Rhenium(V) Alkylidyne Complexes and Methods of Use and Preparation Thereof
20250065316 ยท 2025-02-27
Inventors
Cpc classification
B01J31/2265
PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
C07D487/22
CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
C07D321/00
CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
C07C29/36
CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
C07D211/06
CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
International classification
B01J31/24
PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
C07C29/36
CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
C07D211/06
CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
C07D321/00
CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
C07D487/22
CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
Abstract
Re(V) alkylidyne-based catalytic systems for alkyne metathesis reactions capable of effecting alkyne metathesis, such as homo- and cross-metathesis of alkynes or diynes, ring closing metathesis and ring-opening metathesis, at room temperature to moderate temperatures. The catalysts are stable to air and moisture and tolerate a variety of functional groups in substrates and can be readily prepared on a large scale, and thus are practical catalytic systems of Re(V) alkylidynes.
Claims
1. A rhenium(V) alkylidyne complex of Formula 1: ##STR00046## wherein L is H.sub.2O, an ether, a ketone, a furan, a thioether, a thiophene, a tertiary amine, or a metal salt selected from the group consisting of a metal halide, a metal alkoxide, a metal thiolate and a metal amide R is alkyl, aryl, thiophene, or CH.sub.2Ari, wherein Ar.sup.1 is aryl; each of R.sup.4 and R.sup.5 is independently alkyl, cycloalkyl or aryl; and R.sup.6 for each instance is independently alkyl, alkenyl or aryl.
2. The rhenium(V) alkylidyne complex of claim 1, wherein Lis H.sub.2O, tetrahydrofuran, tetrahydropyran, or Et.sub.2O.
3. The rhenium(V) alkylidyne complex of claim 1, wherein R is CH.sub.2Ari, wherein Ar.sup.1 is phenyl or o-bromophenyl.
4. The rhenium(V) alkylidyne complex of claim 1, wherein each of R.sup.4 and R.sup.5 is independently alkyl, cycloalkyl, or phenyl optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from alkyl, CH.sub.3, OCH.sub.3, F, and CF.sub.3.
5. The rhenium(V) alkylidyne complex of claim 1, wherein each of R.sup.4 and R.sup.5 is cyclohexyl, phenyl, 4-fluorophenyl, 2,4-difluorophenyl, 4-trifluoromethylphenyl, 2,4-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl, 2,4-dimethylphenyl, or 2,4-dimethoxyphenyl.
6. The rhenium(V) alkylidyne complex of claim 1, wherein R.sup.6 is phenyl optionally substituted with alkyl or trifluoromethyl.
7. The rhenium(V) alkylidyne complex of claim 1, wherein R.sup.6 is a moiety selected from the group consisting of: ##STR00047## wherein * represents the site of the covalent bond to oxygen and ** represents the site of the covalent bond to phosphorous.
8. The rhenium(V) alkylidyne complex of claim 1, wherein the rhenium(V) alkylidyne complex is selected from the group consisting of: ##STR00048## ##STR00049## ##STR00050## wherein R is alkyl, aryl, 2-thiophene, or CH.sub.2Ar.sup.O, wherein Ar.sup.1 is phenyl or o-bromophenyl; and L is H.sub.2O, tetrahydrofuran, tetrahydropyran, or Et.sub.2O.
9. The rhenium(V) alkylidyne complex of claim 8, wherein R is CH.sub.2Ph.
10. The rhenium(V) alkylidyne complex of claim 9, wherein L is H.sub.2O.
11. The rhenium(V) alkylidyne complex of claim 1, wherein the rhenium(V) alkylidyne complex has the structure: ##STR00051##
12. A method of preparing the rhenium (V) alkylidyne complex of claim 1, the method comprising: contacting a catalyst precursor of Formula 2: ##STR00052## wherein R is alkyl, aryl, thiophene, or CH.sub.2Ar.sup.1, wherein Ar.sup.1 is aryl; PR.sub.3 is PMePh.sub.2 or PMe.sub.2Ph; each of R.sup.4 and R.sup.5 is independently alkyl, cycloalkyl, or aryl; and R.sup.6 for each instance is independently alkyl, alkenyl or aryl; with a ligand selected from the group consisting of H.sub.2O and an alkyl ether; and a phosphine scavenger selected from CuCl, CuI, or [(p-cymene]RuCl.sub.2].sub.2; thereby forming the rhenium (V) alkylidyne complex.
13. A method for performing a metathesis reaction, the method comprising: contacting a rhenium(V) alkylidyne complex of claim 1 with at least one alkyne substrate thereby forming an alkyne metathesis product.
14. The method of claim 13, wherein the at least one alkyne substrate is selected from the group consisting of an acyclic alkyne, a cyclic alkyne, an acyclic diyne, and a cyclic diyne.
15. A method for performing a metathesis reaction, the method comprising: contacting a catalyst precursor of Formula 2, a phosphine scavenger, and at least one alkyne substrate thereby forming an alkyne metathesis product, wherein the catalyst precursor of Formula 2 has the structure: ##STR00053## wherein R is alkyl, aryl, thiophene, or CH.sub.2Ar.sup.1, wherein Ar.sup.1 is aryl; PR.sub.3 is PMePh.sub.2 or PMe.sub.2Ph; each of R.sup.4 and R.sup.5 is independently alkyl, cycloalkyl, or aryl; and R.sup.6 for each instance is independently alkyl, alkenyl or aryl; and the phosphine scavenger is selected from [(p-cymene]RuCl.sub.2].sub.2, [(p-cymene]OsCl.sub.2].sub.2, [RhCl(COD)].sub.2, IrCl(COD)].sub.2, PdCl.sub.2(COD), CuCl, or CuI.
16. The method of claim 15, wherein R is CH.sub.2ArO, wherein Ar.sup.1 is phenyl or o-bromophenyl.
17. The method of claim 15, wherein each of R.sup.4 and R.sup.5 is cyclohexyl, phenyl, 4-fluorophenyl, 2,4-difluorophenyl, 4-trifluoromethylphenyl, 2,4-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl, 2,4-dimethylphenyl, or 2,4-dimethoxyphenyl.
18. The method of claim 15, wherein R.sup.6 is phenyl optionally substituted with alkyl or trifluoromethyl.
19. The method of claim 15, wherein R.sup.6 is a moiety selected from the group consisting of: ##STR00054## wherein * represents the site of the covalent bond to oxygen and ** represents the site of the covalent bond to phosphorous.
20. The method of claim 15, wherein the phosphine scavenger is [(p-cymene]RuCl.sub.2]2 and the catalyst precursor is: ##STR00055##
Description
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0066] The above and other objects and features of the present disclosure will become apparent from the following description of the disclosure, when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
[0067]
[0068]
[0069]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Definitions
[0070] The following terms shall be used to describe the present invention. In the absence of a specific definition set forth herein, the terms used to describe the present invention shall be given their common meaning as understood by those of ordinary skill in the art.
[0071] Throughout the present disclosure, unless the context requires otherwise, the word comprise or variations such as comprises or comprising, will be understood to imply the inclusion of a stated integer or group of integers but not the exclusion of any other integer or group of integers. It is also noted that in this disclosure and particularly in the claims and/or paragraphs, terms such as comprises, comprised, comprising and the like can have the meaning attributed to it in U.S. Patent law; e.g., they can mean includes, included, including, and the like; and that terms such as consisting essentially of and consists essentially of have the meaning ascribed to them in U.S. Patent law, e.g., they allow for elements not explicitly recited, but exclude elements that are found in the prior art or that affect a basic or novel characteristic of the present invention.
[0072] Furthermore, throughout the present disclosure and claims, unless the context requires otherwise, the word include or variations such as includes or including, will be understood to imply the inclusion of a stated integer or group of integers, but not the exclusion of any other integer or group of integers.
