Building envelope and method for adjusting the temperature in a building

Abstract

A building envelope, in particular a wall, a floor, or a roof of a building with at least two shells spaced some distance apart from one another, which encloses an intermediate space, said space being essentially empty with the exception of weight-bearing and/or construction-engineering elements or being filled at least in sections with porous, open-celled material and sealed from the interior and exterior of the building, wherein controllable sealing means are provided for sealing the intermediate space from the interior and exterior and optionally separated building envelope sections from one other.

Claims

1. A building envelope of a building, the building envelope comprising: at least two shells spaced apart from one another, the at least two shells enclosing an intermediate space between an interior and an exterior of the building, wherein the intermediate space contains weight-bearing and/or building-technology elements and is otherwise empty, or is filled at least in sections with porous, open-celled material; and controllable sealing means for controlled sealing of the intermediate space from both the interior and the exterior, the controllable sealing means being configured to be controlled to variably set a fluid leak rate between the intermediate space and the interior and exterior of the building.

2. A building envelope according to claim 1, wherein the controllable sealing means that are provided change their volumes and/or their shape under the effect of heat, electromagnetic radiation, or chemicals or mechanical forces in a controlled manner.

3. A building envelope according to claim 1, with means for fluid supply and removal for controlled supply and removal of a fluid for influencing heat transition through the building envelope or affecting heat transport into or out of the building envelope, and/or into or out of the intermediate space, wherein the intermediate space is divided into building envelope sections, to which are separately attached controllable means for fluid supply and removal for section-selective management of the respective heat transition and where the building envelope sections are separated from one another via the controllable sealing means, and/or the separately controllable means for fluid supply and removal are configured for the section-selective control of the heat transport.

4. A building envelope according to claim 3, wherein sensor and/or input means for the acquisition and/or inputting of section-specific values of a state variable relevant to thermal engineering are associated with the separate building envelope sections which are connected on the input side with control means of the means for fluid supply and removal.

5. A building envelope according to claim 3, wherein the means for fluid supply and removal feature gas or air pumps for the generation, as desired, of negative pressure, positive pressure, or normal pressure in the intermediate space of the respective section, and optionally feature a gas or air reservoir.

6. A building envelope according to claim 3, wherein the means for fluid supply and removal features liquid pumps and a liquid reservoir for the filling of the intermediate space of the section with a heat-conducting liquid or the draining thereof, as desired.

7. A building envelope according to claim 3, wherein a piping-conduit system is provided in the intermediate space and/or in at least one of the shells configured to pass a fluid for influencing heat transition or affecting heat transport, the piping-conduit system being sized to be section-specific and/or featuring section-specific means of flow-control for the control of the flow of the fluid for influencing heat transition or affecting heat transport.

8. A building envelope according to claim 3, wherein different walls or roof sections and/or walls or floors of spaces with different functions, which are associated with different cardinal directions, are defined as building envelope sections.

9. A building envelope according to claim 3, wherein the shells are supported against one another by a plurality of individual spacers configured to be washed around by the fluid for influencing heat transition or affecting heat transport, and are optionally embedded in the porous, open-celled material.

10. A building envelope according to claim 3, wherein the means for fluid supply and removal feature fluid-permeable pipe sections, which are configured for the passage of the fluid through a pipe wall for influencing heat transition or affecting heat transport.

11. A building envelope according to claim 3, wherein, in the intermediate space, means for heat exchange are provided to which are associated the means for fluid supply and removal.

12. A building envelope according to claim 1, wherein a plurality of heat pipes are arranged in the intermediate space, are connected with a heat collector to which at least one of the two shells is connected, and end in the intermediate space.

13. A building envelope according to claim 12, wherein at least one part of the heat pipes features means for enlarging surface area of the heat pipes.

14. A process for control of the indoor temperature in a building with a building envelope according to claim 1, wherein heat transition of a building envelope is controlled or a controlled heat transport into or out of the building envelope is achieved, by means for fluid supply and removal for controlled supply and removal of a fluid into or out of the building envelope.

15. A process according to claim 14, wherein the means for fluid supply and removal are operated under control, in response to acquired or input values of a state variable that is relevant to thermal engineering.

