Simplified basic media for human pluripotent cell culture

Abstract

Fully defined media that support pluripotent cell viability, proliferation, cloning, and derivation, as well as methods and compositions including these media are described. Methods for deriving iPS cells from adult individuals under defined, xeno-free conditions are also described.

Claims

1. A method for deriving an induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell under defined conditions, the method comprising the step of: introducing reprogramming factors into a somatic cell in a defined, albumin-free medium that is free of any component obtained from a non-human animal, the medium comprising water, salts, amino acids, vitamins, glucose, an FGF, selenium, transferrin, one of insulin, IGF1, and IGF2, and one of TGF- and NODAL, each in an amount sufficient to support reprogramming of the somatic cell to derive an iPS cell.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the IGF1 is Long-IGF1.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein the reprogramming step comprises contacting the cell with TGF for 5-10 days.

4. The method of claim 1, further comprising the steps of: removing the TGF after 5-10 days; and contacting the cells with a medium consisting essentially of: water, salts, amino acids, vitamins, glucose, an FGF, selenium, one of insulin, IGF1, and IGF2, and transferrin.

5. The method of claim 1, wherein the reprogramming step comprises contacting the cell with hydrocortisone.

6. The method of claim 1, wherein the reprogramming step comprises contacting the cell with butyrate.

7. The method of claim 1, wherein the somatic cell is an adult somatic cell.

8. The method of claim 1, wherein the reprogramming step comprises introducing a viral vector into the somatic cell.

9. The method of claim 1, wherein the reprogramming step comprises introducing an episomal vector into the somatic cell.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) The present invention will be better understood and features, aspects and advantages other than those set forth above will become apparent when consideration is given to the following detailed description thereof. Such detailed description makes reference to the following drawings, wherein:

(2) FIGS. 1A-1E illustrate media elements for human ES cell survival and self-renewal in culture. FIG. 1A illustrates 24 hour survival indices for individualized cells plated in the various media. Media abbreviations are as listed in Table 1. The presence of insulin and fibroblast growth factor (IF), bovine serum albumin (BSA), beta-mecaptoethanol (BME) is indicated by + and absence is indicated by . FIG. 1B illustrates 24 hour or 96 hour survival indices for individualized cells plated in the various media. The addition of insulin and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) is indicated by + and removal is indicated by . FIG. 1C illustrates 24 hour or 129 hour survival indices for individualized cells cultured in TeSR medium with Vitamin C (TeSR), TeSR medium without Vitamin C (TeSR-LAA), or DF5 medium. FIG. 1D illustrates cell proliferation after each of three passages in DF5, DF5 with added Selenium (DF5+Selenium), DF12, or DF12 from which Selenium had been removed (DF12-Selenium). FIG. 1E illustrates a comparative analysis of twelve different base media.

(3) FIGS. 2A-2F illustrate optimization of human ES cell and iPS cell culture conditions with DF5S. FIG. 2A shows survival indices for individualized cells that were seeded at low density (1,500 cells/cm.sup.2) in either DF5S (bottom) or TeSR (top) and cultured at different O.sub.2 and CO.sub.2 concentrations (O15C5: 15% O.sub.2 and 5% CO.sub.2; O15C10: 15% O.sub.2 and 10% CO.sub.2; O5C10: 5% O.sub.2 and 10% CO.sub.2). Cell survival was examined at 24 hours and 124 hours. FIG. 2B shows the cloning efficiency of H1 cells cultured in various media in the presence (+HA100) or absence of the small molecule HA100 (CM100: conditioned media with 100 ng/ml FGF). FIG. 2C shows the cloning efficiency of H1 cells and iPS cells derived from foreskin fibroblasts in various media. FIG. 2D shows the cloning efficiency of iPS cells derived from foreskin fibroblasts in various media. DF5S trFe indicates DF5S media to which holotransferrin was added. FIG. 2E illustrates the cloning efficiency of H1 cells cultured in various media in the presence of HA100 (10 M, 24 hours), blebbistatin (10 M, 4 hours), or Y27632 (10 M, 24 hours), compared to cloning efficiency in the absence of these factors (control). Asterisks indicate p<0.05. FIG. 2F illustrates cloning efficiency of H1 cells in conditioned medium (CM), CM with ROCK inhibitor (HA100), TeSR with ROCK inhibitor, and E8 with ROCK inhibitor in normoxic (dark gray bars) or hypoxic (light gray bars) conditions. Error bars indicate the standard error of the mean; asterisks indicate p<0.05.

(4) FIGS. 3A-3B illustrate pluripotent cell growth and gene expression in DMEM/F12 supplemented with insulin, transferrin, selenium, L-ascorbic acid, FGF2, and TGF- or NODAL (referred to herein as E8 (TGF-) and E8 (NODAL), respectively). FIG. 3A illustrates fold expansion of H1 ES cells (top) and iPS cells (bottom) maintained in TeSR (dark gray lines) or E8 (TGF-) (light gray lines). FIG. 3B illustrates global gene expression of H1 ES cells grown in E8 (TGF-) and H1 ES cells grown in TeSR. RNA of H1 cells maintained in either TeSR or E8 (TGF) medium for 3 passages was analyzed by RNA-seq with Illumina Genome Analyzer GAIIX (global gene expression correlation R=0.954 (Spearman Correlation)).

(5) FIGS. 4A-4F illustrate iPS cell derivation under defined conditions. FIG. 4A shows proliferation of foreskin fibroblasts in DF5SFe-based media to which various fibroblast growth factors (FGF) were added, compared to proliferation in FBS-containing media. FIG. 4B shows fibroblast growth in various media supplemented with hydrocortisone. FIG. 4C shows expression of the pluripotency markers OCT4 (left) and SSEA4 (right). FIG. 4D illustrates expression of selected genes by foreskin fibroblasts, hES cells, iPS cells derived on feeder cells (iPS Cells (Feeder)), and iPS cells derived in E8 medium (iPS Cells (E8)). All cells were maintained in E8 (TGF) medium prior to RNA analysis, except for fibroblasts, which were maintained in E8 with hydrocortisone. FIG. 4E illustrates global gene expression of human ES and iPS cells derived in E8 (TGF) media (R=0.955). FIG. 4F global gene expression of iPS cells derived on MEF and iPS cells derived in E8 (TGF) media.

