Modular Stepped Reflector

Abstract

Provided herein are optical reflectors having a plurality of specially designed reflective surfaces and geometrical arrangement to provide improved illumination of a target area. Also provided are related methods for growing plants with the optical reflectors described herein. The reflective surfaces provide substantially normally aligned light over the entire target area, thereby minimizing shading issues of conventional optical reflectors. Also disclosed herein are efficient cooling by air and/or fluid that can substantially reduce cooling requirements by conventional air conditioning with attendant power savings.

Claims

1.-80. (canceled)

81. An optical reflector comprising: a central section comprising a topwall and a sidewall that defines: an interior volume having an interior facing surface at least a portion of which comprises a side reflective surface to reflect light to a target area beneath the optical reflector; a sub-reflector assembly connected to said interior facing surface of said topwall and positioned within said interior volume, said sub-reflector assembly comprising: a first and a second longitudinally-extending member arranged in an opposable configuration with respect to each other and longitudinally aligned with said topwall and said sidewall, each longitudinally-extending member comprising a reflective surface that opposibly face each other in an inward facing direction; wherein said pair of longitudinally-extending members defines a sub-reflector volume positioned between an optical light source and at least a portion of a target area beneath the optical reflector to direct light generated from an optical light source to the target area.

82. The optical reflector of claim 81, wherein said topwall has a first top side and a second top side, further comprising; a first side connected to and extending from said first top side; a second side connected to and extending from said second top side, wherein said first side and said second side opposibly face each other and each of said first side and second side have an interior facing surface that comprises an optically reflective surface; wherein each of said first and second longitudinally-extending members reflective surface: is configured to provide substantially normal incident light over substantially all of said target area and prevent direct light leakage to a non-target area that is outside the target area during use of the optical reflector; and are positioned at an off-vertical angle that is greater than or equal to 10 and less than or equal to 45.

83. The optical reflector of claim 82, wherein each of said longitudinally-extending members reflective surfaces are curved.

84. The optical reflector of claim 82, further comprising: a first end reflective surface connecting said first longitudinally-extending member reflective surface to said second longitudinally-extending member reflective surface at a first end; and a second end reflective surface connecting said first longitudinally-extending member reflective surface to said second longitudinally-extending member reflective surface at a second end; thereby forming four sides of said sub-reflector volume with an open top surface for heat transfer and an open bottom surface for light transmission toward a target area beneath said optical reflector.

85. The optical reflector of claim 82, wherein said sub-reflector assembly further comprises: a first end bracket connected to a first edge of said first longitudinally-extending member and a first edge of said second longitudinally-extending member; and a second bracket connected to a second edge of said first longitudinally-extending member and a second edge of said second longitudinally-extending member.

86. The optical reflector of claim 82, wherein said sub-reflector assembly further comprises a mounting bracket that operably connects said sub-reflector assembly to said top interior facing surface.

87. The optical reflector of claim 86, comprising a first mounting bracket connected to said first end bracket and a second mounting bracket connected to said second end bracket; wherein said mounting bracket is moveably connected to said top central section and the moveably connected is by a moveable connection comprising: a tongue and groove connection to provide a slideable connection between said sub-reflector assembly and said top central section and said groove is positioned in or on an interior facing surface of said top central section and said tongue extends from a top surface of said mounting bracket.

88. The optical reflector of claim 87, wherein said longitudinally extending member reflective surface comprises silver-coated aluminum.

89. The optical reflector of claim 82, further comprising a top reflective surface positioned between said top central section and said pair of longitudinally-extending members for reflecting light from a direction that is toward said top central section to a target area beneath the optical reflector; wherein said side reflective surfaces, said top reflective surface, or both said side reflective surfaces and top reflective surface comprises a replaceable liner formed of silver-coated aluminum.

90. The optical reflector of claim 82, further comprising an optically transparent material that connects a bottom edge of said first side to a bottom edge of said second side, wherein said optically transparent material comprises a low iron glass and/or an anti-reflective coating that transmits from said internal volume to said target area at least 85% of electromagnetic radiation in the visible spectrum.

91. The optical reflector of claim 81, further comprising: a longitudinally aligned light source connected to said top central section; a tube that is thermally insulative and optically transparent that thermally isolates said longitudinally aligned light source, wherein said longitudinally aligned light source is concentrically positioned relative to said tube; a first and second end spacer to physically separate said longitudinally aligned light source from said tube by a separation distance, wherein said separation distance is selected from a range that is greater than or equal to 1 mm and less than or equal to 10 cm to form an insulated optical volume; and a source of cooled air that flows over an outer surface of said tube.