16. A structure with a fixed foundation and a building envelope according to claim 1.

17. A mobile structure with a building envelope according to claim 1.

18. A building envelope according to claim 1, wherein the building envelope is a building wall, a floor, or a roof of a building.

19. A building envelope according to claim 4, wherein the state variable includes a measured or estimated outdoor temperature, and/or a sunlight intensity, and/or a moisture content, and/or a desired indoor temperature in the respective section.

20. A building envelope according to claim 11, wherein the means for heat exchange are attached to fluid conduits.

21. A building envelope according to claim 13, wherein the means for enlarging the surface includes heat-conducting plates, ribs, or a corrugated structure.

22. A building envelope according to claim 15, wherein the values of the state variable are acquired or input on the building envelopes.

23. A building envelope according to claim 15, wherein the state variable includes a measured or estimated outdoor temperature, and/or a sunlight intensity, and/or a moisture content, and/or a desired preset interior temperature.

24. A building envelope according to claim 1, the controllable sealing means being for controlled sealing of the intermediate space against separated building envelope sections.

25. A building envelope according to claim 1, wherein the controllable sealing means are configured to be controlled to variably set a leak rate of a gas between building envelope sections, and/or between the intermediate space and the interior and exterior of the building.

26. A building envelope according to claim 1, wherein the controllable sealing means are configured to be controlled to variably set a leak rate of a liquid between building envelope sections, and/or between the intermediate space and the interior and exterior of the building.

27. A building envelope according to claim 7, wherein the means for fluid supply and removal feature fluid-permeable pipe sections, which are configured for the passage of the fluid through a pipe wall for influencing heat transition or affecting heat transport.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) FIG. 1 a partial-section, perspective depiction of a double-shelled building wall,

(2) FIG. 2 a further partial-section, perspective depiction of a double-shelled building wall,

(3) FIG. 3 a further partial-section, perspective depiction of a double-shelled building wall,

(4) FIG. 4 a partial-section, perspective depiction of a double-shelled building wall according to one embodiment of the invention,

(5) FIG. 5 a partial-section, perspective depiction of a double-shelled building wall according to one embodiment of the invention,

(6) FIG. 6 a partial-section, perspective depiction of a double-shelled building wall according to one embodiment of the invention,

(7) FIG. 7 a schematic, cross-sectional depiction of a building envelope according to a further embodiment of the invention,

(8) FIG. 8 a schematic, cross-sectional depiction of a building envelope according to a further embodiment of the invention

(9) FIG. 8a a simplified schematic, cross-sectional representation of an embodiment of the invention according to FIG. 8

(10) FIG. 8b a schematic, cross-sectional representation of a building envelope according to a further embodiment of the invention

(11) FIG. 8c a schematic, cross-sectional representation of a building envelope according to a further embodiment of the invention

(12) FIG. 9 through 11 schematic representations to illustrate embodiments according to the invention process.

(13) FIG. 12 a schematic cut-away of a cross-section of a building envelope during manufacture

(14) FIG. 13 a schematic cut-away of a cross-section of the building envelope in an alternative manufacture

(15) FIG. 14a various schematic representations of seals

(16) FIG. 14b schematic representation of a cut-away cross-section of a building envelope

(17) FIG. 14c schematic representation of a cut-away cross-section of a building envelope

MANNER OF EXECUTING THE INVENTION

(18) FIGS. 1 through 3 each schematically show in partially sectioned, a cross-sectional representation of a double-shelled building envelope 10, 20, or alternatively 30, which each respectively exhibit a first and a second wall shell 11a, 11b; 21a, 21b, or alternatively 31a, 31b set at a pre-determined distance from one another, which enclose an intermediate space 13, 23, or alternatively 33. In the embodiment of the wall shells depicted, the same respectively exhibit a reinforcement, which is solely separately labeled in FIG. 2 the numbers 21c and 21d.

(19) With building envelope 10 according to FIG. 1, the intermediate space 13 is filled with a porous, open-celled insulation or support material 15, which can also be introduced in the form of plates and can then contemporaneously have a support function with respect to the wall shells 11a and 11b. With building wall 20 according to FIG. 2, the intermediate space 23 is essentially empty, aside from a plurality of spacers 25, which hold the wall shells 21a and 21b at a constant distance from one another. Building wall 30 according to FIG. 3 contains slotted or notched plates 35 in the intermediate space 33 made of porous, open-celled support material.

