Aging (weathering) inhibition method of iron ore pellets during stockpiling

Abstract

The present invention refers to an effective method for minimizing the problems of iron ore pellet degradation by weathering during their stockpiling, i.e., by providing an appropriate method for improving the state of the art with regard to iron ore pellet resistance related just to the hydration process of the slag phase. Thus, in order to minimize hydration in the slag phase, stabilizers are introduced into the mixture used to produce iron ore pellets prior to being heat-treated.

Claims

1. A method for producing iron ore pellets resistant to degradation during a slag phase aging process, comprising: mixing iron ore pulp with aging inhibitors and forming iron ore pellets; and heat-treating the iron ore pellets; wherein the heat-treated iron ore pellets are resistant to degradation during the slag phase aging process; wherein the mixing comprises adding the aging inhibitors to the iron ore pulp during the slag phase aging process as a particulate material <45 m; and wherein the heat-treated iron ore pellets meet the following conditions:
(CaO+Na.sub.2O+K.sub.2O)<45% and $\frac{\left({\mathrm{SiO}}_2\text{/}60\right)+\left(\mathrm{AlO}3\text{/}102\right)}{\left(\mathrm{CaO}\text{/}56\right)+\left(\mathrm{Na}2O\text{/}62\right)+\left(K2O\text{/}94\right)}>0.6.$

2. The method of claim 1, wherein mixing and forming further comprises: performing a cold agglomeration process to pelletize the mixed iron ore pulp and aging inhibitors or to form microagglomerates of the mixed iron ore pulp and aging inhibitors.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein the aging inhibitors include metal oxides.

4. The method of claim 3, wherein the metal oxides are selected from the group consisting of aluminum, kaolinite (Al.sub.2O.sub.3, 2SiO.sub.2, 2SH.sub.2O), fine silica, titanium oxides, Mg, and Zn.

5. The method of claim 3 wherein the metal oxides reduce K, Na, and Ca content of silicates.

6. The method of claim 3, comprising: adding the metal oxides to the iron ore pulp and testing at an increasing rate until a maximum limit has been reached, depending on a desired chemical stability of the heat-treated iron ore pellets.

7. The method of claim 1, wherein the heat-treated iron ore pellets have a commercial grade chemical quality.

8. The method of claim 1, wherein the heat-treated iron ore pellets are resistant to degradation depending on a type of calcium silicate and iron in the heat-treated iron ore pellets during the slag phase aging process.

9. The method of claim 1, wherein 80% of the particulate material is <20 m.

10. A method for producing iron ore pellets resistant to degradation during a slag phase aging process, comprising: mixing iron ore pulp with aging inhibitors and forming iron ore pellets; and heat-treating the iron ore pellets; wherein the heat-treated iron ore pellets are resistant to degradation during the slag phase aging process; wherein the mixing comprises adding the aging inhibitors to the iron ore pulp as a particulate material <45 m; and wherein the heat-treated iron ore pellets meet the following conditions:
(CaO+Na.sub.2O+K.sub.2O)<45% and $\frac{\left({\mathrm{SiO}}_2\text{/}60\right)+\left(\mathrm{Al2O3}\text{/}102\right)}{\left(\mathrm{CaO}\text{/}56\right)+\left(\mathrm{Na2O}\text{/}62\right)+\left(\mathrm{K2O}\text{/}94\right)}>0.6.$

Description

DESCRIPTION OF FIGURES

(1) FIGS. 1a and 1b depict the results of the microstructural analysis of the iron ore pellets that were submitted to hydration in water under the present invention:

(2) FIG. 1a depicts the hydration effect on the pellet's surface;

(3) FIG. 1b depicts the hydration's evolution over time;

(4) FIG. 2 depicts the corrosion mechanisms of soda glass in water.

(5) FIG. 3 depicts the steps in the chemical etching process involving the leaching and dissolution of the synthetic slag network in a type of iron ore pellet.

(6) FIGS. 4a and 4b depict the effect of the incorporations and oxides on the corrosion of soda-lime glass in water.

(7) FIG. 5 depicts the effect of the chemical composition of the synthetic slag phase of some types of iron ore pellets on the dissolution process.

(8) FIG. 6 depicts the variation of compression strength in some types of industrially produced iron ore pellets.

(9) FIG. 7 depicts the pelletization process flowchart.

(10) FIG. 8 depicts the granulometric distribution of the oxide source materials that inhibit aging in the iron ore pellets produced on a pilot scale.

(11) FIG. 9 depicts the incorporation of metal oxides by means of the materials added to inhibit the hydration process in iron ore pellets produced on a pilot scale.

(12) FIG. 10 depicts variations in the compression strength of fired iron ore pellets produced with and without addition of inhibiting metal oxides in the hydration process.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF INVENTION

(13) The following detailed description is not intended in any way to limit the invention's scope, applicability, or configuration. More precisely, the following description provides arrangements for implementing the exemplary modalities. By using the instructions provided herein, those who are skilled in the art will recognize suitable alternatives that can be used without going beyond the invention's scope.