92. The optical reflector of claim 91, wherein said tube comprises quartz.

93. The optical reflector of claim 81, further comprising a first and a second hanger assembly, wherein each of said hanger assembly is connected to an outer-facing surface of said top central section and separated from each other by a hanger separation distance; each of said hanger assembly is moveably connected to said top outer-facing surface; said hanger assembly comprising a curved hanger bracket having: a central portion with a first end and a second end extending therefrom; each of said first end and second end extending in a downward direction relative to said central portion and terminating in a mounting end that connects to said top; and a fastener connected to a top surface of the hanger for suspending said optical reflector from an external surface or mount; wherein the moveably connected is a moveable connection comprising a pair of slideable tongue and groove connection, wherein said tongue is at each of said first and second end of said curved hanger bracket, and said grooves are supported by or embedded in an outward facing surface of said top and configured to slideably receive said tongues.

94. The optical reflector of claim 81, further comprising: a first end plate connected to a first edge of said topwall, a first edge of said first side and a first edge of said second side; a second end plate connected to a second edge of said topwall, a second edge of said first side and a second edge of said second side; and wherein each of said first and second end plates have an inner facing surface that is a reflective surface.

95. The optical reflector of claim 82, wherein: each of said side reflective surfaces have a curvature defined by a plurality of complex elliptical shapes, wherein said plurality of complex elliptical shape side reflective surfaces are selected from a number that is greater than or equal to 3 and less than or equal to 25; each of said longitudinally-extending member reflective surface have a curvature defined by a plurality of complex elliptical shapes, wherein said plurality of complex elliptical shape longitudinally-extending member reflective surfaces are selected from a number that is greater than or equal to 3 and less than or equal to 15; and each individual of said plurality of complex elliptical shape are optically aligned with an individual sub-region of the target area.

96. The optical reflector of claim 82, further comprising: a first end plate connected to a first edge of said topwall, a first edge of said first side and a first edge of said second side, said first end plate having an inlet duct for introducing a flow of air to said interior volume; and a second end plate connected to a second edge of said topwall, a second edge of said first side and a second edge of said second side, said second end plate having an outlet duct for removing a flow of air from said interior volume.

97. The optical reflector of claim 96, further comprising: a longitudinally aligned light source connected to said top central section; a tube that is thermally insulative and optically transparent that thermally isolates said longitudinally aligned light source, wherein said longitudinally aligned light source is substantially concentrically positioned relative to said tube; and an insulated optical volume between an outer surface of the longitudinally aligned light source and an inner surface of the tube; wherein flow of air directed over an outer surface of said tube provides thermal cooling of said interior volume without substantially changing temperature in the insulated optical volume.

98. The optical reflector of claim 82, further comprising a heat exchanger assembly thermally connected to said top central section, said heat exchanger assembly comprises an air-to-water heat exchanger having: a water inlet port for the introduction of cool water to the air-to-water heat exchanger; a water outlet port for removing heated water from the air-to-water heat exchanger; a thermal exchange portion that fluidically connects said water inlet port and said water outlet port configured to cool a flow of air across said thermal exchange portion; an air port fluidically connecting said heat exchanger assembly with said interior volume, wherein air introduced from said interior volume is cooled by said air-to-water heat exchanger; and a fan for forcing said flow of air across said thermal exchange portion.

99. The optical reflector of claim 98, wherein during use said cooled air is introduced to a surrounding environment in which said optical reflector is located to provide thermal cooling of the surrounding environment, and the surrounding environment is a room in which plants are growing.

100. The optical reflector of claim 98, further comprising a manifold connected to said top central section for supporting said air-to-water heat exchanger and a plurality of passages through said top central section, said manifold comprising: a manifold lid; and a manifold pan having a concave shaped surface for collecting water condensate or drips and a plurality of manifold passages for receiving a flow of air from said interior volume; wherein said manifold passages are spatially aligned with said plurality of passages through said top central section.

101. The optical reflector of claim 82, further comprising a plurality of thermal vents extending through said first side, said second side, and/or said top, for movement of air between said interior volume and a surrounding environment.

