Method of manufacturing curved composite structural elements

Abstract

A method of manufacturing curved composite structural elements can include fabricating a web ply in a flat curve over a removable substrate and laying up the ply on a curved web surface of a manufacturing tool. The method also can include laying up a diagonal ply with fibers oriented at +/45 from the centerline of the web surface. The method further can include cutting a unidirectional composite tape into segments and laying up the tape segments to form a cross ply with a fiber orientation normal to the centerline of the web surface. One or both edges of the diagonal and cross plies may be folded over one or two sides of the manufacturing tool to form one or two flange surfaces. Additionally, a cap ply can be laid up on one or both flange surfaces using composite tape. The structural element layup can then be inspected and any excess composite material can be trimmed away.

Claims

1. A method of manufacturing a curved composite structural element, the method comprising the steps of: laying up a 0-degree web ply formed of contiguously joined fiber composite strips onto a web surface of a manufacturing tool, the web surface having the shape of a planar arc as a flat curve, the manufacturing tool also having a first cap surface adjacent the web surface at one side thereof so as to form a first angle at a first corner with the web surface, and the first cap surface having a longitudinal centerline defining an inward or outward curve along which the first corner runs, whereby fibers of the laid up web ply are aligned in a 0-degree direction with a full length of a longitudinal centerline of the planar arc without substantial distortion; laying up a 0-degree cap ply of fiber composite tape onto the first cap surface to form a splice with an edge of the laid up web ply along the first corner, the laid up cap ply comprising a plurality of tape fibers having 0-degree fiber orientation substantially aligned with the longitudinal centerline of the curved cap surface, and the splice resulting in a continuous, substantially 0-degree ply lying across the web and first cap surfaces; laying up a diagonal ply comprising a composite material with a plurality of fibers over the continuous ply on the manufacturing tool by initially adhering an edge of the diagonal ply on the first cap surface of the manufacturing tool; after said adhering, folding the diagonal ply over the first corner and onto the web surface of the manufacturing tool in order to form a first corner in the diagonal ply between the first cap surface and the web surface; uniformly spreading the folded diagonal ply over the web surface so as to avoid wrinkles in the diagonal ply on the web surface; and curing the resulting layup of the diagonal and continuous plies after said spreading.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the plurality of fibers of the diagonal ply form approximate 45-degree angles with a tangent of the longitudinal centerline of the web surface at all points thereof.

3. The method of claim 1, further comprising: after said uniformly spreading but prior to said curing, additionally folding the diagonal ply over a second cap surface of the manufacturing tool in order to form a second corner in the diagonal ply between the web surface and the second cap surface, the second cap surface arranged at an opposite side of the web surface with respect to the first cap surface so as to form a second angle at a second corner with the web surface, and the second cap surface having the opposite of an inward or outward curve with respect to the first cap surface.

4. The method of claim 3, wherein said additional folding results in the diagonal ply having a C shape.

5. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of laying up a cross ply over the web surface.

6. The method of claim 1, wherein the composite material of one or more of the web, cap, and diagonal plies is selected from the group consisting of: a polymer matrix, epoxy, polyether ether ketone, polyether ketone ketone, and polyphenylene sulfide.

7. The method of claim 6, wherein the fibers of one or more of the web, cap, and diagonal plies are selected from the group consisting of: carbon, aramid, glass, poly paraphenylene terephthalamide, boron, and quartz, and wherein the fibers of one or more of the web, cap, and diagonal plies are intermixed with a substance selected from the group consisting of: a metal, a TiGr metal foil, and a fiber metal laminate.

8. The method of claim 1, wherein said folding results in the diagonal ply having an L shape.

9. A method of manufacturing a curved composite structural element, the method comprising the steps of: laying up a 0-degree web ply formed of contiguously joined fiber composite strips onto a web surface of a manufacturing tool, the web surface having the shape of a planar arc as a flat curve, the manufacturing tool also having first and second cap surfaces each adjacent the web surface at opposed sides thereof so as to form first and second angles with the web surface at first and second corners respectively, and the first and second cap surfaces having an inward and outward curve respectively, whereby fibers of the laid up 0-degree web ply are aligned in a 0-degree direction with a full length of a longitudinal centerline of the planar arc without substantial distortion; laying up a 0-degree cap ply of fiber composite tape onto the first or second cap surface to form a splice with an edge of the laid up web ply along the first or second corner respectively, the laid up cap ply comprising a plurality of tape fibers having 0-degree fiber orientation substantially aligned with a longitudinal centerline of the respective cap surface onto which the cap ply is laid UP, and the splice resulting in a continuous, substantially 0-degree ply lying across the web surface and respective cap surface; cutting a composite tape into a plurality of segments, wherein the composite tape includes a plurality of tape fibers having a general tape fiber orientation; laying up a cross ply over the continuous ply by first laying up the plurality of segments on the first cap surface of the manufacturing tool; after said laying up of the cross ply, folding the cross ply over the first corner onto the web surface and then over the second corner onto the second cap surface of the manufacturing tool in order to form a first corner in the cross ply between the web surface and the first cap surface and a second corner in the cross ply between the web surface and the second cap surface wherein the tape fiber orientation of the cross ply substantially forms a right angle with a tangent of the longitudinal centerline of the web surface at all points thereof; and curing the resulting layup of the cross and continuous plies after said folding.

