Esters as cooling and insulating fluids for transformers

Abstract

The invention relates to compositions including esters of polyvalent alcohols that are esterified with fatty acids, partially unsaturated, from plant oils, and to the use thereof as cooling and insulating fluids for transformers.

Claims

1. An electrical power engineering unit provided with a dielectric insulation fluid, wherein the insulation fluid is a composition comprising esters of general formula I, ##STR00006## where R=methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl or mixtures thereof, and R.sup.1=at least 30% linear saturated acid groups with 8 or 10 or 8 and 10 C atoms, R.sup.2=at least 20% acid groups with 14 to 22 C atoms comprising one or more double bonds, wherein more than 90% of the residues R.sup.2 comprise 18 C atoms and a double bond and optionally R.sup.3=0 to at most 20% linear saturated acid groups with 14 to 22 C atoms, and optionally R.sup.4=0 to at most 20% other acid groups apart from R.sup.1, R.sup.2 and optionally R.sup.3, wherein the residues R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are at a numerical ratio of R.sup.1 to R.sup.2 from 1:1 to 5:1, and wherein the esters are mixed esters, in which the acid groups R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 and optionally R.sup.3 and optionally R.sup.4 of an alcohol residue are present in random distribution, and the mixed esters are obtainable from alcohols ##STR00007## by a combined reaction with two or more different acids of the above-mentioned acid groups.

2. The unit according to claim 1, wherein the composition at the same time has a viscosity of <35 mm.sup.2/s at 40 C., a pour point of less than 50 C. and a flash point of more than 250 C.

3. The unit according claim 1, wherein more than 95% of the residues R.sup.2 comprise 18 C atoms and a double bond.

4. The unit according to claim 1, wherein more than 80% of the residues R.sup.2 comprise at least one cis-configured double bond.

5. The unit according to claim 2, wherein the composition has a fire point of more than 250 C.

6. The unit according to claim 1, wherein the composition additionally comprises one or more members of the following group: between 0.01 and 3% by weight of at least one antioxidant, between 0.01 and 1.0% by weight of at least one metal deactivator, 0.1 to 5% by weight of at least one pour point depressant, 0.01 to 2% by weight of at least one defoamer, in each case relative to the ester(s).

7. The unit according to claim 6, wherein the antioxidant/the antioxidants are selected from one or more members of the group comprising phenolic antioxidants, aminic antioxidants, tocopherols and gallates.

8. The unit according to claim 6, wherein the metal deactivator(s) are selected from one or more members of the group comprising benzotriazoles and their derivatives, salicylaminoguanidine, toluene triazoles and their derivatives, 2-mercaptobenzothiazole, 2-mercaptobenzothiazole and salicylidene-propylenediamine and their derivatives.

9. The unit according to claim 6, wherein the pour point depressant(s) are selected from one or more members of the group comprising diethyl hexyl adipates, methacrylate polymers, polyvinylacetates and their respective derivatives.

10. The unit according to claim 6, wherein the defoamer(s) are selected from one or more members of the group comprising polyalkylene glycol ethers, amino alcohols and additives based on esters.

11. The unit according to claim 1, wherein more than 70% by weight, preferably more than 85% by weight, in particular more than 95% by weight, and particularly preferably more than 98% by weight of the composition consists exclusively of esters according to claim 1.

12. The unit according to claim 1, wherein R.sup.2=stands for at least 30% acid groups with 14 to 22 C atoms comprising one or more double bonds and wherein more than 90% of the residues R.sup.2 comprise 18 C atoms and a double bond.

13. The unit according to claim 1, wherein the residues R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are in a numerical ratio of R.sup.1 to R.sup.2 from 1:1 to 2:1.

14. The unit according to claim 1, wherein R=ethyl, R.sup.1=at least 50% linear saturated acid groups with 8 or 10 or 8 and 10 C atoms, R.sup.2=at least 20% acid groups with 14 to 22 C atoms comprising one or more double bonds, wherein more than 90% of the residues R.sup.2 comprise 18 C atoms and a double bond, and R.sup.3=1 to at most 10%, linear saturated acid groups with 14 to 22 C atoms, and optionally R.sup.4=0 to at most 10%, other acid groups apart from R.sup.1, R.sup.2 and optionally R.sup.3.

