Printing method for compensating for character size according to position, and printed matter printed by this printing method

Abstract

A printing method is provided, in which character sizes are enlarged gradually as going from a lower portion to an upper portion of a printing surface which may be a page of a book or an article region on which an article of a newspaper is printed. The longitudinal size (height) of characters at a lowest portion in each page of the book or in the article region is k times larger than a longitudinal size of characters at a highest portion, and wherein a value of k is about 1.281.79. The horizontal size (width) of characters at the lowest portion in each page of the book or in the article region is k times larger than a longitudinal size of characters at a highest portion, and wherein a value of k is about 0.71.0 times larger than the k.

Claims

1. A method for printing a book, the method comprising steps for: a CPU's reading a document to print stored in a data storing device into a RAM; in the CPU, distributing the document to print to pages based on a predetermined size of character; in the CPU, in order to make a visible size difference of all characters printed on a printing surface recognized to be minimal when a reader reads the characters on the printing surface while a viewing direction of the reader is tilted from the printing surface, enlarging a longitudinal size (that is, a height) or the longitudinal size and a horizontal size (that is, a width) of the characters on a same page gradually as going from a lowest portion to a highest portion of the printing surface; and the CPU's supplying the document to print with character sizes assigned in the enlarging step per page to a printer, so as to be printed, wherein the longitudinal size of the characters at the highest portion in the entire region of each page of the book is k times larger than the longitudinal size of the characters at the lowest portion, and wherein a value of k is about 1.281.79, and wherein the horizontal size of the characters at the highest portion in the entire region of each page of the book is k times larger than the horizontal size of the characters at the lowest portion, and wherein a value of k (a horizontal character size magnification) has a value that is 0.71.0 times with respect to the k (the longitudinal character size magnification).

2. The printing method of claim 1, wherein the horizontal size of the characters gets up to f times larger gradually as going from a central portion (C) to extreme right and left portions (R, R) in the lowest portion of the entire region of each page of the book, wherein a value of f is determined in a range of 1.01.16, and wherein the value of f decreases gradually as going from the lowest portion to the highest portion of the entire region, so that the horizontal size of the characters in the highest portion are same in the central portion (C) and the extreme right and left portions (R, R).

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

(1) FIG. 1 is a diagram showing how characters of a top portion of a book look smaller than characters of a bottom portion when viewing diagonally a conventional book having character sizes all the same regardless of position;

(2) FIG. 2 is a block diagram showing a device for executing a printing method according to the invention;

(3) FIG. 3 is a flow chart for explaining a printing method according to the invention;

(4) FIGS. 4 and 5 are diagrams for explaining principles of a printing method according to the invention;

(5) FIG. 6 is a page printed conventionally; and

(6) FIG. 7 is the same page as FIG. 6 printed by the present invention.

BEST MODE OF EMBODIMENTS OF INVENTION

(7) Below, referring to the drawings, embodiments of the invention are going to be described in detail.

(8) FIG. 2 shows a block diagram of a device for using a printing method according to the invention, and FIG. 3 shows a flow chart for explaining a printing method according to the invention.

(9) Since the printing method of the invention applies a principle of varying a character size according to a character position, it can be realized as an application program (30) performing such a principle. In order to execute the printing method of the invention, as shown in FIG. 2, it is sufficient to provide hardware resources such as a general purpose computing device and a printer. That is, the application program (30) may be installed in an auxiliary memory device (18) such as a hard disk or a flash memory. And printing may be done by using components such as CPU (12), RAM (14), and ROM (16) or a computing device such as a micro-controller combining those in a single device, executing the application (30), reading a document (40) to print stored in the auxiliary memory device (18), performing a process of changing character size, and then providing to the printer (20).

(10) Let's describe the printing method of the invention in further detail using a case of printing a book (or an electronic book) for an example. First, the application program (30) according to the invention and the document (40) to print are stored in the auxiliary memory device (18) (step S10).