[0073] The use of the singular herein includes the plural (and vice versa) unless specifically stated otherwise. In addition, where the use of the term about is before a quantitative value, the present teachings also include the specific quantitative value itself, unless specifically stated otherwise. As used herein, the term about refers to a 10%, 7%, 5%, 3%, 1%, or 0% variation from the nominal value unless otherwise indicated or inferred.
[0074] As used herein, unless otherwise indicated, the term halo or halide includes fluoro, chloro, bromo or iodo.
[0075] As used herein, alkyl refers to a straight-chain or branched saturated hydrocarbon group. Examples of alkyl groups include methyl-, ethyl-, propyl (e.g., n-propyl and isopropyl), butyl (e.g., n-butyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl), pentyl groups (e.g., 1-methylbutyl, 2-methylbutyl, iso-pentyl, tert-pentyl, 1,2-dimethylpropyl, neopentyl, and 1-ethylpropyl), hexyl groups, and the like. In various embodiments, an alkyl group can have 1 to 40 carbon atoms (i.e., C1-40 alkyl group), for example, 1-30 carbon atoms (i.e., C1-30 alkyl group). In certain embodiments, an alkyl group can have 1 to 6 carbon atoms, and can be referred to as a lower alkyl group. Examples of lower alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, propyl (e.g., n-propyl and isopropyl), and butyl groups (e.g., n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl). In certain embodiments, alkyl groups can be optionally substituted as described herein. An alkyl group is generally not substituted with another alkyl group, an alkenyl group, or an alkynyl group.
[0076] As used herein, alkenyl refers to a straight-chain or branched alkyl group having one or more carbon-carbon double bonds. Examples of alkenyl groups include ethenyl, propenyl, butenyl, pentenyl, hexenyl, butadienyl, pentadienyl, hexadienyl groups, and the like. The one or more carbon-carbon double bonds can be internal (such as in 2-butene) or terminal (such as in 1-butene). In various embodiments, an alkenyl group can have 2 to 40 carbon atoms (i.e., C2-40 alkenyl group), for example, 2 to 20 carbon atoms (i.e., C2-20 alkenyl group). In certain embodiments, alkenyl groups can be substituted as described herein. An alkenyl group is generally not substituted with another alkenyl group, an alkyl group, or an alkynyl group.
[0077] As used herein, cycloalkyl by itself or as part of another substituent means, unless otherwise stated, a monocyclic hydrocarbon having between 3-12 carbon atoms in the ring system and includes hydrogen, straight chain, branched chain, and/or cyclic substituents. Exemplary cycloalkyls include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, and the like.
[0078] As used herein, heteroatom refers to an atom of any element other than carbon or hydrogen and includes, for example, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, sulfur, phosphorus, and selenium.
[0079] The term heterocycloalkyl as used herein includes reference to a saturated heterocyclic moiety having 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7 ring carbon atoms and 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 ring heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus and sulfur. The group may be a polycyclic ring system but more often is monocyclic. This term includes reference to groups such as azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, piperidinyl, oxiranyl, pyrazolidinyl, imidazolyl, indolizidinyl, piperazinyl, thiazolidinyl, morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, quinolizidinyl and the like.
[0080] As used herein, aryl refers to an aromatic monocyclic hydrocarbon ring system or a polycyclic ring system in which two or more aromatic hydrocarbon rings are fused (i.e., having a bond in common with) together or at least one aromatic monocyclic hydrocarbon ring is fused to one or more cycloalkyl and/or heterocycloalkyl rings. An aryl group can have 6 to 24 carbon atoms in its ring system (e.g., C6-24 aryl group), which can include multiple fused rings. In certain embodiments, a polycyclic aryl group can have 8 to 24 carbon atoms. Any suitable ring position of the aryl group can be covalently linked to the defined chemical structure. Examples of aryl groups having only aromatic carbocyclic ring(s) include phenyl, 1-naphthyl (bicyclic), 2-naphthyl (bicyclic), anthracenyl (tricyclic), phenanthrenyl (tricyclic), pentacenyl (pentacyclic), and like groups. Examples of polycyclic ring systems in which at least one aromatic carbocyclic ring is fused to one or more cycloalkyl and/or cycloheteroalkyl rings include, among others, benzo derivatives of cyclopentane (i.e., an indanyl group, which is a 5,6-bicyclic cycloalkyl/aromatic ring system), cyclohexane (i.e., a tetrahydronaphthyl group, which is a 6,6-bicyclic cycloalkyl/aromatic ring system), imidazoline (i.e., a benzimidazolinyl group, which is a 5,6-bicyclic cycloheteroalkyl/aromatic ring system), and pyran (i.e., a chromenyl group, which is a 6,6-bicyclic cycloheteroalkyl/aromatic ring system). Other examples of aryl groups include benzodioxanyl, benzodioxolyl, chromanyl, indolinyl groups, and the like. In certain embodiments, aryl groups can be optionally substituted.
[0081] The term aralkyl refers to an alkyl group substituted with an aryl group.
[0082] The term optionally substituted refers to a chemical group, such as alkyl, cycloalkyl aryl, and the like, wherein one or more hydrogen may be replaced with a substituent as described herein, for example, halogen, azide, alkyl, aralkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, hydroxyl, alkoxyl, amino, nitro, sulfhydryl, imino, amido, phosphonate, phosphinate, carbonyl, carboxyl, silyl, ether, alkylthio, sulfonyl, sulfonamido, ketone, aldehyde, ester, heterocyclyl, aromatic or heteroaromatic moieties, CF.sub.3, CN, or the like
[0083] The term nitro is art-recognized and refers to NO.sub.2; the term halogen is art-recognized and refers to F, Cl, Br or I; the term sulfhydryl is art-recognized and refers to SH; the term hydroxyl means OH; and the term sulfonyl and sulfone is art-recognized and refers to SO.sub.2. Halide designates the corresponding anion of the halogens.
[0084] As used herein, the term substantially pure in connection with a sample of a compound described herein means the sample contains at least 60% by weight of the compound. In certain embodiments, the sample contains at least 70% by weight of the compound; at least 75% by weight of the compound; at least 80% by weight of the compound; at least 85% by weight of the compound; at least 90% by weight of the compound; at least 95% by weight of the compound; or at least 98% by weight of the compound.
[0085] The symbol or
or
or
in a chemical structure represents a position from where the specified chemical structure is bonded to another chemical structure.
[0086] The present disclosure provides a rhenium(V) alkylidyne complex having the chemical Formula 1:
##STR00015## [0087] wherein L is H.sub.2O, an ether, a ketone, a furan, a thioether, a thiophene, a tertiary amine, or a metal salt selected from the group consisting of a metal halide, a metal alkoxide, a metal thiolate and a metal amide; [0088] R is alkyl, aryl, thiophene, or CH.sub.2Ari, wherein Ar.sup.1 is aryl; [0089] each of R.sup.4 and R.sup.5 is independently alkyl, cycloalkyl or aryl; and [0090] R.sup.6 for each instance is independently alkyl, alkenyl or aryl.
[0091] In the interest of clarity, the rhenium(V) alkylidyne complex described herein is shown as a single isomer. However, the present disclosure contemplates all isomeric forms of the rhenium(V) alkylidyne complex, including structural isomers, geometric isomers, and stereoisomers. The rhenium(V) alkylidyne complex described herein can exist in enantiopure pure form (e.g., having enantiomeric excess of 50-100%, 50-99.9%, 60-99.9%, 70-99.9%, 80-99.9%, 90-99.9%, 95-99.9%, 97-99.9%, or 99-99.9%) or as a racemic mixture.
[0092] In certain embodiments, the rhenium(V) alkylidyne complex is substantially pure.