(20) In FIGS. 4 through 6, schematic embodiment examples of the invention are respectively represented, which stem from the constructions described above according to FIG. 2 and wherein the same elements with the same reference numbers as in FIG. 2 are indicated. In the intermediate space 23 of the construction according to FIG. 4, there are various sections which are separated from one another by fluid-tight separation walls 27, and the individual (which are not separately indicated) sections are provided with separately controllable piping conduits 28 for the input or output of a fluid and for the management of heat transition or heat transport through building envelope 20A in each of the sections.

(21) FIG. 5 shows as a further embodiment, a building envelope 20B, in which both wall shells 21a and 21b are modified to be thermally controllable or be usable, for instance as heat collectors, and in which are arranged pipe lengths 28 for the channeling of a heating or cooling liquid. FIG. 6 depicts a building envelope 20c, in which are arranged a plurality of heat pipes 29, each with a corresponding spacer element 25 and which are spaced some distance apart from each other, and which run between the two wall shells 21a and 21b (which have been modified through the addition of means for the affixing of the heat pipes) and with which are respectively associated a sealing and fastening flange 29a on the inner-side of the wall and a heat collector element 29b on the outside surface of the outer shell 21a.

(22) FIGS. 7 and 8 respectively show, in contrast to the schematic diagrams according to FIGS. 4 through 6 somewhat more detailed cross-sectional representations of further embodiment examples of the invention.

(23) FIG. 7 shows a cut-away of a building wall 70 of the basic type shown in FIG. 2, which is to say a double-shelled wall construction with spacers. In view of the greater detail of this representation, one has not referred back to the reference numbers of FIG. 2; instead, the two wall shells are respectively indicated by numbers 71 and 72, the essentially empty intermediate space formed between the two shells is given the number 73 and the spacer number 74. Both wall shells 71, 72 respectively comprise a reinforcement 71a, 72a, in a building material 71b, 72b, internal coating 71c, 72c, and finally an outside form or mold 71d, 72d. In the region of the spacer, anchoring bodies 74a, 74b are installed to the respective wall cores, and the spacer and the anchoring bodies are penetrated by a form anchor 75, which is fixed on both sides with one each adjusting nut 75a, 75b. In the region of spacer 74 are represented, on the one side, an ordinary O-ring 76a, and on the other side, a sealing element 76b which increases volumetrically under external energy influence (heat, radiation, or similar), for the sealing of the intermediate space 73 towards the inside and outside in the area of the penetration through the shells 71, 72 by the form anchor 75.

(24) Function, technical execution possibilities, and advantages of the briefly described preceding building-wall construction are explained further and in more detail above and are the object of the dependent claims and for this reason are not once again described in detail here. As explained above in more detail, in the event of a weakening of, or due to relevant changes in state, of a no longer sufficient sealing action of sealing element 76b, this sealing effect can be newly returned to the required size through energy input from the outside.

(25) FIG. 8 shows a further two-shelled building envelope 80. This construction basically resembles that of building wall 20C according to FIG. 6. However here too, there has been no attempt to use the reference numbers appearing in FIG. 6 in the assignment of reference numbers. Here too, two wall shells 81 and 82, which enclose an intermediate space 83, are held at a defined distance by spacer 84. The wall shells 81, 82 further exhibit respectively a reinforcement 81a, 82a in the building material 81b, 82b and respectively have a separation coating 81c, 82c on the inner side. In the area of the spacer, and surrounding it, a heat pipe 85 is provided consisting of a somewhat narrower inner pipe 85a and of a, concentric thereto, somewhat broader outer pipe 85b. The inner and outer pipes 85a and 85b of heat pipe 85 respectively pass through the total thickness of the wall shell 82 and 81, in which they are arranged and project overlapping one another into the intermediate space 83.