(6) FIGS. 5A-5C illustrate media improvement for iPS cell derivation. FIG. 5A shows proliferation of foreskin (dark grey bars) and PRPF8-2 adult fibroblasts (light grey bars) in DF5SFe media supplemented with TGF-, hydrocortisone, TGF- and hydrocortisone, or TGF- and hydrocortisone without FGF. FIG. 5B illustrates the effect of TGF- and butyrate on reprogramming of foreskin fibroblasts. Four to five weeks after initial reprogramming transfection, colony numbers for transformed cells and true iPS cells were scored and (FIG. 5C) the ratio of iPS colonies to non-iPS cell colonies was calculated.

(7) FIGS. 6A-6B illustrate derivation of iPS cells from adult fibroblasts under fully-defined conditions without secondary passage. FIG. 6A illustrates an example of a reprogramming protocol. FIG. 6B illustrates expression of the pluripotency markers OCT4 and SSEA4, as determined by flow cytometric analysis of iPSC lines maintained in DMEM/F12 supplemented with insulin, transferrin, selenium, L-ascorbic acid, FGF2, and TGF- or NODAL (E8) for 20 passages. Shaded peak: staining with antibodies specific to OCT4 (left) and SSEA4 (right); unshaded peak: mouse IgG control antibody.

(8) FIG. 7A-C illustrate reprogramming efficiency of human fibroblasts in various media. FIG. 7A illustrates the number of iPS cell colonies per 80,000 fibroblasts subjected to reprogramming with mouse fibroblast feeder cells (MEF) or in E8-based medium. To improve efficiency, 100 M sodium butyrate was added to both conditions. FIG. 7B illustrates the number of iPS cell colonies per 80,000 fibroblasts subjected to reprogramming in TeSR or in E8-based medium. FIG. 7C illustrates the effects of TGF- and butyrate exposure time on reprogramming efficiency of foreskin fibroblasts under fully-defined conditions. Fibroblasts were reprogrammed in DMEM/F12 supplemented with insulin, transferrin, selenium, L-ascorbic acid, and FGF2 (E8 without TGF-) or in E8, in the presence or absence of 100 M butyrate. Reprogramming efficiency for all conditions was analyzed after 30 days after reprogramming. Asterisks indicate p<0.05.

(9) FIGS. 8A-8F illustrate that IGF1 and IGF2 can replace insulin in human pluripotent cell culture for regular cell maintenance. FIGS. 8 A and B illustrate suppression of hES cell survival by anti-IGF1R antibody. FIG. 8C illustrates rescue of hES cell survival by IGF1 and IGF2 in the absence of insulin. FIGS. 8D and E illustrate dose responses of IGF1, IGF2 and Long-IGF1 as they relate to ES cell survival in the absence of insulin. FIG. 8F illustrates that IGF1 and IGF2 support ES cell proliferation in the absence of insulin.

(10) While the present invention is susceptible to various modifications and alternative forms, exemplary embodiments thereof are shown by way of example in the drawings and are herein described in detail. It should be understood, however, that the description of exemplary embodiments is not intended to limit the invention to the particular forms disclosed, but on the contrary, the intention is to cover all modifications, equivalents and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.

DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS

(11) The present invention relates to the inventors' observation that certain media components once thought to be essential to culturing pluripotent cells can be omitted from pluripotent cell culture media formulated to achieve certain culture objectives.

(12) As used herein, the term pluripotent cell means a cell capable of differentiating into cells of all three germ layers. Examples of pluripotent cells include embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. As used herein, iPS cells refer to cells that are substantially genetically identical to their respective differentiated somatic cell of origin and display characteristics similar to higher potency cells, such as ES cells, as described herein. The cells can be obtained by reprogramming non-pluripotent (e.g. multipotent or somatic) cells.

(13) The invention relates to new media free of factors not essential for a particular culture objective. Examples of culture objectives include, but are not limited to, cell survival, passaging, proliferation, pluripotency, cloning, and iPS cell derivation. Specifically, the invention relates to albumin-free media.

(14) As a point of clarification, passaging and cloning are distinct methods. Passaging describes the process of dividing cells that have been cultivated in a culture vessel up to a certain density into aggregates, which are then placed into new culture vessels. These aggregates can contain any number of cells, typically between 100 to 1,000 cells, which readily initiate growth in culture. In contrast, cloning refers to initiating clonal colonies by growing human ES cell colonies from single individual ES cells. As used herein, cloning efficiency means the number of individualized cells that form new cell colonies divided by the number of individualized cells plated in culture. Cloning efficiency varies considerably depending on culture conditions. For example, the cloning efficiency of human ES cells under defined and xeno-free conditions on MATRIGEL is very low (i.e., less than about 0.1%), while cloning efficiency of these cells cultured with fibroblast-conditioned medium, while still low (i.e., less than about 2%), is high enough to initiate clonal ES cell colonies.

(15) Certain media components presently used can be damaging to the cultured cells or induce differentiation. For example, -mercaptoethanol can damage and even kill cultured pluripotent cells. Serum media additives, such as bovine serum albumin (BSA) or fetal calf serum (FCS), can induce differentiation of cultured pluripotent cells. Also, commercially available serum components can differ significantly in their composition, even when supplied from the same source, introducing unpredictable culture variability. The media described herein are substantially free of damaging, differentiating, and undefined factors present in most conventional pluripotent cell culture media. The disclosed media have been successfully used for various culture objectives, such as supporting short term pluripotent cells viability, e.g., 24 hrs, short term proliferation, e.g., 4-5 days, maintaining pluripotent cells for extended culture periods, e.g., more than 25 passages in 3 months, and to derive iPS cells from both fetal and adult fibroblasts with lentiviral and episomal vectors.

