Railroad tank car

Abstract

Railroad tank cars are provided that include an inner tank, an outer tank, and tank to tank clearance between the inner tank and the outer tank. Insulation and spacers can be located within the tank to tank clearance. The inner tank can shift within the outer tank, and spacers can crush, under significant force loading, such as impact forces generated during a collision or derailment. The inner tank, insulation, spacers, and outer tank thus form an energy absorbing system that reduces the likelihood that the inner tank will be breached, and that a hazardous material contained therein will be released, under such conditions.

Claims

1. A tank car comprising: a. an outer tank; b. an inner tank enclosed within the outer tank, the inner tank being supported by a bottom support structure, where there is a tank to tank clearance defined between the inner tank and the outer tank; c. an inner tank repad, said inner tank repad secured to the inner tank with the inner tank support secured to the inner tank repad; and d. said bottom support structure including; i. an inner tank support that is secured to the inner tank; ii. a tank cradle secured to the outer tank, said tank cradle shaped to receive the inner tank support so that the inner tank support rests on the tank cradle and the inner tank support can slide along or lift off of the tank cradle, and further comprising foam positioned between the inner tank repad and the inner tank support.

2. The tank car of claim 1 wherein the inner tank support is secured to the inner tank by welding.

3. The tank car of claim 1 wherein the inner tank repad is welded to the inner tank and the inner tank support is welded to the inner tank repad.

4. The tank car of claim 1 further comprising foam positioned between the tank cradle and the outer tank.

5. The tank car of claim 1 wherein the tank cradle is secured to the outer tank by welding.

6. The tank car of claim 1 further comprising foam positioned between the tank cradle and the outer tank.

7. The tank car of claim 1 wherein the inner tank support includes an inner tank support curved surface.

8. The tank car of claim 7 wherein the tank cradle includes a tank cradle curve surface upon which the inner tank support curved surface rests.

9. The tank car of claim 1 further comprising spacers and insulation within the tank to tank clearance defined between the inner tank and the outer tank whereby when the inner tank shifts within the outer tank under impact loading conditions, the insulation and spacers absorb energy of the impact loading conditions.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) Specific examples have been chosen for purposes of illustration and description, and are shown in the accompanying drawings, forming a part of the specification.

(2) FIG. 1 illustrates a side cross sectional view of one example of a tank car of the present technology.

(3) FIG. 2 illustrates a detail view of the cross sectional view of the tank car of FIG. 1.

(4) FIG. 3 illustrates an end cross sectional view of the tank car of FIG. 1.

(5) FIG. 4 illustrates one embodiment of a spacer for use in the tank car of FIG. 1.

(6) FIG. 5 illustrates a perspective view of a second example of a tank car of the present technology.

(7) FIG. 6 illustrates an upper spacer of the tank car of FIG. 5.

(8) FIG. 7 illustrates a lower spacer of the tank car of FIG. 5.

(9) FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view of one example of a lower support structure of the tank car of FIGS. 1 and 5.

(10) FIG. 9 illustrates one examples of a dome that can be used with the tank car of FIGS. 1 and 5.

(11) FIG. 10 illustrates a tank car of FIG. 5 undergoing shell impact energy absorption testing through finite element analysis, prior to the ram impacting the shell of the tank car.

(12) FIG. 11 illustrates a tank car of FIG. 5 undergoing shell impact energy absorption testing through finite element analysis, after the ram impacts the shell of the tank car.

(13) FIG. 12 illustrates a tank car of FIG. 5 undergoing head impact energy absorption testing through finite element analysis, prior to the ram impacting the head of the tank car.

(14) FIG. 13 illustrates a tank car of FIG. 5 undergoing head impact energy absorption testing through finite element analysis, after the ram impacts the head of the tank car.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

(15) Tank cars of the present technology are designed to have improved impact resistance as compared to conventional tank cars. The tank cars have an outer tank that surrounds an inner tank. The inner tank is enclosed by the outer tank, and is supported within the outer tank.

(16) Tank cars of the present technology can be used to transport commodities, including but not limited to liquid commodities, gaseous commodities, and commodities that are gas-liquid mixtures. The transported commodities can be hazardous or non-hazardous, and can be pressurized or not pressurized.