[0093] In certain embodiments, L is H.sub.2O, a 2-alkyl substituted furan, such as 2-methyl furan, 2-ethyl furan, 2-propyl furan, or 2-isopropyl furan, a 2-alkyl substituted thiophene, such as 2-methyl thiophene, 2-ethyl thiophene, 2-propyl thiophene, or 2-isopropyl thiophene, a ketone, such as acetone, 2-butanone, or methyl isopropyl ketone, a halide, such as chloride, bromide, or iodide, a thiolate, such as SC.sub.1-C.sub.6alkyl, SC.sub.1-C.sub.5 alkyl, SC.sub.1-C.sub.4 alkyl, SC.sub.1-C.sub.3 alkyl, or SC.sub.1-C.sub.2 alkyl, a tertiary amine, such as N(R.sup.7).sub.3, wherein R.sup.7 for each instance is independently selected from C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.5 alkyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.4 alkyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.3 alkyl, and C.sub.1-C.sub.2 alkyl, or two instances of R.sup.7 taken together with the nitrogen to which they are covalently bonded form a 3-6, 3-5, 3-4, or 4-6 membered cycloalkyl amine, a dialkylamido, such as N(R.sup.7).sub.2, wherein R.sup.7 for each instance is independently selected from C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.5 alkyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.4 alkyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.3 alkyl, and C.sub.1-C.sub.2 alkyl, or two instances of R.sup.7 taken together with the nitrogen to which they are covalently bonded form a 3-6, 3-5, 3-4, or 4-6 membered cycloalkyl amine, or an dialkyl ether or a dialkyl thioether represented by R.sup.7YR.sup.7, wherein Y is O or S and R.sup.7 for each instance is independently selected from C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.5 alkyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.4 alkyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.3 alkyl, and C.sub.1-C.sub.2 alkyl, or both instances of R.sup.7 taken together with the oxygen to which they are covalently bonded form a 3-6, 3-5, 3-4, or 4-6 membered cycloalkyl ether. Exemplary alkyl ethers include, but are not limited to dimethyl ether, diethyl ether, diisopropyl ether, tert-butyl methyl ether, 2-methyl tetrahydrofuran, 2-ethyl tetrahydrofuran, tetrahydropyran, and the like. In certain embodiments, L is H.sub.2O, diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, or tetrahydropyran.
[0094] In instances in which L is a metal salt or a metal complex, L can be bound (e.g., via a dative bond) to a bridging halide, alkoxide, thiolate, or amide, which is bound to one or more metal cations as illustrated in the exemplary embodiment in which L is MgCl.sub.2, ZnCl.sub.2, RuCl.sub.2(C.sub.6H.sub.6), and PdCl.sub.2(COD) below:
##STR00016##
wherein each of R, R.sup.4, R.sup.5, and R.sup.6 is independently described herein. In certain embodiments, the metal salt is represented by represented by the formula (A.sup.t+).sub.U(B.sup.u).sub.T, wherein A represents the metal cation selected from the group consisting of Group 1-14 elements, B represents an anion selected from the group consisting of halide, R.sup.7O.sup., R.sup.7S.sup., and the (R.sup.7).sub.2N.sup., wherein R.sup.7 for each instance is independently selected from C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.5 alkyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.4 alkyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.3 alkyl, and C.sub.1-C.sub.2 alkyl, or two instances of R.sup.7 taken together with the nitrogen to which they are covalently bonded form a 3-6, 3-5, 3-4, or 4-6 membered cycloamide, u represents the charge of the anion, U is equal to the absolute value of the charge of the anion and T is equal to the absolute value of the charge of the metal cation. Exemplary metal cations include, but are not limited to, Li, Na, K, Rb Cs, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Zr, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ru, Os, Co, Rh, Ir, Ni, Pd, Pt, Cu, Ag, Au, Zn, Hg, Al, Ga, In, Sn, and Pb.
[0095] In certain embodiments, R is phenyl, 2-thiophene, or CH.sub.2Ari, wherein Ar.sup.1 is phenyl and o-bromophenyl.
[0096] In certain embodiments, each of R.sup.4 and R.sup.5 is independently cyclohexyl or phenyl optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from alkyl, CH.sub.3, OCH.sub.3, F, and CF.sub.3. Each phenyl can be independently substituted with 0, 1, or 2 substituents. In certain embodiments, each of R.sup.4 and R.sup.5 is independently a moiety selected from the group consisting of phenyl, 4-fluorophenyl, 2,4-difluorophenyl, 4-trifluoromethylphenyl, 2,4-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl, 2,4-dimethylphenyl, and 2,4-dimethoxyphenyl.
[0097] In certain embodiments, R.sup.6 is phenyl optionally substituted with alkyl or trifluoromethyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.6 is a moiety selected from the group consisting of:
##STR00017##
wherein * represents the site of the covalent bond to oxygen and ** represents the site of the covalent bond to phosphorous.
[0098] In certain embodiments, the rhenium(V) alkylidyne complex has the Formula 3
##STR00018## [0099] wherein R.sup.8 is alkyl; R.sup.9 is alkyl or a hetero atom-containing group selected from the group consisting of F, CF.sub.3, and OMe; L is H.sub.2O, tetrahydrofuran, tetrahydropyran, or Et.sub.2O; and R is benzyl.
[0100] In certain embodiments, the rhenium(V) alkylidyne complex is selected from the group consisting of:
##STR00019## ##STR00020## ##STR00021##
wherein R is alkyl, aryl, 2-thiophene, or CH.sub.2Ar.sup.1, wherein Ar.sup.1 is phenyl or o-bromophenyl; and L is H.sub.2O.
[0101] In certain embodiments, the rhenium (V) alkylidyne complex has the structure:
##STR00022##
[0102] The rhenium (V) alkylidyne complex of Formula 1 herein can be synthesized using methods well known to those skilled in the art. In certain embodiments, the rhenium (V) alkylidyne complex of Formula 1 is prepared by ligand substitution reactions of rhenium (V) alkylidyne complexes with phosphino phenols or phosphino alcohols. In certain embodiments, the rhenium (V) alkylidyne complexes described herein are prepared as illustrated in Scheme 1:
##STR00023##
wherein each of R.sup.4, R.sup.5, and R.sup.6 are each as defined in any embodiment described herein; X.sup.3 is Cl; PR.sub.3 is PMePh.sub.2 or PMe.sub.2Ph; and R is alkyl, aryl, thiophene, or CH.sub.2ArO, wherein Ar.sup.1 is aryl. The rhenium (V) alkylidyne complex of Formula 2 can be prepared as described by W. Bai et al. in Organometallics 2016, 35, 3808-3815, Organometallics 2018, 37, 559-569 or G. He et al. in New J. Chem. 2013, 37, 1823-1832.
[0103] Generally, the synthesis reactions can be carried out at 100 C. in toluene under N.sub.2. Addition of excess (2-5 equiv.) organic base, such as triethyl amine can accelerate the transformation. The reaction will generally be finished within hours and after the reaction, insoluble salts can be removed by filtration and PR.sub.3 can be removed by washing with hexane, ether, methanol, or their mixtures.
[0104] The rhenium (V) alkylidyne complexes described herein can be synthesized by ligand exchange reactions of existing rhenium (V) alkylidyne complexes with a neutral electron donor ligand. For example, the reaction formula can be written as shown in Scheme 2:
##STR00024##
wherein each of L, R, R, R.sup.4, R.sup.5, and R.sup.6 is independently as defined in any embodiment described herein; and the phosphine scavenger is selected from the group consisting of [(p-cymene]RuCl.sub.2].sub.2, [(p-cymene]OsCl.sub.2].sub.2, [RhCl(COD)].sub.2, IrCl(COD)].sub.2, PdCl.sub.2(COD), CuCl, and CuI.
[0105] Generally, the synthesis reactions can be carried out at 80-140 C. or 100-140 C. in toluene under N.sub.2. The amount of phosphine scavenger added can be 1 equiv. The reaction can be finished within hours. Advantageously, the products can be air and moisture stable in in solution. After the reaction, the byproduct phosphine complexes can be readily removed by washing with hexane, ether, methanol or their mixtures. More particularly, the product can be purified by diethyl ether extraction followed by recrystallization from diethyl ether only when the product can well-dissolved in diethyl ether.