(16) New minimal media specifically tailored for certain cell culture objectives were developed. Various media components, such as salts, vitamins, glucose sources, minerals, and amino acids were tested, alone or in combination, to determine their individual effect on viability, proliferation, or pluripotency. A new survival assay was developed and used to determine which components are essential for pluripotent cell survival after dissociation. New media were tested for their ability to support proliferation and sustain pluripotency. These media were also used in cloning assays to determine how each medium affects single cells and their cloning efficiency. A complete list of ingredients for each new medium described herein is set forth in Table 1 (light and dark shaded fields indicate presence of a component in the medium, checkered fields indicate interchangeable components, clear fields indicate absence of a component in the medium).

(17) TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Media compositions.

(18) The various media described herein can be prepared from the basic ingredients. Alternatively, one of skill in the art appreciates the advantageous efficiency of using a basal media as starting material to prepare the disclosed new media. The term basal medium as used herein means a medium that supports growth of certain single-celled organisms and cells that do not require special media additives. Typical basal medium components are known in the art and include salts, amino acids, vitamins, and a carbon source (e.g., glucose). Other components that do not change the basic characteristic of the medium but are otherwise desirable can also be included, such as the pH indicator phenol red. For example, Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium: Nutrient Mixture F-12 (DMEM/F12) is a basal medium commonly used to make suitable growth media for mammalian cell culture. A complete list of ingredients of DMEM/F12 is set forth in Table 2.

(19) TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 DMEM: F-12 Medium Formulation (ATCC Catalog No. 30-2006). Inorganic Salts (g/liter) Amino Acids (g/liter) Vitamins (g/liter) Other (g/liter) CaCl2 (anhydrous) L-Alanine 0.00445 D-Biotin 0.00000365 D-Glucose 3.15100 0.11665 L-ArginineHCl 0.14750 Choline Chloride 0.00898 HEPES 3.57480 CuSO4 (anhydrous) L-AsparagineH2O Folic Acid 0.00265 Hypoxanthine 0.00239 0.0000008 0.00750 myo-Inositol 0.01261 Linoleic Acid 0.000044 Fe(NO3)39H2O 0.00005 L-Aspartic Acid 0.00665 Niacinamide 0.00202 Phenol Red, Sodium Salt FeSO47H2O 0.000417 L-CystineHClH2O D-Pantothenic Acid 0.00810 MgSO4 (anhydrous) 0.01756 0.00224 Putrescine2HCl 0.00008 0.08495 L-Cystine2HCl 0.03129 PyridoxineHCl 0.00203 Pyruvic AcidNa 0.05500 KCl 0.3118 L-Glutamic Acid 0.00735 Riboflavin 0.00022 DL-Thioctic Acid NaHCO3 1.20000 L-Glutamine 0.36510 ThiamineHCl 0.00217 0.000105 NaCl 7.00000 Glycine 0.01875 Vitamin B-12 0.00068 Thymidine 0.000365 Na2HPO4 (anhydrous) L-HistidineHClH2O 0.07100 0.03148 NaH2PO4H2O 0.06250 L-Isoleucine 0.05437 ZnSO47H2O 0.000432 L-Leucine 0.05895 L-LysineHCl 0.09135 L-Methionine 0.01724 L-Phenylalanine 0.03548 L-Proline 0.01725 L-Serine 0.02625 L-Threonine 0.05355 L-Tryptophan 0.00902 L-Tyrosine2Na2H2O 0.05582 L-Valine 0.05285

(20) Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which the invention pertains. Although any methods and materials similar to or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the present invention, the preferred methods and materials are described herein.

(21) In describing the embodiments and claiming the invention, the following terminology will be used in accordance with the definitions set out below.

(22) As used herein, about means within 5% of a stated concentration range or within 5% of a stated time frame.

(23) As used herein, essentially serum-free means that a medium does not contain serum or serum replacement, or that it contains essentially no serum or serum replacement. For example, an essentially serum-free medium can contain less than about 10%, 9%, 8%, 7%, 6%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2% or 1% serum, wherein the culturing capacity of the medium is still observed.

(24) The term defined culture medium or defined medium, as used herein, means that the identity and quantity of each medium ingredient is known.

(25) As used herein, a medium consisting essentially of means a medium that contains the specified ingredients and, optionally, other ingredients that do not materially affect its basic characteristics.

(26) As used herein, effective amount means an amount of an agent sufficient to evoke a specified cellular effect according to the present invention.

(27) As used herein, viability means the state of being viable. Pluripotent cells that are viable attach to the cell plate surface and do not stain with the dye propidium iodide absent membrane disruption. Short term viability relates to the first 24 hours after plating the cells in culture. Typically, the cells do not proliferate in that time.

(28) As used herein, short term growth means cell proliferation for 4-5 days in culture.

(29) As used herein, extended growth means growth for at least five passages. Typically, media are tested for their ability to support pluripotent cell growth for more than twenty passages (approximately 2-3 months).

(30) As used herein, long-term culture means more than 15 passages (approximately two months in culture).

(31) As used herein, pluripotency means a cell's ability to differentiate into cells of all three germ layers.

(32) As used herein, cloning means a process of initiating a cell culture from a starting culture, ideally, from a single pluripotent cell or at least from very few cells. Culture conditions that permit clonal culture of undifferentiated pluripotent cells may be the most demanding conditions of all of those required in normal pluripotent cell culture and proliferation.