(17) FIGS. 1 through 4 illustrate one example of a tank car 100 of the present technology, which includes an outer tank 102, an inner tank 104, and a tank to tank clearance 106 between the outer tank 102 and the inner tank 104 that contains insulation 108 and spacers 110. The outer tank 104 and the inner tank 102 can each be generally cylindrical, having substantially circular cross-sections that are preferably concentric, as shown in FIG. 3. As illustrated further in FIG. 3, the tank car 100 also includes a bottom support structure 112 that serves to support the inner tank as well as maintains the inner tank's independence from the outer tank. The tank car can also include a dome 114, which can be located at the top of the tank car to provide access for loading and unloading a commodity stored within the inner tank 104 of the tank car 100. In at least one example, the inner tank 104 is rigidly connected to the outer tank 104 only at the dome 114.

(18) The inner tank 104 can be made of any suitable material or materials, and includes an inner tank heads 116 and an inner tank shell 118. In one embodiment, the inner tank heads 116 and the inner tank shell 118 are both made from TC 128 Gr B steel. The thickness of the inner tank heads 116 can be from about of an inch to about 1 inch. The thickness of the inner tank shell 118 can be from about 7/16 of an inch to about 9/16 of an inch, and preferably has a thickness that is at least about 15/32 of an inch.

(19) The outer tank 102 can also be made of any suitable material, and includes outer tank heads 120 and an outer tank shell 122. In one embodiment, the outer tank head 120 and the outer tank shell 122 can both be made from TC 128 Gr B steel. The thickness of the outer tank head 120 can be at least about an inch, and can preferably be from about of an inch to about 1 inch. The thickness of the outer tank shell 122 can be at least about 15/32 of an inch, and can preferably be from about of an inch to about 1 inch.

(20) In one embodiment, the outer tank 102 may be constructed from a special high toughness steel. The high toughness steel is produced by continuous casting from a melt produced in either basic oxygen or electric furnaces. The steel may either be hot rolled with a maximum finishing temperature of 1125 C. or normalized after rolling in order to achieve optimal toughness properties. If normalized, the temperature for the normalization treatment is 950 C. for 1 hour and air cooled. The composition of the steel is: 0.05% C, 0.94% Mn, 0.52% Si, 1.29% Cu, 0.74% Ni, 0.07% Nb, 0.08% Ti, 0.005% S maximum, 0.005% P maximum, remainder Fe. This composition is nominal and may be adjusted for manufacturing and physical property optimization.

(21) In some embodiments, the inner tank shell 118 and the outer tank shell 122 have a combined thickness of at least about 1.5 inches, and the inner tank head 116 and the outer tank head 120 have a combined thickness of at least about 1.7 inches.

(22) The tank to tank clearance 106, which is measured from the outside surface of inner tank shell 118 to the inside surface of the outer tank shell 122, can be any suitable distance. In at least one example, the tank to tank clearance 106 is about 4 inches. As another example only, the clearance could be in the range of approximately 2 to 5 inches.

(23) Spacers 110 are placed between the inner tank 104 and outer tank 102, and can allow for energy absorption. The spacers 110 can be designed to crush under impact loading conditions of significant force loading, such as when the tank car experiences an impact or derailment. The spacers can be made from any suitable material, including, but not limited to, A516-70 or TC128 Gr B steel.

(24) One example of a spacer is indicated in general at 110 in FIG. 4. In this example, the outer tank 102 includes one or more openings 124, and the spacer 110 extends through each opening 124 to abut the inner tank 104. The spacer 110 has a cover plate 128, at least two legs 130a and 130b that extend away from the cover plate 128, and a bottom 132 connected to the legs 130a and 130b that contacts the inner tank shell 104 when the spacer 110 is inserted into the opening 124. In such an embodiment, under impact conditions, the spacers 110 can crumple or crush as the inner tank 104 shifts within the outer tank 102, or the spacers can be dislodged and pushed outwardly by the inner tank 104 shifting within the outer tank 102.

(25) An alternative arrangement of spacers is illustrated in FIGS. 5 through 7. As shown in FIG. 5, a tank car 200 having an inner tank 202 and an outer tank 204 has a plurality of upper spacers 206a-206f and a plurality of lower spacers 208a-208e. One side of the tank car 200 is shown in FIG. 5, and it should be understood that the other side has a symmetrical arrangement of spacers. The upper spacers 206a-208f are spaced apart along the length of the upper half of the tank car 200, and the lower spacers 208a-208e are spaced apart along the length of the lower half of the tank car 200. As illustrated, each side of the tank car preferably has six upper spacers 206a-206f and five lower spacers 208a-208e, but the number of upper and lower spacers will vary with the size of the tank.