102. The optical reflector of claim 81, further comprising an optical light source that is a double-ended high-intensity discharge light.

103. A method of growing a plant comprising the steps of: positioning an optical reflector in a room, wherein said optical reflector comprises: a central section comprising a topwall and a sidewall that defines: an interior volume having an interior facing surface at least a portion of which comprises a side reflective surface to reflect light to a target area beneath the optical reflector; a sub-reflector assembly connected to said interior facing surface of said topwall and positioned within said interior volume, said sub-reflector assembly comprising: a first and a second longitudinally-extending member arranged in an opposable configuration with respect to each other and longitudinally aligned with said topwall and said sidewall, each longitudinally-extending member comprising a reflective surface that opposibly face each other in an inward facing direction; wherein said pair of longitudinally-extending members defines a sub-reflector volume positioned between an optical light source and at least a portion of a target area beneath the optical reflector to direct light generated from an optical light source to the target area; providing a plant in a target area that is located beneath said optical reflector; powering an optical light source operably connected to said optical reflector; illuminating said plants in said target area with said powered optical light source, thereby growing said plant; wherein said target area greater than or equal to 10 ft.sup.2 and less than or equal to 75 ft.sup.2 and is positioned at a separation distance from said optical light source, wherein said separation distance is greater than or equal to 1 foot and less than or equal to 10 feet; and said illuminating step provides improved illumination characteristics comprising a substantially normal angle of light incidence over substantially the entire target area.

104. The method of claim 103, further comprising the step of cooling the optical reflector or the environment surrounding the optical reflector by one or more of air cooling or liquid cooling, wherein the cooling is at least 50% more energy efficient than power requirements for a corresponding conventional grow environment.

105. An optical reflector comprising: a top comprising a top reflective surface; a first side connected to said top, said first side having a first side reflective surface; a second side connected to said top, said second side having a second side reflective surface, wherein said top, said first side and said second side form an interior volume in which an optical light source may be positioned; a sub-reflector assembly connected to said top and positioned in said interior volume, said sub-reflector assembly comprising a pair of aligned sub-reflector reflective surfaces to form a sub-reflector volume through which downward-directed light from an optical source traverses to a target area beneath the optical reflector; wherein each of said reflective surfaces is configured to provide a substantially normal direction of light illumination over substantially the entire target area positioned beneath said optical reflector and to prevent illumination of a non-target area that is outside said target area.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0058] FIG. 1. Side view of a reflector with cooling fins.

[0059] FIG. 2. Close up view of the reflector of FIG. 1.

[0060] FIG. 3. Perspective view of the reflector of FIGS. 1-2.

[0061] FIG. 4. Side view of a reflector having a different geometry than the reflector of FIGS. 1-3. An optional duct flange for connection to air ducts for cooling is illustrated.

[0062] FIG. 5. Perspective view of the reflector of FIG. 4.

[0063] FIG. 6. Perspective view of an air-cooled optical reflector.

[0064] FIG. 7. Perspective view of the air-cooled optical reflector of FIG. 6, with sub-reflector assembly, end plates and hanger assemblies removed from the central portion.

[0065] FIG. 8. Components of an end plate with an inlet duct and an air filter.

[0066] FIG. 9. Parts of a central section, with replaceable reflective surface liners, a transparent material, a top and two sides. The parts are separated from each other for clarity.

[0067] FIG. 10. Perspective view of a subreflector (left schematic) and a hanger (right schematic) assembly.

[0068] FIG. 11. Side view of a central section side, illustrating geometrical curvature.

[0069] FIG. 12. Side view of a central section top.

[0070] FIG. 13. Perspective view of a mounting bracket.

[0071] FIG. 14. Perspective view of a hanging assembly.

[0072] FIG. 15. Perspective view of a water-cooled optical reflector.

[0073] FIG. 16. Perspective view of a water-cooled optical reflector with subreflector assembly, end plates, heat exchanger assembly, sub-reflector assembly and hanger assembly shown separated from the central section, for clarity.

[0074] FIG. 17. Various parts of a heat exchanger assembly.

[0075] FIG. 18. Schematic of side view of light paths after reflection from different light reflective surfaces: side reflective surface; top reflective surface; and sub-reflector surface onto a target area. For simplicity, only one-half of the reflective surfaces are shown.

[0076] FIG. 19. Schematic top view illustration of the target area of FIG. 18 and corresponding target regions and non-target region. The invention accommodates overlap between different regions. In this embodiment, the inner region and middle region have at least partial overlap.