(33) As used herein, iPS cell derivation means reprogramming a cell that is not pluripotent to become pluripotent.

(34) As used herein, xeno-free means cell culture conditions free of any cell or cell product of species other than that of the cultured cell.

(35) As used herein, normoxic condition means conditions with about 20% oxygen.

(36) As used herein, hypoxic condition means conditions with less than about 20% oxygen, e.g., about 5% oxygen.

(37) The invention will be more fully understood upon consideration of the following non-limiting Examples.

EXAMPLES

Example 1

Pluripotent Cell Survival Assay

(38) Five-hundred micro liter of various test media was loaded into each well of 12-well plates prior to the addition of cells. Adherent pluripotent cells were dissociated with TrypLE (Invitrogen) for 5 minutes or until fully detached from the culture plates. TrypLE was neutralized by adding an equal volume of media to the culture. The cells were counted, washed, and resuspended in fresh media at a concentration of 300,000 to 1,000,000 cells/ml. Approximately 100 l of this cell solution was added into each well of the 12-well plates and the cells were incubated at 37 C. with 5% O.sub.2 and 10% CO.sub.2. Cells were again dissociated at various time points using 0.4 ml TrypLE, which was subsequently neutralized with equal volumes of 10% FBS in DMEM. The cells were counted by flow cytometry. 5000 count bright beads were added to each sample as internal control (approximately 200 beads were counted for each sample). All experiments were performed in triplicates.

Example 2

Growth Factors for Survival and Short Term Growth

(39) TeSR medium contains six growth factors, in addition to those present in the basal medium, fibroblast growth factor (FGF), transforming growth factor beta (TGF-), -aminobutyric acid (GABA), pipecolic acid, lithium chloride (LiCl), and insulin (Table 1). A basic nutrient medium (NM) was created containing all TeSR components with the exception of these six growth factors. About 210.sup.5 H1 ES cells were dissociated and plated on Matrigel. The survival index was determined after 24 h. NM alone could not support cell survival after dissociation. The addition of insulin to NM resulted in cell survival similar to that observed with TeSR, but did not support cell growth (FIG. 1A). The addition of both insulin (20 ug/ml) and FGF2 (100 ng/ml) supported cell survival and additionally led to cell growth in 96 h that was comparable to that observed using TeSR medium (FIG. 1B). Thus, NM supplemented with FGF and Insulin supports human ES cell culture. Twelve different basal nutrient media supplemented as described above were able to support cell survival and growth (FIG. 1E).

Example 3

L-ascorbic Acid Supports Short-term Proliferation

(40) NM contains 11 nutritional components, i.e., DMEM/F12, trace elements B, trace elements C, L-ascorbic acid, thiamine, selenium, L-glutamine, BSA, BME, sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO.sub.3), and transferrin (Table 1). DMEM/F12 serves as basal medium and NaHCO.sub.3 is used to modify the pH. To determine which other nutritional components were essential when insulin and FGF were present, each factor was added individually to DMEM/F12, NaHCO.sub.3, insulin, and FGF. None of the nutritional factors were essential for survival after passaging, but L-ascorbic acid (64 mg/L) was necessary for cell proliferation after passaging (FIG. 1C). L-ascorbic acid, known as Vitamin C, is a major antioxidant and cofactor of several enzymes. Hydroxyproline could partially substitute for L-ascorbic acid. Human ES cells plated in DMEM/F12, NaHCO.sub.3, L-ascorbic acid, insulin, and FGF (Defined Factors 5, DF5, Table 1) maintained similar morphology as human ES cells plated into TeSR.

Example 4

Media Components for Extended Passage

(41) DF5 supported cell growth for only one passage. After the second passage, cells attached poorly and eventually died (FIG. 1C). Cells could be passaged in NM+Insulin+FGF (data not shown) and DF12 (FIG. 1D, Table 1), suggesting that one or more factor present in NM+Insulin+FGF and DF12 is important for extended passage. Each nutritional factor present in NM was added individually to DF5 to determine its ability to support cell expansion after multiple passages. Addition of selenium alone was sufficient to support cell proliferation through multiple passages (FIG. 1D, DF5+Selenium, DFSS, Table 1).

(42) DF5S was used to expand H1 cells. Cells grown in DF5S were more prone to differentiate than cells grown in TeSR. However, H1 cells could be grown for several weeks (more than 15 passages), during which the cells maintained human ES cell morphology and high levels of OCT4 expression (FIG. 1E, FIG. 1F). H1 cells grown in DFSS to which either NODAL (100 ng/ml) or TGF- (2 ng/ml) was added expressed significantly higher levels of NANOG mRNA, compared to H1 cells cultured in DFSS. DFSS+NODAL also supported pluripotency of the two tested human iPS cell lines, as determined by high expression of the pluripotency marker OCT4. All cells (hES cells and iPS cells) grown in DFSS with either NODAL or TGF- maintained a normal karyotype after long-term passage.

Example 5

Hypoxia Improves Cell Growth and Cloning

(43) H1 cells grew faster in the DFSS medium compared to cells grown in TeSR (FIGS. 1C and 2A). To optimize pluripotent cell growth conditions, cells were grown in DFSS with varying osmolarity, pH, oxygen level, and CO.sub.2 level. To increase assay sensitivity only 5,000 cells were seeded in each well and analyzed for survival (24 h) and proliferation (124 h). The greatest improvements were noted when O.sub.2 and CO.sub.2 levels were varied. Ordinary culture conditions use oxygen at 15% and CO.sub.2 at 5% (O15C5). Higher CO.sub.2 often led to slightly higher survival after 24 hours. Lower oxygen levels increased cell growth in both DF5S and TeSR. Oxygen at 15% with CO.sub.2 at 10% (O15C10), and oxygen at 5% with CO.sub.2 at 10% (O5C10) increased cell survival (FIG. 2A). Cells failed to thrive at higher O.sub.2 levels (O15C5 and O15C10), while they proliferated at lower oxygen levels (O5C10) (FIG. 2A). Cells in DF5S grew faster than those grown in TeSR, and grew fastest at 5% O.sub.2 and 10% CO.sub.2 (FIG. 2A). Further decreases in oxygen level to 2% reduced cell growth compared to 5% O.sub.2.