(26) One example of an upper spacer 206 is shown in FIG. 6. Each upper spacer 206 can be secured to the outer tank shell 204, such as, for example, being welded to the outer tank shell 204. An upper spacer 206 can be generally U-shaped, having two legs 210a and 210b that extend away from the outer tank shell 204 towards the inner tank shell 202, and a cross piece 212 that extends from one leg 210a to the other leg 210b, connecting the two legs. In some examples, the connection points 214a and 214b between the legs 210a and 210b and the cross piece 212 are squared or rounded. The upper spacers can be made of any suitable material, including, for example, A516-70 or TC128 Gr B steel. A572-50 steel can be used in place of A516-70 in any situation that is not pressure retaining. In at least one example, each leg 210a and 210b and the cross piece 212 of an upper spacer 206 can have a thickness from about of an inch to about 1 inch, including for example having a thickness of about of an inch. Additionally, an upper spacer 206 can have any suitable height, measured from the end of the leg 210 that is secured to the outer tank shell 204 to the outer surface of the cross piece 212, and preferably has a height that spans the tank to tank clearance so that the cross piece 212 of the upper spacer 206 abuts the inner tank shell when the upper spacer 206 is installed in the tank car. Further, an upper spacer 206 can have any suitable width, measured from the outer edge of one leg 210 to the outer edge of the other leg 210, such as a width of from about 3 inches to about 5 inches, including for example about 3.5 inches.

(27) One example of a lower spacer 208 is illustrated in FIG. 7. Each lower spacer 208 can be secured, such as by welding, to the inner tank shell 202, or preferably to a tank reinforcing pad 216 that is secured to the inner tank shell 202. As illustrated in FIG. 7, the lower spacer 208 is secured to the tank reinforcing pad 216 at a first end 218 and a second end 220. Between the first end 218 and the second end 220 of the lower spacer 208, the lower spacer curves outwardly, away from the inner tank shell 202 and the reinforcing pad 216, forming an apex 222 and two legs 224a and 224b. The lower spacers can be made of any suitable material, including, for example, A516-70 or TC128 Gr B steel or A572-50 steel (for non-pressure retaining components). In at least one example, the lower spacer 208 can have a thickness from about of an inch to about 1 inch, including for example having a thickness of about of an inch. The lower spacer can have any suitable length, measured from the outer edge of the first end 218 to the outer edge of the second end 220, including but not limited to a length of from about 8 inches to about 15 inches, including for example a length of about 12 inches. The lower spacer 208 can also have any suitable height, measured from the edge of the lower spacer secured to the inner tank shell 202 or the reinforcing pad 216 to the apex 222 of the lower spacer, and preferably has a height that spans the tank to tank clearance so that the apex 222 of the lower spacer 208 abuts the outer tank shell 204 when the lower spacer 208 is installed in the tank car.

(28) Referring back to FIGS. 1-3, insulation 108 can surround the shell of the inner tank 104. Preferably, the insulation 108 substantially entirely surrounds the inner tank, 104, filling any area within the tank to tank clearance 106 that is not taken up by the spacers 110, the bottom support structure 112, and the dome 114. The insulation can be any suitable material, and can contain multiple layers. In one embodiment, the insulation includes a first insulation layer and a second insulation layer. The first insulation layer can be, for example, 4.5 pound cuft ceramic fiber, and can be about 2 inches thick. The second insulation layer can be, for example, pound cuft fiberglass, and can be about 2 inches thick. Insulation layers can vary with the clearance between tanks. As another example, more insulation may be compressed down to the four inches clearance so that a single layer of insulation is used.

