 11.12 0.249 6. 3% NaCl + Ti 4 11 6.7 146.14 3.27 62.20 1.39 1% H.sub.2O.sub.2 7. 3% NaCl+ Ti 3 12 1 165.30 3.70 48 1.07 1% H.sub.2O.sub.2 + 1N H.sub.2SO.sub.4 8. 3% NaCl + Ti 3.5 12 13 192 4.30 120.6 2.70 1% H.sub.2O.sub.2 + 1N NaOH

Example 3

[0158] The study was performed using non-sacrificial electrode namely Titanium (Mixed Metal Oxide coated) electrode. All the steps were same as mentioned in the above examples. The concentration of H.sub.2O.sub.2 was constant and the study was conducted at varying concentrations of NaCl and subjected to electrolysis at 4 Volts. Hydrogen generation rates for the system is tabulated in table 2.

TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Effect of variation in NaCl concentration on hydrogen generation H.sub.2 O.sub.2 Sr. Electrolytic Voltage Current (mmoles/ H.sub.2 (mmoles/ O.sub.2 No. Solution Electrode (Volts) (Amperes) hr) (lph) hr) (lph) 1. Water (H.sub.2O) Ti 4 0.1 0.39 0.009 0.58 0.013 2. 3% NaCl Ti 4 6.5 66.84 1.49 16.40 0.36 3. 0.5% NaCl + Ti 4 5.5 57.63 1.29 19.70 0.441 1% H.sub.2O.sub.2 4. 1% NaCl + Ti 4 6 104.38 2.33 30 0.67 1% H.sub.2O.sub.2 5. 3% NaCl + Ti 4 11 146.14 3.27 62.20 1.39 1% H.sub.2O.sub.2 6. 5% NaCl+ Ti 4 11.2 160.94 3.60 45.60 1.02 1% H.sub.2O.sub.2

Example 4

[0159] Combination of NaCl and H.sub.2O.sub.2 was used as the electrolytic solution. The concentration of NaCl was constant and the study was conducted at varying concentrations of H.sub.2O.sub.2 subjected to 4V for electrolysis. The steps involved were same as that given in the above examples. Hydrogen generation rates for the system is tabulated in table 3.

TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Effect of variation in H.sub.2O.sub.2 concentration on hydrogen generation H.sub.2 O.sub.2 Sr Electrolytic Voltage Current (mmoles/ H.sub.2 (mmoles/ O.sub.2 No. Solution Electrode (Volts) (Amperes) hr) (lph) hr) (lph) 1. Water (H.sub.2O) Ti 4 0.1 0.39 0.009 0.58 0.013 2. 3% NaCl Ti 4 6.5 66.84 1.49 16.40 0.36 3. 3% NaCl + Ti 4 5.5 64.44 1.44 17.40 0.389 0.1% H.sub.2O.sub.2 4. 3% NaCl + Ti 4 9 140.56 3.148 53.50 1.198 0.5% H.sub.2O.sub.2 5. 3% NaCl + Ti 4 11 146.14 3.27 62.20 1.39 1% H.sub.2O.sub.2 6. 3% NaCl + Ti 4 12.9 104.46 2.339 21.90 0.49 3% H.sub.2O.sub.2

Example 5

[0160] This study was conducted at variation in voltage supply with respect to hydrogen generation for 3% NaCl and 3% NaCl+1% H.sub.2O.sub.2. The voltage was varied for the electrolytic solutions using voltage regulator. The study was carried out at 1, 2, 4 and 5 volts, using Ti electrodes (table 4). The steps involved were same as that given in the above examples.

TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 Effect of variation in voltage on hydrogen generation using NaCl and H.sub.2O.sub.2 H.sub.2 O.sub.2 Sr. Electrolytic Voltage Current (mmoles/ H.sub.2 (mmoles/ O.sub.2 No. Solution Electrode (Volts) (Amperes) hr) (lph) hr) (lph) 1. Water (H.sub.2O) Ti 4 0.1 0.39 0.009 0.58 0.013 2. 3% NaCl Ti 1 0.12 NA NA NA NA 2 0.13 0.05 0.001 0.3 0.006 4 6.5 66.84 1.49 16.40 0.36 5 12 202.15 4.528 58.50 1.31 3. 3% NaCl + Ti 1 0.11 NA NA NA NA 1% H.sub.2O.sub.2 2 2.99 4.61 0.103 28.20 0.631 4 11 146.14 3.27 62.20 1.39 5 13.30 163.87 3.67 59..60 1.335
Oxygen enriched gas was obtained at higher concentration of peroxide (3% NaCl+5% H.sub.2O.sub.2) whereas at lower concentration of peroxide (3% NaCl+0.5% H.sub.2O.sub.2) hydrogen evolution was significantly enhanced.

Example 6

[0161] This study was conducted for H.sub.2O.sub.2 as donor at different concentrations for hydrogen generation, at 4V using Ti electrodes (table 5). The steps involved were same as that given in the above examples.

TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 5 Hydrogen generation using H.sub.2O.sub.2 as donor H.sub.2 O.sub.2 Sr Electrolytic Voltage Current (mmoles/ H.sub.2 (mmoles/ O.sub.2 No. Solution Electrode (Volts) (Amperes) hr) (lph) hr) (lph) 1. 1N H.sub.2SO.sub.4 Ti 4 12.5 100.31 2.25 11.80 0.26 2. 1% H.sub.2O.sub.2 Ti 4 0.1 0.004 0.0001 0.1 0.002 3. 1N H.sub.2SO.sub.4 + Ti 4 13 153.70 3.44 27.80 0.62 1% H.sub.2O.sub.2 4. 3% H.sub.2O.sub.2 Ti 4 0.1 0.004 0.0001 0.1 0.002 5. 1N H.sub.2SO.sub.4 + Ti 4 12 126.49 2.83 13.90 0.31 3% H.sub.2O.sub.2

Example 7

[0162] Similar study was mentioned in example 1 was conducted using non-sacrificial donors at 3 Volts and the electrodes used were Ti electrodes. The steps involved were same as mentioned in the above examples. HPA (Hetero Poly Acid) solutions analyzed for the respective hydrogen generation rates. The HPA used for experimentation was Phosphomolybdic acid (PMA). Hydrogen generation rates for the system is given in table 6.

TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 6 Hydrogen generation using non-sacrificial donors H.sub.2 O.sub.2 Sr. Electrolytic Voltage Current (mmoles/ H.sub.2 (mmoles/ O.sub.2 No. Solution Electrode (Volts) (Amperes) hr) (lph) hr) (lph) 1) Water (H.sub.2O) Ti 3 0.5 0.39 0.009 0.58 0.013 2) 1N H.sub.2SO.sub.4 Ti 3 8.3 105.73 2.368 41.6 0.931 3) 1N H.sub.2SO.sub.4 + Ti 3 9 114.07 2.55 27.01 0.605 0.002M HPB 4) 3% NaCl + 3% NaCl + 3 6.6 47.75 1.069 5.19 0.116 1N H.sub.2SO.sub.4 + Ti 0.002M HPB 5) 3% NaCl + Ti 3 4.6 5.10 0.114 0.10 0.002 1% H.sub.2O.sub.2 + 0.002 HPB

Example 8

[0163] The effect of alkaline electrolytic solutions on hydrogen generation for organic donors was studied. The electrode used was Titanium electrode. All the steps involved were same as given in examples above. Hydrogen generation rates for the system is tabulated in table 7.

TABLE-US-00007 TABLE 7 Hydrogen and Oxygen generation using organic donors H.sub.2 O.sub.2 Sr. Electrolytic Voltage Current (mmoles/ H.sub.2 (mmoles/ O.sub.2 No. Solution Electrode (Volts) (Amperes) hr) (lph) hr) (lph) 1. 0.5N NaOH Ti 4 11 149.09 3.34 62.60 1.40 2. 0.5N NaOH + Ti 4 13 322.88 7.232 89.40 2.002 5% Ethanol 3. 0.5N NaOH + Ti 4 11 230.10 5.154 82.50 1.848 5% Urea

Example 9

[0164] Similar study was conducted using Sodium Borohydride (NaBH.sub.4) as a donor at 3 Volts. The steps involved were same as mentioned in the above examples. 100 ppm NaBH.sub.4 solution was prepared and analyzed for hydrogen generation using Titanium electrodes. Hydrogen generation rates for the system is tabulated in table 8.