(44) To determine cloning efficiency at various oxygen and CO.sub.2 concentrations, 500 cells were seeded into each well. Even at low oxygen, cloning efficiency was too low (<2%) to determine effects of various conditions on cloning. HA100, a ROCK inhibitor known to increase cloning efficiency, was used to increase cloning efficiency for testing oxygen and CO.sub.2 concentrations. Conditioned medium (CM), known to be the best medium for cloning, was used as control. The addition of HA100 significantly improved cloning efficiency in CM at both O5C10 and O15C5 and cloning efficiency was higher at the O5C10 than O15C5 (FIG. 2B). Cloning efficiency of cells in DF5S was comparable to that of cells in CM under both conditions (FIG. 2B).

(45) Because of the positive impact of hypoxia on cell survival, some of the subsequent examples employ hypoxic conditions when cells were maintained at low density. However, when cells were not cultured at low cell density, experiments were conducted under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions (FIG. 2B).

Example 6

Improved iPS Cell Cloning Efficiency

(46) To determine how DF5S affects cloning efficiency, two iPS cell lines were grown in DF5S and plated at cloning density (approximately 500 cells per 12-well plate well) in the presence of HA100. The cloning efficiency of iPS cells grown in DF5S was lower than that of iPS cells grown in either TeSR or CM (FIG. 2C), suggesting that a factor that enhances cloning efficiency is present in TeSR medium, but absent from DF5S. To identify such factor, individual TeSR components were added individually to DF5S and tested for effect on cloning efficiency. The addition of holo-transferrin to DF5S (DF5SFe) resulted in cloning efficiency comparable to that using TeSR (FIG. 2D). Transferrin also lead to noticeable improvement of cloning efficiency of H1 cells in DF5S medium.

(47) The ROCK inhibitors HA100 and Y27632, and blebbistatin in DMEM/F12 supplemented with insulin, trasferrin, selenium, L-ascorbic acid, FGFs, and TGF- (or NODAL; E8), increased cloning efficiency of H1 cells (FIG. 2E), which was further increased by the addition of transferrin and by culture under hypoxic conditions (FIG. 2F)). The cells maintained a normal karyotype after more than 25 passages.

Example 7

NODAL and TGF- Support Long-term Maintenance of H1 and iPS Cell Pluripotency in Albumin-free Media

(48) As described in Example 3, human pluripotent cells, such as H1, H9, and iPS cells, could be grown and passaged over 15 times in DF5S but were prone to differentiate, such that extra care is needed to sustain pluripotency in DF5S. Because pluripotency could be maintained more easily in TeSR, growth factors present in TeSR were added individually to DF5SFe used to grow H1 cells that were previously cultured in DF5S without differentiating to identify factors supporting long-term pluripotency. Cells were passaged approximately one day after reaching confluency, facilitating cell differentiation, and Oct4 expression, assessed by flow cytometry, was used as indicator of pluripotency.

(49) Human pluripotent cells grown in DF5SFe elongated and lined up along each other, resembling a spindle shape just prior to differentiation. This phenotype is often observed at the onset of neural differentiation that is usually suppressed by the TGF-/BMP pathway. Thus, recombinant proteins of the TGF- pathway were tested for their ability to support long-term pluripotency. DF5SFe supplemented with NODAL (E8 (NODAL)) used at TeSR concentration sustained high Oct4 expression. DF5SFe supplemented with TGF- (E8 (TGF-)) used at TeSR concentration (0.6 ng/ml) supported low levels of Oct4 expression but was able to maintain high Oct4 expression when used at higher concentration (1 ng/ml).

(50) Human ES cell lines, such as H1 and H9 have a culture history that includes exposure to various complex culture components, such as FBS, feeder cells, and knockout serum replacer. Exposure to these components could conceivably create dependency on these components and, consequently, alter cellular response to simplified media. Culture history might play a lesser role for iPS cells, derived from reprogrammed somatic cells, as derivation conditions are less complex. Therefore, different factors were tested with two original lentiviral iPS cell lines (Yu, et al., Science 318:1917 (2007)) grown in DF5SFe. Cells were transferred from MEF plates directly into DF5SFe medium for one passage and then passaged into various growth factor conditions. The addition of either TGF- (2 ng/ml) or NODAL (100 ng/ml) to DF5SFe (E8 (TGF-) and E8 (NODAL), respectively) supported long-term pluripotency of iPS cells. Pluripotency surface markers SSEA4, SSEA3, Tra-1-60, and Tra-1-81 were also expressed. Cells with normal karyotypes were continuously maintained for more than 20 passages. The cells were capable of forming teratomas 5-7 weeks after injection into severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice.

(51) E8 (TGF-) and E8 (NODAL) supported pluripotency of every pluripotent cell line tested, i.e., two human ES cell lines (H1 and H9) and five iPSC lines for more than 25 passages (approximately 3 months) with no sign of differentiation (FIG. 3). H1 ES cells grown in E8 media have a similar gene expression profile compared to H1 ES cells grown in TeSR (FIG. 3B).

