Fluid ejector system

Abstract

There is provided a sample ejection system for ejecting a sample from a flow of fluid, the system comprises: a fluid flow channel for receiving, in use, the flow of fluid; a fluid inlet channel connected to the flow channel and arranged to receive, in use, pressurised fluid; a fluid outlet channel connected to the flow channel at a location downstream in the flow direction of the flow of fluid and comprises an outlet. The system is arranged such that, in use, pressurised fluid is applied to the fluid flow channel via the fluid inlet channel to drive fluid from the region of the fluid flow channel between the fluid inlet and outlet channels through the fluid outlet channel and out of the outlet.

Claims

1. A droplet dispensing system for dispensing one or more droplets from a flow of fluid, the droplet dispensing system comprising: a controller; a fluid flow channel for receiving at least one flow of fluid; a first inlet channel coupled to the fluid flow channel for providing a flow of a process fluid to the fluid flow channel; a suction channel coupled to the fluid flow channel at a first location located downstream from the first inlet channel for ejecting the process fluid; a vacuum system operatively coupled to the suction channel providing suction for aiding in ejecting the process fluid from the fluid flow channel; a second inlet channel coupled to the fluid flow channel for selectively providing a pressurized fluid to the fluid flow channel, wherein the second inlet channel is coupled to a valve controlled by the controller for selectively opening and closing the valve to introduce the pressurized fluid to the fluid flow channel, a pressurized fluid supply connected to the second inlet channel via the valve for providing the pressurized fluid to the fluid flow channel, wherein, in response to introduction of the pressurized fluid to the fluid flow channel, the fluid flow channel comprises both the process fluid and the pressurized fluid; and an exit channel coupled to the fluid flow channel at a second location located downstream from the first inlet channel and the second inlet channel for ejecting the process fluid and the pressurized fluid, wherein increased pressure in the fluid flow channel through introduction of the pressurized fluid causes both the process fluid and the pressurized fluid to enter the exit channel from the fluid flow channel and exit the droplet dispensing system via the exit channel.

2. The droplet dispensing system according to claim 1, wherein entry of the pressurized fluid into the suction channel is prevented at least in part by at least one of (i) configuring the suction channel to have a length greater than a length of the exit channel; or (ii) configuring the suction channel to have a cross-sectional dimension smaller than a cross-sectional dimension of the exit channel.

3. The droplet dispensing system according to claim 1, wherein the pressurized fluid supplied by the pressurized fluid supply is compressible.

4. The droplet dispensing system according to claim 3, wherein the pressurized fluid supplied by the pressurized fluid supply is immiscible with the process fluid.

5. The droplet dispensing system according to claim 1, further comprising a nozzle provided at an exit orifice of the exit channel.

6. The droplet dispensing system according to claim 5, wherein the nozzle is a removable insert.

7. The droplet dispensing system according to claim 5, wherein the nozzle tapers inwardly in a direction corresponding to a flow direction of the process fluid and the pressurized fluid.

8. The droplet dispensing system according to claim 1, wherein a portion of the fluid flow channel located upstream of the first inlet channel provides a flow restriction.

9. The droplet dispensing system according to claim 1, wherein a portion of the fluid flow channel located downstream of the suction channel provides a flow restriction.

10. The droplet dispensing system according to claim 1, wherein at least one droplet comprises a biological cell therein.

11. The droplet dispensing system according to claim 1, wherein a detector is provided in the fluid flow channel upstream of the first inlet channel for detecting a component in a flow of the process fluid and provide a trigger signal to the controller to trigger supply of the pressurized fluid.

12. The droplet dispensing system according to claim 1, wherein the fluid flow channel comprises a region of increased cross-sectional area to reduce a flow rate therethrough.

13. The droplet dispensing system according to claim 1, wherein the fluid flow channel has a folded flow path to reduce a flow rate therethrough.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) The examples of the present invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:

(2) FIG. 1 is a schematic view of the channels in a system according to the present invention;

(3) FIG. 2 is a schematic view of a first operating state of the system of the present invention;

(4) FIG. 3 is a schematic view of a second operating state of the system of the invention;

(5) FIG. 4 is a fluid circuit diagram of one example of the system of the present invention;

(6) FIGS. 5 and 6 are graphs showing physical parameters of an example of the present invention varying structural dimensions;

(7) FIG. 7 is fluid circuit diagram of a further example system according to the invention;

(8) FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram showing a further alternative channel structure from an example of the present invention;

(9) FIG. 9 is a graph showing the effect of various physical parameters of the example of FIG. 8;

