Cascade refrigeration system with modular ammonia chiller units

Abstract

A cascade refrigeration system includes an upper portion. The upper portion includes at least one modular chiller unit that provides cooling to at least one of a low temperature subsystem having a plurality of low temperature loads, and a medium temperature subsystem having a plurality of medium temperature loads. The modular chiller unit includes a refrigerant circuit, an ammonia refrigerant, an ammonia refrigerant accumulator, and an oil separation system. The refrigerant circuit includes at least a compressor, a condenser, an expansion device, and an evaporator. The ammonia refrigerant is configured for circulation within the refrigerant circuit. The ammonia refrigerant accumulator is configured to receive the ammonia refrigerant from the evaporator. The oil separation system is configured to remove oil from the ammonia refrigerant. The oil separation system includes an oil separator that is configured to remove oil from the ammonia refrigerant flowing from the compressor to the condenser, an oil drain pot that is configured to collect oil from the evaporator, and an oil reservoir that is configured to collect oil from the oil separator and the oil drain pot.

Claims

1. A cascade refrigeration system, comprising: an upper portion having at least one modular chiller unit that provides cooling to at least one of a low temperature subsystem having a plurality of low temperature loads, and a medium temperature subsystem having a plurality of medium temperature loads; the modular chiller unit comprising: a refrigerant circuit having at least a compressor, a condenser, an expansion device, and an evaporator; an ammonia refrigerant configured for circulation within the refrigerant circuit; an ammonia refrigerant accumulator configured to receive the ammonia refrigerant from the evaporator; an oil separation system configured to remove oil from the ammonia refrigerant, the oil separation system having an oil separator configured to remove oil from the ammonia refrigerant flowing from the compressor to the condenser, an oil drain pot configured to collect oil from the evaporator, and an oil reservoir configured to collect oil from the oil separator and the oil drain pot; and an oil ejector fluidically coupled to the oil separator, oil reservoir, and the oil drain pot; wherein the oil from the oil separator provides motive flow for the oil ejector whereby the oil ejector draws oil from the oil drain pot.

2. The cascade refrigeration system of claim 1, wherein the oil drain pot is fluidically coupled to the evaporator via an evaporator return line; and wherein the oil ejector is fluidically coupled to the oil reservoir via an oil ejector return line.

3. The cascade refrigeration system of claim 1, further comprising an oil drain pot heating loop that circulates a liquid coolant and that originates at a first location on a condenser return line of the condenser and terminating at a second location downstream of the first location on the condenser return line.

4. The cascade refrigeration system of claim 3, wherein the oil drain pot heating loop diverges such that a first portion of the oil drain pot heating loop encounters a first head of the compressor and a second portion of the oil drain pot heating loop encounters a second head of the compressor; wherein the first head and the second head provide heat to the liquid coolant forming heated liquid coolant; wherein the first portion of the oil drain pot heating loop and the second portion of the oil drain pot heating loop converge downstream of the first head and the second head; wherein the oil drain pot heating loop delivers the heated liquid coolant to the oil drain pot providing heating for contents of the oil drain pot; and wherein the heated liquid coolant is configured to boil off ammonia present in the oil drain pot.

5. The cascade refrigeration system of claim 1, wherein the oil reservoir includes a compressor oil level float switch and an oil reservoir level switch; wherein the compressor oil level float switch is operable between an open position and a closed position and is configured to control a flow of oil from the oil reservoir to the compressor in response to an amount of oil present in a sump of the compressor; wherein the oil reservoir level switch is maintained at a position corresponding to an amount of oil in the oil reservoir and is configured to be de-energized when an oil level in the oil reservoir is at or below a minimum level and energized when the oil level in the oil reservoir is above the minimum level; wherein the oil drain pot includes an oil drain pot level switch configured to determine an amount of liquid ammonia in the oil drain pot; and wherein the oil drain pot level switch is configured to be de-energized when no liquid ammonia is present in the oil drain pot.

6. The cascade refrigeration system of claim 5, wherein the oil separation system further comprises an oil drain pot solenoid, an oil control circuit, and an oil separator solenoid; wherein the oil drain pot solenoid controls a first flow of oil from the oil drain pot to the oil ejector; wherein the oil separator solenoid controls a second flow of oil from the oil separator to the oil ejector; wherein the oil drain pot solenoid and the oil separator solenoid are controllable by the oil control circuit; wherein the oil control circuit performs an oil feeding process in response to the oil reservoir level switch being de-energized.

7. The cascade refrigeration system of claim 6, wherein the oil drain pot solenoid and the oil separator solenoid are configured to both open, remain open for a first period of time, close, and remain closed for a second period of time in response to the oil control circuit performing the oil feeding process.

8. The cascade refrigeration system of claim 6, wherein the oil feeding process terminates when the oil drain pot level switch is energized or when the oil reservoir level switch is energized.

9. The cascade refrigeration system of claim 1, wherein the modular chiller unit comprises a plurality of modular chiller units arranged in a parallel configuration and packaged within a transportable enclosure configured for shipping and direct installation at a facility.

10. A method for supplying oil to a compressor in a modular chiller unit, the method comprising: receiving, at an ejector, a first amount of oil from an oil separator, wherein the first amount of oil is separated from ammonia that is passed through the oil separator; receiving, at an oil drain pot, an oil-ammonia mixture from an evaporator; heating liquid coolant by passing the liquid coolant over heads of the compressor, resulting in heated liquid coolant; heating the oil-ammonia mixture in the oil drain pot using the heated liquid coolant; determining an amount of liquid ammonia in the oil drain pot; receiving at the ejector, a second amount of oil from the oil drain pot; receiving, at an oil reservoir, a third amount of oil from the ejector, wherein the third amount of oil is a sum of the first amount of oil and the second amount of oil; and supplying a fourth amount of oil from the oil reservoir to the compressor.

11. The method of claim 10, further comprising: receiving, at the heads of the compressor, liquid coolant from a first location on a condenser return line; and receiving, by the condenser return line, liquid coolant from the oil drain pot at a second location downstream of the first location.