10. The method of claim 9, wherein said cutting of the plurality of segments comprises cutting the plurality of segments into trapezoidal shapes such that as a result of said laying up of the cross ply on the web surface of the manufacturing tool, a pair of nonparallel sides of ones of the plurality of segments substantially form right angles with the longitudinal centerline of the web surface.

11. The method of claim 9, wherein the folding of the cross ply comprises uniformly spreading the cross ply over the web surface so as to avoid wrinkles in the composite material of the cross ply on the web surface, and wherein the method further comprises curing the resulting layup of cross and continuous plies.

12. The method of claim 9, wherein the composite material of one or more of the web, cap, and cross plies is selected from the group consisting of: a polymer matrix, epoxy, polyether ether ketone, polyether ketone ketone, and polyphenylene sulfide.

13. The method of claim 12, wherein the fibers of one or more of the web, cap, and cross plies are selected from the group consisting of: carbon, aramid, glass, poly paraphenylene terephthalamide, boron, and quartz, and wherein the fibers of one or more of the web, cap, and cross plies are intermixed with a substance selected from the group consisting of: a metal, a TiGr metal foil, and a fiber metal laminate.

14. The method of claim 9, wherein the composite tape forming the segments comprises a pre-preg tape.

15. The method of claim 9, wherein said folding results in the cross ply having a C shape.

16. A method comprising: forming a 0-degree web ply of fiber composite strips by placing the strips to lay contiguously adjoined on a flat surface and in a planar arc, the planar arc being a shape of a curve on the flat surface, so that fibers of the fiber composite strips are aligned in a 0-degree direction with a full length of a longitudinal centerline of the planar arc without substantial distortion; laying up the web ply onto a web surface of a mandrel to have the 0-degree fiber orientation substantially aligned with a full length of a longitudinal centerline of the web surface, the web surface having the shape of a planar arc, and the mandrel further comprising a first curved cap surface bent away from the web surface at a first corner therewith; laying up a 0-degree cap ply of fiber composite tape onto the first cap surface to form a splice with an edge of the laid up web ply along the first corner of the mandrel, the fiber composite tape of the 0-degree cap ply comprising a plurality of tape fibers having 0-degree fiber orientation substantially aligned with a longitudinal centerline of the first cap surface, and the splice resulting in a continuous, substantially 0-degree ply lying across the web surface and the first cap surface; laying up a cross ply over the web surface of the mandrel onto the continuous ply; folding the cross ply over the first corner onto the first cap surface to form a first corner in the cross ply; sealing the resulting layup of continuous and cross plies after said folding within a vacuum bag to remove trapped air; and forming a curved composite structural element by curing the sealed layup.

17. The method of claim 16, wherein the composite material of one or more of the web, cap, and cross plies is selected from the group consisting of: a polymer matrix, epoxy, polyether ether ketone, polyether ketone ketone, and polyphenylene sulfide, and wherein the fibers of one or more of the web, cap, and cross plies are selected from the group consisting of: carbon, aramid, glass, poly paraphenylene terephthalamide, boron, and quartz.

18. The method of claim 16, wherein the fibers of one or more of the web, cap, or cross plies are intermixed with a substance selected from the group consisting of: a metal, a TiGr metal foil, and a fiber metal laminate.

19. The method of claim 16, wherein said folding results in the cross ply having an L shape.

20. The method of claim 16 further comprising: trimming the web ply before said laying up of the web ply.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) FIG. 1A is a perspective view illustrating a curved structural element with a C-shaped cross section.

(2) FIG. 1B is a perspective view illustrating a curved structural element with an L-shaped cross section.

(3) FIG. 2 is a perspective view illustrating a manufacturing tool, or mandrel, in accordance with an embodiment of the method or process.

(4) FIG. 3 is a perspective view illustrating a fabrication and layup process of a 0-degree web ply of a composite material.