(10) FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram showing an example of the system of the invention employing active valves;

(11) FIG. 11 is a side view of a further system of the invention in schematic form;

(12) FIGS. 12A and 12B show a system of the present invention with an alternative nozzle structure;

(13) FIGS. 13A and 13B show further possible nozzle structures which can be employed with the invention;

(14) FIGS. 14A and 14B are schematic side views of further nozzle configuration that can be employed with the system of the present invention;

(15) FIGS. 15 and 16 show graphs of the operating characteristics of example systems according to the present invention when employing different drive fluids; and

(16) FIGS. 17A and 17B are schematic drawings showing alternative example systems according to the invention with additional features for enabling monitoring of the contents of a channel in the system.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

(17) Referring to FIG. 1, a system according to the invention comprises a device which comprises a set of flow paths linked together to provide a main fluid path with two side channels connected to it, in this example, through T-junctions. One end of the main fluid path provides an inlet for pressurized fluid, while the other end terminates in an outlet that serves as an orifice through which fluid can be ejected to the exterior. The component channels need not be rectilinear or co-planar, and can all have different lengths and cross-sectional geometries, as will be discussed in more detail below. The junctions need not be T junctions but may have other configurations such as a Y junction.

(18) Referring to FIG. 1, the device has five component channels: an inlet channel A for the entry of pressurized fluid, controlled by an external valve situated at the entrance to channel A; an inlet channel B for the entry of process fluid that meets inlet channel A at a junction T1; a central channel C connected to T1 that drains the output from T1 and is connected to a junction T2; an exit channel D from Junction T2 leading to an exit orifice F from which fluid is ejected to the exterior; and a suction channel E connected to channels C and D at junction T2 and attached to an external vacuum system to extract fluid from junction T2. The channels A, B and C form a main channel.

(19) In normal operation, the device has two states. The first is shown in FIG. 2 and is a stand-by state in which flow into channel A is shut off by a control valve and in which process fluid flows continuously through the device via channels B, C and E. The second is shown in FIG. 3 and is an active state in which the control valve at A is open and fluid flows through channels A, C and D and is ejected to the exterior through orifice F.

(20) In the stand-by state process fluid 1 provided at a fixed flow rate by the external system 2 flows in through B. The external valve 3 is shut off and channel A is filled with fluid 8 which is prevented from flowing by the valve 3. All of the process fluid 8 thus flows through channel C. The vacuum level at E, provided by the external system 7, is so adjusted that the flow through E is sufficient to clear the process fluid entering through B and also to ensure that a small amount of air 7 is drawn in through the orifice F. Thus the fluid removed by the suction system 5 is a mixture of process fluid and a small amount of air.

(21) In the ejection state, the valve 3 is opened allowing pressurised fluid provided by the external system 4 to force fluid to flow in through channel A, along channels C and D and emerge as a stream or droplets 11 from orifice F.

(22) In normal operation, the valve 3 is expected to open rapidly, for example as quickly as 1 millisec, and remain open for times as short as 10 millisecs in order to eject only small amounts of fluid. This timing is dependent on the flow rate through channel A and the length of channel C if it is desired to ensure that the entire content of channel C is ejected.

(23) It will be appreciated that selection of the channel structure, length, diameters, and relative proportions with respect to one another can alter the flow characteristics and affect operation of the system. This has advantages in terms of making the system capable of operating in a large number of different processes.

(24) During the ejection state the increased pressure in the main channel potentially causes fluid to flow down the suction channel and so reduce the ejection pressure in the main channel. This can be mitigated by using an active valve in the suction channel or by restricting the flow down the channel either by increasing its length or by introducing a flow restriction, which could simply be a narrowing of part or all of the channel cross-section, this is represented in FIG. 4. The effects of provision of a restriction in the suction line are shown in FIG. 5. FIG. 6 shows the relationship between suction channel length and ejection and suction flow for a fixed suction pressure.

(25) During ejection, the sharp increase of pressure at junction T1 reacts back on the process fluid supply in the external microcircuit. If the supply or the connecting tubing has any compliance, the pressure will cause the fluid to flow back up the channel towards the supply. The pressure at T1 will fall and the ejection flow will be affected, both in peak magnitude and in exhibiting a response timescale. FIGS. 7 and 8 show how a restriction can be placed in the process fluid inlet channel to counter this effect. In Figure B the restriction is in the form of a lengthened flow path. FIG. 9 shows the effect of such a restriction on backflow in the process fluid inlet

(26) As an alternative, or in addition to, the employment of restrictions in the process fluid inlet channel and/or suction channel, active valves 10, 11 and may be provided as shown in FIG. 10.