TABLE-US-00008 TABLE 8 Hydrogen generation using Sodium Borohydride (NaBH.sub.4) as a donor H.sub.2 O.sub.2 Sr. Electrolytic Voltage Current (mmoles/ H.sub.2 (mmoles/ O.sub.2 No. Solution Electrode (Volts) (Amperes) hr) (lph) hr) (lph) 1. Water Ti 3 0.5 0.39 0.009 0.58 0.013 2. 100 ppm Ti 0 0 0.32 0.007 NaBH.sub.4 3. 100 ppm Ti 3 0.75 7.76 0.174 4.47 0.100 NaBH.sub.4

Example 10

[0165] A combination of NaOH and CO.sub.2 was studied for generation of hydrogen. CO.sub.2 gas was bubbled through NaOH solution at 0.25 to 0.5 lpm. The electrolytic solution was subjected to electrolysis at 4 Volts using Titanium electrodes. The hydrogen generation data for the solution is tabulated in table 9.

TABLE-US-00009 TABLE 9 Hydrogen generation using Sodium Hydroxide + Carbon Dioxide (NaOH + CO.sub.2) H.sub.2 O.sub.2 Sr. Electrolytic Voltage Current (mmoles/ H.sub.2 (mmoles/ O.sub.2 No. Solution Electrode (Volts) (Amperes) hr) (lph) hr) (lph) 1. 0.2N NaOH + Ti 4 6.4 to 6.9 95.56 2.14 43.69 0.978 CO.sub.2 2. 0.4N NaOH + Ti 4 5.4 to 6.3 93.66 2.09 45.93 1.028 CO.sub.2 3. 0.6N NaOH + Ti 4 6.5 to 7.2 91.80 2.05 42.72 0.956 CO.sub.2 4. 1N NaOH + Ti 4 10.5 155.74 3.488 65.61 1.469 CO.sub.2 5. 1N NaOH Ti 4 10 to 12 114.84 3.244 50.88 1.139

Example 11

[0166] Sewage samples were collected from open drain and experiments were performed at 4 V for hydrogen generation with different donors and the results are tabulated in the following table 10.

TABLE-US-00010 TABLE 10 Hydrogen generation using Sewage water H.sub.2 O.sub.2 Sr. Electrolytic Voltage Current (mmoles/ H.sub.2 (mmoles/ O.sub.2 No. Solution Electrode (Volts) (Amperes) hr) (lph) hr) (lph) 1. Sewage water Ti 4 0.6 0.939 0.02 0.777 0.017 2. Sewage water + Ti 4 1.01 17.81 0.40 4.64 0.104 0.002M HPA

Example 12

[0167] Same study was conducted using Potassium Permanganate (KMnO.sub.4) as a donor at 4 Volts. The steps involved were same as mentioned in the above examples. Neutral KMnO.sub.4 (0.5% KMnO.sub.4), alkaline KMnO.sub.4 (0.1N NaOH+0.5% KMnO.sub.4) and the combination of 3% NaCl and 0.5% KMnO.sub.4 solutions were prepared and analyzed for the respective hydrogen and oxygen generation and the results are tabulated in the following table 11.

TABLE-US-00011 TABLE 11 Hydrogen and Oxygen generation using KMnO.sub.4 as a donor H.sub.2 O.sub.2 Sr. Electrolytic Voltage Current (mmoles/ H.sub.2 (mmoles/ O.sub.2 No. Solution Electrode (Volts) (Amperes) hr) (lph) hr) (lph) 1. 0.5% KMnO.sub.4 Ti 4 1.46 9.45 0.21 12.25 0.28 2. 3% NaCl + Ti 4 7.4 102.15 2.28 29.90 0.67 0.5% KMnO.sub.4 3. 0.1N NaOH + Ti 4 2.26 36.72 0.822 19.20 0.43 0.5% KMnO.sub.4

