Fluid control manifold for membrane filtration system

Abstract

Disclosed herein are apparatus and methods for filtering a fluid including a filter module assembly coupled to a manifold. The manifold may include a manifold inlet in fluid communication with a source of feed liquid, an outlet in fluid communication with header of the filter module assembly, a fluid passageway in fluid communication with the manifold inlet, a source of gas, and the outlet, a second fluid passageway in fluid communication with the header and the first fluid passageway and a second manifold outlet vertically displaced from the first manifold outlet and in fluid communication between the first fluid passageway and the second fluid passageway.

Claims

1. A modular filtration system comprising: a filtration module including: a chamber having a feed inlet and a filtrate outlet; a plurality of hollow fiber membranes disposed in the chamber dividing the chamber into a feed side corresponding to an exterior of the plurality of hollow fiber membranes and in fluid communication with the feed inlet, and a filtrate side corresponding to an interior of the plurality of hollow fiber membranes and in fluid communication with the filtrate outlet; a first header in fluid communication with the plurality of hollow fiber membranes; and a first manifold including: a manifold inlet in fluid communication with a source of feed liquid; a first manifold outlet in fluid communication with the first header; a first fluid passageway in fluid communication with the manifold inlet, a source of gas, the first manifold outlet, and the exterior of the plurality of hollow fiber membranes; a second fluid passageway in fluid communication with the first header, the first fluid passageway, and the exterior of the plurality of hollow fiber membranes, the second fluid passageway configured to deliver gas to the feed side of the chamber; and a second manifold outlet vertically displaced from the first manifold outlet and in fluid communication between the first fluid passageway and the second fluid passageway.

2. The modular filtration system of claim 1, wherein the first header includes: a first feed passageway in fluid communication with the first manifold outlet and extending through the first header, the first feed passageway having a feed inlet, a feed outlet, and a discharge port in fluid communication with the exterior of the plurality of hollow fiber membranes disposed in the chamber; and a first gas distribution passageway in fluid communication with the second manifold outlet and extending through the first header and positioned within the first feed passageway, the first gas distribution passageway having a receiving port, a gas outlet, and one or more openings in fluid communication with the first feed passageway.

3. The modular filtration system of claim 2, wherein the first header further includes: a first filtrate passageway extending through the first header and positioned within the first feed passageway, the first filtrate passageway having a receiving port in fluid communication with the interior of the plurality of hollow fiber membranes, and a filtrate outlet.

4. The modular filtration system of claim 3, further comprising at least one additional manifold disposed adjacent the first manifold and having an inlet in fluid communication with the first fluid passageway.

5. The modular filtration system of claim 4, wherein the filtration module is a first filtration module and the modular filtration system further comprises a second filtration module disposed adjacent the first filtration module, the second filtration module comprising a second header disposed adjacent to the first header of the first filtration module and having a filtrate passageway in fluid communication with the filtrate outlet of the first filtrate passageway and in fluid communication with interiors of hollow fiber membranes disposed in a chamber of the second filtration module.

6. The modular filtration system of claim 5, wherein the gas outlet of the first gas distribution passageway is in fluid communication with an inlet of a gas distribution passageway of the second header.

7. The modular filtration system of claim 6, wherein the feed outlet of the first feed passageway is in fluid communication with an inlet of a feed passageway of the second header.

8. The modular filtration system of claim 4, wherein each of the first manifold and the at least one additional manifold has a first planar end face and a second planar end face disposed opposite the first planar end face, the first planar end face including the manifold inlet, and having an annular recess configured to receive an O-ring, and the second planar end face including a bevelled annular projection adapted to engage an O-ring such that the annular recess of the first planar end face of the first manifold is configured to receive an O-ring positioned in the beveled annular projection of the second planar end face of the at least one additional manifold.