(26) Each of the pipe sections 85a, 85b is respectively provided on the exterior wall side of shell 82 and 81 with a heat collector 85c or 85d. A flange 85e or 85f is attached for each of the pipe sections 85a, 85b on the inner side and each sealing and fastening flange is provided with a volume-increasing seal 85g or 85h of the type and function mentioned in the preceding section, against the adjoining inner wall coating of the respective wall shell. The seals (O-ring or volume-increasing seal) on the spacer already depicted in FIG. 7 are also present in this embodiment; they are here indicated by numbers 84a and 84b.

(27) FIG. 8a is a simplified representation of the embodiment according to FIG. 8 for further explanation of the essential features.

(28) Pipe sections 85a, 85b are pipes arranged concentrically (at a pre-determined distance) and leading into one another. As one can gather from FIG. 8a, the pipe sections 85a and 85b do not contact one another and they only project to a certain point into intermediate space 83. Pipe sections 85a, 85b can be made out of a good heat-conducting material such as aluminum, copper, or chromium steel. Heat collectors 85c, 85b (preferably made from heat-conducting sheet metal) are arranged on the outside of the construction and are in direct exchange with the immediate surroundings and can further conduct heat from direct solar radiation to the pipe section connected thereto and projecting into the shells and the intermediate space x82. As long as intermediate space 82 is evacuated, no heat-conducting connection exists between the pipe sections 85a and 85b. If intermediate space 83 were to be filled with a heat-conducting liquid, an increased heat transition from a pipe section 85a to the other pipe section 85b would thereby occur. A passive heat bridge is thereby formed inside the construction and heat transition increases (considerably). As a whole, the heat pipe 85 bridges the intermediate space 83 between wall shells 81, 82 and in particular the separation layers 81 and coatings 81c, 82c. If the heat-conducting liquid were to be drained from the intermediate space 83, then the additional heat transition within the construction is cancelled. Inasmuch as the pipe sections 85a, 85b do not contact one another, a heat bridge is no longer present inside the construction (in the case of a drained intermediate space 83).

(29) The function of pipe sections 85a, 85b therefore depends on two levels of a thermal liquid in the intermediate space 83. If the level is below pipe sections 85a, 85b (or heat pipe 85), no increased heat conduction exists. If the level is above heat pipe 85, increased heat conduction occurs.

(30) Spacer 84 can be embodied in conjunction with heat pipe 85.

(31) FIG. 8b shows an alternative embodiment of a building envelope. The embodiment according to FIG. 8b is basically laid out like the embodiment according to FIG. 8a. Additionally, a separation wall 86 is provided around pipe sections 85a, 85b. The separation wall 86 is, in this specific case, a cylinder formed around heat pipe 85 (other constructions are possible). The separation wall 86 is fastened to the sealing and fastening flanges 85e, 85f and is sealed by the same. The (cylindrical) separation wall 86 defines a liquid reservoir 87, into which heating liquid can be introduced (and subsequently drained from). The cross-section of separation wall 86 is double-S-shaped. In this specific embodiment example, separation wall 86 can exhibit a central segment which is inwardly displaced in a radial fashion when compared to the edge sections.

(32) FIG. 8c shows a further embodiment of a building envelope. This embodiment basically exhibits the construction of the embodiment according to FIG. 8b, in particular with regards to the separation wall 86. Heat pipe 85 is, however, formed differently from the embodiment according to FIG. 8b. In the embodiment according to FIG. 8c, pipe section 85a includes a pipe-section segment 85a1 and a pipe-section segment 85a2 that is arranged (concentrically) around pipe-section segment 85a1. The pipe-section segments 85a1, 85a2 project respectively into intermediate space 83 and are (partially) arranged inside pipe-section segments 85b1, 85b2 of the second pipe section 85b. A distance between the pipe-section segment 85a1 and 85b1 as well as between 85a2 and 85b2 is sealed by gaskets 86a so that pipe sections 85a, 85b are joined in a fluid-tight manner to one another. A liquid pump 88 is provided in pipe-section segment 85b2, which achieves liquid circulation in the direction of the arrows in FIG. 8c.

(33) The embodiments according to FIGS. 8a, 8b make use of passive heat conduction. The embodiment according to FIG. 8b is particularly advantageous if intermediate space 83 is evacuated or is filled up with a porous, open-celled insulation/support material.