(11) If the user instructs to process the document-to-print (40) with the application program (30) in this state, the CPU (12) executes the application program (30), opens and reads the document-to-print (40) into the RAM (14) (step S12).

(12) Then, it distributes the contents of the document-to-print (40) into pages based on the predetermined character size (12 font, for example) (step S14). When distributing (assigning) the contents of the document-to-print (40) to each page, a criterion of distributing is needed. For an example, an average size of characters printed on the same page may be used as the criterion of distributing. Before printing, using Eqs. (5) and (8) (in certain cases, including Eq. (9)), the smallest size (10 font, for example) and the largest size (14 font, for example) are determined for characters to be printed on the printing surface, and the average character size (12 font, for example) can be determined from those determined character sizes.

(13) After assigning contents to print on each page as in the above, for each page, the sizes of characters to be printed on the page are converted and designated (step S16).

(14) First, how to convert longitudinal size of characters is described referring to FIG. 4. It is supposed that a printing (book or newspaper) (10) is set on a surface parallel to a horizontal plane, and a person views obliquely in an angle range from about .sub.2 to about .sub.3 with respect to a direction perpendicular to the horizon plane. Unlike an actual size of characters printed on the printing (10), the character size recognized by human eyes is same as the size of character printed on an imaginary plane (virtual plane below) perpendicular to a viewing direction. Thus, when actual longitudinal sizes of two characters printed at the highest portion and the lowest portion of the printing (10) are d.sub.2 and d.sub.3, let's suppose a case, in which d.sub.2=kd.sub.3 (where, k is the ratio (the longitudinal character size magnification below) of the longitudinal size of character printed at the highest portion of the printing to the longitudinal size of character printed at the lowest portion of the printing, and it is a real number larger than 1), and the longitudinal sizes (S) on the virtual plane of the two characters are same. This is the case, in which the longitudinal sizes of the character at the highest end (portion) and the character at the lowest end (portion) are recognized same to eyes of the person. Here, let's find the ratio of d.sub.2 and d.sub.3, that is, a value of k.

(15) The cosine value of .sub.2, the angle between a line connecting the person's eye and the highest end point and the horizontal plane is as follows.

(16) $\begin{array}{cc}\cos {}_2=\frac{y}{\sqrt{{\left(x_1+x_2\right)}^2+y^2}}& \left(1\text{-}1\right)\end{array}$

(17) Here, y is the shortest vertical distance (height to eyes below) from the horizontal plane on which the printing (10) is put to the eyes of a person (reader), x.sub.1 is a horizontal distance (horizontal distance between eyes and printing below) from a point where a vertical line from the person's eye to the plane meets the plane to the lowest character (the lowest end point P.sub.3) of the printing (10), and x.sub.2 is a distance from the lowest character of the printing (10) to the highest character (the highest end point P.sub.2).

(18) Approximately,

(19) $\begin{array}{cc}S=d_2\cos {}_2=d_2\frac{y}{\sqrt{{\left(x_1+x_2\right)}^2+y^2}}& \left(1\text{-}2\right)\end{array}$

(20) Here, .sub.2 is the angle between a line connecting the person's eye and the highest end point P.sub.2 and the horizontal plane.

(21) Likewise, the cosine value of .sub.3, the angle between a line connecting the person's eye and the lowest end point P.sub.3 and the horizontal plane, is as follows.

(22) $\begin{array}{cc}\cos {}_3=\frac{y}{\sqrt{x_1^2+y^2}}& \left(2\text{-}1\right)\\ S^{}=d_3\cos {}_3=d_3\frac{y}{\sqrt{x_1^2+y^2}}& \left(2\text{-}2\right)\end{array}$

(23) If finding a condition that S at the highest end point P.sub.2 is same as S at the lowest end point P.sub.3,

(24) $\begin{array}{cc}{d}_2\frac{y}{\sqrt{{\left(x_1+x_2\right)}^2+y^2}}=d_3\frac{y}{\sqrt{x_1^2+y^2}}& \left(3\right)\end{array}$

(25) That is,

(26) $\begin{array}{cc}{d}_3.Math.d_2\frac{1}{\sqrt{{\left(x_1+x_2\right)}^2+y^2}}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{x_1^2+y^2}}& \left(4\right)\end{array}$

(27) Thus the value of k, the longitudinal character size magnification, is determined as follows.

(28) $\begin{array}{cc}k=\frac{\sqrt{{\left(x_1+x_2\right)}^2+y^2}}{\sqrt{x_1^2+y^2}}& \left(5\right)\end{array}$
The procedure for obtaining the vertical character size magnification k was performed with the highest end point (P.sub.2) and the lowest end point (P.sub.3), but the points P.sub.3 and P.sub.2 may be also two arbitrary points on the printing (10), the above Eqs. (4) and (5) can be applied to all the points on the printing.

(29) When a person views a book, the height to eyes (y) is about 150400 mm, and the horizontal distance (x.sub.1) between eyes' position and the printing (10) on the horizontal plane is about 150350 mm (refer to FIG. 5). Using the above Eq. (5), for the printing (10) in which the longitudinal size (x.sub.2) of the printing region, that is, the distance from the lowest character of the printing (10) to the highest character is 200 mm, when increasing the horizontal distance (x.sub.1) between eyes' position on the horizontal plane and the printing (10) by 50 mm from 150 mm to 300 mm for each height to eyes (y) while increasing the height to eyes (y) by 50 mm from 150 mm to 400 mm, the longitudinal character size magnification k is obtained as in Table 1. That is, as going from the lowest end to the highest end, the longitudinal character size will be enlarged with a constant rate, and the longitudinal character size magnification k of characters at the highest end to characters at the lowest end will be determined in a range of about 1.281.79. Even though it is calculated with 300 mm instead of 200 mm for the longitudinal size of the book, the longitudinal character size magnification k is almost same. Irrespective of the size of the book used actually, the range of k is preferably about 1.281.79. In Table 1, the values in parenthesis are the longitudinal character size magnification k when x.sub.2 is 300.

(30) TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Longitudinal Character Size Magnification Longitudinal Character y [mm] x.sub.1 [mm] x.sub.2 [mm] Size Magnification k 150 150 200 (300) 1.79 (1.79) 200 1.71 250 1.63 300 1.56 350 1.50 (1.50) 200 150 200 1.61 200 1.58 250 1.53 300 1.49 350 1.45 250 150 200 (300) 1.48 (1.47) 200 1.47 250 1.45 300 1.43 350 1.40 (1.40) 300 150 200 1.37 200 1.39 250 1.38 300 1.37 350 1.36 350 150 200 1.30 200 1.32 250 1.33 300 1.32 350 1.32 400 150 200 (300) 1.25 (1.24) 200 1.27 250 1.28 300 1.28 350 1.28 (1.28)

(31) If only the longitudinal size (height) of characters is enlarged without enlarging the horizontal size (width) of characters, the characters are elongated and do not look good. It is preferable to enlarge the characters in the horizontal direction as well as in the longitudinal direction. In principle, it may be preferable that the horizontal character size magnification is made to be same as the longitudinal character size magnification. However, since if the horizontal character size magnification is too large, then the number of characters per line is decreased as much, it is preferable to determine the magnification that compromises such problems. According to the inventor's tests with various groups of people, it has been shown that there is no problem in looks or reading even with the horizontal character size magnification k that is 1030% smaller than the longitudinal character size magnification k. As a result, the horizontal character size magnification k preferably has a value that is 0.71 times with respect to the longitudinal character size magnification k. If it is necessary to have more characters in a page, k can be made small. Otherwise, it can be determined to be of a large value.

(32) Next, considering that for a same longitudinal height the perspective works in a horizontal direction so as to make both sides with respect to the center of book slightly smaller than the central portion, it is preferable to enlarge characters having the same longitudinal position (height) properly with a specific rate as going from the central portion to both sides (horizontally) (step S18). The horizontal magnification does not have to be as large as the longitudinal magnification, but let's find a precise magnification rate using FIG. 5.

(33) In FIG. 5, in order to calculate the horizontal character size magnification f mathematically, let's suppose that the human eye points toward a central portion (C) of the printing (10) and the horizontal size of a character at a specific position of the central portion (C) is d. Here, the eye of a person does not mean two real eyes, but a virtual eye (as if positioned in the middle of two eyes) that recognize and combine in the brain images from the two eyes to recognize as an object. In such a case, let's calculate mathematically how larger the characters on both extreme right and left positions must be printed than the central portion (C), in order for characters in both extreme right and left portions (R, R) in the horizontal direction from the central portion (C) to be viewed to be of the same horizontal size.

(34) Since two triangles OCR and TSR are similar, the following relation is true.
d:d=(x.sub.1+x.sub.2):z(6)

(35) Here, d is a horizontal character size in the central portion (C), d a horizontal character size in both extreme right and left sides (R, R), x.sub.1 a longitudinal length from the eyes' position of the person to the lowest end of the printing (10) on the horizontal plane, x.sub.2 a length from the lowest end of the printing (10) to a horizontally central portion (C) at a specific position where the size is to be found, and z the length from the eye to the extreme right and left portions (R, R1). The horizontal width of the book is about 150210 mm, and the central value y of half of the horizontal width is about 90 mm.

(36) At the lowest end in a longitudinal direction, let's calculate roughly how larger they have to be printed at both extreme right and left portions, in order for a reader to recognize same the character size d at the central portion and the character size d at the both extreme right and left portions. Here, the character sizes d and d mean the height and width of character. In such a case, since x.sub.2 is 0,
z={square root over (x.sub.1.sup.2+y.sup.2)}={square root over (x.sub.1.sup.2+90.sup.2)}(7-1)
d:d=x.sub.1:{square root over (x.sub.1.sup.2+90.sup.2)}(7-2)

(37) And, the horizontal character size magnification f can be obtained as follows.

(38) $\begin{array}{cc}f=\frac{d^{}}{d}=\frac{\sqrt{x_1^2+{90}^2}}{x_1}& \left(8\right)\end{array}$

(39) Also, the horizontal size magnification f can be obtained at the highest end in a longitudinal direction in a similar way as follows.

(40) $\begin{array}{cc}f=\frac{d^{}}{d}=\frac{\sqrt{{\left(x_1+200\right)}^2+{90}^2}}{x_1+200}& \left(9\right)\end{array}$
For example, when x.sub.1 is 150 mm, the horizontal size magnification f can be obtained by substituting the value in Eqs. (8) and (9) as follows. The f value is 1.16 at the lowest end, and 1.01 at the highest end. That is, considering enlarging the horizontal character size on both sides with respect to the central portion (C) of the book, it is preferable to enlarge the horizontal character size at the both extreme right and left portions (R, R) about 1.16 times with respect to the horizontal character size at the central portion (C) in the lowest end, but as going to the highest end the degree of magnification decreases by a constant rate, so that at the highest end the horizontal character sizes get nearly same at the central portion (C) and the both extreme right and left portions (R, R).

(41) The CPU (12) adjusts and assigns the longitudinal and horizontal character sizes (height and width) according to the positions of the characters as shown in the above, and then divides the contents to print page by page and send them to the printer (20) along with the information on the assigned character sizes (step S18). For example, if determining the longitudinal character size (height of character) to be 4 mm, for example, at the lowest end and the value k, longitudinal character size magnification, to be 1.6 for example, then the longitudinal character size at the highest end is 6.4 mm (=4 mm1.6), and therefore as going from the lowest end to the highest end of the printing surface (page), the longitudinal character size (height of character) may be assigned so as to be enlarged gradually from 4 mm to 6.4 mm. The same is true for the horizontal character size. If determining the ratio of the horizontal character size magnification k to the longitudinal character size magnification k to be 0.9 for example, then the horizontal character size magnification k is calculated to be 1.44 (=1.60.9). And since if determining the horizontal size (character width) to be 3.6 mm for example, then the horizontal size (character width) at the highest end is calculated to be 5.18 mm (=3.161.44), the horizontal character size (character width) can be assigned so as to be enlarged gradually from 3.6 mm to 5.18 mm as going from the lowest end to the highest end. The character size of characters in a same horizontal line (same longitudinal height) may be enlarged gradually as going horizontally from the center of the line to both sides, and here the ratio f of the character size d in both extreme right and left portions to the character size d at the center of the same line is same as Eq. (8) at the lowest end of the printing (10), and as Eq. (9) at the highest end. For example, when the value x.sub.1 is 150 mm, since f is 1.16 at the lowest end and calculated to be 1.01 at the highest end, the value f at each horizontal line is determined for the each horizontal line so as to decrease gradually from 1.16 to 1.01, and sizes of characters at each horizontal line can be adjusted using the value. The printer (20) receives data from the CPU (12) and prints them. FIG. 6 shows an example of printing one page of contents horizontally and conventionally without applying the method of converting character size according to the invention (of course, the invention can be applied to a case of longitudinal printing), and FIG. 7 shows an example of printing through applying the method of converting character size according to the invention (but, step S18 was not applied). In the printing in FIG. 7, it can be seen that the longitudinal and horizontal character sizes are enlarged gradually as going from the lowest portion to the highest portion. If viewing the printing diagonally, the characters at the lower portion and the higher portion look of almost the same size, and can be read comfortably in a same posture. In contrast, when reading the printing in FIG. 6 in the same way, the characters at the top portion look smaller, and the reader is forced to go forward to read that portion.

(42) The above printing methods may be configured to be realized as an application program (30) and executed in a computing device. The computing devices may be a general-purpose computer, printing computer, electronic book devices, etc.

(43) Even though the printing method of the invention was described using a case of printing a book (here, the book includes a collection of several printings or a printing bound as a single volume) in the above, the similar method can be applied to printing of newspaper based on the above description. In order to apply the invention to printing of newspaper, each article of newspaper may seem to correspond to a page of a book. That is, since an article is positioned longitudinally over one or more article-rows, irrespective of position of the article-row, the longitudinal and horizontal sizes of character may be printed gradually larger as going from the lowest end to the highest end of the article. In a case of newspaper, since the amount of information (characters) to be contained in a same surface is more important compared to the book, it will be preferable to apply relatively smaller size magnification than in the book. Further, it would be more effective in containing more amount of information to concentrate more on enlarging the longitudinal character size magnification rather than the horizontal character size magnification. For a same reason, the step S18 in FIG. 3 may be considered not to apply.

(44) Printing in the invention includes electronic books displayed on an e-book reader. Therefore, printing in the invention includes the concept of displaying characters in an e-book on a screen. In the case of e-book, it is preferable to decide whether the invention should be applied or not based on angles between the display screen and the reader's viewing direction. For example, it is preferable not to apply the invention if the viewing direction is perpendicular to the display screen, but it is preferable to apply the invention to displaying the e-book pages when the display screen is tilted with respect to the viewing direction (the tilting angle may be detected using a tilting angle detector installed in the e-book device). Here, the display screen of the e-book can be considered as the printing (10) and the principles of the invention described above can be applied there.

(45) The descriptions about the invention in the above are just embodiments of the invention. One skilled in the field of arts may change and modify the invention variously without leaving the spirit and scope of the invention claimed in the claims below. Therefore, all the changes that are equivalent or inclusive to the claims of the invention belong to the scope of the invention.

INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS

(46) The invention may be applied to books and newspapers. Furthermore, it can be applied to all kinds of printings.

(47) Also, it can be applied to displaying an e-book on an e-book reader.

(48) Furthermore, the invention may be applied to a large-scaled billboard, which is supposed to be looked or viewed up from below. Therefore, the printings include such bill boards.