(29) Referring to FIGS. 1-3 and 8, the bottom support structure 112 can be made of any suitable materials, including, but not limited to A516-70 or TC128 Gr B steel. The bottom support structure 112 is preferably located between the inner tank 102 and outer tank 104 in the region of the bolsters 126. The bottom support structure 112 includes a curved inner tank support 300 that is secured, such as by welding, to the inner tank 104, or to an inner tank repad 302 as illustrated in FIG. 8. The inner tank repad 302 is secured, such as by welding, to the inner tank 104. The bottom support structure 112 also includes a tank cradle 306 that is secured, such as by welding, to the outer tank 102. The tank cradle 306 is shaped to receive the inner tank support 300. Support can thus be provided to the inner tank 104 by bottom support structure 112 when the inner tank support 300 rests on the tank cradle. While the inner tank support 300 and the tank cradle 306 are preferably in contact under normal operating and loading conditions, they are not mechanically connected. The inner tank support 300 can slide along the tank cradle 306 or lift off the cradle 306 under significant force loading conditions such as collision, derailment, and tank car rollover. In at least one embodiment, the bottom support structure 112 also includes foam 308, such as, for example DOW beta foam, to provide additional support. The foam 308 is located between the inner tank support 300 and the inner tank 104 or the inner tank repad 302, between the tank cradle 306 and the outer tank 102, or both. An alternative material for the bottom support includes A572-50 steel. In addition, a urethane foam may be used in place of DOW beta foam, but it would serve only a thermal function, not a structural one (which is acceptable).

(30) FIG. 9 illustrates a cross-section of one example of a dome 114 that can be used with tank cars of the present technology. The dome 114 includes a nozzle 400, through which the commodity can be placed into and removed from the inner tank 104. When the tank car is in operation, a cover plate 402 can be used to cover and close the nozzle 400. The cover plate 402 is removably secured to the nozzle 400, such as being secured by a number of bolts 404. The dome 114 can include a sidewall 406, which can be circular, and which preferably extends above the nozzle 400 and cover plate 402. A circular reinforcing plate 408 can also be included, to provide additional structural support to the dome 114, including the sidewall 406.

(31) The outer tank 102, insulation 108, spacers 110, and the inner tank 104 act as an energy absorbing system in the event of a derailment or other event that would possibly lead to a puncture, or other breach, of the inner tank 104. The energy absorbing system of the tank car 100 allows the inner tank 104 to move independently of the outer tank 102, which can absorb at least a significant amount of the force applied to the tank car 100 in an impact or derailment scenario, thus reducing the likelihood that the shell of the inner tank 104 will be breached.

(32) Puncture Resistance

(33) The tank car 100 preferably has a shell impact energy absorption of at least about 2.5 million foot-pounds at the tank centerline, and a head impact energy absorption of at least about 1.5 million foot-pounds at a point that is about 29 inches below the tank centerline. This can be about a 1.5 times increase in shell impact energy absorption, and a 1.4 times increase in head impact energy absorption, over current tank car designs, as shown in the Table 1 below.

(34) TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Shell Impact energy Head Impact energy Type of Tank Car (ft-lbs) (ft-lbs) Conventional 500 lb. Car 1,261,000 782,000 Interim 600 lb. Car 1,742,000 1,100,000 Subject Tank Car 2,500,000 1,500,000

Example 1

Shell Puncture

(35) With reference to Table 2, tank cars having an inner tank and an outer tank were analyzed, using finite element analysis, for shell impact energy absorption using a ram, as shown in FIGS. 10 and 11. The ram had a total weight of 286,000 pounds and a wedge shaped ram head 502 with a 6 inch by 6 inch impact face 504. As shown in FIGS. 10 and 11, the test was conducted by driving the ram into tank car at the centerline 506 of the tank outer shell 508. The impact energy, delivered by the ram was varied by changing the speed of the ram when it impacts the tank car, known as the ram impact speed. The shell impact energy absorption of a particular tank car is the maximum amount of impact energy that the shell of the tank car can absorb without puncturing.

(36) The first and second tank car designs each had an inner tank shell 510 having a cylindrical length of about 472 inches and an inner diameter of about 100 inches, made of TC 128 GR B steel having a thickness of 0.4688 of an inch. The inner tank was pressurized at about 100 psi. The inner tank heads were 2:1 ellipsoidal heads made of TC 128 GR B steel, and the overall length of the inner tank car was about 522 inches as measured from the center point of the inner tank head at one end of the inner tank to the center point of the inner tank head at the opposite end of the inner tank.