12. The method of claim 10, further comprising: determining the fourth amount of oil based on a response from a compressor oil level float switch, wherein the response is indicative of an amount of oil present in a sump of the compressor; and determining a fifth amount of oil, the fifth amount of oil being present in the oil reservoir; and comparing the fifth amount of oil to a minimum level.

13. The method of claim 12, further comprising: initiating an oil feeding process based on the comparison between the fifth amount of oil and the minimum level and the amount of liquid ammonia in the oil drain pot; controlling a first flow of oil from the oil drain pot via an oil drain pot solenoid; and controlling a second flow of oil from the oil separator via an oil separator solenoid.

14. The method of claim 13, further comprising: opening the oil drain pot solenoid and the oil separator solenoid and waiting a first period of time; and closing the oil drain pot solenoid and the oil separator solenoid and waiting a second period of time; wherein the oil feeding process is stopped when liquid ammonia is present in the oil drain pot or when the fifth amount of oil is above a minimum level.

15. An oil separation system for a modular chiller unit, the oil separation system comprising: an oil drain pot configured to receive a first oil-ammonia mixture from an evaporator of the modular chiller unit; an oil separator configured to collect oil from a second oil-ammonia mixture flowing from a compressor to a condenser in the modular chiller unit; an oil ejector fluidically coupled to the oil drain pot and the oil separator, the oil ejector configured to receive a first amount of oil from the oil drain pot and a second amount of oil from the oil separator; an oil reservoir configured to receive a third amount of oil from the oil ejector; wherein the third amount of oil is equal to a sum of the first amount of oil and the second amount of oil.

16. The oil separation system of claim 15, wherein the oil-ammonia mixture is heated by a liquid coolant from a first location on a condenser return line; wherein the liquid coolant is heated by heads of the compressor in the modular chiller unit; and wherein the liquid coolant is returned to the condenser return line, after heating the oil-ammonia mixture, at a second location downstream of the first location.

17. The oil separation system of claim 15, further comprising: a compressor oil level float switch; and an oil reservoir level switch; wherein the compressor oil level float switch is operable between an open position and a closed position and is configured to control a flow of oil from the oil reservoir to the compressor in response to an amount of oil present in a sump of the compressor; wherein the oil reservoir level switch is maintained at a position corresponding to an amount of oil in the oil reservoir and is configured to be de-energized when an oil level in the oil reservoir is at or below a minimum level and energized when the oil level in the oil reservoir is above the minimum level; wherein the oil drain pot includes an oil drain pot level switch configured to determine an amount of liquid ammonia in the oil drain pot; and wherein the oil drain pot level switch is configured to be de-energized when no liquid ammonia is present in the oil drain pot.

18. The oil separation system of claim 17, further comprising an oil control circuit configured to control a first flow of oil from the oil drain pot via an oil drain pot solenoid and a second flow of oil from the oil separator via an oil separator solenoid; wherein when the oil reservoir level switch is de-energized, a contact in the oil control circuit is closed and an oil charge request is created; and wherein, in response to the oil charge request, the oil control circuit performs an oil feeding process.

19. The oil separation system of claim 18, wherein the oil feeding process includes opening both the oil drain pot solenoid and the oil separator solenoid, waiting a first period of time, closing both the oil drain pot solenoid and the oil separator solenoid, and waiting a second period of time.

20. The oil separation system of claim 19, wherein the oil feeding process is stopped when the oil drain pot level switch is energized or when the oil reservoir level switch is energized.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) The disclosure will become more fully understood from the following detailed description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying figures, wherein like reference numerals refer to like elements, in which:

(2) FIG. 1A is a schematic diagram of a cascade refrigeration system having modular ammonia chiller units according to an exemplary embodiment.

(3) FIG. 1B is a schematic diagram of a cascade refrigeration system having modular ammonia chiller units according to an exemplary embodiment.

(4) FIG. 2A is a schematic diagram of a modular ammonia chiller unit for the refrigeration system of FIG. 1 according to one exemplary embodiment.

(5) FIG. 2B is a schematic diagram of a modular ammonia chiller unit for the refrigeration system of FIG. 1, including an oil management system and components, according to an exemplary embodiment.

(6) FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of an ammonia accumulator for the modular ammonia chiller unit for the commercial refrigeration system of FIG. 2 according to an exemplary embodiment.

(7) FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of enclosed modular ammonia chiller units disposed on the rooftop of a facility according to an exemplary embodiment.

(8) FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of a modular ammonia chiller unit for the refrigeration system of FIG. 1, including an oil separation system and components, according to an exemplary embodiment.

(9) FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of another modular ammonia chiller unit for the refrigeration system of FIG. 1, including an oil separation system and components, according to an exemplary embodiment.

(10) FIG. 7 is a flow diagram of an oil feeding process, according to an exemplary embodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

(11) Referring to FIGS. 1A and 1B, a cascade refrigeration system 10 is shown according to an exemplary embodiment. The refrigeration system 10 of FIG. 1A is a cascade system that includes several subsystems or loops. According to an exemplary embodiment, the cascade refrigeration system 10, comprises an upper portion 12 that includes one or more modular ammonia chiller unit 20 that provide cooling to a lower portion 18 having a medium temperature subsystem 80 for circulating a medium temperature coolant (e.g. water, glycol, water-glycol mixture, etc.) and a low temperature subsystem 60 for circulating a low temperature refrigerant (such as a hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) refrigerant, carbon dioxide (CO2), etc.).

(12) The terms low temperature and medium temperature are used herein for convenience to differentiate between two subsystems of refrigeration system 10. Medium temperature subsystem 80 maintains one or more loads, such as cases 82 (e.g. refrigerator cases or other cooled areas) at a temperature lower than the ambient temperature but higher than low temperature cases 62. Low temperature subsystem 60 maintains one or more loads, such as cases 62 (e.g. freezer display cases or other cooled areas) at a temperature lower than the medium temperature cases. According to one exemplary embodiment, medium temperature cases 82 may be maintained at a temperature of approximately 20 F. and low temperature cases 62 may be maintained at a temperature of approximately minus () 20 F. Although only two subsystems are shown in the exemplary embodiments described herein, according to other exemplary embodiments, refrigeration system 10 may include more subsystems that may be selectively cooled in a cascade arrangement or other cooling arrangement.