Example 13

[0168] The study was conducted using sacrificial (Aluminium) and non-sacrificial (Titanium) electrodes with variable voltage such as, 0.5V, 1V, 1.5V, 3V. The steps involved were same as mentioned in the above examples. 1 M Na.sub.2S solution (13%) was prepared and analysed for the respective hydrogen generation using both the electrodes and the results are tabulated in the following table 12

TABLE-US-00012 TABLE 12 Hydrogen generation using Sodium Sulphide (Na.sub.2S) H.sub.2 O.sub.2 Sr. Electrolytic Voltage Current (mmoles/ H.sub.2 (mmoles/ O.sub.2 No. Solution Electrode (Volts) (Amperes) hr) (lph) hr) (lph) 1. 1M Na.sub.2S AlTi 0.5 1 133.90 3 Nil Nil 2. 1M Na.sub.2S AlTi 1 5.7 223.20 5 Nil Nil 3. 1M Na.sub.2S AlTi 1.5 7.5 312.50 7 Nil Nil 4. 1M Na.sub.2S AlTi 3 10-12 558.03 12.5 Nil Nil

Example 14

[0169] The study was conducted using sacrificial (Aluminium) and non-sacrificial (Titanium) electrodes with variable concentration of Na.sub.2S such as, 0.5M, 1M, 2M at 1V. The steps involved were same as mentioned in the above examples and the results are tabulated in the following table 13.

TABLE-US-00013 TABLE 13 Hydrogen generation using Sodium Sulphide (Na.sub.2S) with different conc. H.sub.2 O.sub.2 Sr. Electrolytic Voltage Current (mmoles/ H.sub.2 (mmoles/ O.sub.2 No. Solution Electrode (Volts) (Amperes) hr) (lph) hr) (lph) 1. 0.5M Na.sub.2S AlTi 1 3 133.9 3 Nil Nil 2. 1M Na.sub.2S AlTi 1 5.5 223.2 5 Nil Nil 3. 2M Na.sub.2S AlTi 1 5 357.14 8 Nil Nil

Example 15

[0170] The concentration of donor (H.sub.2O.sub.2) was varied for the study of resultant hypochlorite concentration at the same voltage (5 V) for specific time duration (30 minutes) and the results are tabulated in the following table 14.

TABLE-US-00014 TABLE 14 Hypochlorite generation using various donors % NaOCl 3% NaCl + 3% NaCl + Sr. Time 3% NaCl 1% NaClO4 1% H.sub.2O.sub.2 No. (minutes) (5 V) (5 V) (5 V) 1. 0 0 1.034 2.53 (Blank) 2. 15 0.112 0.997 2.865 3. 30 0.201 0.990 2.389

Example 16

[0171] The variation in hypochlorite concentration using 1% H.sub.2O.sub.2 as donor was studied at different voltages ranging from 1-5 Volts. The results are tabulated in the following table 15.

TABLE-US-00015 TABLE 15 Hypochlorite generation at varied H.sub.2O.sub.2 concentrations % NaOCl Sr. Time 3% NaCl + 3% NaCl + No. (minutes) 3% NaCl 1% H.sub.2O.sub.2 5% H.sub.2O.sub.2 1. 0 0 2.53 14.366 (Blank) 2. 15 0.112 2.865 12.617 3. 30 0.201 2.389 12.729

[0172] The electrolysis of 3% NaCl+1% H.sub.2O.sub.2 solution at 5V concomitantly generated Oxygen as a by-product at an approximate rate of 0.12 mmoles/hr-cm.sup.2 of electrode.

Example 17

[0173] The stability of the hypochlorite solution generated using different concentrations of H.sub.2O.sub.2 at the same voltage was studied after one and three days. The mixed oxidant solution was found to be considerably stable for 1% H.sub.2O.sub.2 as donor at 1 V.

[0174] The stability data is tabulated in the following table 16.