(37) The first tank car design had an inner and outer tank shell 508 made of TC 128 GR B steel having a thickness of 0.4688 inches, and a tank to tank standoff of about 4 inches. The ram impact speed was about 16.2 miles per hour (mph), delivering an impact energy of about 2.5 million foot-pounds. The impact energy delivered by the ram upon impact with the first tank car caused deformation of the outer tank shell and the inner tank shell, and also resulted in both shells being punctured. Calculations showed that the outer tank shell punctured at a ram displacement of about 29 inches and a peak force of about 855,000 pounds. The inner tank shell punctured rapidly after failure of the outer tank shell. The impact energy absorption at failure was calculated to be about 1.32 million foot-pounds. The results of the testing for the first tank car design are shown in row 7 of Table 2 below.

(38) The second tank car design had an outer tank shell 508 made of TC 128 GR B steel having a thickness of 0.777 inches, and a tank to tank standoff of about 4 inches. The ram impact speed was about 16.2 miles per hour (mph), delivering an impact energy of about 2.5 million foot-pounds. As shown in FIG. 11, the impact energy delivered by the ram caused deformation of the outer tank shell 508 and the inner tank shell 510, but the outer jacket resisted the impact forces of the ram and neither outer tank shell 508 nor the inner tank shell 510 was punctured. The maximum ram displacement was about 42 inches, and the shell impact energy absorption was at least 2.5 million foot-pounds since the delivered impact energy of that amount was absorbed and dissipated by the tank deformation. The results of the testing for the second tank car design at this ram speed are shown in row 8 in Table 2 below.

(39) The second tank car design was also tested at ram impact speeds of 17.7 mph, and 18.8 mph, and 20.0 mph, which delivered impact energies of 3.0 million ft-lbs, 2.6 million ft-lbs, and 2.6 million ft-lbs, respectively. The 3.0 million ft-lb impact energy was sufficient to initiate fractures in the 0.777 inches thick outer tank shell, but the outer tank shell was not fully penetrated and no fractures were initiated in the inner tank shell. Thus, the puncture threshold of the tank car is higher than the 3.0 million ft-lb impact energy. However, when the impact speed was further increased to 18.8 mph and 20.0 mph, puncture of the tank car resulted. Calculations determined that the puncture occurred at a an impact energy of approximately 2.6 million ft-lbs. Without being bound by any particular theory, it is believed that the puncture resulted due to additional dynamic effects that are introduced in the tank car response to impact at these higher speeds. Accordingly, the inertial effects at the higher speeds resulted in the impact forces exceeding the puncture threshold for the tank car at a lower displacement than was achieved when the impact speed was at the slightly reduced 17.7 mph. However, in each instance, the tank car still maintained a impact energy absorption above 2.5 million ft-lbs. The additional results of the testing for the second tank car design at these higher speeds are shown in rows 9-11 of Table 2 below.

(40) The third tank car design had an outer tank shell 508 made of TC 128 GR B steel having a thickness of 0.7145 inches, and a tank to tank standoff of about 4 inches. The third tank car design had an inner tank shell 510 having a cylindrical length of about 472 inches and an inner diameter of about 100 inches, made of TC 128 GR B steel having a thickness of 0.5625 of an inch. The inner tank was pressurized at about 100 psi. The inner tank heads were 2:1 ellipsoidal heads made of TC 128 GR B steel, and the overall length of the inner tank car was about 522 inches as measured from the center point of the inner tank head at one end of the inner tank to the center point of the inner tank head at the opposite end of the inner tank. The third tank car design also tested at ram impact speed of 17.7 mph, which delivered impact energies of 3.0 million ft-lbs. The 3.0 million ft-lb impact energy was determined to be at the puncture threshold for the third tank car design. The results of the testing for the third tank car design are shown in row 12 of Table 2 below.

(41) Testing was conducted on additional tank car designs as reported in Table 2 below. The dimensions and materials of the tank car designs, and the ram impact conditions, were the same as those above except for the dimensions noted in Table 2.