[0077] FIG. 20. Contour plot of light intensity illustrating the light intensity distribution within a 4 ft square target area for the embodiment having reflectors to each side of the optical reflector. The x-axis runs from 0.0 to 6.3 in increments of 0.7 and the y-axis from 0.1 to 19.0 in increments of 2.1 (also FIGS. 21-23).

[0078] FIG. 21. Contour plot of light intensity illustrating the light intensity distribution within a 4 ft square target area for a single reflector above the target area.

[0079] FIG. 22. Shaded plot of the multiple reflector embodiment of FIG. 20.

[0080] FIG. 23. Shaded plot of the single reflector embodiment of FIG. 21.

[0081] FIG. 24. Light ray tracing simulation from each of three light-reflecting surfaces: top, side and sub-reflector reflective surfaces, and corresponding distribution over a target area. For clarity, only one-half of the reflective surfaces are illustrated, with the other half that would be a mirror image thereof. Similarly, light rays in a directly-downward direction that do not interact with a light reflecting surface are not shown.

[0082] FIG. 25. Light ray tracing simulation from a top reflective surface.

[0083] FIG. 26. Light ray tracing simulation from a side reflective surface.

[0084] FIG. 27 illustrates an optical reflector housing, or central portion with a top portion and sides.

[0085] FIG. 28 illustrates a liquid-cooled optical reflector with one-fan for forcing air flow over a heat exchange assembly.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0086] In general, the terms and phrases used herein have their art-recognized meaning, which can be found by reference to standard texts, journal references and contexts known to those skilled in the art. The following definitions are provided to clarify their specific use in the context of the invention.

[0087] For applications like indoor agriculture, where plants are grown in rows, the reflectors provided herein can provide direct light that has near vertical rays to only the rows of plants and not to unwanted regions, such as the aisles in between where it would otherwise be wasted. The near vertical rays of light prevents shadowing in areas of uneven plant canopy, therefore providing a light source that has rays most similar to the sun when it is highest in the sky. These lower angles of incidence provide more intense light on the plant canopy than those of higher angles of incidence. There is also a secondary (second) reflector that sits below the center point of the bulb, near the inside of the assembly, that serves to greatly reduce the amount of light that would otherwise be at a higher angle of incidence or be wasted as it hit the aisles of the row in question.

[0088] With a higher percentage of the light leaving the bulb actually hitting the plant canopy, higher yields can be realized or lower power bulbs can used to achieve the same yield, thereby minimizing energy requirements. This increase in light quality characteristics can be expressed relative to a target area. As used herein, target area is better defined and confined compared to the associated target area for conventional reflectors. For example, the target area may substantially correspond to the shape and area of the bottom edges of any of the optical reflectors described herein, including having a target area magnitude that substantially corresponds to the bottom surface of the enclosure volume of the optical reflector from which light exits. In this aspect, substantially corresponds may refer to a target area that is equal to the surface area of the bottom surface of the optical reflector, or that exceeds the surface area of the bottom surface by an amount that is less than 30%, less than 20%, less than 10% or less than 5%. Of course, due to the properties of light, as the separation distance between the optical reflector and target area increases, area that is illuminated tends to increase. The advantages provided herein, however, ensures any of the desired optical properties are achieved within a well-defined target area of the present invention, even for increasing separation distance.

[0089] Computer simulations indicate that conventional lights and reflectors achieve about 60-80% of light emitted from the bulb hitting the canopy (e.g., target surface area). Provided herein are reflectors that significantly increase the percentage of light emitted from the bulb hitting the canopy (target surface area), such as greater than 80%, greater than 80% and less than about 93%, between 85% and about 93%, and greater than about 90%. In an aspect, the light hitting the target surface area is described as having a low angle of incidence, such as a near vertical angle ray trace, also referred to herein as substantially normal.

[0090] Optionally, any of the reflectors further comprise cooling fins on any part that encompasses the frame of the assembly. This draws heat away from the bulb towards the top of the reflector in order to reduce the heat that may be directed at the plant canopy, therefore, reducing the temperature of the plant canopy. This allows for easier thermal management of the room.

[0091] Optionally, any of the reflectors have glass or no glass. Advantages of using glass with the reflector include providing that the bulb may be air cooled by passing air through the reflector with ducting. The end plate can be modified to include a duct flange for this purpose.