TABLE-US-00016 TABLE 16 Effect of Voltage variation on hypochlorite generation % NaOCl 3% NaCl + 3% NaCl + 3% NaCl + Sr. Time 1% H.sub.2O.sub.2 1% H.sub.2O.sub.2 1% H.sub.2O.sub.2 No. (minutes) (1 V) (3 V) (5 V) 1. 0 2.65 2.687 2.53 (Blank) 2. 15 2.865 2.865 2.865 3. 30 2.925 2.761 2.389

Example 18

[0175] The stability of the hypochlorite solution generated using different concentrations of H.sub.2O.sub.2 at the same voltage was studied after one and three days. The mixed oxidant solution was found to be considerably stable for 1% H.sub.2O.sub.2 as donor at 1 V.

[0176] The stability data is tabulated in the following table 17.

TABLE-US-00017 TABLE 17 Hypochlorite stability data studied for various concentrations % NaOCl 3% NaCl + 3% NaCl + Sr. 1% H.sub.2O.sub.2 5% H.sub.2O.sub.2 No. Time (1 V) (1 V) 1. 0 2.65 15.660 (Blank) 2. 15 minutes 2.865 15.930 3. 30 minutes 2.925 18.088 4. Day 1 2.977 13.624 5. Day 3 2.545 12.989

Example 19

[0177] The study was performed using non-sacrificial electrode namely Titanium (Mixed Metal Oxide coated) electrode by using the photo-illumination effect (tungsten lamp) which helps to accelerate the reaction mechanism. The experiment was performed at 2V and 2 to 2.5 A with 3% NaCl and 1% H.sub.2O.sub.2. (Table 18).

TABLE-US-00018 TABLE 18 Effect of photo-illumination on hydrogen generation H.sub.2 O.sub.2 Sr. Electrolytic Voltage Current (mmoles/ H.sub.2 (mmoles/ O.sub.2 No. Solution Electrode (Volts) (Amperes) hr) (lph) hr) (lph) 1. *3% NaCl + Ti 0 0 3.17 0.071 39.76 0.89 1% H.sub.2O.sub.2 2. *3% NaCl + Ti 2 2.5 9.05 0.202 54.04 1.21 1% H.sub.2O.sub.2 3. 3% NaCl + Ti 2 2.9 4.61 0.103 28.2 0.631 1% H.sub.2O.sub.2 *With tungsten bulb illumination

Example 20

[0178] The study was performed on the functional PV-panel which was retrofitted with V-trough glass reflectors and heat harvesting device (peltier device) with hydrophobic coating of PMMA on the surface of panel, which enhanced the shelf-life of the PV-panel with enhanced electrical efficiency of 6-8% over commercial panel. The results for the system are tabulated in table 19. % Enhancement in electrical output of F-PV designs over the Commercial PV-panel are as follows, % Enhancement in electrical output of PV-panel with V-trough reflectors=4-5%, % Enhancement in electrical output of PV-panel with V-trough reflectors and peltier device=4-5%, % Enhancement in electrical output of PV-panel with V-trough reflectors and peltier device with cooling i.e., FUNCTIONAL PV-PANEL=6-8%

TABLE-US-00019 TABLE 19 Power enhancement of functional PV-panel over the commercial PV-panel Power output (W) PV panel with V- PV panel with Trough and Peltier % Enhancement Commercial PV panel with V-Trough and system with cooling over Commercial PV-panel V-Trough Peltier system (Functional PV-panel) PV-panel 48.95 51.46 53.22 55.75 6.8% 54.91 58.73 59.16 62.87 7.96% 60.53 64.15 66.58 69.74 9.22% 52.98 54.83 53.27 60.60 7.70% 43.58 46.34 48.34 49.25 5.75%

ADVANTAGES OF INVENTION

[0179] Functional (photovoltaic) PV panel provides enhancement in electrical efficiency with improved shelf life and stability of solar panel and thus reduces the CAPEX and OPEX and exploits unused photons of UV and IR & by harvesting heat through Peltier device & nano fluids.

[0180] Hybridization of water electrolyzer with innovations of photocatalysis & plasmonic enhances H.sub.2 evolution rate with consequent decrease in OPEX. The usage of inorganic and organic donors enhances H.sub.2 evolution rate with consequent decrease on OPEX.

[0181] Integrated system is hybrid, modular, portable & transformative for delivering hydrogen gas and thus reduces the CAPEX and OPEX.