(14) Iron ore degradation due to weathering during stockpiling and transportation is a serious problem faced by a number of iron ore producing companies. Therefore, the present invention aims to advance the state of the art by proposing solutions that have not yet been achieved in relation to iron ore pellet aging, specifically with regard to the slag phase, in which moisture from ambient humidity or rain presents a great challenge due to the severe loss of iron ore pellet resistance.

(15) The initial investigations focused on understanding the aging mechanism in the slag phase. Toward this end, industrial pellets collected in the layer over the grid, both top and bottom, were investigated. These pellets were cut and submerged in deionized distilled water at room temperature for 60 days. Pellets with etching in smaller time intervals were also looked at to evaluate the phenomenon's evolution. From there, the effects of moisture on the pellets' surface, hydration evolution over time, and the hydration reaction residue of the hydration were examined.

(16) The results of this analysis are summarized in Table 01 below as regards the characterization of the hydration reaction residue and in FIGS. 1a to 1b:

(17) TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 01 XPS (%) EAIP (mg/l) Analyzing the residue obtained by Analyzing the aqueous solution in which immersing the pellet in water and water the pellet was immersed. There were no evaporation precipitating compounds. C 21.68 Ca 1.81 Mg C Ca 24.50 Mg 0.138 O 55.50 Cl Fe O Cl 1.16 Fe <0.013 Si 19.18 K 1.82 Al Si 90.70 K 1.15 Al <0.035 The aqueous solution: Si (90.70 mg/l), Ca (24.50 mg/l), Cl (1.16 mg/l), K (1.15 mg/l), and Mg (0.138 mg/l). The Fe and Al appear in insignificant amounts in terms of concentration. The compounds formed by the evaporation of the aqueous solution: SiO.sub.2, CaCO.sub.3, Na.sub.2CO.sub.3, Si.sub.xCa.sub.yO.sub.z, and Si.sub.xCa.sub.yO.sub.z H.sub.w. ** Photoelectron Spectroscopy Excited by X-ray (XPS) determines the atomic compounds in nano-materials Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) (EAIP)

(18) And the results show that: The product from the hydration process was a compound based on Si and Ca (torbemorite) without the presence of Fe ions, indicating the assumption that it was caused by the calcium silicate hydration and not the Ca ferrites. Based on the reaction below, calcite crystals are formed by the reaction of calcium hydroxide generated in this reaction with the CO.sub.2:
3[2(CaO.SiO.sub.2)]+3.5H.sub.2O.fwdarw.5CaO.2SiO.sub.2.2.5H.sub.2O+Ca(OH).sub.2
Ca(OH).sub.2+CO.sub.2.fwdarw.CaCO.sub.3+H.sub.2O The partial leaching of calcium silicate increased the pellet's intergranular porosity, thus enhancing the progress of its physical weakening or loss of mechanical strength. The growth and nucleation of calcium carbonate crystals were more pronounced in the first 10 days of contact with moisture.

(19) Once the mechanisms involved in dissolution of the slag were detected, i.e., that aging is caused by decomposition or partial leaching from the glass binder phase, including all varieties of calcium silicates, when exposed to ambient moisture or rain, the factors that influence these mechanisms were then investigated.

(20) Academic publications produced in recent decades pertinent to the glass industry suggest that the corrosion mechanisms of soda-lime glass by water take place according to the schematic drawing in FIG. 2. In the first stagereaction (a)there is an exchange between sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) ions of the glass and hydrogen ions in the solution, and in the second stagereaction (b)the main connections (SiOSi) break down, causing the glass structure to dissolve.

(21) FIG. 3 shows the evolution of the leaching of a synthetic silicate, with a composition similar to a type of iron ore pellet. In FIG. 3, there is: a peak highlighted as A, which indicates the S-peak, i.e., the OSiOSiO binding as regards the increase in surface roughness indicating chemical etching of the glass surface without the formation of a protective layer (network dissolution); a peak highlighted as B relative to the NS-peak, i.e., indicating an increase in the modifying cation content on the glass surface, which may be related to the deposition of salts, such as Na.sub.2CO.sub.3 and CaCO.sub.3, arising from severe corrosion; a peak highlighted as C related to the hydration band, i.e., indicating the presence of water in the glass structure since the first day and well-developed on the third day.

(22) Note that this glass tends to be continuously dissolved by the presence of an aqueous solution, given that the formation of an SiO.sub.2-rich layer was not found, which is a protective mechanism against corrosion.

(23) In the case of soda-lime glass, the incorporation of the alkaline earth oxides or other divalent or trivalent oxides to the glass considerably increases the chemical resistance to water, according to FIGS. 4a and 4b.

(24) The same evolution profile can be seen in the aging test for iron ore pellets. In this test, the effect of the synthetic slag phase iron ore pellet composition on the hydration process, or aging, was also evident, as shown in FIG. 5. From the results, it can be seen that: The type C pellet slag was more resistant to dissolution since the first day. The dissolution of the glass from the B type pellet showed an initial behavior similar to the C type, with the possible development of a protective layer on subsequent days, approaching the behavior of C type pellet.