Example 8

Derivation of iPS Cells in Albumin-free Media

(52) Available reprogramming protocols include incubation of the cells in FBS in the first several days after viral transduction or electroporation, prior to switching the cells to UM100 (U.S. Pat. No. 7,439,064, incorporated herein as if set forth in its entirety) or CM. The simplified media described in previous Examples were tested for their ability to support reprogramming. ES-derived somatic cells could be reprogrammed efficiently in DF5S medium using lentivirus or episomal vectors with or without an initial 2 day culture in FBS-containing media. However, DF5S did not support reprogramming of primary foreskin cells using Nanog, Oct4, Sox2 and Lin28. DF5SFe supported reprogramming of foreskin and adult cells on Matrigel or MEFs using improved lentivirus (Ebert et al., Nature 457(7227):277-280 (2009), incorporated herein by reference as if set forth in its entirety) when the cells were initially incubated in FBS-containing medium. While DF5SFe was as effective as CM in supporting reprogramming, initial exposure to FBS appeared important for reprogramming.

(53) Foreskin cells grow significantly slower in DF5SFe than in FBS media. To determine growth factors that can help primary foreskin cell growth, individual growth factors contained in FBS were tested. The FGF family of growth factors has several members, one or more of which is commonly used for fibroblast culture. DF5SFe contains 100 ng/ml zebrafish recombinant FGF2. Each FGF family member was tested for its ability to support foreskin cell growth. Foreskin cells were aliquoted into the well of culture plates and incubated for 24 hours in DF5SFe minus FGF. Individual FGF types were added at 100 ng/ml for 96 h. FGF1, zFGF2, FGF4, FGF6, and FGF9 supported foreskin cell growth most effectively, but none supported cell growth as well as FBS-containing media (FIG. 4A). To identify if a non-FGF family member growth factor could promote foreskin cell growth comparable to that seen with FBS, several known fibroblast growth-promoting factors were tested. Hydrocortisone (FIG. 4B), its derivatives, and dexamethasone added to DF5SFe to replace FBS improved cell growth significantly. DF5SFe+hydrocortisone (DF5SFeC) also improved iPS cell cloning efficiency.

(54) To determine if DF5S-based media can be used for viral-free iPS cell derivation, foreskin cells were reprogrammed using a viral-free episomal vector, as described in Yu et al., Science 324:797 (2009), incorporated herein by reference as if set forth in its entirety, at hypoxic conditions (O5C10). Plasmid combinations #4 (pEP4EP2SCK2MEN2L and pEP4EO2SET2K, Table 3), #6 (pEP4EO2SEN2L, pEP4EO2SET2K and pEP4EO2SEM2K, Table 3), and #19 (pEP4EO2SEN2K, pEP4EO2SET2K, and pCEP4-M2L, Table 3) were used, and 2 clones were isolated from 10.sup.6 cells after secondary passage.

(55) TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Reprogramming vector components and vector combinations SEQ ID Component Abbr. Source NO Accession # or sequence OCT4 O hESC 1 NM_002701 SOX2 S hESC 2 NM_003106 NANOG N hESC 3 NM_024865 LIN28 L hESC 4 NM_024674 c-Myc M hESC 5 NM_002467 KLF4 K hESC 6 NM_004235 SV40 T T pBABE-puro SV40 LT p 7 EF579667 TERT TERT pBABE-hygro-hTERT 8 NM_198253 IRES2 2 pIRES2EGFP 9 CMV C 10 EF1 E 11 Vector Combinations Combination Number Plasmids Components 4 pEP4EP2SCK2MEN2L pEP4-EF1-OCT4-IRES2-SOX2-CMV-KLF4-IRES2-c-Myc- EF1-NANOG-IRES2-LN28 pEP4EO2SET2K pEP4-EF1-OCT4-IRES2-SOX2-EF1-SV40T-IRES2-KLF4 6 pEP4EO2SEN2L pEP4-EF1-OCT4-IRES2-SOX2-EF1-NANOG-IRES2-LN28 pEP4EO2SET2K pEP4-EF1-OCT4-IRES2-SOX2-EF1-SV40T-IRES2-KLF4 pEP4EO2SEM2K pEP4-EF1-OCT4-IRES2-SOX2-EF1-c-Myc-IRES2-KLF4 19 pEP4EO2SEN2K pEP4-EF1-OCT4-IRES2-SOX2-EF1-NANOG-IRES2-KLF4 pEP4EO2SET2K pEP4-EF1-OCT4-IRES2-SOX2-EF1-SV40T-IRES2-KLF4 pCEP4-M2L pCEP4-CMV-c-Myc-IRES2-LN28

(56) Plasmid combinations #6 and #19 were used for the reprogramming. In order to enhance the plasmid entry into the nucleus, ENBA mRNA was electroporated along with plasmid DNA. Around one million cells were transferred onto two 6-well plates in DF5SFeC for 5 days. Medium was then switched to DF5SFe for another 18-25 days. Cells of some of the wells were passaged for a second time using a 1:6 ratio at different time points. Plasmid combination #19 generated more colonies than plasmid combination #6, but most of them did not resemble typical human ES cell morphology. After approximately 25 days, human ES cell-like colonies appeared on the primary plate for both plasmid combinations, with an estimated 24 reprogrammed cells per million foreskin cells using plasmid combination #19 and 8 reprogrammed cells per million foreskin cells using plasmid combination #6. The number of human ES cell-like colonies significantly increased after the secondary passage plates, with an estimated >500/million foreskin cells for each plasmid combination. The increase in the iPS cell colonies on secondary passage plates are likely due to the split of iPS cells on the primary plates. In some instances, primary plates did not have any colonies resembling typical human ES cell morphology, but many iPS cells appeared after secondary passage, suggesting that some iPS cells could not be identified, possibly because they were mixed with somatic cells.

(57) Cells of the iPS cell colonies derived in DF5SFe started to differentiate after only two passages. Six iPS cell colonies were picked from the primary plate and transferred directly into Nodal-containing DF5SFeN (E8 (NODAL)). These cells could be maintained in E8 (Nodal) for more than 15 passages, maintaining their ES cell-like morphology similar to that observed using TeSR. The cells had normal karyotypes, expressed Oct4 and SSEA4 (FIG. 4C), and formed teratomas in SCID mice 5-7 weeks after injection.