9. The modular filtration system of claim 1, further comprising a T-piece device connected to the first manifold, the T-piece device configured to provide the source of feed liquid and the source of gas.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

(1) The accompanying drawings are not intended to be drawn to scale. In the drawings, each identical or nearly identical component that is illustrated in various figures is represented by a like numeral. For purposes of clarity, not every component may be labelled in every drawing. In the drawings:

(2) FIG. 1 is an exploded perspective view of a filter module assembly for use with one embodiment of the invention;

(3) FIG. 2 is a partly broken away sectional view of the top portion of the module of FIG. 1;

(4) FIG. 3 is partly exploded perspective view of a row of filter modules as shown in FIG. 1;

(5) FIG. 4 is partly exploded perspective view of a bank of filter modules as shown in FIG. 3;

(6) FIG. 5 is an isometric side view of a feed control manifold according to one embodiment of the present invention;

(7) FIG. 6 is a simplified plan view of a bank of filter modules according to one embodiment of the invention;

(8) FIG. 7 is a simplified partial end elevational view of a lower portion of the bank of filter modules of FIG. 6;

(9) FIG. 8 is a simplified partial side elevational view of a lower portion of the bank of filter modules of FIG. 6;

(10) FIG. 9 is a simplified broken side sectional view of the lower portion of a row of filter modules according to the embodiment of the present invention shown in FIG. 6;

(11) FIG. 10 is a simplified broken side sectional view of the lower portion of a row of filter modules of FIG. 6 illustrating the modules in filtration mode;

(12) FIG. 11 is a simplified broken side sectional view of the lower portion of a row of filter modules of FIG. 6 illustrating the modules at the beginning of an aeration or gas scouring mode;

(13) FIG. 12 is a simplified broken side sectional view of the lower portion of a row of filter modules of FIG. 6 illustrating the modules in an aeration or gas scouring mode;

(14) FIG. 13 is perspective view of a filtration control manifold according to another embodiment of the invention;

(15) FIG. 14 is an end elevational view of the filtration control manifold of FIG. 13;

(16) FIG. 15 is a side elevational view of the filtration control manifold of FIG. 13;

(17) FIG. 16 is sectional end elevational view taken along line A-A of FIG. 15;

(18) FIG. 17 is perspective view of a filtration control manifold according to another embodiment of the invention;

(19) FIG. 18 is an end elevational view of the filtration control manifold of FIG. 17;

(20) FIG. 19 is a side elevational view of the filtration control manifold of FIG. 17;

(21) FIG. 20 is sectional end elevational view taken along line A-A of FIG. 19;

(22) FIG. 21 is perspective view of a filtration control manifold according to another embodiment of the invention;

(23) FIG. 22 is an end elevational view of the filtration control manifold of FIG. 21;

(24) FIG. 23 is a side elevational view of the filtration control manifold of FIG. 21; and

(25) FIG. 24 is sectional end elevational view taken along line A-A of FIG. 23.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

(26) This invention is not limited in its application to the details of construction and the arrangement of components set forth in the following description or illustrated in the drawings. The invention is capable of other embodiments and of being practiced or of being carried out in various ways. Also, the phraseology and terminology used herein is for the purpose of description and should not be regarded as limiting. The use of including, comprising, having, containing, involving, and variations thereof herein is meant to encompass the items listed thereafter and equivalents thereof as well as additional items.

(27) Aspects and embodiments of the present invention will be described with reference to hollow fiber membranes but it is to be understood that the invention is not necessarily limited thereto as it may be applied to systems incorporating other kinds of filter membranes such as porous or permeable membranes in a spiral wound, mat, or sheet form.

(28) Aspects and embodiments of the present invention relate to filter module assemblies composed of filter membrane cartridge assemblies having opposed, symmetrical potting heads attached to either end, although filter membrane cartridges having dissimilar potting heads are also contemplated.

(29) Aspects and embodiments of the present invention relate to filter module assemblies which utilize headers adapted to conduct fluids in the form of feed, filtrate, and gas to other headers, for example, adjacent like headers, and into and out of the filter cartridge assembly to which they are connected.

(30) Aspects and embodiments of the present invention relate to membrane filters whose filter modules comprise elongate bundles of permeable hollow fiber membranes wherein feed to be filtered is applied to the outside of the bundle of fiber membranes and filtrate or permeate is withdrawn from the fiber lumens.

(31) Aspects and embodiments of the present invention relate to membrane filtration systems having multiple filtration modules connected together in a bank of filtration modules. A fluid control module, alternatively referred to herein as a manifold, fluidly communicates a source of feed and a source of aeration gas to headers of one or more of the filtration modules in the bank. The fluid control module and/or filtration module headers may include integrated feed, filtrate, and gas conduits. The fluid control module may be configured to automatically deliver gas to the filtration module headers upon introduction of gas into a feed conduit included within a body of the fluid control module.