[0106] The present disclosure provides a method of preparing the rhenium (V) alkylidyne complex of Formula 1, the method comprising: contacting a catalyst precursor of Formula 2:
##STR00025## [0107] wherein R is alkyl, aryl, thiophene, or CH.sub.2Ari, wherein Ar.sup.1 is aryl; [0108] PR.sub.3 is PMePh.sub.2 or PMe.sub.2Ph; [0109] each of R.sup.4 and R.sup.5 is independently aryl, alkyl, or cycloalkyl; and [0110] R.sup.6 for each instance is independently alkyl, alkenyl or aryl; [0111] with a ligand selected from the group consisting of H.sub.2O and an alkyl ether; and a phosphine scavenger selected from phosphine scavenger is selected from [(p-cymene]RuCl.sub.2].sub.2, [(p-cymene]OsCl.sub.2].sub.2, [RhCl(COD)].sub.2, IrCl(COD)].sub.2, PdCl.sub.2(COD), CuCl, or CuI thereby forming the rhenium (V) alkylidyne complex of Formula 1.
[0112] In certain embodiments, R is CH.sub.2ArO, wherein Ar.sup.1 is phenyl or o-bromophenyl.
[0113] In certain embodiments, each of R.sup.4 and R.sup.5 is independently cyclohexyl, phenyl optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from alkyl, CH.sub.3, OCH.sub.3, F, and CF.sub.3. Each phenyl can be independently substituted with 0, 1, or 2 substituents. In certain embodiments, each of R.sup.4 and R.sup.5 is independently a moiety selected from the group consisting of phenyl, 4-fluorophenyl, 2,4-difluorophenyl, 4-trifluoromethylphenyl, 2,4-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl, 2,4-dimethylphenyl, and 2,4-dimethoxyphenyl.
[0114] In certain embodiments, R.sup.6 is phenyl optionally substituted with alkyl or trifluoromethyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.6 is a moiety selected from the group consisting of:
##STR00026##
wherein * represents the site of the covalent bond to oxygen and ** represent the site of the covalent bond to phosphorous.
[0115] The method of preparing the rhenium (V) alkylidyne complex of Formula 1 can further comprise the step of contacting a compound of Formula 4:
##STR00027##
wherein X.sup.3 is Cl; PR.sub.3 is PMePh.sub.2 or PMe.sub.2Ph; R is alkyl, aryl, thiophene, or CH.sub.2ArO, wherein Ar.sup.1 is aryl; with a compound of Formula 5:
##STR00028##
wherein each of R.sup.4 and R.sup.5 is independently alkyl, cycloalkyl, or aryl; and R.sup.6 is alkyl, alkenyl or aryl thereby forming the catalyst precursor of Formula 2.
[0116] Also provided herein is a method of method for performing a metathesis reaction, the method comprising: contacting a rhenium(V) alkylidyne complex described herein with at least one alkyne substrate thereby forming an alkyne metathesis product.
[0117] The rhenium(V) alkylidyne complex exhibits a high degree of functional group compatibility. Accordingly, the types of alkyne substrates useful in the methods described herein are not particularly limited. In certain embodiments, the alkyne substrate is selected from the group consisting of an acyclic alkyne, a cyclic alkyne, an acyclic diyne, and a cyclic diyne. In certain embodiments, the alkyne substrate comprises one or more functional groups selected from the group consisting of: alkyl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, a perhaloalkyl, a nitro, a nitrile, a halide (e.g. F, Cl, Br, or I), a hydroxyl, an ether, a thioether, a tertiary amine, an aldehyde, a ketone, an ester, an amide, a carbonate, a phosphite, phosphonate, a phosphate, a carbamate, a urea, and a sulfonamide.
[0118] The rhenium(V) alkylidyne complex can be present in the metathesis reaction in a catalytic, stoichiometric, or an excess relative to the alkyne substrate. In certain embodiments, the rhenium(V) alkylidyne complex is present at 0.1-10 mol %, 0.5-10 mol %, 1-10 mol %, 3-7 mol %, 4-6 mol %, or 1-5 mol %, relative to the alkyne substrate. In certain embodiments, the rhenium(V) alkylidyne complex is present at about 5 mol % relative to the alkyne substrate.
[0119] The metathesis reaction catalyzed using the rhenium(V) alkylidyne complex described herein can be conducted in a non-polar organic solvent, a polar organic solvent, or a mixture thereof. In certain embodiments, the solvent is an aromatic solvent, such as benzene, toluene, xylene, or a mixture thereof.
[0120] The rhenium(V) alkylidyne complex described herein is a highly active metathesis catalyst. Consequently, the metathesis reaction catalyzed using the rhenium(V) alkylidyne complex described herein can be conducted at any temperature. For example, the metathesis reaction can be conducted at a temperature between 40 C.-200 C., 40 C.-180 C., 40 C.-160 C., 40 C.-140 C., 40 C.-120 C., 40 C.-100 C., 20 C.-100 C., 0 C.-100 C., 10 C.-100 C., 20 C.-100 C., 20 C.-90 C., 20 C.-80 C., 30 C.-80 C., 40 C.-80 C., 50 C.-70 C., 55 C.-65 C., 20 C.-70 C., 20 C.-60 C., 20 C.-50 C., 20 C.-40 C., 20 C.-30 C., 25 C.-30 C., or 20 C.-25 C. In certain embodiments, the metathesis reaction catalyzed using the rhenium(V) alkylidyne complex described herein is conducted at about 25 C. or about 60 C.
[0121] The metathesis reaction using the rhenium(V) alkylidyne complex described herein can be conducted for any length of time. The selection of the appropriate reaction time is well within the skill of a person of ordinary skill in the art. In certain embodiments, the metathesis reaction using the rhenium(V) alkylidyne complex described herein is conducted for 1-20 hours, 5-20 hours, 10-20 hours, 15-20 hours, 1-15 hours, 1-10 hours, 1-5 hours, or 2-4 hours. In certain embodiments, the metathesis reaction using the rhenium(V) alkylidyne complex described herein is conducted for about 1 hour, about 3 hours, or about 16 hours.
[0122]
[0123]
[0124] The present disclosure also provides a method of method for performing a metathesis reaction, the method comprising: contacting a catalyst precursor of Formula 2, a phosphine scavenger, and at least one alkyne substrate thereby forming an alkyne metathesis product, wherein the catalyst precursor of Formula 2 has the structure:
##STR00029## [0125] wherein R is alkyl, aryl, thiophene, or CH.sub.2Ari, wherein Ar.sup.1 is aryl; [0126] PR.sub.3 is PMePh.sub.2 or PMe.sub.2Ph; [0127] each of R.sup.4 and R.sup.5 is independently alkyl, cycloalkyl, or aryl; and [0128] R.sup.6 for each instance is independently alkyl, alkenyl or aryl; and [0129] the phosphine scavenger is selected from [(p-cymene]RuCl.sub.2].sub.2, [(p-cymene]OsCl.sub.2].sub.2, [RhCl(COD)].sub.2, IrCl(COD)].sub.2, PdCl.sub.2(COD), CuCl, or CuI.
[0130] In certain embodiments of the catalyst precursor of Formula 2, R is phenyl, 2-thiophene, or CH.sub.2ArO, wherein Ar.sup.1 is phenyl and o-bromophenyl.
[0131] In certain embodiments of the catalyst precursor of Formula 2, each of R.sup.4 and R.sup.5 is independently cyclohexyl or phenyl optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from alkyl, CH.sub.3, OCH.sub.3, F, and CF.sub.3. Each phenyl can be independently substituted with 0, 1, or 2 substituents. In certain embodiments, each of R.sup.4 and R.sup.5 is independently a moiety selected from the group consisting of phenyl, 4-fluorophenyl, 2,4-difluorophenyl, 4-trifluoromethylphenyl, 2,4-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl, 2,4-dimethylphenyl, and 2,4-dimethoxyphenyl.
[0132] In certain embodiments of the catalyst precursor of Formula 2, R.sup.6 is phenyl optionally substituted with alkyl or trifluoromethyl. In certain embodiments, R.sup.6 is a moiety selected from the group consisting of:
##STR00030##
wherein * represents the site of the covalent bond to oxygen and ** represents the site of the covalent bond to phosphorous.