(58) Foreskin fibroblasts were also reprogrammed in E8 medium. Global gene expression of iPS cells derived in E8 medium was similar to that of H1 cells (FIGS. 4D and E) or iPS cells derived on feeder cells (FIGS. 4D and F). Pluripotency markers were highly expressed in both ES and iPS cells, while fibroblast specific marker genes were not expressed (FIG. 4D). Also, iPS cell could be derived in E8 media using various strategies, e.g., using lentiviral or episomal vectors.

Example 9

Derivation of iPS Cells from Patient Cell Lines in Albumin-free Media

(59) To determine if cells from adult donors could be reprogrammed using viral-free episomal vectors in the simplified media, two million cells of the patient cell lines OAT or PRPT8 were electroporated with plasmid combinations #4 or #6, along with EBNA mRNA, and transferred onto two 10 cm plates. To maximize reprogramming, FBS-containing media was used for the first 6 days. Cells were kept at O15C5 to match regular adult cell maintenance conditions. Medium was then switched to DF5SFe for another 14-21 days. The cells of one plate were passaged at a 1:2 ratio at different time points. Plasmid combination #6 generated more colonies (approximately 5 per one million cells) than #4, but most of the cells did not resemble typical human ES cell morphology. After approximately 22 days, human ES cell-like colonies appeared on the primary plate for plasmid combination #4. Many more human ES cell-like colonies appeared on the secondary passage plates when plasmid combination #6 was used, with an estimate of approximately 40 colonies per million cells. No iPS cells were produced when using plasmid combination #4. The iPS cell colonies emerged in the middle of other densely-populated cells on the primary plate and could not grow beyond their boundary. However, colonies on the secondary plates expanded to large sizes suitable for colony isolation. Colonies were picked and directly transferred into TeSR, and 32 picked colonies survived and displayed ES-cell morphology. Genetic analysis confirmed that these colonies were derived from the OAT cell line and exhibited a normal karyotype.

(60) To improve adult cell reprogramming efficiency, TGF- was added to the reprogramming media. iPS clones were not increased significantly, however, the total number of colonies increased significantly. When TGF- was removed from the media at the time of hydrocortisone removal, the number of iPS cell colonies increased significantly, suggesting that TGF- supports reprogramming in the first few days of the process.

(61) Many seemingly non-iPS clones can generate iPS clones after secondary passage, suggesting that iPS cell derivation might be inhibited by surrounding cells. Several reagents were tested for their ability to overcome this effect. Butyrate improved reprogramming efficiency. An approximately 10-fold increase in reprogramming efficiency of foreskin cells was observed when both TGF- and butyrate were added to the media (FIG. 5B). TGF- appeared to exhibit its positive effects during early stages of reprogramming, while butyrate had a positive role in the later stage. TGF- addition led to increased numbers of colonies during reprogramming, but the number of true iPS cell colonies remained low. Butyrate did not increase the number of colonies, but improved the ratio of true iPS cell to non-iPS cell colonies significantly (FIG. 5C).

(62) Using TGF- and butyrate enabled successful reprogramming of somatic cells from an adult individual under completely defined conditions using the episomal vector system. iPS cells were derived from three independent adult somatic cell lines (OAT, GRC M1-29, and PRPF8-2) at an efficiency of 1-100 out of 110.sup.6 PRPF8-2 cells and 1 out of 100,000 cells (GRC 1-29).

Example 10

Derivation of iPS Cells from an Adult Individual in Completely Defined Conditions

(63) A biopsy was taken from the skin of a male adult donor, washed several times with Hank's Buffered Salt Solution (HBSS) containing antibiotics and antimycotic agents, and incubated in 2 ml of 0.25% trypsin/EDTA (Table 4) or TrypLE select at 4 C. overnight. The sample was rinsed three times, using trypsin inhibitor (Table 4) after the second rinse. The dermis and epidermis were separated using sterile forceps. The dermis was cut into small pieces and incubated in 0.75 ml enzyme solution (Table 4) with defined enzymes at room temperature (12-well or 24-well plate) for 3 hours. After approximately 35 minutes, tissue structures started to break down. An equal volume of medium with 10 ug/ml polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) was added and the tissue was mechanically dissociated by pipetting up and down about 10 times. The sample was centrifuged at 400 g for 10 minutes at room temperature and washed twice with fresh media/PVP. The supernatant was discarded, the pellet resuspended in 3 ml of complete medium, and 1 ml of the cell suspension was transferred into wells of 6-well plates coated with 3 g/well vitronectin. The plates were incubated with 5% CO.sub.2 at 37 C. and the medium was changed every day. Fibroblasts adhered to the plates while nonadherent cells and debris were removed when the medium was changed.

(64) TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 Reagents and procedures for specimen digestion. Trypsin/EDTA Enzyme solution Trypsin inhibitor TrypZean 1x (Sigma) HEPES containing RPMI 10 mg/ml Trypsin TrypLE animal free supplemented with 1 mM inhibitor (from 0.05%~0.25% sodium pyruvate, 1.0 mg/ml Glycine max) in (Invitrogen) Collagenase, 150 units/ml Water or PBS Hyaluronidase, and 140 units/ml DNase I (Roche)

(65) After 20 days, reprogramming plasmids were introduced into the fibroblasts using electroporation. Within the next 25 days, multiple iPS colonies emerged and were picked for further analysis. Reprogramming efficiency was about 10 out of 1 million electroporated fibroblasts, without secondary passaging. iPS cells were further passaged to isolate vector-free cell lines.

Example 11

Derivation of iPS Cells from an Adult Individual in Albumin-free Media without Secondary Passage

(66) Adult fibroblasts were reprogrammed in E8 (DMEM/F12 supplemented with insulin, transferrin, selenium, L-ascorbic acid, FGF2, and TGF- (or NODAL)) following the general protocol illustrated in FIG. 6A. Reprogrammed iPS cell lines maintained in E8 for more than 20 passages continued to express pluripotency markers OCT4 and SSEA4 (FIG. 6B).