(32) An embodiment of a filter cartridge assembly 10 in accordance with the present invention is shown in FIG. 1. The filter cartridge assembly 10 includes a tubular casing 11 that encloses a bundle of hollow, porous, fibers. The bundle of fibers forms the working part of the filter cartridge. Each fiber may have an average pore size of about 0.2 micron, a wall thickness of about 200 microns and a lumen diameter of about 200 microns. There may be about 12,000 hollow fibers in the bundle, but this number, as well as the individual fiber dimensions, may be varied according to operational requirements. The upper ends 14 of the fibers are embedded in a potting head 12, that may include, for example a polyurethane plug, that is cast into an end-piece 15. Around the periphery of the upper end of the end-piece 15 there is a pair of grooves 16 and 17 for receiving O-rings 18 and 19 respectively. The lower end of the end-piece 15 receives a perforated cylindrical screen 20 which encloses the fibers.

(33) The upper portion 23 of the tubular casing 11 includes an outer sleeve 21 including a pair of grooves 25 and 26 which support O-rings 27 and 28 respectively.

(34) In this embodiment, there is a similar end piece (not shown) at the bottom of the tubular casing 11 but such need not be the case if the filter is to be constructed to run in a dead-end mode. In the case of a dead-end mode filter, the lower ends of the fibers may be sealed with or without being embedded in a potting head.

(35) Mounted on the upper end of the end-piece 15 there is a filtrate cup or housing 31 having a neck or outlet portion 32 and a connecting flange 33, the inner face of which seals against the O-rings 18 and 19. Around the periphery of the neck portion 32 there is a pair of annular grooves 37 and 38 which support O-rings 39 and 40.

(36) The filtrate cup or housing 31 provides an outlet path for the filtrate which is discharged from the open ends 14 of the fibers embedded in the plug or potting head 12.

(37) At the top of the filter cartridge 10 there is a combined feedstock/filtrate header 41. As illustrated in FIG. 2, in an embodiment of the present invention, the header 41 of the filtration cartridge 10 is adapted to permit the independent passage of at least two fluids. In an upper header of the filtration cartridge, as illustrated in FIG. 2, passage of feed liquid and filtrate may be provided for. In a lower header of the filtration cartridge, passage of feed liquid and gas may be provided for. In some embodiments, filtrate liquid may also be passed through the lower header.

(38) The header 41 is substantially symmetrical about planes which have the longitudinal axis of the filter cartridge assembly lying upon them, particularly the plane which passes at right angles to the predominant direction of flow of both feed and filtrate within the header 41 and the plane which is at right angles to that plane. The symmetrical arrangement allows a greater packing density of modules than would otherwise be the case. In some embodiments, the symmetrical arrangement is achieved by enclosing the filtrate discharge passageway 43 and gas distribution passageway 124 (illustrated in FIG. 9) entirely within the feedstock inlet passageway 42 within the header 41.

(39) Each header 41 can be abutted against a like header so as to create a row of headers to which a row of membrane cartridges can be connected. In some embodiments, a corresponding row of like headers 41 is attached to the opposite end of each module so as to form a double ended, symmetrical row of modules with the capability of passing both feed and filtrate into and out of each header at each end of each module.

(40) The header 41 has a large feedstock inlet passageway 42 therethrough and a smaller filtrate discharge passageway 43 therethrough. The header 41 has planar side faces and at one side of the header 41 there are grooves 44 and 45 for receiving O-rings around the ends of the passageways 42 and 43. At the opposite side of the header 41 there are annular bevelled projections 44a and 44b adapted to engage the O-rings of an adjacent header 41.

(41) The header 41 has a pair of downwardly extending connection flanges 46 and 47 which respectively define feedstock passageway 48 providing communication between the feedstock passageways 42 and filtrate passageway 49 providing communication between the outlet 32 of the filtrate sleeve 31 and the filtrate discharge passageway 43.

(42) The base of the flange 47 sealingly engages the O-rings 39 and 40 around the neck portion of the filtrate sleeve 31 and at the base of the flange 46 there are annular grooves 50 and 51 which support O-rings 52 and 53 respectively. On the outer face of the flange 46 there is a threaded portion 54 for receiving a correspondingly threaded portion 55 of an outer connecting sleeve 56.