[0133] In certain embodiments, the catalyst precursor has the Formula 6:
##STR00031##
wherein R s is alkyl; R.sup.9 is alkyl or a hetero atom-containing group selected from the group consisting of F, CF.sub.3, and OMe; PR3 is PMePh.sub.2 or PMe.sub.2Ph; and R is benzyl.
[0134] In certain embodiments, the catalyst precursor is selected from the group consisting of:
##STR00032## ##STR00033##
wherein R is alkyl, aryl, 2-thiophene, or CH.sub.2Ar.sup.1, wherein Ar.sup.1 is phenyl or o-bromophenyl; and PR3 is PMePh.sub.2 or PMe.sub.2Ph.
[0135] In certain embodiments, the catalyst precursor has the structure:
##STR00034##
[0136] The metathesis catalyst system comprising the catalyst precursor of Formula 2 and phosphine scavenger exhibits a high degree of functional group compatibility. Accordingly, the types of alkyne substrates useful in the methods described herein are not particularly limited. In certain embodiments, the alkyne substrate is selected from the group consisting of an acyclic alkyne, a cyclic alkyne, an acyclic diyne, and a cyclic diyne. In certain embodiments, the alkyne substrate comprises one or more functional groups selected from the group consisting of: alkyl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, a perhaloalkyl, a nitro, a nitrile, a halide (e.g., F, Cl, Br, or I), a hydroxyl, an ether, a thioether, a tertiary amine, an aldehyde, a ketone, an ester, an amide, a carbonate, a phosphite, phosphonate, a phosphate, a carbamate, a urea, and a sulfonamide.
[0137] The metathesis reaction catalyzed using metathesis catalyst system comprising the catalyst precursor of Formula 2 and phosphine scavenger described herein can be conducted in a non-polar organic solvent, a polar organic solvent, or a mixture thereof. In certain embodiments, the solvent is an aromatic solvent, such as benzene, toluene, xylene, or a mixture thereof.
[0138] The catalyst precursor of Formula 2 and the phosphine scavenger can be present in any mol ratio. In certain embodiments, the catalyst precursor of Formula 2 and the phosphine scavenger are present in a mol ratio of 1:1 to 1:2, 1:1 to 1:1.5, 1:1 to 1:1.25, 1:1 to 1:1.1, 1:1 to 1:1.05, 1:0.1 to 1:0.9, 1:0.2 to 1:0.8, 1:0.3 to 1:0.7, 1:0.4 to 1:0.6, or 1:0.45 to 1:0.55, respectively. In certain embodiments, the catalyst precursor of Formula 2 and the phosphine scavenger are present in a mol ratio of about 1 to about 1 or about 1 to about 0.5, respectively.
[0139] The metathesis catalyst system comprising the catalyst precursor of Formula 2 described herein can be present in the metathesis reaction in a catalytic, stoichiometric, or an excess relative to the alkyne substrate. In certain embodiments, the catalyst precursor of Formula 2 is present at 0.1-10 mol %, 0.5-10 mol %, 1-10 mol %, 3-7 mol %, 4-6 mol %, or 1-5 mol %, relative to the alkyne substrate. In certain embodiments, the rhenium(V) alkylidyne complex is present at about 5 mol % relative to the alkyne substrate.
[0140] The metathesis catalyst system comprising the catalyst precursor of Formula 2 and phosphine scavenger described herein is a highly active metathesis catalyst system. Consequently, the metathesis reaction catalyzed using the catalyst system comprising the catalyst precursor of Formula 2 and phosphine scavenger described herein can be conducted at any temperature. For example, the metathesis reaction can be conducted at a temperature between 25 C.-200 C., 40 C.-150 C., 40 C.-150 C., 40 C.-100 C., 50 C.-90 C., 60 C.-80 C., 70 C.-80 C., 60 C.-70 C., 40 C.-80 C., 50 C.-70 C., 55 C.-65 C., 60 C.-100 C., 70 C.-90 C., or 75 C.-85 C. In certain embodiments, the metathesis reaction catalyzed using the catalyst system comprising the catalyst precursor of Formula 2 and phosphine scavenger described herein is conducted at about 60 C. or about 80 C.
[0141] The metathesis reaction using catalyst system comprising the catalyst precursor of Formula 2 and phosphine scavenger described herein can be conducted for any length of time. The selection of the appropriate reaction time is well within the skill of a person of ordinary skill in the art. In certain embodiments, the metathesis reaction using the catalyst system comprising the catalyst precursor of Formula 2 and phosphine scavenger described herein is conducted for 1-20 hours, 5-20 hours, 10-20 hours, 15-20 hours, 1-15 hours, 1-10 hours, 1-5 hours, or 2-4 hours. In certain embodiments, the metathesis reaction using the rhenium(V) alkylidyne complex described herein is conducted for about 1 hour, about 3 hours, or about 16 hours.
EXAMPLES
General Considerations.
[0142] All manipulations were carried out under a nitrogen atmosphere using standard Schlenk techniques unless stated otherwise. Solvents were freshly distilled under nitrogen from sodium benzophenone (hexane, diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, toluene), or CaH.sub.2 (dichloromethane). Methanol and ethanol were bubbled with N.sub.2 for about 20 min before use. Deuterated solvents were dried over CaH.sub.2 (CD.sub.2Cl.sub.2, CDCl.sub.3) or sodium benzophenone (C.sub.6D.sub.6), distilled or vacuum transferred under nitrogen, degassed by three freeze-pump-thaw cycles and stored in a sealed tube with 4 molecular sieves. Powdered 5 molecular sieves (5 MS) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich and activated prior to use either by heating at 150 C. under vacuum for about 24 h or heating with a heat gun (at 450 C.) under vacuum for about 5 min. .sup.1H, .sup.13C{.sup.1H}, and .sup.31P{.sup.1H}NMR spectra were collected on a Bruker-400 spectrometer. .sup.1H and .sup.13C{.sup.1H}NMR shifts are reported in ppm and are relative to the solvent signal (.sup.1H NMR, CDCl.sub.3 at 7.26 ppm, CD.sub.2Cl.sub.2 at 5.32 ppm, C.sub.6D.sub.6 at 7.16 ppm; .sup.13C{.sup.1H}NMR, CDCl.sub.3 at 77.16 ppm, CD.sub.2Cl.sub.2 at 53.84 ppm, C.sub.6D.sub.6 at 128.06 ppm). .sup.31P{.sup.1H}chemical shifts are relative to 85% H.sub.3PO.sub.4. FT-IR spectra were recorded on a Bruker ALPHA spectrometer with an ATR attachment, and selected peaks are reported in cm.sup.1. HRMS were recorded by using a chemical ionization (CI) or electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometer. Elemental analysis was performed by MEDAC Ltd (Egham, UK).
Example 1Large Scale Synthesis of Re(CCH.SUB.2.Ph)(.SUP.Ph.PO).SUB.2.(PMePh.SUB.2.) (Complex 11)
##STR00035##
mer-ReCl.sub.3(PMePh.sub.2).sub.3.
[0143] To a 250 mL 3-neck flask equipped with a gas inlet, a condenser and a stir bar were added (NH.sub.4)ReO.sub.4 (6.50 g, 24.2 mmol), concentrated hydrochloric acid (aq., 18.4 mL) and 100 mL of degassed ethanol. The mixture was stirred for 30 min until the solid was fully dissolved, to which was added PMePh.sub.2 (25.00 g, 125.0 mmol). Under vigorous stirring, the mixture was refluxed for 1 hour until a yellow suspension was obtained. Note: Normally, the powdered product will precipitate all of a sudden, accompanied with the formation of oily phosphine oxide. The vigorous stirring is crucial to avoid the formation of deep-green chunks, which prevent the reaction to go completion. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and the air-stable yellow powder was collected by filtration, washed with ethanol (30 ml3) and dried under vacuum. Yield: 20.07 g, 91%. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) 13.90 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 8H), 9.83 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 4H), 9.42 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 8.86 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 4H), 8.58 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 8H), 7.89 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 4H), 0.69 (s, 6H), 2.12 (s, 3H).