(27) As can be seen from FIG. 10 during normal operation of the continuous flow process active valve 10 and active valve 11 are open to allow flow through channels B, C and E in turn as the process continues. When ejection is required pressurized fluid is applied by opening valve 3 with, the same instant, valves 10 and 11 being closed to allow the contents of channel C to be ejected via outlet D.

(28) It will be appreciated that, dependent on the fluid characteristics within the system, and also the requirements of the system to provide an ejected sample of a particular type there may be a need to provide a nozzle or some form of other aperture at the outlet F of the system of the invention. FIG. 11 shows a straightforward example of the system in which the outlet F has a nozzle and simply has a cross-section as its outlet which is the same as channel D. FIGS. 12A and 12B show an alternative in which there is an enlarged nozzle of an expanding aperture but same cross-sectional shape as channel D at the outlet F. FIGS. 13A and 13B show how such a nozzle can be constructed, either as part of a laminate construction or as part as a machined construction. FIGS. 14A and 14B show an alternative in which a tapered nozzle is provided at the outlet F. It will be appreciated that the tapered nozzle can be provided as an insert, which means it can be replaced easily and also that alternative nozzle shapes can be provided for different fluid flow characteristics, different applications and also different outlet requirements for the sample.

(29) As mentioned above a number of different drive fluids may be employed with the invention. The pressurised drive fluid can be either miscible with the process fluid, or immiscible with the process fluid. The drive fluid can be compressible or incompressible.

(30) Examples of immiscible fluids are air or oil when the process fluid is water-based, or water when the process fluid is oil-based.

(31) When the drive fluid is immiscible the central channel can be used as a metering volume since it can be ejected in its entirely. However, if it also compressible, for example a gas, the ejection behaviour is more difficult control because gas is compressed during the ejection, and experiences a rapid decompression as the last of the ejected fluid leaves the nozzle. The result of this is a possible defragmentation of the droplet.

(32) If the fluid is miscible and incompressible, for example an oil-and-oil system, the ejection is much smoother, but the metering function now relies only on the valve timing and is not so precise. FIGS. 15 and 16 show some of the performance characteristics for immiscible compressible and miscible incompressible drive fluids respectively. From this it will be appreciated that the appropriate drive fluid for the application in which the invention is employed can be chosen quite easily and that the invention provides flexibility in this regard.

(33) FIGS. 17A and B show examples of a system according to the invention which correspond to those of earlier figures, but which have adaptations to the channel C employed in those earlier examples. In the adaptation of FIG. 17A the channel C has a region of increased cross-sectional area, and in the example of FIG. 17B the channel C has a length which has a folded path. In both these examples the purpose of the additional feature in the channel C is to slow the flow through the channel C. This is to the advantage that, if an optical sensing device, such as a camera, is positioned over the channel C the reduced speed of flow ensures capture of the content of the fluid in the channel C in a more reliable manner. As can be seen from the example of 17B, by the circle presented in the figure, by providing an appropriate structure for the channel C it is possible to ensure that a significant part of the flow in that channel is within the optical device viewing region (indicated by the circle) while fluid passes therethrough, improving image capture through an increased time region image capture can occur.

(34) With all of the above examples ejection can be triggered by one of a number of possible circumstances. For example, ejection can be performed either on a regular or irregular timed basis by appropriate control of the system and reference timing circuitry. It could also be performed following notification of an external event occurring through a related control system, such as detection of a receiving component adjacent to the exit orifice F. In some types of use, such as in bioprocessing where cells are present in the fluid, ejection could be triggered by detection of the existence of one or more cells in the fluid in the channel C, which triggers the ejection process to eject the cells through the orifice F. If such a detector is provided then a number of possible detection systems could be employed, such as a camera system with associated image processing, or some form of light based detection employing transmissive, reflective, scatter detection or a combination thereof. Other alternatives include a capacitive detector or employment of a detector using the Coulter principle. If any such detection approach is provided then there may be a delay between detection of the components to be ejected and triggering of ejection to ensure optimum ejection of the detected component.

(35) As will be appreciated, the present invention provides a very simple and effective system for obtaining samples which can be extremely small in volume in an automated and reliable fashion without significant effect on the continuous flow system from which the sample is being obtained. The sample can be obtained by initiation of the system through detection of components in the flow, or can be controlled on a timed, intermittent, or on demand basis. As will also be appreciated, the system of the present invention can be employed to print droplets from the continuous flow to provide a printing operation if an array of sampling systems is produced.