(43) The outer connecting sleeve 56 constitutes a boundary for the feedstock passageway 48 and at its lower end there is a neck portion 57 having an inwardly directed shoulder 58 which engages the lower edge of outer connecting sleeve 56 on the casing 11. Rotation of the outer connecting sleeve 56 to achieve threaded engagement with, or disengagement from, the flange 46 is facilitated by the presence of profiled regions 70 and 71 around the respective perimeters of the outer connecting sleeve 56, as indicated in FIG. 2. In this instance, region 71 has a gear-tooth profile, suitable for engagement with a motorized drive, and region 70 has a castellated profile, suitable for alternative engagement with a C-spanner.

(44) An internal shoulder region 67 on the inner surface of outer connecting sleeve 56 engages with an annular clip 68 which fits around the end-piece 15 at the end of the perforated screen 20 and butts against the end of the filtrate cup 31 such that, when the outer connecting sleeve 56 is fully engaged with the flange 46, the minor end of the filtrate cup 31 is fully inserted within the internal flange 47 of the header 41.

(45) If the need arises to remove or replace the fiber bundle, together with the perforated screen and potted ends, this can be done without disturbing the head pieces when assembled in a filter bank or filter array. After unscrewing the outer connecting sleeve 56 from the header 41, the outer connecting sleeve 56 is slid along casing 11 towards the centre of the cartridge (together with annular clip 68 or after splitting clip 68 into constituent halves) thus permitting the filtrate cup to be drawn back over the potting sleeve for a sufficient distance to extract the minor end of the filtrate cup from the head piece internal skirt, thereby permitting subsequent removal of the filter bundle.

(46) Replacement of a fiber bundle involves following the above described procedure in reverse order.

(47) A shut-off passageway 60 in the header 41 provides access from the exterior of the header 41 to the interior of the filtrate discharge passageway 43 and houses a shut-off valve 63. The top portion 64 of the shut-off valve 63 has an aperture for receiving an adjustment tool (not shown) and for manual activation of the valve. Adjacent the central portion of the shut-off valve 63 is a seal 65 which provides a seal between the shut-off valve 63 and the shut-off passageway 60.

(48) At the lower end of the shut-off valve 63 there is a seal 69. When the shut-off valve 63 is moved upwardly, the seal 69 closes the port 72 to the filtrate discharge passageway 43 to prevent flow of filtrate from the cartridge 10 to the header 41. It is to be noted, however, that closure of the port 72 does not interfere with the flow of filtrate from and to adjacent headers through the filtrate passageway 43. A plug 73 on the top of header 41 closes off the shut-off passageway 60. The valve 63 is so designed that it can be readily operated without resort to any dismantling of component parts of the filter.

(49) In a particular embodiment of the valve arrangement, the plug 73 cannot be replaced when the valve is in the up position. This provides visual indication, easily ascertainable at a distance, that the valve is shut off implying that the cartridge which it feeds is disconnected from feed.

(50) The valve 63 is moved from the open position to the closed position by firstly rotating the shaft of the valve 63 through 90, thereby allowing rectangular block component 150 (mounted on the shaft of the valve 63) to pass through a corresponding rectangular aperture 151 when the shaft of the valve 63 is lifted. Once the shaft of the valve is in the fully up position the shaft is rotated back through 90 once more so that inadvertent lowering of the shaft is prevented by the interaction of blocking piece 150 with the top of shut-off passageway 60. The shut-off valve is opened by a reversal of the procedure.

(51) As indicated in FIG. 1, the bottom of the cartridge 10 is similar to the top in that it has a header 41 and an outer connecting sleeve 56. The filter cartridge 10 could be simply modified to provide for a dead-end mode of operation. The bottom of the cartridge 10 also differs in that it includes a header 41 having further internal gas distribution passageways 124.

(52) FIG. 3 shows a row of filter cartridges 10 connected together in parallel and having a fluid control manifold 101 configured as a feed inlet manifold, fluid control manifold 100 configured as a concentrated feed outlet manifold and fluid control manifolds 102 configured as filtrate manifolds. The row of cartridges 10 are connected together by tie bars 103 which pass through apertures 104 in the header 41. Sample or dosing ports 105 may be provided in the manifolds 100, 101 and 102. FIG. 4 shows a plurality of rows of cartridges connected together through adjacent manifolds 100, 101 and 102 to form a bank of filter modules which are held together by tie bars 106 which pass through apertures 107 in the manifolds 100, 101 and 102. Those skilled in the art will recognize that alternate mechanisms for connecting the manifolds and/or headers together may also or additionally be utilized. For example, the manifolds and/or headers may be provided with clips, intersecting flanges, pressure fit couplings, or screw-like threading adapted to couple to complementary threading on adjacent modules and/or headers.