(13) An upper portion (e.g., the upper cascade portion 12) of the refrigeration system 10 includes one or more (shown by way of example as four) modular ammonia chiller units 20, that receive cooling from a cooling loop 14 having a pump 15, and one or more heat exchangers 16, such as an outdoor fluid cooler or outdoor cooling tower for dissipating heat to the exterior or outside environment. Outdoor fluid cooler 16 cools a coolant (e.g., water, etc.) that is circulated by pump 15 through cooling loop 17 to remove heat from the modular ammonia chiller units 20.

(14) The ammonia chiller unit 20 is shown in more detail in FIGS. 2A and 2B, according to two exemplary embodiments. In both embodiments, chiller unit 20 includes a critical charge of an ammonia refrigerant that is circulated through a vapor-compression refrigeration cycle including a first heat exchanger 22, a compressor 24, a second heat exchanger 26, and an expansion valve 28. In the first heat exchanger 22 (e.g. the evaporator, etc.), the ammonia refrigerant absorbs heat from an associated load such as the compressed hot gas refrigerant in line 65 from the low temperature subsystem 60, or from the circulating medium temperature liquid coolant in return header 86 from the medium temperature subsystem 80. In the second heat exchanger 26 (e.g. condenser, etc.), the refrigerant transfers (i.e. gives up) heat to a coolant (e.g. water circulated through cooling loop 17 by pump 15). The use of a water-cooled condenser is intended to maximize heat transfer from the ammonia refrigerant so that a minimum amount or charge of ammonia is required to realize the intended heat transfer capacity of the chiller unit 20. The coolant is circulated through heat exchanger 16 (which may be a fan-coil unit or the like, etc.) for discharging the heat to the atmosphere.

(15) According to one alternative embodiment, the heat exchanger 26 (condenser) in the modular ammonia chiller unit 20 may be an air-cooled heat exchanger. For example, the air-cooled heat exchanger may be a microchannel type heat exchanger. According to another alternative embodiment, the air-cooled microchannel condenser may further include an evaporative component (such as water spray/baffles, etc.) to further enhance heat transfer of the air-cooled microchannel condenser. According to another embodiment, heat exchanger 16 in the water circulation loop 17 may be (or otherwise include) any of a wide variety of heat reclamation devices, such as may be associated with a facility where system 10 is installed. According to an exemplary embodiment, the term critically charged is understood to mean a minimally sufficient amount of ammonia refrigerant necessary to accomplish the intended heat removal capacity for the chiller unit, without an excess amount of refrigerant (such as might be accommodated in a receiver of a non-critically charged system or device).

(16) Referring further to FIG. 1A, the low temperature subsystem 60 includes a closed-loop circuit circulating a refrigerant (e.g. CO2, HFC, etc.) through one or more low temperature cases 62 (e.g., refrigerated display cases, freezers, etc.), one or more compressors 64, the first heat exchanger 22 of the modular ammonia chiller unit(s) 20 (which serves as a condenser for the hot gas refrigerant from the compressors 64), a receiver 66 (for receiving a supply of condensed liquid refrigerant from the first heat exchanger 22 of the modular ammonia chiller(s) 20, one or more suction line heat exchangers 68, and suitable valves, such as expansion valves 70. Compressors 64 circulates the refrigerant through the low temperature subsystem 60 to maintain cases 62 at a relatively constant low temperature. The refrigerant is separated into liquid and gaseous portions in receiver 66. Liquid refrigerant exits the receiver 66 and is directed to valves 70, which may be an expansion valve for expanding the refrigerant into a low temperature saturated vapor for removing heat from low temperature cases 62, and is then returned to the suction of compressors 64.

(17) Referring further to FIG. 1A, the medium temperature subsystem 80 includes a closed-loop circuit for circulating a chilled liquid coolant (e.g. glycol-water mixture, etc.) through one or more medium temperature cases 82 (e.g., refrigerated display cases, etc.), a supply header 84, a return header 86, a pump 88, and the first heat exchanger 22 of the modular ammonia chiller units 20 (which serves as a chiller for the chilled liquid coolant), and suitable valves 90 for controlling the flow of the chilled liquid coolant through the medium temperature loads of the medium temperature subsystem.

(18) Referring to FIG. 1B, a cascade refrigeration system 110 is shown according to an alternative embodiment, where the medium temperature subsystem 180 may comprise a liquid CO2 branch line 192 from the low temperature subsystem 60, where liquid CO2 is admitted directly into the heat exchangers of the medium temperature loads 182 through a valve 190 (e.g. solenoid valve, etc.). The liquid CO2 typically becomes partially vaporized as it received heat from the medium temperature loads 182 and is then directed back to the receiver 66, where it may then be condensed and cooled by one or more of the modular ammonia chiller units 20.

(19) Referring further to FIG. 2A, the modular ammonia chiller units 20 are shown in further detail, according to an exemplary embodiment. In this embodiment, chiller units 20 have a closed loop circuit 30 that defines an ammonia refrigerant flow path that includes compressor 24, condenser 26, an ammonia accumulator 32, evaporator 22, an expansion device 28 (such as an electronic expansion valve for expanding liquid ammonia refrigerant to a low temperature saturated vapor and controlling the superheat temperature of the ammonia refrigerant exiting the evaporator), and a control device 34.

(20) Notably, in order to provide a chiller unit 20 that is less complex, less expensive, and more easily operated, serviced and maintained by technicians that may otherwise be unfamiliar with ammonia refrigerant systems, in exemplary embodiments, the chiller unit 20 may not include oil management components (e.g. piping, valves, controls, oil reservoir, filters, coolers, separators, float-switches, etc.) for providing lubrication to the compressor 24. For instance, in the illustrated embodiment of FIG. 2A, the modular ammonia chiller unit 20 may use a soluble oil, such as a PolyAlkylene Glycol (PAG) oil or otherwise, that is mixed with the ammonia refrigerant to provide lubrication to the compressor 24. In this embodiment, the soluble oil mixes with the ammonia refrigerant and thus circulates through the closed loop circuit 30 with the ammonia refrigerant to provide compressor lubrication. In some exemplary embodiments, an oil management system is therefore not necessary to provide lubrication to the compressor 24.