(5) FIG. 4 is a perspective view illustrating the layup of a 0-degree cap ply of a composite material.

(6) FIG. 5 is a perspective view of the layup of a 45-degree diagonal ply of a composite material on a manufacturing tool.

(7) FIG. 6 is a perspective view illustrating the layup of a 90-degree cross ply of a composite material.

(8) FIG. 7 is a perspective view illustrating a structural element layup that has been transferred onto a concave manufacturing tool.

(9) FIG. 8 is a perspective view illustrating the enclosure of a structural element layup in a sealed vacuum bag for curing.

(10) FIG. 9 is a flowchart illustrating steps that may be followed to manufacture a curved composite structural element.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

(11) An embodiment in accordance with the present disclosure provides a method of manufacturing curved composite structural elements. The method can include fabricating a composite curved web ply using an advanced fiber placement (AFP) machine such that the fiber orientation of the composite material is substantially aligned with the curvature of the structural element. The web ply can then be trimmed and laid up on a manufacturing tool having a curved surface to match the shape of the web ply.

(12) The method also can include laying up a diagonal ply of composite fabric with the fabric fibers oriented at 45 degrees from a tangent of the centerline of the curved surface. The method further can include laying up a cross ply composed of composite tape segments with the tape fibers oriented at a right angle to the tangent of the centerline of the curved surface. In addition, one or both edges of the diagonal ply and the cross ply may be folded over a side of the manufacturing tool to form a cap surface.

(13) Furthermore, the method can include laying up a cap ply composed of composite tape with the fiber orientation aligned with the centerline of a cap surface of the manufacturing tool. The structural element layup may then be sealed in a vacuum bag to allow the composite material to cure, after which the structural element may be inspected and excess material may be trimmed away. This method of manufacture of a composite structural element has an advantage in that the web ply fibers are oriented in alignment with the curvature of the structural element along its entire length.

(14) An embodiment of the disclosure will now be described with reference to the drawing figures, in which like reference numerals refer to like parts throughout. An example of a composite structural element 102 with a curved planar surface, or web surface, 104 and two side, or cap, surfaces 106, 108 forming a C-shaped cross section that may be produced by a method of an embodiment of the disclosure is shown in FIG. 1A. Similarly, FIG. 1B shows an example of a composite structural element 110 with a curved planar surface, or web surface, 104 and one flange, side or cap surface 106, including several cutaways, or mouse holes, 112 that may be produced using a method of an embodiment of the present disclosure. These two exemplary structural elements 102, 110 correspond to an embodiment of a first frame section, or shear tie, (110) and an embodiment of a second frame section, or floating frame, (102) used as structural support elements in an aircraft fuselage. Examples of these components are found in copending U.S. Patent Applications, Ser. No. 10/851,381, Biornstad et al., Composite Barrel Sections for Aircraft Fuselages and other Structures, and Methods and Systems for Manufacturing such Barrel Sections, filed May 20, 2004, and Ser. No. 10/853,075, Johnson et al., Structural Panels for Use in Aircraft Fuselages and other Structures, filed May 25, 2004, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated in their entirety. However, alternative embodiments of this disclosure may be used to produce any compatible load carrying element, including stiffeners, beams and frames, such as those used in pressure vessels, other composite containers, boats, trains, submersibles, arches, buildings, bridges, seismic upgrades, window frames or door frames.

(15) In an embodiment of the present disclosure, structural elements are manufactured from a composite material, for example, a polymer matrix, epoxy, BMI or a polyester thermosetting plastic, such as PEEK, PEKK, or PPS reinforced with fibers, such as carbon, aramid, glass, Kevlar, boron, Hybor or quartz, possibly intermixed with metal, metal foil, such as TiGr, or fiber metal laminate. These composite materials generally are cured into a stronger form through an endothermic chemical reaction, which requires the addition of energy, for example, by way of heating or irradiation. Examples of composite materials used in various embodiments of this disclosure include graphite fiber reinforced epoxy, fiber reinforced plastic (FRP), glass-fiber reinforced plastic (GRP), carbon-fiber reinforced plastic (CRP), metal matrix composites (MMC), and reinforced carbon-carbon (carbon fiber in a graphite matrix).

(16) An embodiment of the present disclosure can include a hand, or manual, layup process, or an automated layup process, wherein a composite material, such as a composite fabric or a composite tape, is placed on a manufacturing tool. An exemplary embodiment of a manufacturing tool, or mandrel 200, is illustrated in FIG. 2. An exemplary mandrel 200 can include a web surface 202, which corresponds to the curved planar surface 104 of the structural element 102, 110 shown in FIG. 1A and FIG. 1B. The exemplary mandrel 200 also can include an inner side, or cap, surface 204; an outer side, or cap, surface 206; or both inner and outer side, or cap, surfaces 204, 206. In other embodiments, the exemplary mandrel 200 can include a near-endless combination of other surfaces.