Re(CCH.sub.2Ph)Cl.sub.2(PMePh.sub.2).sub.3.
[0144] To a 250 mL 3-neck flask equipped with a gas inlet, a condenser and a stir bar were added ReCl.sub.3(PMePh.sub.2).sub.3 (9.5 g, 10.6 mmol), NaBH.sub.4 (5.25 g, 140 mmol) and 130 mL of degassed ethanol. The mixture was vigorously stirred at room temperature for 20 min and then heated to reflux for about 1 hour until gas evolution ceased. After cooling down to room temperature, the solvent was completely evaporated under vacuum to give a pale red solid. The red ReH.sub.5(PMePh.sub.2).sub.3 was extracted out with toluene (45 mL3) from the mixture and the white inorganic salts were filtered off and discarded. The combined filtrates were collected in a 250 mL Schlenk flask charged with a stir bar, to which was added phenylacetylene (2.94 g, 28.7 mmol, ca. 3.15 mL). At room temperature, 28.7 mL of 1 M ethereal solution of HCl was added dropwise to the stirred solution over 1 h. During the course of addition, the solution color changed gradually from red to brown, followed by gentle gas evolution. After the addition, the reaction mixture was further stirred at room temperature for 6-7 hours until a large amount of yellow precipitant was formed. Note: Prolonged reaction time may cause the increase of the phenyl by-product Re(CPh)Cl.sub.2(PMePh.sub.2).sub.3, which was generated from alkyne metathesis of Re(CCH.sub.2Ph)Cl.sub.2(PMePh.sub.2).sub.3 with excess phenylacetylene. The volume of the solution was reduced to one-half under vacuum and 120 mL of hexane was added to the solution to precipitate more solid. The solid was collected by cannula filtration, sequentially washed with hexane (60 mL2), diethyl ether (60 mL3) as well as methanol (16 mL3) and dried under vacuum to afford the desired product Re(CCH.sub.2Ph)Cl.sub.2(PMePh.sub.2).sub.3 as a yellow solid. Yield: 7.42 g, 74% for the two-step synthesis from ReCl.sub.3(PMePh.sub.2).sub.3.
[0145] A small amount of the side product, Re(CPh)Cl.sub.2(PMePh.sub.2).sub.3, could be isolated and purified by the following procedure: The toluene/hexane filtrate and Et.sub.2O extracts were combined and evaporated to dryness to give an oily residue, which was washed with methanol (15 mL3). The resulting orange solid was extracted with toluene (10 mL3). The extract was filtered by cannula filtration into a long Schlenk tube and layered with hexane. After 2 weeks, red crystals (benzylidyne) together with orange crystals (benzyl alkylidyne) were deposited on the wall of the Schlenk tube. The red crystals were picked up by hands using a spatula. Repeating this procedure for two times gave pure Re(CPh)Cl.sub.2(PMePh.sub.2).sub.3 as red crystals. Yield: 705 mg (7% for 2 steps).
[0146] Characterization data of Re(CCH.sub.2Ph)Cl.sub.2(PMePh.sub.2).sub.3: .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) 7.54-7.45 (m, 4H), 7.40-7.31 (m, 4H), 7.31-7.10 (m, 15H), 7.10-6.94 (m, 12H), 2.68 (q, J=3.6 Hz, 2H), 2.14 (t, J=4.0 Hz, 6H), 1.80 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 3H). .sup.31P{.sup.1H}NMR (162 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) 7.19 (t, J=11.4 Hz, 1P), 9.59 (d, J=11.5 Hz, 2P).
[0147] Characterization data of Re(CPh)Cl.sub.2(PMePh.sub.2).sub.3: .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) 7.45-6.85 (m, 35H), 2.20 (t, J=4.0 Hz, 6H), 1.81 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 3H). .sup.31P{.sup.1H}NMR (162 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) 3.41 (t, J=10.9 Hz, 1 P), 11.18 (d, J=11.6 Hz, 2P).
[0148] Re(CCH.sub.2Ph)(.sup.PhPO).sub.2(PMePh.sub.2). To a 250 mL Schlenk flask equipped with a stir bar were added Re(CCH.sub.2Ph)Cl.sub.2(PMePh.sub.2).sub.3(7.42 g, 7.7 mmol), (2-hydroxyphenyl)diphenylphosphine (4.50 g, 16.2 mmol), 80 mL of toluene and Et.sub.3N (2.34 g, ca. 3.2 mL, 23.2 mmol). The mixture was stirred at 100 C. for 3 hours. After cooling down to room temperature, the precipitate (triethylamine hydrochloride) was filtered off and discarded. The filtrate was evaporated under vacuum to give an orange residue which was washed with hexane (50 mL2) and methanol (20 mL3) and dried under vacuum to afford the desired product as a yellow solid. Yield: 6.66 g, 83%.
[0149] .sup.1H NMR (400.1 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): 7.36-7.23 (m, 5H), 7.21-7.10 (m, 15H), 7.05-6.90 (m, 14H), 6.84-6.76 (m, 5H), 6.59-6.42 (m, 4H), 2.80 (dq, J=19.8, 3.2 Hz, 1H), 2.56 (dq, J=19.6, 2.8 Hz, 1H), 1.31 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 3H). .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, C.sub.6D.sub.6) 6 7.81-7.71 (m, 2H), 7.65-7.50 (m, 4H), 7.47-7.33 (m, 3H), 7.28-7.18 (m, 2H), 7.15-6.68 (m, 30H), 6.60-6.45 (m, 2H), 2.79 (dq, J=19.7, 3.5 Hz, 1H), 2.55 (dq, J=19.9, 3.6 Hz, 1H), 1.27 (dd, J=8.5, 1.0 Hz, 3H). .sup.31P{.sup.1H}NMR (162.0 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): 37.28 (br s, 1P), 27.00 (br d, J=225.3 Hz, 1P), 3.39 (br d, J=224.0 Hz, 1P). .sup.31P{.sup.1H}NMR (162 MHz, C.sub.6D.sub.6) 6 38.92 (br s, 1P), 25.88 (dd, J=222.9, 5.6 Hz, 1P), 4.99 (d, J=223.9, 1P).
Example 2Synthesis of the aqua complex Re(CCH.SUB.2.Ph)(.SUP.Ph.PO).SUB.2.(H.SUB.2.O)
##STR00036##
[0150] To a Schlenk flask equipped with a stir bar were added Re(CCH.sub.2Ph)(.sup.PhPO).sub.2(PMePh.sub.2) (1 g, 0.958 mmol), [(p-cymene)RuCl.sub.2].sub.2 (391 mg, 1.28 mmol), 28 mL of dry toluene. The resulting mixture was stirred at 100 C. with vigorous stirring for 1 hour. The hot solution was filtered to another Schlenk flask to remove a trace amount of black impurities originated from [(p-cymene)RuCl.sub.2].sub.2. To the filtrate was added 140 L of distilled water (7.78 mmol) and the mixture was stirred at 100 C. for another 1 h. After the reaction, the mixture was cooled to 0 C. to give a yellow crystalline solid, which was collected by filtration, washed with toluene (15 mL4) and dried under vacuum. Yield: 744 mg, 90%. .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CD.sub.2Cl.sub.2) 6 8.25 (dd, J=9.7, 8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.84 (s, 2H, H.sub.2O), 7.55-6.66 (m, 26H), 6.34 (dd, J=5.7, 3.3 Hz, 2H), 6.14 (dd, J=11.5, 7.4 Hz, 2H), 5.28-5.21 (m, 1H), 2.65 (dt, J=19.1, 3.3 Hz, 1H), 1.37-1.27 (m, 1H). .sup.31P{.sup.1H}NMR (162 MHz, CD.sub.2Cl.sub.2) 6 38.18 (s), 23.40 (s). Elem. Anal. Calcd for C.sub.44H.sub.37O.sub.3P.sub.2Re: C, 61.31; H, 4.33. Found: C, 61.08; H, 4.32.