(21) Referring further to FIG. 2B, the modular ammonia chiller units 20 are shown in further detail, according to another exemplary embodiment. In this embodiment, chiller units 20 have a closed loop circuit 30 that defines an ammonia refrigerant flow path that includes compressor 24, condenser 26, an ammonia accumulator 32, evaporator 22, an expansion device 28, and a control device 34, similar to the illustrated embodiment of FIG. 2A. However, in the illustrated embodiment of FIG. 2B, the chiller units 20 also include an oil management system 39 for removing oil entrained in the ammonia vapor, and oil that carries through and accumulates in the evaporator. The system reservoir 39 includes upstream components shown as a recycling circuit having an oil separator 31, an oil filter 33, an oil pressure regulator 35, and an oil system reservoir 37. The components of the circuit of system 39 are intended to remove oil from the ammonia refrigerant vapor in the closed loop circuit 30 near the source (i.e. the compressor) returning the oil to the compressor 24. Further in the illustrated embodiment of FIG. 2B, the chiller units 20 also include downstream components of the oil management system, shown to include an oil return (e.g. drain, discharge, siphon, etc.) line 47, connecting the evaporator 22 to the ammonia accumulator 32, and including a valve (e.g. solenoid valve) 49. The oil return line 47 is intended to remove accumulated oil from the evaporator 22, routing the oil to the accumulator 32. Coupling the oil return line to the accumulator is intended to permit separation of the oil and any ammonia refrigerant that may also come from the evaporator during the oil-return process. Although the oil return line is shown coupled to the evaporator 22 and to the accumulator 32 (for subsequent separation and return of the oil from the accumulator 32 to the compressor 24), the oil return line may bypass be coupled directly to the compressor or to the upstream components of the oil management system in alternative embodiments.

(22) According to one embodiment, the compressor 24 is a reciprocating, open-drive, direct-drive type compressor. According to other embodiments, other compressor types may be used, and/or additional components may be included, such as sight glasses, vent valves, and instrumentation such as pressure, flow and/or temperature sensors and switches, etc. In the embodiments of FIGS. 2A and 2B, closed loop circuit 30 may also include a vent line 36 with a vent valve or relief valves 38 that are configured to vent the ammonia refrigerant to a header 40 leading to an outdoor location (e.g. above the rooftop of a facility in which the chiller unit is installed, etc.) in the event that venting of the chiller unit 20 is required. Unlike conventional commercial ammonia refrigeration systems, the critical charge nature and the modularity of the chiller unit 20 results in a sufficiently minimal (i.e. substantially reduced) amount of ammonia refrigerant in each chiller unit 20 (e.g. within a range of approximately 5-20 pounds, and more particularly approximately 10 pounds according to one embodiment), so that the ammonia from any one chiller unit 20 may be released to the atmosphere (e.g. at a rooftop location of the facility) at a given time if necessary with minimal or no impact upon flammability or toxicity requirements associated with the locale or facility. Also, since there are no recapture requirements currently associated with ammonia as a refrigerant (as there are with HFC refrigerants), the ease of operation and maintainability of a refrigeration system with the modular ammonia chiller units 20 is further enhanced. According to one embodiment, the modular ammonia chiller units 20 are installed at a rooftop location of the facility and housed within a dedicated enclosure that provides sufficient weather-protection, but is vented (or otherwise non-airtight) to allow any release of ammonia to disperse therefrom (as shown further in FIG. 4).

(23) According to one exemplary embodiment, the modular ammonia chiller units 20 are compact modular chiller units that are critically charged with a suitable amount of ammonia refrigerant, such as (by way of example) approximately 6-10 pounds of ammonia, or more particularly, approximately 8 pounds of ammonia. System 10 may include a multitude of the compact modular ammonia chiller units 20 arranged in parallel as low temperature refrigerant condensing units and/or as medium temperature liquid chillers. The number of compact modular ammonia chiller units 20 may be varied to accommodate various cooling loads associated with a particular commercial refrigeration system. Likewise, the number of medium temperature cases 82 and low temperature cases 62 may be varied.

(24) Referring to FIG. 4, one embodiment of the commercial cascade refrigeration system having a plurality of compact modular chiller units 20 are shown housed in transportable enclosures for placement on a rooftop 13 (or other suitable location) of a facility 11 is shown. For example, any number of the compact modular ammonia chiller units 20 (shown for example as four groups of two units) that are necessary for a particular commercial refrigeration system design may be pre-mounted to a skid or other platform, and may further by mounted within transportable enclosures 21 for placement at a facility 11 and pre-piped to appropriate supply and return headers, and pre-wired to a suitable electrical connection panel or device, so that the modular chiller units 20 may be shipped as a single unit to a jobsite and quickly and easily connected and powered for use with the lower portion of the cascade commercial refrigeration system 10. In the illustrated embodiment, each transportable enclosure 21 is shown for example to include two modular chiller units 20 housed with the components of an associated water-cooled condensing system 14. The modular chiller units 20 may also be provided with a transportable enclosure such as a mechanical center 19 configured to contain other equipment for the cascade refrigeration system such as control centers, pumps, valves, defrost control panels, and other appropriate equipment.

(25) In order to provide further improved performance of the compact modular ammonia chiller unit 20 of the present disclosure, control device 34 may provide a control scheme for operation of the expansion device 28 to modulate the superheat temperature of the ammonia refrigerant at the exit of the evaporator 22 between a range of approximately 0-10 degrees F. (although other superheat temperature ranges may be used according to other embodiments). The superheat temperature as used in the present disclosure is understood to be the temperature of the superheated ammonia vapor refrigerant (in degrees F.) that is above the saturation temperature of the ammonia refrigerant for a particular operating pressure. For example, a superheat temperature of 10 degrees F. is intended to mean the ammonia is superheated to a temperature that is 10 degrees F. above its saturation temperature at the operating pressure. According to one embodiment, the control device 34 provides a signal to the expansion device 28 to operate the chiller unit 20 with a preferred superheat temperature within a range of approximately 6-8 degrees F. to provide for effective performance of the evaporator 22.

(26) According to one embodiment, the control device 34 is (or comprises) a closed-loop proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller of a type commercially available from Carel USA of Manheim, Pa., and may be programmed using appropriate proportional, integral, and/or derivative settings on the controller that may be preprogrammed, or established empirically during an initial system testing and startup operation to control the superheat setpoint within the desired temperature range. The control settings for the control device 34 may also be set to provide a lower limit for the superheat temperature range, such as a superheat temperature of approximately 1 degree F., according to one embodiment.

(27) According to one embodiment, the control device 34 may be programmed to facilitate return of oil from the evaporator 22 to the compressor 24. For example, the control device 34 may be programmed to periodically (e.g. on a predetermined frequency) turn-off and then restart the compressor 24 as a method for periodically ensuring positive return of any soluble oil that may have accumulated in the evaporator 22 back to the compressor 24. When the compressor 24 is turned-off (e.g. intentionally for oil removal, or intermittently due to loading) the oil return valve 49 can be opened by controller 34 to return oil in the evaporator 22 to the accumulator 32 using the oil return line 47. The frequency of the shutdown-restart operation for each unit 20 may also be based upon a designation of which of the chillers is the lead chiller (i.e. the chiller with the most run time, as other of the chillers may be started or shutdown as needed to maintain the desired cooling capacity for the lower portion of the commercial refrigeration system). For commercial refrigeration systems that use multiple modular ammonia chiller units, the shutdown-restart operation and frequency may be established (e.g. sequenced, etc.) so that only one modular ammonia chiller unit is shutdown at any one time. Accordingly, such alternative embodiments are intended to be within the scope of this disclosure.

(28) Referring further to the illustrated embodiment of FIG. 2B, the oil return line 47 of the oil management system 39 for the chiller unit 20 is further described. The compressor 24 of the modular chiller unit 20 uses an oil for lubrication that may become at least partially mixed with (or otherwise entrained in) the ammonia refrigerant as the compressor 24 compresses the refrigerant. According to one embodiment, the oil may be, or include, a Polyalphaolefin (PAO) oil, such as a Mobil Gargoyle Arctic SHC 226 ammonia refrigeration oil that is commercially available from ExxonMobil Corporation of Irving, Tex. The PAO oil may not be soluble within the ammonia refrigerant and a certain amount of oil may be carried in the ammonia refrigerant from the compressor discharge. As a result, managing the PAO oil as it travels through the chiller unit 20 will tend to improve or maintain a desired performance of the system. Some amount of PAO oil may collect in the evaporator 22 as the refrigerant travels through the chiller unit. According to the illustrated embodiment, the chiller unit 20 of FIG. 2B includes an oil return line 47 that is intended to remove excess oil from the evaporator 22, returning the PAO oil to the accumulator 32. The upstream components of the oil management system 39 are also intended to remove oil from the closed loop circuit 30 before it reaches the evaporator 22, by separating the oil from the ammonia refrigerant, then returning the oil to the compressor 24, and thus reducing or minimizing oil collection in the evaporator.

(29) Still referring to FIG. 2B, the upstream components of the oil management system 39 are shown within the chiller unit 20. According to this exemplary embodiment, within the oil management system 39, the oil separator 31 receives a mixture of ammonia refrigerant and oil from the compressor 24. The oil separator 31 is configured to separate and remove most of the oil from the ammonia refrigerant. The removed oil is then filtered in the oil filter 33 to remove sediment and other contaminants from the oil. The pressure regulator 35 is configured to maintain downstream (outlet) oil pressure to a pre-determined pressure in the oil reservoir 37. The oil reservoir 37 and its float switch are configured to operate as an oil dosing system in exemplary embodiments, feeding the oil back to the compressor 24 as needed to help maintain proper oil level in the compressor 24.

(30) Referring still to FIG. 2B, the oil separator 31 is intended to remove most of the oil from the refrigerant, sending it back to the compressor 24. However, some oil may remain in the ammonia refrigerant and continue on from the oil separator 31 and through the closed loop circuit 30. Some of the oil remaining in the ammonia refrigerant may accumulate in the evaporator 22 over time. The oil return line 47 is intended to permit the oil that collects in the evaporator 22 to be routed to the accumulator 32 (e.g. via gravity drain or feed), and eventually back to the compressor 24.

(31) In the illustrated embodiment of FIG. 2B, the oil return line 47 includes the oil return solenoid valve 49 and an oil collection vessel 51 (such as an oil pot or the like). The oil pot 51 includes an internal tubing coil (or other suitable heat exchange componentnot shown) that is configured to receive a heat source (e.g. a warmed fluid such as glycol from a suitable portion of the system, such as a head cooler, etc.). However, according to other embodiments, the heat source may be any suitable heat source, such as heat from the ammonia refrigerant discharged from the compressor, or an electric heater, etc. During normal operation, any oil that is carried-over beyond the upstream components of the oil management system and collects in the evaporator is configured to drain into the oil pot 51 by gravity. The oil pot 51 collects the oil removed from the evaporator 22, where the oil is heated by the heat source in an amount sufficient to vaporize (e.g. boil-off, etc.) most or all of any ammonia refrigerant entrained within the oil. The vaporized ammonia refrigerant then returns with ammonia refrigerant being circulated through evaporator 22 to compressor 24. The solenoid valve 49 is configured to remain in a normally-closed position, but opens periodically (e.g. in response to an appropriate signal from controller 34 when the compressor 24 is turned off and expansion device 28 is closed) to allow oil to travel (e.g. drain) from the oil pot 51 through the oil return line 47 from the evaporator 22 to the accumulator 32. The compressor 24 is configured to turn on and off as needed depending on system loading conditions, as may be determined by the controller 34, or on a pre-established frequency by controller 34 for removing oil from the evaporator. According to the illustrated embodiment, the solenoid valve 49 receives a signal from controller 34 to open when the compressor 24 is turned off, allowing the oil accumulated in the evaporator 22 to travel through the oil return line 47 (e.g. via gravity, suction, siphon, etc.), and to the accumulator 32. From the accumulator 32, the oil may be routed back to the suction of the compressor 24 to assist in maintaining the proper oil level in the compressor.

(32) Referring further to FIGS. 2A-B and 3, the ammonia accumulator 32 is shown according to an exemplary embodiment. Ammonia accumulator 32 is not primarily intended for use as a receiver or ammonia storage tank or the like, but rather contains primarily ammonia vapor and serves as a suction line heat exchanger intended to return any liquid soluble oil that is carried-over from the evaporator 22 back to the compressor 24. According to an alternative embodiment, the accumulator 32 may not include suction line heat exchange capability, or such capability may be provided externally from the accumulator 32. Referring further to FIG. 3, the ammonia accumulator 32 includes a first inlet 32a for receiving condensed liquid ammonia from condenser 26, where it is then directed thorough a coil 32b and to a first outlet 32c for sending the liquid ammonia to the expansion device 28. Ammonia accumulator 32 also includes a second inlet 32d on a side of the accumulator 32 which opens to a shell-side of the accumulator 32 and through which ammonia refrigerant is received from the evaporator 22. The returning ammonia refrigerant and any entrained oil enter the shell-side of the accumulator 32, where any unabsorbed oil tends to accumulate proximate the bottom of the accumulator 32, and the vaporized ammonia refrigerant (and any absorbed soluble oil if applicable) tend to flow upwardly in the shell-side, then downwardly through first tube 32g and back up through second tube 32h for discharge through a second outlet 32e to the suction of the compressor 24. Any oil that has separated from the ammonia tends to accumulate in the bottom (e.g. sump, etc.) of the shell-side, or in the first tube 32g where it can drain to the bottom of the shell-side the accumulator 32 (e.g. through an aperture 32i, etc.) and may be reabsorbed (if soluble) in the ammonia vapor prior to returning to the compressor suction. If the oil is insoluble, the oil may be routed back to a sump portion of the compressor 24 (using appropriate valves and controlssuch as a solenoid valve 32f operated by a signal from a level switch associated with the accumulator, etc.). The accumulator may also include a heater (e.g. insertion type heater, crankcase heater, belly and heater, etc.) in the bottom of the shell side (e.g. in the sump region) that is configured to energize while the compressor is off in order to further ensure any ammonia refrigerant entrained within the oil is vaporized for return to the suction of the compressor 24.

(33) Referring now to FIG. 5, the modular ammonia chiller units 20 are shown in further detail, according to yet another exemplary embodiment. In this embodiment, modular ammonia chiller units 20 have a closed loop circuit 30 that defines an ammonia refrigerant flow path that includes compressor 24, condenser 26, ammonia accumulator 32, evaporator 22, expansion device 28, and oil separator 31, similar to the illustrated embodiments of FIGS. 2A-2B. However, in the illustrated embodiment of FIG. 5, the modular ammonia chiller units 20 also include an oil separation system 500 for removing oil entrained in the ammonia vapor and oil that carries through and accumulates in the evaporator 22. The oil separation system 500 includes an oil reservoir 510, a compressor oil level float switch 520, an oil reservoir level switch 530, an oil ejector 540, an oil drain pot 550, an oil drain pot level switch 560, an oil drain pot solenoid 570, and an oil separator solenoid 580. The components of the oil separation system 500 are intended to remove oil from the ammonia refrigerant vapor in the closed loop circuit 30 and return the oil to the compressor.

(34) In some embodiments, switches 520, 530, and 560 are float switches configured to energize when the oil level is above a threshold level and de-energize when the oil level is below the threshold level. For example, compressor oil level float switch 520 may be configured to energize when the oil level in compressor 24 is above a threshold and de-energize when the oil level in compressor 24 is below the threshold. Similarly, oil reservoir level switch 530 may be configured to energize when the oil level in oil reservoir 510 is above a threshold and de-energize when the oil level in oil reservoir 510 is below the threshold. Oil drain pot level switch 560 may be configured to energize when the oil level in oil drain pot 550 is above a threshold and de-energize when the oil level in oil drain pot 550 is below the threshold.

(35) According to some embodiments, the oil drain pot 550 receives a mixture of oil and ammonia (e.g., an oil-ammonia mixture) drained from the evaporator 22 via evaporator oil return line 552. It is understood that while oil drain pot 550 is described as receiving an oil-ammonia mixture, no ammonia may, in fact, be present in the oil-ammonia mixture. The oil drain pot level switch 560 may sense an amount of liquid ammonia and/or oil present in the oil drain pot 550. In one embodiment, the oil drain pot level switch 560 is de-energized when no liquid ammonia is present in the oil drain pot 550. For example, the oil drain pot level switch 560 may be de-energized when the oil drain pot 550 contains only oil and/or when the oil drain pot 550 is empty.

(36) As illustrated in FIG. 5, the modular ammonia chiller units 20 also include an oil drain pot heating loop 590. The oil drain pot heating loop 590 is configured to receive liquid coolant from a condenser return line 600 of the condenser 26. The oil drain pot heating loop 590 routes the received liquid coolant from the condenser return line 600 to heads 610 of the compressor 24. When liquid coolant in the oil drain pot heating loop 590 encounters the heads 610, the temperature of the liquid coolant is elevated (e.g., the liquid coolant is heated). Once the liquid coolant is heated, the oil drain pot heating loop 590 is configured to route the heated liquid coolant to the oil drain pot 550. In the oil drain pot 550, the heated liquid coolant is used to heat the contents of the oil drain pot 550 to assist in the boiling off of any liquid ammonia that may be present in the oil drain pot 550 resulting in essentially ammonia-free oil.

(37) The oil separation system 500 receives oil from both the evaporator 22 and the oil separator 31. The evaporator 22 includes a drain that is configured to direct oil, and, if present, ammonia from the evaporator 22 to the oil drain pot 550. Similarly, the oil separator 31 includes a drain that is configured to direct oil from the oil separator 31 to the oil separator solenoid 580 via oil separator return line 582. As previously described, all or most of any ammonia present in the oil drain pot 550 is eliminated via the oil drain pot heating loop 590. Oil from the oil drain pot 550 is directed to the oil drain pot solenoid 570 via an oil drain pot return line 572.

(38) The oil drain pot solenoid 570 and the oil separator solenoid 580 are configured to direct oil to the oil ejector 540. The oil drain pot solenoid 570 and the oil separator solenoid 580 may be controlled according to a control scheme to direct oil in a desirable manner. The oil coming from the oil separator 31, via oil separator return line 582, may have a higher temperature and/or pressure than the oil coming from the oil drain pot 550 via oil drain pot return line 572. Accordingly, the oil from the oil separator 31 provides motive flow for the oil ejector 540 which draws oil from the oil drain pot 550 via the oil drain pot return line 572. From the oil ejector 540, oil is directed to the oil reservoir 510 via an oil ejector return line 542. Finally, the oil reservoir 510 provides oil to the compressor 24 via an oil reservoir return line 512.

(39) According to various embodiments, the oil reservoir 510 is fluidically coupled (e.g., communicable, etc.) to the compressor 24 via the compressor oil level float switch 520. The compressor oil level float switch 520 is configured to sense a level of oil in the compressor 24 and is operable between an open state, where oil flows from the oil reservoir 510 to the compressor 24, and a closed state, where oil does not flow from the oil reservoir 510 to the compressor 24. While the compressor 24 is operating, the compressor oil level float switch 520 will bias towards the open position as needed to maintain a proper oil level in a sump portion of the compressor 24 by feeding oil from the oil reservoir 510 to the compressor 24.

(40) The oil reservoir 510 also includes the oil reservoir level switch 530. The oil reservoir level switch 530 is positioned relative to the oil reservoir 510 such that the oil reservoir level switch 530 can sense whether the level of oil in the oil reservoir 510 is above or below a threshold (e.g., minimum) oil level. The minimum oil level may correspond to an undesirable oil level in the oil reservoir 510. When the oil in the oil reservoir 510 is at or below the minimum oil level, the oil reservoir level switch 530 is de-energized, thereby closing a contact in a circuit, shown as oil control circuit 612, and correspondingly requesting an oil charge (e.g., oil feed, oil fill, etc.). Conversely, when the oil in the oil reservoir 510 is above the minimum oil level, the oil reservoir level switch 530 is energized and the contact is open in the oil control circuit 612, and an oil charge is not requested.

(41) As shown in FIG. 6, the modular ammonia chiller units 20 also include an alternate oil reservoir equalization line 620. The alternate oil reservoir equalization line 620 is coupled to the oil reservoir 510 and the oil drain pot 550. The modular ammonia chiller units 20 also include a main equalization valve 630 and an alternate valve 640. According to various embodiments, the main equalization valve 630 and the alternate valve 640 are selectively controlled to cause oil to be routed to the heads 610 (i.e., when the main equalization valve 630 is open and the alternate valve 640 is closed), the oil drain pot 550 (i.e., when the main equalization valve 630 is closed and the alternate valve 640 is open), or some combination of the heads 610 and the oil drain pot 550 (i.e., when the main equalization valve 630 and the alternate valve 640 are both at least partially open).

(42) In one embodiment, the selectively control of the main equalization valve 630 and the alternate valve 640 is based on an amount of liquid ammonia in the oil reservoir 510. According to an exemplary embodiment, if ammonia is detected in the oil reservoir 510 the oil is routed to the oil drain pot 550 via the alternate oil reservoir equalization line 620 by closing the main equalization valve 630 and opening the alternate valve 640.

(43) According to one application, the pressure within the oil drain pot 550 is greater than the suction produced by the compressor 24 and the main equalization valve 630 and the alternate valve 640 are both at least partially open. In this application, the pressure differential between the oil drain pot 550 is greater than a pressure differential between the oil reservoir 510 and the oil level float switch 520. In this application, oil is pushed into the compressor 24 by the pressure differentials.

(44) Through the use of the alternate oil reservoir equalization line 620 a positive pressure may be created on top of the oil drain pot 550. This positive pressure may bias oil out of the oil ejector 540 when an oil feeding sequence in performed.

(45) Referring now to FIG. 7, an oil feeding process 720 is shown to include several processes. The oil feeding process 720 may be used to provide an oil charge to the oil reservoir 510 when an oil charge is requested. Process 730 queries the oil reservoir level switch 530 to determine if the level of oil in the oil reservoir 510 is above the minimum oil level. If the oil in the oil reservoir 510 is below the minimum oil level, as determined by the oil reservoir level switch 530, process 740 queries the oil drain pot level switch 560 to determine if the oil drain pot 550 contains ammonia. If the oil drain pot 550 does not contain ammonia (e.g., the oil drain pot 550 is empty or contains only oil), process 750 performs an oil feeding sequence. The oil feeding sequence involves opening both the oil drain pot solenoid 570 and the oil separator solenoid 580 for a first target period of time (e.g., a number of seconds, etc.) and then closing both the oil drain pot solenoid 570 and the oil separator solenoid 580 for a second target period of time (e.g., a number of seconds). Oil feeding process 720 may occur continuously such that the oil feeding sequence is interruptible. If the oil feeding sequence is stopped, both the oil drain pot solenoid 570 and the oil separator solenoid 580 are closed.

(46) It is understood that the compressor oil level float switch 520, oil reservoir level switch 530, and oil drain pot level switch 560 may be implemented via various mechanical, electric, electromechanical, thermal, electromagnetic, and similar switches and sensors. Similarly, it is understood that various components of other embodiments may similarly be implemented in the embodiment of FIG. 5. For example, as shown in FIG. 5, closed loop circuit 30 includes relief valve 38. While the above embodiments have been described separately in the interest of clarity, it is understood that various aspects of the embodiments may be combined where suitable.

(47) According to any preferred embodiment, a commercial cascade refrigeration system 10 is provided having an upper cascade portion 12 that includes one or more compact modular ammonia chiller units 20 that provide cooling to a lower portion 18 having a low temperature CO2 subsystem 60 and/or a medium temperature chilled liquid coolant subsystem 80, where the ammonia chiller units 20 use an oil (soluble or insoluble) for lubrication of a compressor, and in some embodiments an oil management system reduces oil carryover in the ammonia from the compressor and provides positive return of any accumulated oil from the evaporator 22 back to the compressor 24.

(48) According to the illustrated embodiment of the present disclosure, the use of critically-charged compact modular ammonia chiller units 20 to provide cascade cooling to a low temperature CO2 refrigeration subsystem 60 and a medium temperature chilled liquid coolant (e.g. glycol-water, etc.) subsystem 80 results in an all-natural refrigerant solution for use in commercial refrigeration systems, such as supermarkets and other wholesale or retail food stores or the like, that entirely avoids the use of HFC refrigerants and provides an effective and easily maintainable green solution to the use of HFC's in the commercial refrigeration industry. The use of relatively small, critically-charged chiller units 20 permits a series of such modular low-charge devices to be combined as necessary in an upper cascade arrangement 12 in order to cool the load from a large lower refrigeration system 18 using a naturally occurring refrigerant. In addition to being HFC-free, the system as shown and described is intended to have near-zero direct carbon emissions, one of the lowest total equivalent warming impact (TEWI) possible, and is intended to be future-proof in the sense that it would not be subject to future rules or climate change legislation related to HFCs or carbon emissions.

(49) Referring generally to FIGS. 1-6, any of a number of additional features may be included with the system according to various alternative embodiments. According to one example, the chiller units 20 may include one or more purge ports 42 connected downstream of relief valves 38 as a service feature, so that the various portions of the system may be purged to atmosphere simply by connecting such portion of the system (e.g. by suitable hoses, etc.) to the purge ports. Similarly, the chiller units 20 may include a dump valve 44 that can be programmed to manually or automatically vent the charge of ammonia refrigerant to atmosphere upon the initiation of a predetermined event (e.g. a leak of ammonia if the chiller unit is installed in an indoor or confined space, etc.) as may be required by local fire codes or the like. According to another example, any soluble oil that is accumulated in the evaporator 22 may be returned back through a line 46 to an upstream side of the expansion device 28 for reintroduction to the ammonia refrigerant according to the illustrated embodiment of FIG. 2A. Any oil accumulated in the evaporator 22 may also be returned back to the suction side of the accumulator 32 (e.g. via gravity, etc.) when the compressor 24 is turned off, according to the illustrated embodiment of FIG. 2B. According to yet another example, the evaporator 22 and condenser 26 of the chiller units 20 may be plate type heat exchangers that are nickel-brazed or all welded stainless steel. According to a further example, one or more heat reclaim devices (e.g. heat exchangers 48, etc.) may be disposed on (or otherwise communicate with) the compressor discharge piping upstream of the condenser to provide heat reclamation for any of a wide variety of heating loads associated with the facility, and also to de-superheat the hot gas ammonia vapor discharged from the compressor 24. According to yet another example, the capacity of the compact modular ammonia chiller units 20 as shown and described in the illustrated embodiments may be approximately 180 kBtu/Hr, and tends to be limited by the size of the plate-type heat exchangers; accordingly, chiller units of increased capacity may be obtained by increasing the size (or heat transfer capability) of the plate type heat exchangers used for the condenser and evaporator of the chiller unit. All such features and embodiments are intended to be within the scope of this disclosure.

(50) As utilized herein, the terms approximately, about, substantially, and similar terms are intended to have a broad meaning in harmony with the common and accepted usage by those of ordinary skill in the art to which the subject matter of this disclosure pertains. It should be understood by those of skill in the art who review this disclosure that these terms are intended to allow a description of certain features described and claimed without restricting the scope of these features to the precise numerical ranges provided. Accordingly, these terms should be interpreted as indicating that insubstantial or inconsequential modifications or alterations of the subject matter described and claimed are considered to be within the scope of the invention as recited in the appended claims.

(51) It should be noted that the term exemplary as used herein to describe various embodiments is intended to indicate that such embodiments are possible examples, representations, and/or illustrations of possible embodiments (and such term is not intended to connote that such embodiments are necessarily extraordinary or superlative examples).

(52) The terms coupled, connected, and the like as used herein mean the joining of two members directly or indirectly to one another. Such joining may be stationary (e.g., permanent) or moveable (e.g., removable or releasable). Such joining may be achieved with the two members or the two members and any additional intermediate members being integrally formed as a single unitary body with one another or with the two members or the two members and any additional intermediate members being attached to one another.

(53) It should be noted that the orientation of various elements may differ according to other exemplary embodiments, and that such variations are intended to be encompassed by the present disclosure.

(54) It is important to note that the construction and arrangement of the elements of the refrigeration system provided herein are illustrative only. Although only a few exemplary embodiments of the present invention(s) have been described in detail in this disclosure, those skilled in the art who review this disclosure will readily appreciate that many modifications are possible in these embodiments (such as variations in features such as connecting structure, components, materials, sequences, capacities, shapes, dimensions, proportions and configurations of the modular elements of the system, without materially departing from the novel teachings and advantages of the invention(s). For example, any number of compact modular ammonia chiller units may be provided in parallel to cool the low temperature and/or medium temperature cases, or more subsystems may be included in the refrigeration system (e.g., a very cold subsystem or additional cold or medium subsystems). Further, it is readily apparent that variations and modifications of the refrigeration system and its components and elements may be provided in a wide variety of materials, types, shapes, sizes and performance characteristics. Accordingly, all such variations and modifications are intended to be within the scope of the invention(s).