[0092] The bracket that supports the bulb as well as the lower reflective surface fits into a slot between the second reflective surfaces which allows it to slide back and forth within the reflector frame. This allows for the use of any style of bulb, of many different sizes, and even the use of two or more bulbs within the same reflector. By simply changing the position of the bracket within the reflector and bolting/wiring in a new socket to the bracket support, a new bulb style can be used without changing any of the reflective properties of the reflector.

[0093] The method of manufacture is also not limited to standard sheet metal fabrication using sheers and press brakes. By using aluminum extrusions, hydraulic sheet metal presses, die casting, sand casting, composites forming, vacuum forming, CNC machining, vacuum deposition, etc., many additional features can be added that will improve stiffness of the frame as well as precision of the reflective surface. Parts may be manufactured from any material, such as, but not limited to, any alloy associated with steel, aluminum, titanium, or silver. Also including, but not limited to, glass fiber, basalt fiber, carbon fiber, Kevlar, graphene, carbon nanotubes, plastics, other composites, etc. The use of any high tech material or manufacturing process will only aid in the final performance of the reflector.

EXAMPLE 1

Optical Reflector

[0094] The optical reflector in a basic form comprises a central section 10 having a top (or topwall) 11, a first side 14, and a second side 15 that opposibly face each other creating an interior volume 16. The first 14 and second 15 sides are referred herein as a sidewall of the central section. A sub-reflector assembly 30 is connected to the top interior facing surface 19. FIGS. 6, 7, 12. The sides 14 and 15 are connected to the top 11 by a first top side 12 and a second top side 13, and each side has an interior facing surface 17 at least a portion of which is a side reflective surface 18. FIGS. 9,11. The reflective surfaces may comprise replaceable liners 21 (FIG. 9). The top reflective surface may actually comprise two distinct curved surfaces 170. The sub-reflector assembly 30 has a first longitudinally-extending member 31 and a second longitudinally-extending member 32 that opposibly face each other, each having a reflective surface 34. FIGS. 7, 10 (left panel). The two longitudinally-extending members 31 and 32 are positioned to create a sub-reflector volume 33 that sits between an optical light source 35 (an optionally thermally insulative and optically transparent tube 81) and at least part of a target area 36 beneath the optical reflector. FIG. 18. In an embodiment, the longitudinally-extending member reflective surfaces 34 are positioned at an off-vertical angle that is at or between about 10 and 45. In an embodiment, the longitudinally-extending member reflective surfaces 34 are curved, optionally with a curvature defined by a plurality of complex elliptical surfaces. In an embodiment, a first end reflective surface 37 and second end reflective surface 38 connect the first and second longitudinally extending members 31 and 32 to form four sides of the sub-reflector volume 33 with an open top surface 39 and an open bottom surface 40. FIG. 10.

[0095] The reflector can have a first end bracket 41 and a second end bracket 43 connected to the first and second longitudinally-extending members 31 and 32 through a first edge 42 and second edge 44. FIG. 10. These brackets may allow for the attachment of mounting brackets 45 and 46 which connect the sub-reflector assembly 30 to the top interior facing surface 19. FIGS. 7, 10. Optionally, the mounting brackets 45 and 46 may be moveably connected to the top interior facing surface 19. In the embodiment shown, a tongue 50 and groove 51 connection may be used to make the moveable connection slideable. FIGS. 12-13.

[0096] The first and second longitudinally-extending members 31 and 32 may be rectangular shaped with side longitudinal lengths 20 that are less than the longitudinal lengths 47 of the first and second sides 14 and 15 of the central section 10. In an embodiment, the ratio of the longitudinal length 20 (FIG. 10) to the side longitudinal length 47 (FIG. 6) is less than 0.5. In an embodiment, there may be multiple sub-reflector assemblies in the optical reflector.

[0097] The optical reflector may have a top reflective surface 48 located between the top 11 of the central section 10 and the longitudinally-extending members 31 and 32. The top reflective surface 48 and side reflective surfaces 18 may be replaceable liners 21. FIG. 9. Optionally, the replaceable liners 21 may be composed of polished aluminum.

[0098] In an embodiment, an optically transparent material 70 may be connected to the bottom edges of the first and second sides 22 and 23. FIG. 9. This optically transparent material may comprise a low iron glass and/or an anti-reflective coating. The optically transparent material may transmit at least 85% of electromagnetic radiation in the visible spectrum from the interior volume 16 to the target area 36.