(53) The fluid control manifolds 100 and 101 illustrated are of the same shape and configuration. In alternate embodiments, the different manifolds may be shaped or configured differently as desired. The manifolds 100 and 101 include a body portion 110 having end faces 111 and 112, which in some embodiments may be planar, and which facilitate connection to an adjacent similar manifold. The body portion 110 defines a feed passageway 113 which extends through the body from end face 111 to end face 112. Either or both of the end faces 111, 112 may include a feed inlet into the feed passageway 113. Around the opening to the passageway 113 in face 112 there is an annular recess (not shown) for receiving an O-ring and around the opening to the passageway 113 and end face 111 there is a bevelled annular projection (not shown) adapted to engage an O-ring of an adjacent manifold.

(54) Embodiments of fluid control manifolds in accordance with the present invention comprise a block shaped structure having one pair of opposed, generally parallel faces bridging a large, generally circular internal passageway. The structure of the manifolds includes two additional passageways adapted to communicate between the main passageway and a third face of the manifolds. These two passageways have two important characteristics: firstly one of the additional passageways may be enclosed entirely within the large, generally circular internal passageway, and secondly, in each manifold one of the two additional passageways is blanked off from the main passageway. Which of the two additional passageways is to be blocked off is determined by whether the manifold is to be used as a feed inlet or a feed outlet manifold.

(55) Utilization of the passageway within a passageway concept allows these manifolds to be used to connect two rows of headers 41 for the purpose of paralleling feed into rows of cartridges and paralleling the removal of filtrate from rows of modules and also for the purpose of connecting such groups of interconnected rows in series with each other. In some embodiments, filtrate may be removed through the additional passageways enclosed entirely within the large, generally circular internal passageway.

(56) Referring to FIG. 5, there is shown one embodiment of a fluid control manifold according to the invention. As shown, the fluid control manifold 101 comprises a body including side walls defining an open ended feed passageway 113. There are two vertically spaced openings 118 and 119 in one of the side walls. These openings 118 and 119 are outlets of the fluid control manifold 101. In the embodiment shown, a pair of upper openings 119 are provided though it will appreciated the number and type of openings is not narrowly critical. A second passageway 121 extending through and within the feed passageway 113 may be optionally provided when the manifold is also used to conduct permeate from the headers 41.

(57) FIG. 6 shows a number of fluid control manifolds 101 connected to the lower headers 41 of a bank of modules 10. The fluid control manifolds are connected to adjacent like manifolds to form a row of interconnected manifolds extending along at least one side of the module bank. Each manifold 101 is further connected to the end of a row of interconnected headers 41 to form the bank structure shown in FIG. 6. At least one terminal end of the row of interconnected fluid control manifolds 101 is provided with a T-piece device 101 which serves to provide fluid communication with a source of feed and a source of gas, typically pressurized air. The T-piece 101 has an upper vertically extending inlet 120 for the introduction of gas from the source of gas and a side, horizontally extending inlet 130 for the introduction of feed liquid. The T-piece 101 is typically connected to the terminal fluid control manifold in the row of interconnected manifolds though it will be appreciated that feed and gas can be introduced at any point along the row of manifolds.

(58) Referring to FIG. 9, there is shown a sectional view taken through the fluid control manifolds 101, 102, and headers 41 of an embodiment of a filtration system in accordance with the present invention. The feed passageway 113 of the fluid control manifolds 101, 102 is connected to a source of feed liquid and the lower opening 118 is in fluid communication with a transverse branch passageway 122 which leads to face 117 of the manifold 101 to provide feed communication between the feed passageway 113 and the feed passageway 42 of the header 41. In a similar manner, transverse branch passageway 123 leads from the upper opening 119 to face 117 of the manifold to provide fluid communication to the gas distribution passageway 124 of header 41.

(59) The terminating portions of the gas distribution passageway 124 are each fluidly connected to the end 125 of the branch passageway 123 of the fluid control manifold 101. The gas distribution passageway 124, in this embodiment, is terminated in the final manifold 102 with a blind-end connection 128. The gas distribution passageway 124 of each header 41 is provided with one or more openings 127 in its wall, typically the lower wall, to distribute gas into feed passageway 42 of the header 41. These openings may be in the form of holes, slits, nozzles, or other structures known in the art. The openings in some embodiments be of different sizes, for example increasing in size with distance from the fluid control manifold, to compensate for pressure drop along the gas distribution passageway so that an equal amount of gas is provided to each filtration manifold in a row.

(60) The operation of the fluid control manifold 101 will now be described with reference to FIGS. 10 to 12.

(61) FIG. 10 shows the manifold in the normal feed supply mode during filtration with the feed passageway 113 and feed supply passageways 42 of the header 41 being full of feed liquid. In this mode, the branch passageway 123 and the gas distribution passageway 124 are also filled with feed liquid. Feed flows through the feed passageway 113, lower opening 118, and branch passageway 122 into the feed supply passageway 42 and around the membranes of each module 10. The feed is supplied to the feed supply passageway through the T-piece 101 provided at least at one end of a row of interconnected fluid control manifolds 101 as shown in FIGS. 6 and 8.

(62) As shown in FIG. 11, when aeration or scouring of the membranes is desired, gas, for example, air, is introduced into one or more of the interconnected fluid control manifolds 101. The means of introducing gas is not narrowly critical but is typically done by providing pressurized gas through the T-piece 101 connected to the end of a row of the manifolds 101 as shown in FIG. 8. The introduced gas displaces the feed liquid within the feed supply passageway 113 until the level of liquid within the passageway 113 moves to a level at or below the level of the upper opening 119. At this point gas begins to flow through branch passageway 123 and gas distribution passageway 124 and out through openings 127 to produce gas bubbles in the feed liquid in the feed supply passageways 42 of the header 41 as shown in FIG. 12. The liquid is initially displaced through both upper and lower opening 119 and 118 respectively, with the majority of the flow being through the lower opening 118. To prevent complete displacement of feed liquid from the passageway 113 the lower opening 118 is provided with one or bleed openings 126 at, for example, an upper portion thereof, to bleed off any excess gas and prevent further displacement of feed liquid. The type of bleed opening used is not narrowly critical but may include slots, grooves or indents. Once aeration is complete, the introduction of gas is ceased and the feed liquid rises within the feed passageway 113 and the system returns to normal operation.

(63) In some embodiments, it may be desirable to place the upper openings 119 as high as possible within the feed passageways 113 to minimize the liquid displacement within the feed passageways 113 required to produce an air flow through the gas distribution passageways 124. In some embodiments, it is desirable to retain as much feed as possible within the feed passageways 113 during a gas scouring process. In some embodiments, the upper openings 119 and/or gas distribution passageways 124 are sized sufficiently large to facilitate the production of an even gas distribution amongst the modules fed by the manifolds while still allowing feed flow through the feed passageways 113 and/or 42. Spacing between upper openings 119 and lower openings 118 and the relative positioning of these openings within the feed passageways 113 may be determined based at least in part upon the gas pressure to be used to displace feed liquid within the feed passageways 113.

(64) FIGS. 13 to 16 show another embodiment of a fluid control manifold in accordance with the present invention. In this embodiment, the feed liquid and scouring gas are fed directly into a base of one or more membrane modules from the fluid control manifold 130. The body of the fluid control manifold includes sidewalls defining the feed passageway 131 and one or more control ports 132. Fluid communication between the membrane module (not shown) and the feed passageway 131 of the fluid control manifold 130 is provided via the control port 132. The control port 132 is generally circular in cross-section with its upper hemisphere blocked by a radially extending partition 133 and its lower portion 133 open to provide an outlet to allow liquid flow therethrough. It will be appreciated that the shape of the port 132 is not narrowly critical and other cross-sectional shapes would be equally applicable. The partition 133 is provided with an outlet in the form of aperture 134, which may comprise, for example, a vertically extending slot. The form of aperture 134 is not narrowly critical and a hole or series of holes may also or additionally be used. The aperture 134 is typically spaced vertically from the base 135 of the partition but again this is not critical. In some embodiments, the aperture 134 may be an open ended slot with an open lower end joining the open lower portion 133 of the control port. In the embodiment of FIGS. 13 to 16, a pair of control ports 132 is provided at opposed locations in the side wall of the feed passageway 131.

(65) This embodiment operates in a similar manner to the other embodiments described above. During filtration feed liquid flows through the feed passageway 131 of the fluid control manifold 130 and then through the lower open portion 133 of the control port 132 and into the base of the membrane modules attached thereto (not shown). From the base of the modules the feed liquid flows along the membranes, for example, through openings in the lower potting heads of the modules (not shown).

(66) When air or gas scouring is desired, the liquid within the feed passageway 131 is displaced downwardly by the introduction of gas into the feed passageway 131 until the gas/liquid interface reaches the level of the aperture 134. The gas then passes through the aperture 134 and into the bases of the membrane modules (not shown). The use of a slot formation or a vertically extending group of holes for the aperture 134 allows for regulation of the gas flow by increasing the gas flow through the aperture 134 as more of the liquid is displaced within the feed passageway 131. This, in turn, reduces the displacement of liquid by allowing more gas to escape through the aperture 134. This regulation prevents the control port 132 from becoming completely filled with gas.

(67) FIGS. 17 to 20 show another embodiment of a fluid control manifold in accordance with the present invention. In this embodiment the body of the fluid control manifold includes sidewalls defining the feed passageway 131 and a control port in the form of a conduit 138, for example, a pipe or tube which extends generally vertically downward in a radial direction from an upper wall of the feed passageway 131 and into the feed passageway 131. Feed liquid and gas are fed into one or more, for example, a pair of output conduits 136 and 137 provided above the fluid control manifold 130. Output conduits 136 and 137 are adapted to be connected to the base of membrane modules (not shown). The output conduits 136, 137 are connected in fluid communication with the feed passageway 131 of the fluid control manifold 130 by the conduit 138. The conduit 138 is open at its lower distal end 139 to allow inflow of feed liquid from the feed passageway 131. The conduit 138 is divided into a plurality, for example, a pair of passages 140, 141 by one or more longitudinally extending partitions 142 located along the diameter of the conduit 138 and extending upward from the lower distal end 139. The conduit passes 138 through the upper wall 143 of the feed passageway 131 and is provided with one or more apertures, for example, a pair of openings 144, 145 in its side wall which provide fluid communication between the passages 140 and 141 and respective output conduits 136 and 137. The number of apertures in the conduit 138 may correspond to the number of passages formed therein, with at least one aperture opening into each of the passages. The various apertures may in some embodiments be placed at different heights with in the fluid control manifold.

(68) The conduit 138 is provided with a pair of aeration apertures 146, 147 each communicating with a respective passage 140, 141 of the conduit 138. The number of aeration apertures in the conduit 138 may correspond to the number of passages formed therein, with at least one aperture opening into each of the passages. The aeration apertures 146, 147 are provided at a location spaced vertically from the lower distal end 139 of the pipe or tube 138. This allows gas to flow through the aeration openings 146, 147 without all the liquid within the feed passageway being displaced and prevents the pipe or tube 138 from being completely filled with gas. The various apertures may in some embodiments be placed at different heights with in the feed passageway 131.

(69) This embodiment operates in a similar manner to the other embodiments described above. During filtration, feed liquid flows through the feed passageway 131 and then through the lower open distal end 139 of the conduit 138 and through the passages 140, 141 formed by the partition 142. The feed liquid then flows upward along the passages 140, 141 and out through the respective conduits 136 and 137.

(70) When air or gas scouring is desired, the liquid within the feed passageway 131 is displaced downwardly by the introduction of gas into the feed passageway until the gas/liquid interface reaches the level of the aeration openings 146 and 147. The gas then passes through the openings 146, 147, along the passages 140, 141 of the pipe or tube 138 and into the respective conduits 136 and 137.

(71) FIGS. 21 to 24 show another embodiment of a fluid control manifold in accordance with the present invention. In this embodiment the body of the fluid control manifold includes sidewalls defining the feed passageway 131 and a control port in the form of a conduit 150, for example, a pipe or tube, which extends generally vertically downward in a radial direction from an upper wall of the feed passageway 131 and into the feed passageway 131. The conduit 150 is adapted to be connected to the base of membrane modules (not shown). The feed liquid and gas are fed into the conduit 150. The conduit 150 may in some embodiments pass through a central portion of an upper wall of the fluid control manifold, and in other embodiments, such as illustrated in FIGS. 21 to 24 may enter the fluid control manifold proximate or in contact with a sidewall of the feed passageway 131. The conduit 150 is open at it lower distal end 152 to allow inflow of feed liquid from the feed passageway 131. In some embodiments, the conduit 150 passes through the upper wall 143 of the feed passageway 131 tangentially to an inner wall of the feed passageway 131.

(72) The conduit 150 is provided with one or more aeration apertures 153 near its lower distal end 152. The apertures 153 are in some embodiments provided at equally spaced locations around the circumference of the pipe or tube 150. The apertures 153 are in some embodiments in the form of vertically extending slots, though the form of the apertures is not narrowly critical and a hole or series of spaced holes may also or additionally be used. In some embodiments, one or more of the apertures may be of different widths or lengths than one or more other of the apertures. In some embodiments, where a slot is used it opens into the lower distal end 152 of the conduit 150, as shown in the FIGS. 21 to 24. In this embodiment, a pair of conduits 150 is provided at opposed locations along the inner side walls of the feed passageway 131. In other embodiments, more than two conduits 150 may be included in the manifold.

(73) This embodiment operates in a similar manner to the other embodiments described above. During filtration, feed liquid flows through the feed passageway 131 and then through the lower open distal ends 152 of the conduits 150 and upwardly through the conduits 150 for communication to connected membrane modules (not shown).

(74) When air or gas scouring is desired, the liquid within the feed passageway 131 is displaced downwardly by the introduction of pressurized gas into the feed passageway until the gas/liquid interface reaches the level of the apertures 153. The gas then passes through the apertures 153 and along the conduits 150 for communication with the membrane modules connected thereto (not shown). The use of a slot formation or a vertically extending group of holes for the apertures 153 allows for regulation of the gas flow by increasing the gas flow through the apertures 153 as more of the liquid is displaced within the feed passageway 131. This, in turn, reduces the displacement of liquid by allowing more gas to escape through the apertures 153. This regulation prevents the conduit 150 from becoming completely filled with gas.

(75) The manifold arrangement described enables a single manifold to be used to selectively supply feed and/or gas bubbles to a membrane module.

(76) While exemplary embodiments of the disclosure have been disclosed, many modifications, additions, and deletions may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure and its equivalents, as set forth in the following claims.

(77) Those skilled in the art would readily appreciate that the various parameters and configurations described herein are meant to be exemplary and that actual parameters and configurations will depend upon the specific application for which the apparatus and methods of the present disclosure are used. Those skilled in the art will recognize, or be able to ascertain using no more than routine experimentation, many equivalents to the specific embodiments described herein. For example, those skilled in the art may recognize that the system, and components thereof, according to the present disclosure may further comprise a network of systems or be a component of a heat exchanger system or water treatment system. It is, therefore, to be understood that the foregoing embodiments are presented by way of example only and that, within the scope of the appended claims and equivalents thereto, the disclosed systems and methods may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described. For example, flat sheet membranes may be prepared and used in the systems of the present disclosure. The present systems and methods are directed to each individual feature, system, or method described herein. In addition, any combination of two or more such features, systems, or methods, if such features, systems or methods are not mutually inconsistent, is included within the scope of the present disclosure.

(78) Further, it is to be appreciated various alterations, modifications, and improvements will readily occur to those skilled in the art. Such alterations, modifications, and improvements are intended to be part of this disclosure, and are intended to be within the spirit and scope of the disclosure. For example, the manifolds may be prepared by any fabrication technique, including injection moulding or welding techniques and be fabricated from any desired material. In other instances, an existing facility may be modified to utilize or incorporate any one or more aspects of the invention. Thus, in some cases, the systems may involve connecting or configuring an existing facility to comprise a filtration system or components of a filtration system, for example the manifolds disclosed herein. Accordingly, the foregoing description and drawings are by way of example only. Further, the depictions in the drawings do not limit the disclosures to the particularly illustrated representations.

(79) Use of ordinal terms such as first, second, third, and the like in the specification and claims to modify an element does not by itself connote any priority, precedence, or order of one element over another or the temporal order in which acts of a method are performed, but are used merely as labels to distinguish one element having a certain name from another element having a same name, but for use of the ordinal term, to distinguish the elements.