(67) E8 medium significantly enhanced reprogramming efficiency compared to reprogramming efficiencies using mouse fibroblast feeder cells (MEF) (FIG. 7A) or TeSR (FIG. 7B). Butyrate (100 M) further enhanced reprogramming efficiency in the presence of TGF- (E8) or in the absence of TGF- (E8 without of TGF-, i.e., DF5SFe) (FIG. 7C).

Example 12

Cryopreservation of Pluripotent Stem Cells in an Albumin-free Media

(68) Pluripotent cells were cultured in 6-well plates in E8 medium, essentially as described above. The culture medium was aspirated from each well and the cells were washed twice with 1.0 mL EDTA/PBS (0.5 mM EDTA in PBS, osmolarity 340). The cells were then incubated at 37 C. in EDTA/PBS for 5 minutes. The PBS/EDTA was removed, and the cells were rinsed swiftly with 1 ml of E8 medium. The cells were then resuspended in an equal volume of 20% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and E8 medium (final concentration: 10% DMSO in E8 medium), aliquoted into cryogenic vials, and frozen at 80 C. using a CRYOBOX. The cells were subsequently moved into a liquid nitrogen tank.

Example 13

IGf1 and IGF2 can Replace Insulin in Cell Culture Medium for Maintaining Human Pluripotent Cells

(69) Pluripotent cell survival assays were carried out as described in Example 1.

(70) Media tested included mTeSR and mTeSR with insulin.

(71) Insulin had been thought essential for cell survival and proliferation in human ES cells (Chen et al., Nat. Methods, 8, 424-429 (2011)), but the mechanisms underlying the contribution insulin makes to hES cell survival and proliferation was unknown. To identify insulin downstream receptor(s) that contribute to hES cell survival the inventors used antibody screening assays. H1 ES cells were individualized and plated onto Matrigel coated plates with various antibodies (Anti-Insulin Receptor (Anti-IR), Anti-IGF1 Receptor (Anti-IGF1R), Anti-IGF 2 Receptor (Anti-IGF2R); Millipore) in mTeSR medium. Cells were counted 24 hours after plating, and cell survival rate was normalized with 0 hr input cell number. Cells exposed to anti-IGF1R antibody significantly decreased in number, while anti-IR and anti-IGF2R antibody did not affect cell survival rate (FIGS. 8A and 8B). This observation suggests that insulin activates the IGF1 receptor (IGF1R) to sustain cell survival.

(72) IGF1R is known to be activated by insulin, IGF1 and IGF2 (Nguyen et al., Reproduction 134:41-49 (2007)). Accordingly, the inventors designed and carried out experiments to test how IGF1 or IGF2 could affect ES cell survival. Individualized H1 ES cells were plated in mTeSR with or without insulin (Sigma). IGF1 (30 ng/ml) and IGF2 (30 ng/ml) were added to media at 0 hour. IGF1 and IGF2 rescued cell survival in the absence of insulin (FIG. 8C). Dosage response assays were conducted to determine useful concentrations of IGF1, IGF2, and Long-IGF-1 (Sigma) in pluripotent cell maintenance medium. Individualized H1 ES cells were plated in mTeSR without insulin, IGF1, IGF2 and Long-IGF1 were added at 0 hour, and cell survival was measured after 24 hours. Dosage response assays demonstrated that IGF1, IGF2 and the IGF1 derivative Long-IGF1 can support hES cell survival in the absence of insulin at a low concentration (e.g., 3 ng/ml; FIGS. 8D and 8E) relative to the concentration of insulin used for cell survival in TeSR (i.e., 20 ug/ml).

(73) To determine whether IGF1 and IGF2 are sufficient to support ES cell proliferation in the absence of insulin, individualized H1 ES cells were plated onto Matrigel plates in TeSR (with insulin) for the first 24 hours. Then insulin was either removed or replaced with IGF1 (30 ng/ml) and IGF2 (30 ng/ml). Cell numbers were measured at specific time points, and the fold change in cell numbers was normalized to the cell counts at the time when insulin was first replaced. IGF1 and IGF2 (30 ng/ml) were able to support cell proliferation in feeder-free cell culture (e.g., Ludwig et al., Nat. Biotechnol 24, 185-187 (2006); Chen et al., Nat. Methods, 8, 424-429 (2011)) (FIG. 8F). Together, these data suggest that ES cell survival and proliferation is supported by IGF1 or IGF2 through IGF1R.

(74) IGF1 and IGF2 can replace insulin in human pluripotent cell culture for regular cell maintenance. IGF1R, not Insulin Receptor (IR), is the target of insulin in TeSR. Insulin is functional in TeSR due to its side effect on IGF1R. It might be advantageous to use ligands of the IGF1R receptor, IGF1 and IGF2, rather than insulin for culture of human pluripotent cells. Further, IGF1 IGF2 and insulin in pluripotent cell culture can potentially affect cell fate determination (Nakae et al., EMBO 19:989-996 (2000); Dupont et al., Endocrinol. 142:4969-4975 (2001); Shen et al. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 283:E593-603 (2002)). It is possible that during cell culture IGF1/2 and insulin could elicit different gene expression- and differentiation patterns in cells by activating IR differently. Thus, culture with insulin, rather than IGF1/2 could cause cells to differentiate into undesirable cell types.

(75) The invention has been described in connection with what are presently considered to be the most practical and preferred embodiments. However, the present invention has been presented by way of illustration and is not intended to be limited to the disclosed embodiments. Accordingly, those skilled in the art will realize that the invention is intended to encompass all modifications and alternative arrangements within the spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims.