Tin perovskite/silicon thin-film tandem solar cell

Abstract

A method of making a non-toxic perovskite/inorganic thin-film tandem solar cell including the steps of depositing a textured oxide buffer layer on an inexpensive substrate, depositing a metal-inorganic film from a eutectic alloy on the buffer layer; and depositing perovskite elements on the metal-inorganic film, thus forming a perovskite layer based on a metal from the metal-inorganic film, incorporating the metal into the perovskite layer.

Claims

1. A method of making a non-toxic perovskite/inorganic thin-film tandem solar cell comprising the steps of: depositing a textured oxide buffer layer on substrate; depositing a metal-inorganic film from a eutectic alloy on said buffer layer; and depositing perovskite elements on said metal-inorganic film, forming a perovskite layer based on a metal from said metal-inorganic film, incorporating said metal into said perovskite layer.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the buffer layer is textured.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein the inorganic film is textured.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein the metal is Sn (tin).

5. The method of claim 1, wherein the inorganic film is Si (silicon).

6. The method of claim 1, wherein the perovskite layer is tin based.

7. The method of claim 1, wherein the perovskite layer is textured.

8. The method of claim 1, wherein said perovskite layer is MASnI.

9. The method of claim 1, further comprising forming a silicon film and using said silicon film as a tunnel junction.

10. The method of claim 1, wherein improving the connection between the two semiconductor materials with the texture.

11. The method of claim 1, wherein said metal film serves as an ohmic contact between the metal-inorganic layer and the perovskite layer in the tandem solar cell.

12. The method of claim 1, wherein said substrate is glass.

13. The method of claim 1, wherein said substrate is organic and flexible.

14. The method of claim 1, wherein said substrate is a metal tape.

15. The method of claim 1, wherein the thickness of said inorganic film is less than 1 m.

16. The method of claim 1, wherein the thickness of said inorganic film is greater than 1 m.

17. The method of claim 1, wherein the thickness of said perovskite layer is less than 1 m.

18. The method of claim 1, wherein the thickness of said perovskite layer is greater than 1 m.

19. The method of claim 5, wherein the silicon film serves as a scaffold and a polymer film underneath the silicon film serves as a conducting layer and a third semiconductor material for a triple junction solar cell.

Description

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

(1) In the current invention by perovskite is meant an organic-inorganic metal halide material, though it should be noted that the invention is not limited to these hybrid perovskite compounds. For example, a non-organic perovskite could be used instead. The phenomenal performances of hybrid perovskites stem from the substantial characteristic properties they possess. Hybrid perovskites demonstrate a strong optical absorption, an adjustable band gap, long diffusion lengths, ambipolar charge transport, high carrier mobility, and a high tolerance of defects. The ability to tune electronic and optical properties of hybrid perovskites with such ease presents a major attraction (Q. Chen et al Under the spotlight: The organic-inorganic hybrid halide perovskite for optoelectronic applications Nano Today (2015) 10, 355-396).

(2) The thickness of the subcell is the critical factor for power conversion efficiencies (PCE) of tandem devices, and that the combination layer (or intermediate layer) shows good electrical connection in these tandem devices.

(3) Finally, it should also be noted that the invention disclosed here can be applied to any semiconductor compound that has a metal that can form a eutectic alloy with silicon or other inorganic material such as germanium. An example of such a compound is AgBiS.sub.2 where Ag (silver) forms a eutectic alloy with silicon.

(4) A good high vacuum system with two electron beam guns, is used to deposit a metal such as Sn and an inorganic material such as silicon independently. A glass substrate (or other inexpensive substrate) coated with a textured oxide such as MgO is held at temperatures between 575 and 600 C. These are nominal temperatures. It is understood to one skilled in the art that lower or higher temperatures can also be used depending upon the softening temperature of the glass substrate or the reaction kinetics of either Sn or Si with the MgO layers when used as substrates. A thin tin film of approximately 10 nm thickness is deposited first. This is followed by a Si film deposited at a rate of 2 nm per minute on top of the tin film. The silicon film nucleates heterogeneously on the MgO surface to form the desired thin film. The film can now be cooled to room temperature, where the film now comprises of two phases: tin and a relatively large grained and highly textured film of silicon on MgO. The tin diffuses to the surface of the silicon film, driven by its lower surface energy relative to the silicon surface. Rather than etching the film in a solution, which removes the Sn from the two phases, tin and silicon, leaving behind a silicon film (practiced in P. Chaudhari U.S. Pat. No. 9,054,249) the Sn in the SiSn film can now be used as a surface on which to deposit the other perovskite elements combining to form a tin perovskite. For the SiSn deposition we have used two electron beam guns as an illustrative example. It is understood to one skilled in the art that other methods such as a single gun with multiple hearths, chemical vapor deposition, thermal heating, or sputtering can also be used. For the perovskite elements, such as methylammonium halides, deposition can be by low-temperature solution methods (typically spin-coating but also others). Since low-temperature (below 100 C.) solution-processed films tend to have considerably smaller diffusion lengths, a higher temperature method may however be favorable so long as it does not melt the underlying substrate.

(5) Since under ambient conditions the Sn2+ ion will rapidly oxidize to its more stable Sn4+ analogue, which destroys the charge neutrality of the perovskite structure and causes it to break down, preparation and sealing should ideally take place under inert atmospherei.e. under vacuum (N. Noel et al, Lead-free organic-inorganic tin halide perovskites for photovoltaic applications, 2014).

(6) Unlike Pb-based perovskite which requires heating to crystallize, the Sn perovskites crystallize at room temperature. This is actually an impediment to uniform film formation (Noel et al). Therefore, having Sn on the surface of the Si film in advance of the addition of the other elements in the perovskite, can help achieve uniformity and smoothness. In other words, the Sn layer controls the crystallization of the tin perovskite. Moreover, since the Si layer is oriented, the perovskite layer will also become oriented or textured.

(7) The perovskite film can be deposited in the following way: Hybrid perovskites can be prepared using different deposition routes and are comprised of two main precursor components: an organic methylammonium halide cation (CH.sub.3NH.sub.3X, XCl, Br, I) and an inorganic lead halide species, PbX.sub.2 (XCl, Br, I). The preparation methods for perovskite films using precursors can be categorized into three processes: 1) vacuum, 2) solution, and 3) hybrid (Chen et al). We invent none of these processes. And any of these processes known in the art can be used to complete our invention. Here, just to illustrate how the invention works, we choose vacuum deposition. Normally in this process the organic species are co-evaporated to form uniform planar perovskite films on the inorganic layer which would be silicon, in this example, but could be germanium etc. However, since in this invention the Sn (inorganic species in the perovskite) is already on the Si layer, only the organic species need to be evaporated. So the Sn layer (on the Si film) is exposed to MAI vapor to form the tin perovskite (MASnI). While it is known that perovskite film deposition can benefit from an electron separation layer, or transport layer, such as TiO.sub.2, it is also known that device scenarios without a scaffold such as TiO.sub.2 or electron transport layer (and hole transport layer) have achieved reasonable efficiencies (Chen et al). Moreover, it has recently been reported that silicon layers can form a tunnel junction for perovskite deposition (Mailoa et al A 2-terminal perovskite/silicon multi junction solar cell enabled by a silicon tunnel junction, 2015). Here, instead of use of a wafer, we disclose a method of forming a tunnel junction from the silicon thin-film layers. It is known that when Al is used as a catalyst with Si, any Al impurities in the Si serve as a p-type dopant in the Si film. An n-type layer can then be added to form the tunnel junction.

(8) As already stated, in the invention disclosed herein, the crystalline silicon thin-film can serve as the tunneling junction, or the metal from the eutectic alloyin this case Sncan be oxidized to form the thin oxide layer at the interface between the two component cells that serves as an efficient recombination layer. Alternatively, the metal film can remain un-oxidized. Ohmic contacts to semiconductors are typically constructed by depositing thin metal films of a carefully chosen composition.

(9) Normally, when designing the architecture of a monolithic heterojunction perovskite silicon tandem solar cell either a tunnel junction or a recombination layer is deposited in order to electrically connect the top perovskite cell to the bottom silicon cell (McGehee et al.). In one distinctive embodiment of the invention disclosed here, the silicon film serves as a mesoporous scaffold like TiO.sub.2 and a polymer (P3HT) film underneath the silicon film serves as a conducting layer following the technology invented by A. Chaudhari (U.S. Pat. No. 9,349,995 B2). The polymer film here also serves as a third semiconductor material for a triple junction solar cell for even higher efficiency.

(10) Finally, in one embodiment of the invention, instead of using glass as a substrate, organic materials such as polyimide can be used for flexible, roll-to-roll processing. Likewise, metal tapes with texture which are flexible can be used, following processes known in the art.

EXAMPLE 1

(11) The Sn segregates on the Si film as per process by P. Chaudhari disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 9,054,249. Following perovskite film deposition processes known in the art, a dual source thermal evaporation system (Kurt J. Lesker, Mini Spectros) for depositing the perovskite absorbers is used to deposit the organic and inorganic components of the perovskite onto the Sn on Si. Ceramic crucibles are used in a nitrogen filled glovebox. One source deposits the organic and one source deposits the inorganic. For example, in the case of CH3NH3PbI3xClx (mixed halide perovskite) which is proven to be an effective semiconductor absorber layer in solar cells, the organic source is methylammonium iodide and the inorganic source is PbCl2. In this invention, the methylammonium iodide is deposited from the organic source, and the Cl2 is deposited from the inorganic source, and both onto the Sn layer on the Si film (or Sn layer on the textured insulator if that is preferable). The molar ratios of these chemicals needs to be determined through experimentation as do the thicknesses of the silicon and perovskite layers (thickness determines current and absorption capabilities), but it is estimated that the silicon layer thickness would be between 20-80 m while the perovskite layer would be under 1 m, e.g. much thinner. As the substrate has been heated, annealing of the perovskite substrate is not necessary contrary to common practice and is a distinguishing feature of this invention. The films made using this process will be smooth and uniform since the metal (Sn) is a layer in advance of the addition of the other elements. Smoothness and uniformity are important for device performance. (Liu et al, Efficient planar heterojunction perovskite solar cells by vapour deposition, 2013).

EXAMPLE 2

(12) Just like Example 1, but the Sn is deposited directly on the textured buffer layersay MgO [111]. The Sn then spreads uniformly over the substrate. The other components of the perovskite film are added. In addition to forming a uniform, homogeneous film, as the components are added the perovskite film crystallizes and replicates the [111] texture which improves the connection between the two semiconductors.

EXAMPLE 3

(13) Following the technology invented by A. Chaudhari (U.S. Pat. No. 9,349,995 B2), a polymer film such as P3HT is deposited on the textured buffer layersay MgO [111]thereby obtaining texture itself. This layer is conducting. A silicon or other inorganic film is then deposited out of a a SnSi eutectic melt onto the polymer film at low temperature (below 400 C.) and as in the previous examples the Sn diffuses to the surface of the Si film, forming a very thin, uniform layer, which can now be used as the metal in the perovskite film as in the previous examples. The difference here is that the Si film serves as a scaffold (mesoporous) like TiO.sub.2 and a polymer film underneath is a conducting layer while also serving as a third semiconductor material for a triple junction solar cell for even higher efficiency.

EXAMPLE 4

(14) Just like example 1, but the substrate used is organic, such as polyimide, and is flexible and is thus capable of roll-to-roll (R2R) manufacturing.