[0099] In an embodiment, the optical reflector has a longitudinally aligned light source 80 and a thermally insulative and optically transparent tube 81 that thermally isolates the light source (schematically illustrated in FIG. 18, inset). This tube may be quartz. This embodiment can further comprise a first and second end spacer 82 and 83 to physically separate the light source from the tube by a separation distance that is at or between 1 mm and 10 cm.

[0100] Referring to FIG. 6, the optical reflector may contain a first and second hanger assembly 100 and 101, which are connected to an outer facing surface 24 of the top 11 of the central section 10. The hanger assemblies are separated from each other by a hanger separation distance 102. The hanger assembly may be moveable, such as by a hanger tongue 52 and hanger groove 53 connection. FIGS. 12, 14. The hanger assembly may comprise a curved hanger bracket 103 having a central portion 104, a first and second end 105 and 106 that extend downward to connect to the top 11 by mounting ends 107. The top surface 109 of the hanger can have a fastener 108 for suspending the reflector. FIG. 10 (right panel).

[0101] In an embodiment the optical reflector has two end plates 110 and 111, which may have inner facing surfaces 112 that are reflective. FIG. 7.

[0102] The side reflective surfaces 18 and reflective surfaces of the longitudinally-extending members 34 may have curvatures defined by a plurality of complex elliptical shapes 120.

[0103] Also provided are optical reflectors that use low iron flat glass as the bottom surface of the reflector. The glass protects the crop from being damaged from an exploding bulb or bulbs that melt down. It also protects the highly polished aluminum liner from being damaged when plants are sprayed. It also increases safety for workers protecting them from direct contact with the bulbs. The use of low iron glass is desirable because it has a higher light transmittance than conventional glass, while preserving the functional benefit of protection from the optical light source.

[0104] In another embodiment, provided is an optical reflector having a sliding socket bracket, also referred herein as a a movable mounting bracket. The novel mounting bracket that is adjustable for any length optical light source, for any quantity of light sources that will fit, also allows for more efficient light source placement at the end of rows. The light source naturally casts light out the end, and this end-directed light is difficult to direct inside the reflector. When lights are in rows the wasted light is cast on to the next canopy except at the end of a row, with the exception of an optical reflector that is at the end of a row, where the light is cast on the floor or the wall and is wasted. The movable mounting brackets described herein facilitates adjustment of light source within the reflector housing by moving the light source away from the end of the row. This correspondingly increases the optical efficiency of the reflector by casting more of the light on the plant canopy.

[0105] Also provided herein are specially configured optical light sources that are positioned within a tube, such as a quartz tube. This facilitates an increase in light intensity provided to the plant canopy, allows cooling of the light source without spectrum shift by flowing air, including cooled air, over an exterior facing surface of the tube, and increases safety in case the light source melts down or explodes.

[0106] Optionally, any of the optical refelctors may further comprise one or more level indicators on the sides and/or end of the reflector so that during installation and during reflector adjustment a user can quickly determine if the reflector is level or not. If the reflector is not level, light distribution is uneven. Without a level indicator, it is challenging to determine whether the reflector is level or not. In an embodiment, the level indicator is a bubble level indicator. In an embodiment, there is a level indicator on each of the four surfaces that define the housing internal volume that receives the optical light source. Level indicator 75 is shown in FIG. 28 on an end surface and a front surface.

[0107] FIG. 11 illustrates the curvature of the central portion of the reflector housing, with reflective surface portion 17 and non-reflective surface 161. A light source 76, such as an LED, may be positioned on a non-reflective surface 161. In this manner, light may be provided even when the primary optical light source is not on, such as during a plant dark cycle. In an aspect, light 76 may be a green LED. In this manner, work may continue in the garden during the dark cycle, without a need for separate flashlights. Positioning such lights on non-reflective surface does not interfere with light transmission when the primary light source in the housing is on. In another embodiment, the light 161 may be provided on an outside perimeter of the reflector housing.

[0108] Also provided herein is an optical light source having an outer surface, the optical light source comprising a quartz tube that is separated from the outer surface by a separation distance, wherein an inner surface of the quartz tube and the outer surface of the optical light source define an insulative volume. This configuration is beneficial because the insulative volume increases an operating temperature of the optical light source during use compared to an equivalent optical light source without the quartz tube. This increase can occur even while the rest of the bulb is being activity cooled, such as by any of the cooling systems provided herein. The increase in operating temperature provides an at least 5% increase in light output compared to an equivalent optical light source without the quartz tube. In an aspect, the quartz tube is resistant to optical light source explosion or melting. The optical light source may be a high pressure sodium light source.

EXAMPLE 2

Air-Cooled Optical Reflector

[0109] In embodiments where active air cooling is desired, the optical reflector has an inlet duct 113 for introducing air flow into the interior volume 16, and an outlet duct 114 for removing a flow of air from the interior volume 16. FIG. 7. The optical reflector may contain an air filter 115 connected to the inlet duct. FIG. 8.

EXAMPLE 3

Liquid-Cooled Optical Reflector

[0110] FIG. 15 is one example of a liquid-cooled optical reflector. The optical reflector has a heat exchanger assembly 130 that may connect to the top 11 of the central section 10 (FIG. 16). The heat exchanger assembly may comprise an air-to-water heat exchanger 131 having a water inlet port 132, a water outlet port 133, a thermal exchange portion 134 that connects the water inlet port 132 to the water outlet port 133, and an air port 135 that connects the heat exchanger assembly 130 with the interior volume 16. This allows air introduced from the interior volume 16 to be cooled by the air-to-water heat exchanger 131. FIGS. 15-17.

[0111] The optical reflector may have a fan 136 for forcing the air flow across the thermal exchange portion 134. In the exemplified embodiment, the optical reflector has two fans 136 positioned on top of the air-to-water heat exchanger 131. FIG. 17.

[0112] Referring to FIG. 17, the optical reflector may have a manifold 137 for supporting the air-to-water heat exchanger, the manifold having a manifold lid 138, a manifold pan 139, and a plurality of manifold passages 140 that fluidically connect with the air port 135 through the central portion of the optical reflector.

[0113] Referring to FIG. 28, another embodiment of a liquid-cooled optical reflector has a single fan 136 for forcing air flow across the thermal exchange portion 134. As desired, the cooled air may be introduced to a desired location to provide cooling capacity. For example, the cooled air may be introduced over an external surface of the reflector housing to help dissipate heat. Alternatively, the cooled air may be introduced within the housing. Alternatively, the cooled air may be used in another process associated with the grow application. Alternatively, the cooled air may be controllably introduced to a variety of locations, such as by use of flow controllers, flow valves and the like.

[0114] The reflector manifold may also serve as a drain pan for condensation removal when using water below dew point. A drain pan increases reflector safety in that if there is a leak the water drains into the pan. Similarly, if there is a leak above the reflector (in a multi level garden, for example) and water gets inside the housing, the water is directed into the pan. The pan has a primary and secondary drain. The primary is hooked up to a drain line or a small condensate pump that is fluidically connected to the reflector. If the reflector is drained by gravity, no pump is necessary. If the water must be forced against gravity, such as up to the ceiling before entering a drain pipe, a mini condensate pump may be used. The secondary drain is provided in case the primary drain is blocked or the condensate pump malfunctions. This secondary drain allows water to flow out of the pan just before it overflows, with the water draining out past the end of the reflector to ensure damage is avoided. This water drainage is noticeable to the user and provides an alert that the primary drain is blocked or that the pump motor is malfunctioning.

EXAMPLE 4

Vented Optical Reflector

[0115] Referring to FIG. 27, the optical reflector may have a plurality of thermal vents 142 extending through the first side 14, second side 15, and/or top 11. In particular, the thermal vents extend through a portion of the side that does not have an optically reflective surface, such as in the portion of the side that is the upward angled interior region 161.

EXAMPLE 5

Illumination Characteristics

[0116] The specially configured reflective surfaces and their relative orientation with respect to a light source provides good illumination characteristics. Each reflective surface is configured to provide highly normal illumination to a specific region of a target area. This ensures that there is minimal canopy shading, particularly around outer edges of the target area. FIGS. 18 and 26-28 are ray tracing diagrams for one half of an optical reflector. The top surface reflector ensures light 154 is directed to an outer portion 151 of the target area. The side reflective surfaces provide highly normal incident light 155 to a middle region of the target area 152. The longitudinally-extending member reflective surfaces provide highly normal incident light 156 to an inner region 153 of the target area 36. As illustrated, no direct light rays escape to a non-target area outside the target area. FIG. 19 is a top view schematic illustration of the entire target area 36 of FIG. 19, and provides exemplary definitions of the non-target area 150, outer region 151, middle region 152, and inner region 153. The angle of light incidence (relative to horizontal) is greater than or equal to 45, or greater than or equal to 55, or greater than or equal to 60, even for an outermost region 151 of the target area, such as the outermost 10%, outermost 5%, or outermost 1% of the target area.

[0117] The improved illumination characteristics are further illustrated in FIGS. 20-26.

Statements Regarding Incorpoiration by Reference and Variations

[0118] All references throughout this application, for example patent documents including issued or granted patents or equivalents; patent application publications; and non-patent literature documents or other source material; are hereby incorporated by reference herein in their entireties, as though individually incorporated by reference, to the extent each reference is at least partially not inconsistent with the disclosure in this application (for example, a reference that is partially inconsistent is incorporated by reference except for the partially inconsistent portion of the reference).

[0119] The terms and expressions which have been employed herein are used as terms of description and not of limitation, and there is no intention in the use of such terms and expressions of excluding any equivalents of the features shown and described or portions thereof, but it is recognized that various modifications are possible within the scope of the invention claimed. Thus, it should be understood that although the present invention has been specifically disclosed by preferred embodiments, exemplary embodiments and optional features, modification and variation of the concepts herein disclosed may be resorted to by those skilled in the art, and that such modifications and variations are considered to be within the scope of this invention as defined by the appended claims. The specific embodiments provided herein are examples of useful embodiments of the present invention and it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that the present invention may be carried out using a large number of variations of the devices, device components, methods, and steps set forth in the present description. As will be obvious to one of skill in the art, methods and devices useful for the present methods can include a large number of optional composition and processing elements and steps.

[0120] When a group of substituents is disclosed herein, it is understood that all individual members of that group and all subgroups, are disclosed separately. When a Markush group or other grouping is used herein, all individual members of the group and all combinations and subcombinations possible of the group are intended to be individually included in the disclosure.

[0121] Every formulation or combination of components described or exemplified herein can be used to practice the invention, unless otherwise stated.

[0122] Whenever a range is given in the specification, for example, a temperature range, an angle range, a light intensity range, a time range, or a composition or concentration range, all intermediate ranges and subranges, as well as all individual values included in the ranges given are intended to be included in the disclosure. It will be understood that any subranges or individual values in a range or subrange that are included in the description herein can be excluded from the claims herein.

[0123] All patents and publications mentioned in the specification are indicative of the levels of skill of those skilled in the art to which the invention pertains. References cited herein are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety to indicate the state of the art as of their publication or filing date and it is intended that this information can be employed herein, if needed, to exclude specific embodiments that are in the prior art. For example, when composition of matter are claimed, it should be understood that compounds known and available in the art prior to Applicant's invention, including compounds for which an enabling disclosure is provided in the references cited herein, are not intended to be included in the composition of matter claims herein.

[0124] As used herein, comprising is synonymous with including, containing, or characterized by, and is inclusive or open-ended and does not exclude additional, unrecited elements or method steps. As used herein, consisting of excludes any element, step, or ingredient not specified in the claim element. As used herein, consisting essentially of does not exclude materials or steps that do not materially affect the basic and novel characteristics of the claim. In each instance herein any of the terms comprising, consisting essentially of and consisting of may be replaced with either of the other two terms. The invention illustratively described herein suitably may be practiced in the absence of any element or elements, limitation or limitations which is not specifically disclosed herein.

[0125] One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that starting materials, biological materials, reagents, synthetic methods, purification methods, analytical methods, assay methods, and biological methods other than those specifically exemplified can be employed in the practice of the invention without resort to undue experimentation. All art-known functional equivalents, of any such materials and methods are intended to be included in this invention. The terms and expressions which have been employed are used as terms of description and not of limitation, and there is no intention that in the use of such terms and expressions of excluding any equivalents of the features shown and described or portions thereof, but it is recognized that various modifications are possible within the scope of the invention claimed. Thus, it should be understood that although the present invention has been specifically disclosed by preferred embodiments and optional features, modification and variation of the concepts herein disclosed may be resorted to by those skilled in the art, and that such modifications and variations are considered to be within the scope of this invention as defined by the appended claims.