(42) TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Inner Outer Internal Puncture Puncture Tank Tank Impact Pressure Force Energy No. Shell Shell Speed (psi) (lbs) (ft-lbs) 1 0.5625 in 0.119 in 20.0 100 psi 676,000 673,000 TC128B A1011 mph 2 0.777 in 0.119 in 20.0 100 psi 915,000 1,261,000 TC128B A1011 mph 3 0.981 in 0.119 in 20.0 100 psi 1,152,000 1,742,000 TC128B A1011 mph 4 0.777 in 0.375 in 20.0 100 psi 1,010,000 1,732,000 TC128B TC128B mph 5 0.5625 in 0.119 in 20.0 100 psi 686,000 675,000 TC128B A1011 mph 6 0.777 in 0.5625 in 20.0 100 psi 1,090,000 2,175,000 TC128B TC128B mph 7 0.4688 in 0.4688 in 16.2 100 psi 855,000 1,320,000 TC128B TC128B mph 8 0.4688 in 0.777 in 16.2 100 psi (1,100,000).sup.1 (2,500,000).sup.1 TC128B TC128B mph 9 0.4688 in 0.777 in 20.0 100 psi 1,230,000 2,590,000 TC128B TC128B mph 10 0.4688 in 0.777 in 17.7 100 psi (1,190,000).sup.1 (3,000,000).sup.1 TC128B TC128B mph 11 0.4688 in 0.777 in 18.8 100 psi 1,220,000 2,600,000 TC128B TC128B mph 12 0.5625 in 0.7145 in 17.7 100 psi 1,210,000 3,000,000 TC128B TC128B mph Note: .sup.1Tank was not fully punctured at this impact velocity.

Example 2

Head Puncture

(43) Tank cars having an inner tank and an outer tank were analyzed for head impact energy absorption using a ram, as shown in FIGS. 12 and 13. The ram had a total weight of 286,000 pounds and a wedge shaped ram head 602 with a 6 inch by 6 inch impact face 604. As shown in FIGS. 12 and 13, the test was conducted by driving the ram into head tank car at a point 606 that is about 29 inches below the tank centerline. The impact energy, delivered by the ram was varied by changing the speed of the ram when it impacted the tank car, known as the ram impact speed. The head impact energy absorption of a particular tank car is the maximum amount of impact energy that the head of the tank car can absorb without puncturing.

(44) Three test designs for the outer tank were evaluated, each having identical inner tank geometries, with a 0.879 inch thick TC128 Gr B steel inner tank head 610 and a 0.4688 inch thick TC128 Gr B steel inner tank shell 614. The inner tank head 610 for each tank car tested had a diameter that was nominally about 100 inches, and the inner tank was pressurized to an internal pressure of 100 psi. The geometry of the inner tank head 610 for each tank car was a 2:1 ellipsoid. The outer tank head 612 for each tank car had a 108 inch inner diameter and a dished geometry with a tank to tank clearance of 4 inches from the inner tank head 610.

(45) The ram impact speed used for the initial head impact energy absorption analyses of all three outer tank test designs was 12.52 mph, which delivered an impact energy of 1.5 million ft-lbs. As shown in FIG. 13, the impact energy delivered by the ram caused at least deformation of the outer tank head 612 and the inner tank head 610 for each tested design, and also resulted in puncturing some of the tested designs as described below.

(46) The first outer tank design had a 0.500 inch thick TC128 Gr B steel outer tank head 612, and a 0.375 inch thick TC128 Gr B steel outer tank shell 616. The outer tank head 612 was punctured at a ram displacement of approximately 18 inches and a peak ram force of approximately 1.06 million lbs. The inner tank head 610 was punctured at a ram displacement of approximately 22 inches and a ram force of 1.06 million lbs. The head puncture energy at puncture of the inner tank head 610 was calculated to be about 1.11 million ft-lbs. The results for the first design are listed in row 16 of Table 3 below.

(47) The second outer tank design had a 0.879 inch thick TC128 Gr B steel outer tank head 612, and a 0.375 inch thick TC128 Gr B steel outer tank shell 616. The outer tank head 612 was partially penetrated late in the impact response, at a ram displacement of approximately 20 inches and a peak force of approximately 1.57 million lbs. However, the ram was stopped at a maximum displacement of approximately 21 inches, and the inner tank head 610 was not punctured. The entire impact energy of 1.5 million ft-lbs was absorbed and dissipated by this second design. The results for the second design are listed in row 17 of Table 3 below.

(48) The third outer tank design had a 0.879 inch thick TC128 Gr B steel outer tank head 612, and a 0.777 inch thick TC128 Gr B steel outer tank shell 616 to be consistent with some of the outer tank shell designs of Example 1. The outer tank head 612 was partially penetrated late in the impact response, at a ram displacement approximately 19 inches and a peak force of approximately 1.59 million lbs. The ram was stopped at a maximum displacement of approximately 21 inches, and the inner tank head 610 was not punctured. The entire impact energy of 1.5 million ft-lbs was absorbed and dissipated by this third design. The results for the third design are listed in row 18 of Table 3 below.