15. The unit according to claim 1, wherein the unit is selected from the group consisting of power transformer, distribution transformer, pole transformer, current transformer, voltage transformer, on-load tap changer and changeover switch.

16. A method of using a composition as a dielectric insulation fluid in electrical power engineering units, wherein the composition comprises of esters of general formula I, ##STR00008## and wherein, R=equals methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl or mixtures thereof, and R.sup.1=at least 30% linear saturated acid groups with 8 or 10 or 8 and 10 C atoms, and R.sup.2=at least 20% acid groups with 14 to 22 C atoms comprising one or more double bonds, wherein more than 90% of the residues R.sup.2 comprise 18 C atoms and a double bond and optionally R.sup.3=0 to at most 20% linear saturated acid groups with 14 to 22 C atoms, and optionally R.sup.4=0 to at most 20% other acid groups apart from R.sup.1, R.sup.2 and optionally R.sup.3, wherein the residues R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are in a numerical ratio of R.sup.1 to R.sup.2 from 1:1 to 5:1 and, wherein the esters are mixed esters in which the acid groups R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 and optionally R.sup.3 and optionally R.sup.4 of an alcohol residue are present in random distribution, and the mixed esters are obtainable from alcohols ##STR00009## by a combined reaction with two or more different acids of the above-mentioned acid groups.

17. The method according to claim 16, wherein R.sup.2=stands for at least 30% acid groups with 14 to 22 C atoms comprising one or more double bonds and wherein more than 90% of the residues R.sup.2 comprise 18 C atoms and a double bond.

18. The method according to claim 16, wherein the units are power transformers, distribution transformers, pole transformers, current transformers and voltage transformers as well as on-load tap changers or changeover switches.

Description

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

(1) It was found surprisingly that the above-mentioned mixed esters or ester mixtures satisfy and even exceed the requirements of DIN EN 61099 (see Table 1), i.e., in particular that they have simultaneously a low viscosity, a low pour point (DIN ISO 3016), a high flash point according to Pensky-Martens(DIN ES ISO 2719, >250 C.) and a high fire point (DIN EN ISO 2592) as well as a high oxidation stability. In addition, they have a satisfactory biodegradability. Moreover, the dielectric insulation fluid according to the invention is produced, in particular largely, for example, more than 80% by weight thereof (relative to the starting material used for the synthesis), on the basis of renewable raw materials.

(2) Surprisingly, it was discovered that esters of polyvalent alcohols

(3) ##STR00005##
such as particularly trimethylolpropane (R=ethyl) esterified to one another and then mixed or esterified together with two or more different fatty acids excellently satisfy the above-described requirements.

(4) Therefore, a first subject matter of the present invention relates to compositions comprising the above esters of polyvalent alcohols according to formula V with three hydroxy groups, such as trimethylolpropane esters with a) linear acid groups with 6 to 12 C atoms, and b) fatty acids comprising 14 to 22 C atoms, particularly predominantly 18 C atoms, and one or more double bonds, preferably cis-configured, or of the above definition, in transformers or as transformer oil.

(5) The acid residue b) can be obtained from natural plant oils such as sunflower oil, rapeseed oil, and others, preferably from their variants with high oleic acid content. In particular, a high oleic acid content of proportion of b) guarantees good cold properties and simultaneously a high aging stability.

(6) The fatty acid residues a) with a chain length of 6 to 12 C atoms, in particular 8 or 10 C atoms, can be obtained either from plant oils such as, for example, coconut oil (for example, as a distillation cut) or also entirely or partially from synthetic sources. The residues R.sup.2 are linear and they preferably comprise 8 and/or 10 C atoms.

(7) In a triester, all the residues R can be identical, or only two residues can be identical, or all the residues can be different. It is preferable to use a distribution of the residues R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 such that the flash point or the fire point is higher than, preferably as much as possible higher than 250 C., and the viscosity has a value of <= or <35 mm.sup.2/s at 40 C. and the pour point has a value <45 C. The low viscosity and in particular the low pour point can be achieved by selected acid components in the ester.

(8) For a mixed ester 1 of trimethylolpropane (TMP) with R.sup.2=oleic residue with 18 C atoms (purity above 95 wt %) and with more than 80 wt % of R.sup.2 with cis-configured double bond and with a residue R.sup.1 with 8 and/or 10 C atoms, the following mixed esters 1 can be obtained

(9) TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Properties of different mixed esters 1 Ester 1: [R.sup.1]:[R.sup.2] DIN EN 1:1 2:1 3:1 6199 Appearance Clear clear clear Clear Color 1.0 1.0 1.0 Density 20 C. [g/mL] 0.929 0.930 0.933 <1 Refractive index [] 1.466 1.462 1.461 0.01 Viscosity 20 C. 993 860 767 <3000 [mm.sup.2/s]* Viscosity 40 C. 35.0 30.8 28.4 <35 [mm.sup.2/s]** Pour point [ C.] 50 55 60 <45 Flash point, PM [ C.] >250 >250 >250 >250 *calculated **kinematic viscosity

(10) TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Physical properties of ester 2 (TMP plus oleic acid) and ester 3 (TMP plus n-C8/C10 acid) and properties of the ester mixtures of ester 2 and ester 3 Ester 2:Ester 3 DIN EN Ester 2 Ester 3 1:1 1:2 1:3 6199 Appearance clear Clear clear clear clear Clear Density [g/cm.sup.3] 20 C. 0.92 0.945 0.929 0.933 0.936 Viscosity 20 C. 1400 1000 993 860 767 <3000 [mm.sup.2/s]* Viscosity 40 C. 48 20 34.0 29.7 27.5 <35 [mm.sup.2/s]** Pour point [ C.] <60 51 58 58 60 <45 Flash point PM [ C.] >250 230 >250 250 230 >250 Flash point CoC [ C.] 300 250 288 276 278 *calculated **kinematic viscosity

(11) By means of the physical mixtures of the trimethylolpropane esters 2 and 3, all the intermediate viscosities can be adjusted, and the pour point is lowered. In particular, however, it was found surprisingly and unpredictably that with the physical mixture of ester 2 and 3 at the ratio of 1:1 to 1:2, the flash point exceeds the limit value of 250 C. required by DIN EN 61099.

(12) It is important that, by using different ratios of [R.sup.1]:[R.sup.2] according to Table 1 or of ester 2:ester 3, the viscosity and pour point as well as the flash point can be adjusted. It is also important that the viscosity of the mixed esters or ester mixture according to the invention is clearly lower than that of the pure trimethylolpropane ester 2 (TMP plus R.sup.2=oleic acid residue), and that the pour point is lower than that of the trimethylolpropane ester 3, which has already been proposed as insulation fluid. Thus, in terms of performance, the ester mixture or the mixture of esters according to the invention is superior to ester 3 (compare Table 1 and Table 2).

(13) Thus, it must be retained that each one of the pure type esters 2 and 3 by itself does not satisfy the requirements in terms of all of the target parameters of viscosity, cold behavior and flash point, in contrast to the special intra- (Table 1) or intermolecular (Table 2) mixtures.

(14) The mixed esters or mixtures of esters according to the invention thus have advantages in comparison to the prior art and represent progress in the direction toward the desired properties of a transformer oil.

(15) The class of mixed trimethylolpropane triesters satisfies DIN EN 61099 and it was classified, in accordance with the Administrative Regulation on Substances Hazardous to Waters (VwVwS) of the Commission for the Evaluation of Substances Hazardous to Waters (KBwS) as not hazardous to water (NWG).

(16) Their natural degradability, which is clearly more than 60% after 28 days, is thus in the range of readily biodegradable according to the final degradability test OECD 301. The compositions according to the invention have good thermal properties and excellent dielectric properties.

(17) In order to further improve the properties of the insulation fluid, it is possible and preferable to use antioxidants and/or metal deactivators and/or pour point depressants.

(18) In an additional embodiment, the composition according to the invention comprises in addition: between 0.01 and 3% by weight %, in particular 0.1 and 2.5% by weight %, particularly preferably 1.0 and 2.0% by weight % of at least one antioxidant and/or 0.01 and 1.0% by weight, preferably 0.02 and 0.08% by weight, of at least one metal deactivator and/or 0.1 to 5% by weight, in particular 0.1 and 3% by weight and particularly preferably 1.5 to 2.5% by weight, of at least one pour point depressant and/or 0.01 to 2% by weight in particular 0.01 and 0.5% by weight, and particularly preferably 0.01% by weight to 0.08% by weight of at least one defoamer in each case relative to the weight of the ester.

(19) The antioxidants here are selected preferably from the following substances and mixtures of the listed substances: from the group of the phenolic antioxidants such as, for example, alkylated monophenols (for example, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-phenol, 2-tert-butyl-4,6-dimethylphenol and/or 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-ethylphenol) and/or alkylated hydroquinones (for example, 2,5-di-tert-butyl-hydroquinone and/or 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methoxyphenol) and/or hydroxylated thiodiphenyl ethers (for example, 2,2-thio-bis-(4-octylphenol)) and/or alkylidene bisphenols (for example, 2,2-methylene-bis-(6-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol)) and/or benzyl compounds (for example, 1,3,5-tri-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)-2,4,6-tri-methylbenzene) and/or acylaminophenols (for example, N-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenol)-carbamic acid octyl ester) and from the group of the aminic antioxidants: di-phenylamine, octylized di-phenylamine and/or N-phenyl-1-naphthylamine tocopherols and gallates.

(20) The metal deactivators are preferably selected from the following substances and mixtures of the listed substances: benzotriazoles and their derivatives, salicylaminoguanidine, toluenetriazoles and their derivatives, 2-mercaptobenzothiazole, 2-mercaptobenzotriaozole and/or salicylidene-propylenediamine and their derivatives.

(21) The pour point depressants are preferably organic compounds such as diethyl hexyl adipates, methacrylate polymers, polyvinyl acetates and their derivatives and/or mixtures of the listed substances.

(22) The antifoaming additives are preferably compounds such as polyethylene glycol ethers, amino alcohols and/or additives based on esters.

(23) According to another embodiment, compositions according to the various embodiments described herein, comprising the esters of general formula I according to the above definition(s) can be used as dielectric insulation fluid in electrical power engineering units such as transformers.

(24) The transformers are power transformers, distribution transformers, pole transformers, on-load tap changers or changeover switches.

(25) The embodiments are explained in the following test examples without being limited to them.

TEST EXAMPLES

Test Example 1

Mixed Esters, Acid Catalyzed Esterification of Trimethylolpropane with the Fatty Acid Mixture

(26) 1.03 mol fatty acid mixture (0.26 mol oleic acid, 0.46 mol caprylic acid and 0.31 mol capric acid), 5 g p-toluenesulfonic acid and 0.33 mol (40.7 g) trimethylolpropane were boiled with 150 mL o-xylene in the Dean-Stark apparatus at reflux (3 h, 145 C.) until water stopped being removed. Subsequently, the preparation was washed in the separation funnel with deionized water until the aqueous phase was neutral. The o-xylene was separated using a rotary evaporator. Residues of the solvents and of the fatty acids were removed by short-path distillation at 168 C. and 210.sup.2 mbar. The yield was 80%.

Test Example 2

Mixed Esters, Alkaline Transesterification of TMP Trioleyl Esters and C8/C10 TMP Triesters

(27) 300 g dried mixture of trimethylolpropane trioleyl esters and C8/C10 trimethylolpropane triesters at a ratio of 1:2 were repeatedly frozen and thawed under oxygen-free nitrogen and after heating to 60 C., 2 g sodium methoxide were added. After a reaction time of 2 hours, the preparation was taken up in 500 mL tert-butyl methyl ether.

(28) After the addition of diluted HCl for the neutralization of the sodium methoxide, the preparation was washed with deionized water until the aqueous phase was neutral.

(29) The tert-butyl methyl ester was separated by means of the rotary evaporator. Residues of the solvent and free acids were removed by short-path distillation at 168 C. and 2* 10-2 mbar. The yield was 87%.

(30) The present disclosure includes that contained in the appended claims, as well as that of the foregoing description. Although this invention has been described in its preferred form with a certain degree of particularity, it is understood that the present disclosure of the preferred form has been made only by way of example and that numerous changes in the details of the structures and the combination of the individual elements may be resorted to without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.