(34) The embodiment according to FIG. 8c operates with active heat conduction. In this embodiment, liquid is transported inside heat pipe 85 from the heat collector 85c by means of the double-walled embodiment of heat pipe 85 through the construction to heat collector 85d (and by means of pipe-section segments 85b1 and 85a1 in the reverse direction).

(35) FIG. 9 schematically shows in a type of simple flow diagram an operational sequence for achieving an applied or increased heat exchange through a building envelope of the type described above as an embodiment example of the process according to the invention.

(36) The intermediate space of the construction has a specified configuration (porous, open-celled support materialcavity) and a specified geometry, which is given by the climate zone and use. It is divided into individual sectors. The Initial state stage equalizes the physical conditions in the intermediate space with either the outside environment or the interior. This can also be indicated as Airing. The initial state can also be fitted into the process sequence in order to prepare the intermediate space for the subsequent processes.

(37) The step Impose vacuum reduces the pressure in the intermediate space to a pre-determined value by means of a vacuum pump or by pressure compensation with a storage- or pressure-controllable membrane storage tank. Depending on the moisture content of the air or gas contained therein, the liquid-gas-liquid phase transition can be induced by means of the step Impose vacuum. The step Introduce heat-conducting medium fills the intermediate space with the heat-conducting medium by means of pumps, by pressure compensation with a storage- or pressure-controllable membrane storage tank or by the Suction step using the vacuum. This can be air with a pre-determined moisture content, a gas, or a liquid.

(38) The step Drain heat-conducting medium drains the intermediate space of the heat-conducting medium by means of pumps, by pressure compensation with a storage- or pressure-controllable membrane storage tank or by suction by means of a further Impose vacuum step. In the latter case, a step for airing the building envelope follows. Subsequently, there is a decision step Repeat cycle? during which it is decided whether and, where necessary, at which point in time the cycle should be repeated and is based upon, on the one hand, the heat exchange achieved with a condition of the building envelope being filled with a heat-conducting medium, and, on the other hand, the existing target values and for example, additional recorded parameters. If there is no necessity for the same, the run is concluded; otherwise one returns to the Impose vacuum step.

(39) FIG. 10 shows in an analogous manner, the run of a flushing routine, with which the intermediate space of the building envelope is cleared of moisture or residual gas from a preceding process run at constant pressure, and which can be fitted in at various suitable points in the process runs.

(40) The run begins with a step of determining the residual moisture in the intermediate space and comparison with a nominal value, as a result of which it is decided whether a flushing routine is to be performed. Were this to be the case, an Impose vacuum step follows (as described in the preceding process). The Flush out step exchanges the air, gas, or liquid volume in the intermediate space under pre-determined, constant-pressure conditions. This is performed, for example, with the aid of a previously evacuated membrane storage tank or one prepared at a specified pressure ratio, which exchanges the volume in the intermediate space once, twice, or several times under constant pressure. In so doing, a pressure difference is produced between the conditions of the surroundings, the membrane storage tank, and the intermediate space. A vacuum pump can additionally provide the required air or gas volumes. With this step, an initial state is reached, in which the measurement and comparison steps which were initially performed are performed once again. If required, the cycle is then run through once again.

(41) FIG. 11 shows, in contrast to that in FIG. 9, a rather more complex process run, in which at the beginning a decision for one of the available options Reduce heat transition? or Increase heat transition? is made. The two subsequent subroutines, which depend on the decision made, are represented here in a rather simplified manner, and the representation is essentially self-explanatory based on the labels. In the figure, it is also noted that, at specified sites, an appropriate flushing routine of the type outlined in FIG. 10 can be fitted in.

(42) The representations in the flow diagrams are highly simplified and do not mirror the runs that in practice are considerably more complex, which can be produced under the influence of various measurement and comparison steps and which can be governed by intermediate decisions or due to partial pressure decreases or increases. Such elaborations do however lie within the purview of a person skilled in the art and need no more detailed description here.

(43) FIGS. 12 and 13 show segments of a cross-section of a building wall during manufacture. In FIG. 12, an intermediate space 1 is filled up with a porous, open-celled insulation/support material 15. An additive 12 serves to form a separation layer. The additive 12 exhibits a density hat is lesser than that of the building material 3 (concrete, for example) and cures comparatively quickly. Due to its lower density, the additive 12 remains above the building material 3. The additive 12 penetrates the armoring 4, so that a separation layer 18 is formed in intermediate space 1. A form or mold is identified by reference number 5. The insulation/support material can comprise several plates, which are arranged above a joint 16 and next to one another. Optionally, an air conduit 17 can be provided (as a recess in the insulation/support material). The separation layer 18 forms a sealing surface between the insulation/support material executed in the intermediate space 1 of a double-shelled construction and the building material 3.

(44) In FIG. 13, the intermediate space 1 is formed as a cavity. A fine-mesh non-woven material 2 fits tightly on the reinforcement lattice 4. If the building material 3 (in its flowable phase) comes into contact with a support liquid or a granulate (displaced with a bond-accelerating additive 8), it hardens comparatively quickly. The liquid 8 is introduced during manufacture at the same rate as that of the flowable building material 3, so that a liquid level 9 of the support liquid or alternatively of the granulate 8 is a little below the level 10 of the building material 3. Cured building material which has penetrated the non-woven material 2 is identified by reference number 6. Reference number 7 identifies a mirror plane of the illustration according to FIG. 13. A form or mold is identified by reference number 5.

(45) FIG. 14a shows various schematic cross-sections of the seals, whose volumes can be changed. The schematic representation under (a) in FIG. 14a shows a seal 85g, whose volume can be increased due to heat action through heat-conducting plates 141, 142. The heat-conducting plate 141 is, for instance, heat-conducting plate that is connected to the outside. Heat-conducting plate 142 is, for example, a heat-conducting plate that is provided for the division of sectors on the inside of the construction. In accordance with the embodiment according to (b) in FIG. 14a, the volume of the seal 85g is increased by heating action, which results from heating up an electrical cable 143 on the inside of the seal 85g. Under (c) in FIG. 14a, the seal 85g is enlarged by the action of a chemical, which is contained inside a (permeable) pipe 144. The pipe 144 is provided inside the seal 85g. Under (d) in FIG. 14a, the sealing material is enlarged by the action of electromagnetic radiation (at a pre-determined wavelength).

(46) FIG. 14b shows a cut-away cross-section of a building envelope with a plurality of seals 85g. As can be gathered from FIG. 14b, the heat-conducting plates 141, 142 are sealed against one another by means of a seal 85g. Further seals 85g are provided between the sealing flange 85e and the reinforcement 82a. Still further seals 85g are arranged on the heat collector 85c as well as on the heat-conducting plate 141.

(47) FIG. 14c shows a cut-away cross-section of a building wall with a seal 85g (by way of example, for the division of sectors) in a case in which the intermediate space 83 is filled with a porous, open-celled, insulation/support material.

(48) The execution of the invention is not limited to the examples and aspects explained above, instead a plurality of modifications are also possible, which are within the purview of matters known to a person skilled in the art.

REFERENCE LIST

(49) 2 Non-woven material 5 Form or mold 6 Cured building material 7 mirror planes 8 Support liquid or granulate 9 Liquid level 10 Liquid level 10, 20, 30, 70, 80 Building envelope or alternatively wall 11a, 11b; 21a, 21b; 21a, 21b; 21a, 21b; 31a, 31b; 71, 72; 81, 82 Wall shell 1, 13, 23, 33, 73, 83 Intermediate space 15 Porous, open-celled material 16 Plate joint 17 Air conduit 4; 21c, 21d; 71a, 72a, 81a, 82a Reinforcement 25, 74, 84 Spacer 27 Separation wall 28, 28 Pipe conduit 29, 85 Heat pipe 29a; 85e, 85f Sealing and fastening flange 29b; 85c, 85d Heat collector element 35 Slotted or notched plates 3, 71b, 72b, 81b, 82b Building material 18, 71c, 72c, 81c, 82c Inside and separation coating 71d, 72d Mold 74a, 74b Anchoring body 75a, 75b Adjusting nuts 76a, 76b; 84a, 84b, 85g, 85h O-ring, gasket 85a Inside pipe (heat pipe) 85b Outside pipe (heat pipe) 86 Separation wall (cylinder) 86a Gasket 87 Liquid reservoir 88 Liquid pump