(25) These results are consistent with industry practice, as shown in FIG. 6, and strongly correspond with the pellets' relative loss of strength, confirming the strong influence of the slag's composition on the degradation phenomenon through aging.

(26) Accordingly, the aim of the present invention is to act in the slag phase in order to minimize hydration that takes place during iron ore pellet stockpiling. In other words, the main objective of the present invention is to provide an efficient method for stabilizing the composition in the pellets' slag phase, thereby minimizing the hydration reactions and stabilizing them in the weathering processes, thus inhibiting the pellets' aging and loss of physical resistance.

(27) Therefore, in order to minimize hydration in the iron ore pellets' slag phase, a process was developed involving the addition of stabilizing compounds to the mixture prior to its heat treatment. More specifically, the aging inhibitors are introduced into the slag phase composition. More specifically still, the aging inhibitors consist essentially of metallic oxides that have been selected according to the recommendations found in FIGS. 4a and 4b, in particular Ba, B, Si, Zr, Al, and Zn. More preferably, the ones that have minimal impact on the quality required for the use of iron ore pellets in reduction reactors are recommended, such as Al and Si. Theoretically, there are no limits on the amount of these additives since they enter the silicate composition as modifying elements. In the literature, there are glasses with up to 18% Al.sub.2O.sub.3. Thus, the maximum amount to be dosed to inhibit aging in the slag phase is limited by the pellet's desired chemical quality. In other words, the amounts of these oxides should be as small as possible, so as not to result in significant changes in the pellets' chemical compositions. The result will largely depend on the metal oxide content in the indicated source of such materials and the assimilation kinetics of these oxides in the slag phase, and also mainly on the granulometric distribution of the materials used as the source of these oxides to ensure their reactivity and integration in the slag. Ideally, these source materials should be 100% below 10 m to minimize the amount of material to be used. But nothing prevents the size from being greater than that, depending on other characteristics that could influence the reactivity, such as porosity, grain size, and others, and the iron ore pellets' specifications with regard to the added elements.

(28) The source materials for the age inhibiting metal oxides can be added to the iron ore mixture in any form, for instance, in an aqueous solution or as dry material (powder). The dosage should be carried out using the customary equipment for these applications. Given that ultrafine particulate material can be partially removed from the pulp during the thickening and filtration stages, it is recommended that the dose be added between the filtration and the pelletizing stages (FIG. 7). It should be noted that, due to the small amount of the additive relative to the ore mass, it is important that the homogenization stage ensures its thorough distribution in the mixture to assure the least possible deviation in the aging inhibition effect.

(29) The proposed solution was tested on a pilot scale and the results confirmed those from the bench scale. In these tests, the performance of four kinds of materials was evaluated, three (3) rich in Si and Al oxides and 1 (m) rich in silicon as shown in Table 02 below, in two sets of experiments. Table 02 shows the chemical composition of the sources of the age inhibiting metal oxides produced on a pilot scale:

(30) TABLE-US-00002 SHA1 SHA2 SHA3 SHA4 SI1 Fe.sub.2O.sub.3 2.14 1.27 1.32 1.36 SiO.sub.2 45.6 45.3 46.1 43.93 92.3 Al.sub.2O3 36.3 36.9 37.4 36.63 0.55 CaO 0.057 0.057 0.057 0.020 1.12 MgO 0.017 0.017 0.020 0.040 0.26 P.sub.2O.sub.6 0.199 0.3 0.32 0.22 TiO.sub.2 2.32 1.69 1.95 MnO Na.sub.2O 0.054 0.180 0.161 K.sub.2O 0.041 0.041 0.041 PF 13.8 14.3 14.1 13.17

(31) The granulometric distribution of these materials is shown in FIG. 8. FIG. 9 shows the metal oxide incorporations by means of the materials added to inhibit the hydration process. FIG. 10 shows the variation in resistance for fired pellets after stockpiling, with and without adding the inhibitors' source materials. It can be concluded from these results that the use of hydrated aluminum silicate (SHA) in a dosage from 0.3% to 0.7% proved to be effective in inhibiting the iron ore pellet aging process and the use of these inhibitors had the negative effect of increasing the amounts of SiO.sub.2 and Al.sub.2O.sub.3 in the fired pellet in the order from 0.10% to 0.3% at the used dosages.

(32) In the above detailed description, the invention was described with reference to specific procedures. However, it is apparent that a number of modifications and changes may be made without departing from the invention's scope as set forth in the above claims.

(33) While different types of equipment, systems, and methods for confirming the use of an oral device have been described, it will be apparent to a skilled technician that many other methods and implementations are possible within the scope of the accompanying claims. Therefore, the apparatus, systems and methods to confirm the oral use of a device should not be restricted to the appended claims and their equivalents.