(17) An embodiment of the present disclosure can include a fiber placement process, in which an advanced fiber placement (AFP) machine can be used to fabricate a curved web ply of a structural element. As known in the art, the fiber placement process typically involves the automated placement of multiple tows (that is, untwisted bundles of continuous filaments, such as carbon or graphite fibers, pre-impregnated with a thermoset resin material such as an epoxy commonly known as prepreg tow) or slit composite tape (slit tape) onto a manufacturing tool, or mandrel. Conventional fiber placement machines dispense multiple tows to a movable payoff head that collimates the tows (that is, renders the tows parallel) and applies the tows to a mandrel surface using one or more compaction rollers that compress the tows against the surface. A typical tow is between about 0.12 inch and 0.25 inch wide when flattened. In addition, such machines typically include means for dispensing, clamping, cutting and restarting individual tows during placement.

(18) Slit tape is a composite tape that has been slit after being produced in standard widths by the manufacturer. Slitting the tape results in narrower widths that allow enhanced maneuverability and tailoring during application in order to achieve producibility and design objectives. For example, in a particular embodiment, a 12-inch wide tape is cut into ninety-six even slits of inch each. Generally, slit tape can have widths varying from about 0.12 inch up to about six inches, and may or may not include backing paper.

(19) An exemplary embodiment of a fiber placement process 300 according to the present disclosure is illustrated in FIG. 3. In this exemplary embodiment, an advanced fiber placement (AFP) machine 302 can lay contiguously adjoined strips 304 of a composite material, either slit tape or prepreg tow, in a planar arc 306, that is, in the shape of a curve on a flat surface. As a result, the fibers of the slit tape or tow are oriented in alignment with the longitudinal centerline of the arc along the full length of the curve without distortion of the fibers, such as wrinkles. In a particular embodiment, the curved structural element includes the shape of a planar arc with uniform radius. Nevertheless, other embodiments include structural elements with a curvature of nonuniform radius, or a complex contour that does not lie in a plane. In a particular embodiment of this disclosure, rather than being placed directly onto a mandrel, the strips 304 of composite material are placed over a removable substrate, such as mylar, which may be attached, for example, to a metal caul plate. In an alternative embodiment, the AFP machine 302 can place multiple plies, one over another, creating a thicker grade ply.

(20) Various processes of the present disclosure also can include a web ply trimming process, in which a web ply can be trimmed to remove excess composite and substrate material from the edges of the web ply. For example, in an exemplary embodiment of a web ply trimming process, a numerically-controlled ply cutting machine can cut a web ply to conform to the shape of a perimeter of a possibly curved web surface of a mandrel or other similar manufacturing tool, such as that shown in FIG. 2.

(21) An embodiment of the present disclosure can also include a web ply layup process, in which a web ply is manually or automatically placed on a mandrel, or other manufacturing tool, such as that shown in FIG. 2. An exemplary embodiment of a web ply layup process 308 according to the present disclosure also is illustrated in FIG. 3. In this exemplary embodiment, a web ply 310 such as that fabricated in the fiber placement process 300 can be placed on mandrel 200 using a manual or automated layup process. The web ply 310 can be oriented on the curved web surface 202 of the mandrel such that the composite fibers are aligned with the centerline of the curved surface along the full length of the arc. The web ply 310 is generally referred to as a 0-degree ply, a naming convention referencing the angle of the fibers with respect to the centerline of the surface. The substrate material can then be removed from the surface of the web ply 310. In an alternative embodiment, the web ply 310 can be laid up over a previous ply, which may be a web ply or another type of ply, on the mandrel 200.

(22) In an alternative embodiment of the present disclosure, a cap ply layup process 400, i.e., a process where a cap ply is manually or automatically placed on a mandrel (or other manufacturing tool) such as that shown in FIG. 2, can be used. FIG. 4 depicts an example of a cap ply layup process 400 according to the present disclosure. In this example, a cap ply 402 can be laid up on the exemplary mandrel or other manufacturing tool, such as that shown in FIG. 4. The cap ply 402 can consist of a composite tape, for example, approximately two inches wide, and can be placed on a mandrel 200 such that the orientation of the tape fibers runs in a lengthwise, or substantially 0-degree, direction along the cap surface 106. As further shown in FIG. 4, a single cap ply 402 or 404 can be laid up on one side of the mandrel 200 in order to form an L-shaped cross section with a single flange, such as that of the exemplary structural element in FIG. 1B, and a second cap ply 404 or 402 can be applied to the opposite side of the mandrel 200 in order to form a C-shaped cross section with two flanges, such as that of the exemplary structural element in FIG. 1A.

(23) In the case of either or both cap plies 402 and 404 splices 406 and 408 can be formed along the corner of the mandrel 200 where the cap ply 402 and 404 meets the web ply 310. In this way, the cap ply or plies 402 and 404 and the web ply form a continuous, substantially 0-degree ply across the web surface 202 and one or both cap surfaces 106 and 108. Since the splices 406 and 408 do not interrupt the 0-degree fibers along the length of the web and cap surfaces, which are designed to carry tensile loads in the longitudinal direction of the web and cap surfaces, the splices 406, 408 do not affect the load-bearing capacity of the structural elements 102 and 110. An alternative embodiment of the disclosure can include 0-degree cap plies 402 and 404, without a 0-degree web ply 310.

(24) In yet another exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, a diagonal ply layup process 500 wherein a diagonal ply can be manually or automatically placed on a mandrel is depicted in FIG. 5. In this example, a diagonal ply 502 can be placed on the mandrel 200 so that the fibers are oriented on the bias at approximately positive (+) and negative () 45 degrees from the centerline of the web surface of the mandrel 200. The composite fabric 504 in a present embodiment is a prepreg composite fabric pre-impregnated with a resin. However, in other embodiments, the composite fabric 504 may include any suitable type of composite fabric, including a dry form composite fabric. Although the diagonal ply shown in FIG. 5 includes a sheet of composite fabric 504, an alternative embodiment can include a diagonal ply formed from strips of composite tape laid up on the mandrel 200 so that the tape fibers are oriented at approximately +45 degrees or 45 degrees from the centerline of the web surface of the mandrel. Furthermore, alternative embodiments can include a diagonal ply with the fibers oriented on a bias at any angle between 0 and 90 degrees from the centerline of the web surface, for example, at positive and negative 60 degrees.

(25) In order to form the flange, side, or cap, surfaces of the structural element, the material of the diagonal ply 502 is cut wider than the web surface 202 of the mandrel 200 so that at least one edge of the diagonal ply 502 can be folded over the side of the mandrel 200. A single edge of the diagonal ply 502 can be folded over the outer cap surface 206 of the mandrel 200 in order to form an L-shaped cross section, such as that of the example structural element shown in FIG. 1B. Alternatively, in order to prevent or minimize wrinkling, the diagonal ply 502 can be first placed on the inner cap surface 204 of the mandrel 200 and then folded over the curved web surface 202 by tensioning and uniformly spreading the fibers across the curved web surface 202 to form an L-shaped cross section. In addition, the diagonal ply 502 optionally can be folded over the outer cap surface 206 of the mandrel 200, in order to form a C-shaped cross section, such as that of the example structural element shown in FIG. 1A. Similarly, the diagonal ply 502 can be first placed on the curved web surface 202 by tensioning and uniformly spreading the fibers across the curved web surface 202 and then folded over the outer cap surface in order to form an L-shaped cross section, such as that of the example structural element shown in FIG. 1B.

(26) Other embodiments of the present disclosure can include a cross ply layup process 600, i.e., a process where a ply is placed in a fashion similar to that shown in FIG. 6. First, a unidirectional composite tape 602 is cut into segments. For example, the tape can be cut into trapezoidal segments 604, as shown in FIG. 6. For the purposes of this disclosure, the term trapezoidal is used in the sense of its common meaning in American English, with reference to a quadrilateral having only two sides parallel, as opposed to the common meaning in British English, with reference to a quadrilateral having no two sides parallel. The term commonly used in British English for a quadrilateral having only two sides parallel is trapezium.

(27) Returning to FIG. 6, the two non-parallel sides of the trapezoidal tape segments 604 can be cut at an angle such that when laid up on the mandrel 200 the two non-parallel edges of the tape segment will be substantially perpendicular to the tangent of the longitudinal centerline of the curved or web surface 202 of the mandrel 200. The tape segments 604 then can be laid up on the exemplary mandrel 200 in order to form a cross ply 606 with fibers oriented approximately at a right angle with the centerline of the web surface 202 of the mandrel 200, without forming wrinkles in the tape segments 604.

(28) As in the diagonal ply example described above, the cross ply 606 can be cut wider than the web surface of the mandrel 200 such that one or two edges of the cross ply 606 can be folded over the side or sides of the mandrel 200 in order to form flange, side, or cap, surfaces. In one embodiment, the tape can be cut into modified funnel shape segments 608, such that the edge or edges of the tape segment 608 that fold over the cap surfaces 204, 206 of the mandrel 200 have parallel sides and the portion over the web surface 202 of the mandrel 200 has nonparallel sides. In an alternative embodiment, the tape can be cut into rectangular segments and allowed to overlap or to form gaps between the tape segments when laid up on the mandrel 200. Once again, in this way a C-shaped cross section or an L-shaped cross section can be formed.

(29) Alternatively, in order to prevent or minimize wrinkling, the cross ply 606 can be first placed on the inner cap surface 204 of the mandrel 200 and then folded over the curved web surface 202 by tensioning and uniformly spreading the fibers across the curved web surface 202 in order to form an L-shaped cross section. In addition, the cross ply 606 optionally can also be folded over the outer cap surface 206 of the mandrel 200, in order to form a C-shaped cross section, such as that of the example structural element shown in FIG. 1A. Similarly, the cross ply 606 can be first placed on the curved web surface 202 by tensioning and uniformly spreading the fibers across the curved web surface 202 and then folded over the outer cap surface in order to form an L-shaped cross section, such as that of the example structural element shown in FIG. 1B.

(30) FIG. 7 illustrates a transfer process 700, in which a structural element layup is transferred from a convex mandrel (or other manufacturing tool) to a concave manufacturing tool 702. In the present example of FIG. 7 a concave manufacturing tool 702, or female mandrel, is illustrated. In this example, structural element plies previously allowed to cure as laid up on a convex manufacturing tool, such as the exemplary mandrel 200 of FIG. 2, may be optionally transferred to a concave manufacturing tool 702 for curing. In the present embodiment the concave manufacturing tool 702 conforms to the external surface of the structural element layup.

(31) In an alternative embodiment, plies can be laid up directly on a concave manufacturing tool, such as that shown in FIG. 7, rather than being laid up on a convex manufacturing tool. In this case, the plies can be allowed to cure as laid up on the concave manufacturing tool, or optionally transferred to and cured on a convex tool.

(32) Another exemplary process of the present disclosure can include a sealing process, in which a structural element layup is sealed inside a vacuum bag in order to remove trapped air from inside and underneath a composite material, between layers of composite plies and between a composite material and a respective mandrel. An exemplary embodiment of a vacuum bag 802 encasing a structural element on an exemplary mandrel 200 layup is illustrated in FIG. 8. Similarly, a exemplary embodiment of a vacuum bag 704 encasing a structural element layup on a concave manufacturing tool 702 is illustrated in FIG. 7.

(33) FIG. 9 is a flowchart outlining an exemplary method according to the present disclosure for manufacturing a curved composite structural element. The process starts in step 902 where an advanced fiber placement (AFP) machine lays contiguously adjoined strips of a composite material. As discussed above, in various embodiments the composite material can be in the form of either slit tape or prepreg tow. Additionally, as discussed above, the AFP machine can place the strips in any number of viable or useful shapes, such as the exemplary planar arc shown in FIG. 3, with the fibers of the slit tape or tow oriented in alignment with the longitudinal centerline of the arc along the full length of the curve, without distortion of the fibers, such as wrinkles. As further discussed above, the strips of composite material can be placed over a removable substrate, such as mylar. Furthermore, in an alternative embodiment the AFP machine can place multiple plies, one above another, creating a thicker grade ply. The process continues to step 904.

(34) In step 904, a web ply can be trimmed to remove excess composite and substrate material from the edges of the web ply. In this step, a numerically-controlled ply cutting machine can cut the web ply to the shape of the perimeter of the web, or curved, surface of a mandrel, or other similar manufacturing tool, such as that shown in FIG. 2. Next, in step 906, web ply can be laid up on a mandrel, or other similar manufacturing tool, such as that shown in FIG. 2. The web ply can be laid up using a manual or automated layup process, orienting the composite fibers in a 0-degree direction aligned with the centerline of the curved web surface of the mandrel or other tool along the full length of the arc, such as the web ply shown in FIG. 3. In addition, the substrate material can be removed from the surface of the web ply during this step. In various embodiments, a web ply can be laid up directly on the mandrel or other tool, or alternatively, over a previous ply or combination of plies on the mandrel or other tool. In addition, various embodiments may include more than one web ply in combination with other plies. The process continues to step 908.

(35) In step 908, a cap ply can be manually or automatically laid up on a manufacturing tool, such as the mandrel shown in FIG. 2. As discussed above, the cap ply can consist of composite tape, and can be placed on the mandrel or other tool such that the orientation of the tape fibers runs in a lengthwise, or 0-degree, direction along the cap surface, such as the exemplary cap ply layup shown in FIG. 4. A single cap ply can be laid up on one side of the mandrel or tool in order to form an L-shaped cross section with a single flange, such as that of the example structural element shown in FIG. 1B, plus a second cap ply can be applied to the opposite side of the mandrel in order to form a C-shaped cross section with two flanges, such as that of the example structural element shown in FIG. 1A, forming a continuous 0-degree ply across the web surface and one or both cap surfaces. In various embodiments, a cap ply can be laid up directly on the mandrel or other tool, or alternatively, over a previous ply or combination of plies on the mandrel or other tool. In addition, various embodiments may include more than one cap ply in combination with other plies. The process continues to step 910.

(36) In step 910, a +/45-degree diagonal ply of composite fabric can be manually or automatically laid up on a mandrel, or other similar manufacturing tool, such as that shown in FIG. 2. The diagonal ply can be placed on the mandrel or other tool so that the fabric fibers are oriented at approximately +/45 degrees from the centerline of the web surface of the mandrel or other tool, such as the diagonal ply shown in FIG. 5. As discussed above, in various embodiments the composite fabric can take the form of any suitable composite fabric, including a prepreg composite fabric pre-impregnated with a resin. In various embodiments, a diagonal ply can be laid up directly on the mandrel or other tool, or alternatively, over a previous ply or combination of plies on the mandrel or other tool. In addition, various embodiments may include more than one diagonal ply in combination with other plies. The process continues to step 912.

(37) In step 912, in order to form side, or cap, surfaces of the structural element the composite fabric of the diagonal ply can be cut wider than the web surface of the mandrel or other tool so that at least one edge of each diagonal ply can be folded over the side of the mandrel or other tool. A single edge of the diagonal ply can be folded over one side of the mandrel or other tool in order to form an L-shaped cross section, such as that of the example structural element shown in FIG. 1B, or two edges of the diagonal ply can be folded over two sides of the mandrel or other tool in order to form a C-shaped cross section, such as that of the example structural element shown in FIG. 1A. Alternatively, in order to prevent or minimize wrinkling of the composite fabric over the inner cap surface of the mandrel, the diagonal ply can be first adhered to the inner cap surface and then folded over the web surface, stretching the composite fabric as necessary to prevent or minimize wrinkling on the cap surface or on the web surfaces. In addition, the diagonal ply can then be folded over the outer cap surface, stretching the composite fabric as required to prevent or minimize wrinkling on the web surface or on the outer cap surface. The process continues to step 914.

(38) In step 914, a unidirectional composite tape can be cut into segments, such as the exemplary tape segments shown in FIG. 6. Next, in step 916, the tape segments can be manually or automatically laid up on a mandrel or other similar manufacturing tool. As discussed above, the fibers of the tape segments can be aligned at substantially 90 degrees with the centerline of the web surface of the mandrel or other tool in order to form a 90-degree cross ply. In the case of trapezoidal or modified funnel shape tape segments, the fibers can be oriented approximately at a right angle with the centerline of the web surface of the mandrel or other tool, without overlapping or creating gaps between the tape segments, and without forming wrinkles in the tape.

(39) As in the case of the diagonal ply above, the cross ply can be cut wider than the web surface of the mandrel or other tool, and one or two edges of the cross ply can be folded over the side or sides of the mandrel or other tool in order to form side or cap surfaces. Once again, in this way a structural element with a C-shaped cross section or an L-shaped cross section can be formed. In various embodiments, a cross ply can be laid up directly on the mandrel or other tool, or alternatively, over a previous ply or combination of plies on the mandrel or other tool. In addition, various embodiments may include more than one cross ply in combination with other plies. The process then continues to step 918.

(40) In step 918, the structural element layup may optionally be transferred to a concave manufacturing tool, e.g., a female mandrel. As discussed above, the concave tool or mandrel can conform to the external surface of the structural element layup, as shown in FIG. 7. Next, in step 920, the structural element layup can be allowed to cure while sealed inside a vacuum bag on a mandrel or other tool, as shown in FIG. 8, or on a concave tool or mandrel, as shown in FIG. 7. As discussed above, the vacuum can remove trapped air from inside the composite material and from underneath the composite material, between layers of the composite plies and between the composite material and the mandrel. The process continues to step 922.

(41) In step 922, after the structural element layup has cured, it can be inspected to verify compliance with the design specifications. Next, in step 924, the structural element layup can be trimmed, if necessary, to remove any excess material. In addition, cutouts, or mouse holes, such as those shown in FIG. 1B, can be trimmed into the structural element. Control continues to step 926 where the process stops.

(42) The example embodiment of the flowchart in FIG. 9 described above includes only one web ply, one cap ply, one diagonal ply, and one cross ply. However, other embodiments may include any number of plies in any combination laid up in any order. For example, a floating frame with a C-shaped cross section, such as the exemplary structural element shown in FIG. 1A, can include eighteen plies on the web surface and twenty-eight plies on each of the two cap surfaces. In this embodiment, the method could include laying up half of the plies in the following order: a 45-degree diagonal ply on the web and both cap surfaces a cap ply on each of the two cap surfaces an additional cap ply on each of the two cap surfaces a web ply on the web surface and a cap ply on the two cap surfaces a 45-degree diagonal ply on the web and cap surfaces a cap ply on each of the two cap surfaces an additional cap ply on each of the two cap surfaces a 45-degree diagonal ply on the web and cap surfaces a cross ply on the web and cap surfaces a 45-degree diagonal ply on the web and the cap surfaces a cap ply on each of the two cap surfaces a 45-degree diagonal ply on the web and cap surfaces a cross ply on the web surface and on the two cap surfaces a 45-degree diagonal ply on the web and cap surfaces
The second half of the plies on the web surface and each of the cap surfaces in this example could then be laid up on the mandrel in the opposite order of the first half to form a mirror image, or symmetrical, layup order, for a total of eighteen plies on the web surface and twenty-eight plies on each of the two cap surfaces.

(43) Another example structural element with a C-shaped cross section, such as the exemplary structural element shown in FIG. 1A, can include the same ply combination as the previous example, except that the two longitudinal extremes of the web surface each can include an additional ten plies covering the last twelve inches of the web surface at each extreme of the structural element. In this embodiment, two additional diagonal plies can be laid up on the web surface at each extreme of the structural element simultaneously with the two cap plies after the first 45-degree diagonal ply, and before the first 0-degree web ply, of the previous example.

(44) In addition, two additional cross plies can be laid up on the web surface at each extreme of the structural element simultaneously with the two cap plies after the second diagonal ply, and before the third diagonal ply, of the previous example. Furthermore, a 0-degree web ply can be laid up simultaneously with the cap ply before the final three plies of the previous example. Similarly, a symmetrical ply order can be obtained by laying up an additional 0-degree web ply, two additional cross plies, and two additional diagonal plies in the opposite order between the second half plies of the previous example.

(45) In this last example, each of the additional plies (of the first half of the symmetrical layers) can extend, for example, one half inch farther toward the center of the structural element than the previous. That is, for example, the first additional 45-degree diagonal ply can extend twelve-and-a-half inches from each end of the structural element layup; the second additional 45-degree diagonal ply can extend thirteen inches from each end of the layup; the first additional cross ply can extend thirteen and a half inches from each end of the layup; the second additional cross ply can extend fourteen inches from each end of the layup; and the additional web ply can extend fourteen-and-a-half inches from each end of the layup. In order to form a symmetrical, or mirror image, layup order, the five additional plies of the second half of the symmetrical layers each can extend one half inch less than the previous.

(46) As a further example, a shear tie with an L-shaped cross section, such as the exemplary structural element shown in FIG. 1B can include twenty-four plies. In this embodiment, the method can include laying up half of the plies in the following order: a 45-degree diagonal ply on the web and both cap surfaces a cross ply on the web and cap surfaces a 45-degree diagonal ply on the web and cap surfaces a web ply on the web surface and a cap ply on the two cap surfaces a 45-degree diagonal ply on the web and the cap surfaces a cross ply on the web surface and on the two cap surfaces a 45-degree diagonal ply on the web and the cap surfaces a web ply on the web surface and a cap ply on the two cap surfaces a 45-degree diagonal ply on the web and cap surfaces a cross ply on the web surface and on the two cap surfaces a 45-degree diagonal ply on the web and cap surfaces a web ply on the web surface and a cap ply on the two cap surfaces
The second half of the plies in this example can then laid up on the mandrel in the opposite order of the first half to form a mirror image, or symmetrical, layup order, for a total of twenty-four plies on the web surface and on each of the two cap surfaces.

(47) The many features and advantages of the invention are apparent from the detailed specification, and thus, it is intended by the appended claims to cover all such features and advantages of the invention which fall within the true spirit and scope of the invention. Further, since numerous modifications and variations will readily occur to those skilled in the art, it is not desired to limit the invention to the exact construction and operation illustrated and described, and accordingly, all suitable modifications and equivalents may be resorted to, falling within the scope of the invention.