Example 3: Alkyne Metathesis Reactions
[0151] General Metathesis Procedure A. Alkyne metathesis reactions catalyzed by Re(CCH.sub.2Ph)(.sup.PhPO).sub.2(H.sub.2O)A Schlenk tube charged with a stir bar and 5 molecular sieves (MS) was heated with a heat gun (at 450 C.) under vacuum for over 5 min (to activate the MS). After cooling to room temperature, the Schlenk tube was evacuated and refilled with nitrogen three times. To the Schlenk tube were added substrate(s), Re(CCH.sub.2Ph)(.sup.PhPO).sub.2(H.sub.2O) (14), and distilled toluene. The mixture was stirred at specified temperatures for specified times. After the reaction, the mixture was filtered through Celite and washed thoroughly with dichloromethane. Evaporation of the volatiles on a rotary evaporator gave a residue, which was purified by column chromatography to afford the desired product.
General Metathesis Procedure B.
[0152] Alkyne metathesis reaction catalyzed by the 1:0.5 mixture of Re(CCH.sub.2Ph)(.sup.PhPO).sub.2(PMePh.sub.2) and [(p-cymene)RuCl.sub.2].sub.2. A Schlenk tube charged with a stir bar and 5 molecular sieves (MS) was heated with a heat gun (at 450 C.) under vacuum for over 5 min (to activate the MS). After cooling to room temperature, the Schlenk tube was evacuated and refilled with nitrogen three times. To the Schlenk tube were added substrate(s), Re(CCH.sub.2Ph)(.sup.PhPO).sub.2(PMePh.sub.2) (11), [(p-cymene)RuCl.sub.2].sub.2 and distilled toluene. The mixture was stirred at specified temperatures for specified times. After the reaction, the mixture was filtered through Celite and washed thoroughly with dichloromethane. Evaporation of the volatiles on a rotary evaporator gave a residue, which was purified by column chromatography to afford the desired product.
Example 3A: Alkyne Homometathesis Reactions
9-Octadecyne-1,18-diol
##STR00037##
[0153] Synthesized following general procedure A. Undec-9-yn-1-ol (50.5 mg, 57 L, 0.30 mmol), Re(CCH.sub.2Ph)(.sup.PhPO).sub.2(H.sub.2O) (12.9 mg, 0.015 mmol, 5 mol %), 5 molecular sieves (450 mg) and toluene (3 mL). 60 C., 2 h. Purified by column chromatography (Hexane:EA=1:1). White solid. Yield: 38.4 mg, 89%.
[0154] Synthesized following general procedure B. Undec-9-yn-1-ol (50.5 mg, 57 L, 0.30 mmol), Re(CCH.sub.2Ph)(.sup.PhPO).sub.2(PMePh.sub.2) (15.7 mg, 0.015 mmol, 5 mol %), [(p-cymene)RuCl.sub.2]2 (4.6 mg, 0.0075 mmol, 2.5 mol %), 5 molecular sieves (450 mg) and toluene (3 mL). 80 C., 4 h. The yield was determined by .sup.1H NMR using CH.sub.2Ph.sub.2 as the internal standard (75.6 mg, 75 L, 0.45 mmol): 97%. The NMR data are the same as the reported ones.
4,4-(Ethyne-1,2-diyl)dibenzaldehyde
##STR00038##
[0155] Synthesized following general procedure A. 4-(Prop-1-yn-1-yl)benzaldehyde (43.2 mg, 0.30 mmol), Re(CCH.sub.2Ph)(.sup.PhPO).sub.2(H.sub.2O) (12.9 mg, 0.015 mmol, 5 mol %), 5 molecular sieves (450 mg) and toluene (3 mL). 60 C., 4 h. The yield was determined by .sup.1H NMR using CH.sub.2Ph.sub.2 as the internal standard (75.6 mg, 75 L, 0.45 mmol): 80%.
[0156] Synthesized following general procedure B. 4-(Prop-1-yn-1-yl)benzaldehyde (43.2 mg, 0.30 mmol), Re(CCH.sub.2Ph)(.sup.PhPO).sub.2(PMePh.sub.2) (15.7 mg, 0.015 mmol, 5 mol %), [(p-cymene)RuCl.sub.2].sub.2 (4.6 mg, 0.0075 mmol, 2.5 mol %), 5 molecular sieves (450 mg) and toluene (3 mL). 80 C., 4 h. Purified by column chromatography (hexane:DCM=10:1). Pale yellow solid. Yield: 27.7 mg, 79%. The NMR data are the same as the reported ones.
Example 3B: Alkyne Cross-Metathesis Reactions
Tetradec-9-yn-1-ol
##STR00039##
[0157] Synthesized following general procedure A. Undec-9-yn-1-ol (84.2 mg, 0.5 mmol), 5-octyne (172.9 mg, 1.25 mmol), Re(CCH.sub.2Ph)(.sup.PhPO).sub.2(H.sub.2O) (21.6 mg, 5 mol %), 5 molecular sieves (750 mg) and distilled toluene (5 mL). 60 C., 3 h. Purified by column chromatography (Hexane:EA=5:1). Pale-yellow oil. Yield: 78.0 mg, 74%.
[0158] Synthesized following general procedure B. Undec-9-yn-1-ol (84.2 mg, 0.5 mmol), 5-octyne (172.9 mg, 1.25 mmol), Re(CCH.sub.2Ph)(.sup.PhPO).sub.2(PMePh.sub.2) (26.1 mg, 0.025 mmol, 5 mol %), [(p-cymene)RuCl.sub.2]2 (7.7 mg, 0.0125 mmol, 2.5 mol %), 5 molecular sieves (750 mg) and toluene (5 mL). 80 C., 5 h. Purified by column chromatography to afford the desired product as a pale-yellow oil. Yield: 78.9 mg, 75%. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) 3.58 (t, J=6.7 Hz, 2H), 2.19-2.00 (m, 4H), 1.89 (br, 1H), 1.59-1.48 (m, 2H), 1.48-1.14 (m, 14H), 0.87 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H). .sup.13C{.sup.1H}NMR (101 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) 80.27, 80.21, 62.97, 32.81, 31.33, 29.40, 29.19 (2C), 28.84, 25.78, 21.99, 18.80, 18.50, 13.70. IR (ATR, cm.sup.1): 3331, 2929, 2857, 1464, 1434, 1056. HRMS (CI) Calcd. for [C.sub.14H.sub.26O].sup.+ [M].sup.+: 210.1984; Found: 210.1990.
(4-((4-Methoxyphenyl])ethynyl)phenyl)(piperidin-1-yl)methanone
##STR00040##
[0159] Synthesized following general procedure A. Piperidin-1-yl(4-(prop-1-yn-1-yl)phenyl)methanone (68.2 mg, 0.3 mmol), 1-methoxy-4-(prop-1-yn-1-yl)benzene (131.6 mg, 0.9 mmol), Re(CCH.sub.2Ph)(.sup.PhPO).sub.2(H.sub.2O) (12.9 mg, 0.015 mmol, 5 mol %), 5 molecular sieves (1.80 g) and toluene (5 mL). 60 C., 4.5 h. Purified by column chromatography (hexane:EA=10:1 to 3:1). Pale brown crystals. Yield: 66.0 mg, 69%.