(49) To establish the maximum puncture energy that the third outer tank design can withstand, additional testing was performed at a higher ram impact speed of 14.5 mph, corresponding to an impact energy of 2.0 million ft-lbs. The higher speed impact was sufficient to puncture both the outer tank head and the inner tank head with a puncture energy of 1.86 million ft-lbs. The results for the third design at the higher speed are listed in row 19 of Table 3 below.

(50) Testing was conducted on additional tank car designs as reported in Table 3 below. The dimensions and materials of the tank car designs, and the ram impact conditions, were the same as those above except for the dimensions noted in Table 3. The inner tank heads were all made of TC128 Gr B steel having a thickness indicated in Table 3 below, and the inner tank shells were all 0.4688 inch thick TC128 Gr B steel.

(51) TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Inner Outer Outer Puncture Puncture Tank Tank Tank Impact Force Energy No. Head Head Shell Speed (lbs) (ft-lbs) 1 1.1360 0.500 11 gauge 14 1,206,000 1,121,000 A572-50 A1011 mph 2 0.8281 0.500 11 gauge 10 966,000 916,000 A572-50 A1011 mph 3 0.8281 0.8281 11 gauge 14 1,289,000 1,321,000 TC128B A1011 mph 4 1.1360 0.500 11 gauge 11 1,229,000 1,110,000 A572-50 A1011 mph 5 0.6030 0.8281 0.375 11 (1,240,000).sup.3 (1,190,000).sup.3 TC128B TC128B mph 6 0.6030 0.500 11 gauge 10 813,000 782,000 A572-50 A1011 mph 7 0.6030 0.8281 0.375 14 1,316,000 1,537,000 TC128B TC128B mph 8 0.8281 0.8281 11 gauge 14 1,311,000 1,482,000 TC128B A1011 mph 9 0.8281 0.680 0.375 14 1,292,000 1,390,000 TC128B TC128B mph 10 0.8281 11 gauge 11 gauge 10 813,000 610,000 A1011 A1011 mph 11 0.8281 0.8281 11 gauge 10 1,218,000 1,494,000 TC128B A1011 mph 12 0.8281 0.680 0.375 14 1,195,000 1,252,000 TC128B TC128B mph 13 0.8281 0.500 11 gauge 14 952,000 1,100,000 A572-50 A1011 mph 14 0.8281 0.680 11 gauge 14 1,189,000 1,281,000 TC128B A1011 mph 15 0.8281 0.8281 0.375 14 1,466,000 1,661,000 TC128B TC128B mph 16 0.8790 0.5000 0.375 12.5 1,056,000 1,110,000 TC128B TC128B mph 17 0.8790 0.8790 0.375 12.5 (1,565,000).sup.3 (1,500,000).sup.3 TC128B TC128B mph 18 0.8790 0.8790 0.777 12.5 (1,586,000).sup.3 (1,500,000).sup.3 TC128B TC128B mph 19 0.8790 0.8790 0.777 14.5 1,586,000 1,860,000 TC128B TC128B mph

Example 3

(52) A tank car of the present technology having a tank to tank clearance of about 4 inches was made having the following dimensions: An inner tank shell having an inner diameter of 100.625 inches made of TC 128 GR B steel having a thickness of 15/32 of an inch. An inner tank head made of TC 128 GR B steel having a thickness of 0.879 inches. An outer tank shell having an inner diameter of 109.5625 inches made of TC 128 GR B steel having a thickness of 0.777 inches. An outer tank head made of TC 128 GR B steel having a thickness of 0.879 inches.

(53) The shell impact energy absorption of the tank car was determined to be about 3.0 million foot-pounds at the tank car centerline, and the head impact energy absorption was determined to be about 1.9 million foot-pounds at a point about 29 inches below the tank car centerline.

(54) From the foregoing, it will be appreciated that although specific examples have been described herein for purposes of illustration, various modifications may be made without deviating from the spirit or scope of this disclosure. It is therefore intended that the foregoing detailed description be regarded as illustrative rather than limiting, and that it be understood that it is the following claims, including all equivalents, that are intended to particularly point out and distinctly claim the claimed subject matter.