[0160] Synthesized following general procedure B. Piperidin-1-yl(4-(prop-1-yn-1-yl)phenyl)methanone (68.2 mg, 0.3 mmol), 1-methoxy-4-(prop-1-yn-1-yl)benzene (131.6 mg, 0.9 mmol), Re(CCH.sub.2Ph)(.sup.PhPO).sub.2(PMePh.sub.2) (15.7 mg, 0.015 mmol, 5 mol %), [(p-cymene)RuCl.sub.2].sub.2 (4.6 mg, 0.0075 mmol), 5 molecular sieves (1.80 g) and toluene (6 mL). 80 C., 6 h. Purified by column chromatography (hexane:EA=10:1 to 3:1) to afford the desired product. Yield: 63.2 mg, 66%. .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) 7.52 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 2H), 7.46 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 7.36 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 2H), 6.87 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 3.82 (s, 3H), 3.69 (br, 2H), 3.33 (br, 2H), 1.67 (br, 4H), 1.51 (br, 2H). .sup.13C{.sup.1H}NMR (101 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) 169.83, 159.89, 135.76, 133.23, 131.48, 127.04, 124.92, 115.06, 114.13, 90.82, 87.57, 55.41, 48.83 (br), 43.35 (br), 26.64 (br), 25.68 (br), 24.65. IR (ATR, cm.sup.1): 2999, 2934, 2854, 2214, 1624, 1600, 1568, 1515, 1434, 1279, 1247, 1174, 1137, 1106, 1026, 1000, 832. HRMS (ESI) Calcd. for [C.sub.21H.sub.21NNaO.sub.2].sup.+ [M+Na].sup.+: 342.1465; Found: 342.1468.
4-(10-Bromodec-1-yn-1-yl)benzaldehyde
##STR00041##
[0161] Synthesized following general procedure B. 4-(Prop-1-yn-1-yl)benzaldehyde (43.3 mg, 0.3 mmol), 11-bromoundec-2-yne (208.1 mg, 0.9 mmol), Re(CCH.sub.2Ph)(.sup.PhPO).sub.2(PMePh.sub.2) (15.7 mg, 0.015 mmol), [(p-cymene)RuCl.sub.2].sub.2 (4.6 mg, 0.0075 mmol), 5 molecular sieves (1.80 g) and toluene (6 mL). 80 C., 5 h. Purified by column chromatography (hexane:EA=100:1). Colorless oil. Yield: 59.2 mg, 61%. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) 9.98 (s, 1H), 7.79 (d, J=7.9 Hz, 2H), 7.52 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 3.40 (t, J=6.8 Hz, 2H), 2.44 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 2H), 1.95-1.77 (m, 2H), 1.68-1.56 (m, 2H), 1.54-1.28 (m, 8H). .sup.13C{.sup.1H}NMR (101 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) 191.64, 135.07, 132.21, 130.69, 129.63, 95.32, 80.31, 34.12, 32.89, 29.05, 28.91, 28.75, 28.56, 28.23, 19.67. IR (ATR, cm.sup.1): 2928, 2854, 2729, 2226, 1699, 1600, 1561, 1206, 1164, 828. HRMS (CI) Calcd. for [C.sub.17H.sub.22BrO].sup.+ [M+H].sup.+: 321.0849; Found: 321.0858.
Example 3CRing-closing Alkyne Metathesis
1,8-Dioxacyclotetradec-11-yne-2,7-dione
##STR00042##
[0162] Synthesized following general procedure A. Di(pent-3-yn-1-yl) adipate (83.5 mg, 0.30 mmol), Re(CCH.sub.2Ph)(.sup.PhPO).sub.2(H.sub.2O) (12.9 mg, 0.015 mmol), 5 molecular sieves (1.0 g) and toluene (60 mL). 80 C., 8 h. Purified by column chromatography (hexane:EA=5:1). White needle crystals. Yield: 62.0 mg, 92%.
[0163] Synthesized following general procedure B. Di(pent-3-yn-1-yl) adipate (83.5 mg, 0.30 mmol), Re(CCH.sub.2Ph)(.sup.PhPO).sub.2(PMePh.sub.2) (15.7 mg, 0.015 mmol), [(p-cymene)RuCl.sub.2].sub.2(4.6 mg, 0.0075 mmol), 5 molecular sieves (1.0 g) and toluene (60 mL). 80 C., 8 h. Purified by column chromatography (hexane:EA=5:1) to afford the desired product. Yield: 62.8 mg, 93%. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) 4.13 (t, J=5.4 Hz, 4H), 2.57-2.46 (m, 4H), 2.43-2.32 (m, 4H), 1.77-1.72 (m, 4H). .sup.13C{.sup.1H}NMR (101 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) 173.28, 78.03, 62.67, 35.08, 25.12, 19.24. HRMS (ESI) Calcd. for [C.sub.12H.sub.16NaO.sub.4].sup.+ [M+Na].sup.+: 247.0941; Found: 247.0947.
Azacyclononadec-10-yn-2-one
##STR00043##
[0164] Synthesized following general procedure B. N-(undec-9-yn-1-yl)undec-9-ynamide (66.3 mg, 0.20 mmol), Re(CCH.sub.2Ph)(.sup.PhPO).sub.2(PMePh.sub.2) (20.9 mg, 0.02 mmol), [(p-cymene)RuCl.sub.2].sub.2 (6.1 mg, 0.01 mmol), 5 molecular sieves (0.60 g) and toluene (40 mL). 100 C., 12 h. Purified by column chromatography (hexane:EA=2:1). White crystals. Yield: 38.0 mg, 68%. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) 5.56 (br, 1H), 3.30 (td, J=5.8, 5.7 Hz, 2H), 2.25-2.06 (m, 6H), 1.71-1.57 (m, 2H), 1.55-1.46 (m, 2H), 1.46-1.36 (m, 8H), 1.38-1.27 (m, 1OH).
Example 3D: Acyclic Diyne Metathesis Macrocyclization (ADIMAC)
Macrocycle 32
##STR00044##
[0165] Synthesized following general procedure A. 3,6-Di(prop-1-yn-1-yl)9-tetradecylcarbazole (83.5 mg, 0.30 mmol), Re(CCH.sub.2Ph)(.sup.PhPO).sub.2(H.sub.2O) (8.6 mg, 0.01 mmol), 5 molecular sieves (0.60 g) and toluene (10 mL). 60 C., 14 h. Purified by column chromatography (hexane:chloroform=1:1). White solid. Yield: 38.2 mg, 99%.
[0166] Synthesized following general procedure B. 3,6-Di(prop-1-yn-1-yl)9-tetradecylcarbazole (44.0 mg, 0.10 mmol), Re(CCH.sub.2Ph)(.sup.PhPO).sub.2(PMePh.sub.2) (10.4 mg, 0.01 mmol), [(p-cymene)RuCl.sub.2].sub.2 (3.1 mg, 0.005 mmol), 5 molecular sieves (0.60 g) and toluene (10 mL). 80 C., 20 h. Purified by column chromatography (hexane:chloroform=1:1) to afford the desired product. Yield: 38.0 mg, 98%. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) 8.37 (d, J=1.0 Hz, 2H), 7.71 (dd, J=8.4, 1.4 Hz, 2H), 7.36 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 2H), 4.27 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 2H), 1.95-1.80 (m, 2H), 1.46-1.13 (m, 22H), 0.88 (t, J=6.8 Hz, 3H). .sup.13C{.sup.1H}NMR (101 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) 140.24, 129.38, 124.06, 122.77, 114.55, 109.00, 89.23, 43.45, 32.08, 29.85, 29.81, 29.78, 29.73, 29.68, 29.53, 29.15, 27.46, 22.85, 14.29.
Example 3ERing-opening Alkyne Metathesis Polymerization
##STR00045##
[0167] A mixture of Re(CCH.sub.2Ph)(.sup.PhPO).sub.2(H.sub.2O) (8.6 mg, 0.01 mmol), cyclooctyne (108 mg, 1 mmol) and 1 mL of toluene was heated at 60 C. for 1 hour. After the reaction, to the mixture was added 10 ml of methanol to precipitate a white solid, which was collected by filtration and dried under vacuum to afford the desired product. Yield: 94 mg. 87%. .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) 2.13 (br, 4H), 1.47 (br, 4H), 1.37 (br, 4H). .sup.13C{.sup.1H}NMR (101 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) 80.29, 29.19, 28.53, 18.86.