Communication systems with phase-correlated orthogonally-polarized light-stream generator

Abstract

In one aspect, the present disclosure relates to a communications system which, in one embodiment, includes a phase-correlated, orthogonally-polarized, light-stream generator (POLG) for preparing light into phase coherent light streams having defined states of polarization and spectral composition. In one embodiment, the POLG includes a light source configured to emit light having a predetermined wavelength and a polarization apparatus configured to prepare light from the light source into particular states of polarization. The POLG also includes a phase modulator configured to produce light having a plurality of wavelengths and configured to retard the phase of propagation of light with a first state of linear polarization while not retarding the phase of light with a state of linear polarization orthogonal to the first state of linear polarization when an external electric field is applied. The POLG also includes an electrical oscillator configured to periodically apply an electric field to the phase modulator.

Claims

1. A communications system, comprising: a phase-correlated, orthogonally-polarized, light-stream generator (POLG) for preparing light into phase coherent light streams having defined states of polarization and spectral composition, the POLG comprising: a light source configured to emit light having a predetermined wavelength; a polarization apparatus configured to prepare light from the light source into particular states of polarization; a phase modulator configured to produce light having a plurality of wavelengths and configured to retard the phase of propagation of light with a first state of linear polarization while not retarding the phase of light with a state of linear polarization orthogonal to the first state of linear polarization when an external electric field is applied; and an electrical oscillator configured to periodically apply an electric field to the phase modulator.

2. The communication system of claim 1, wherein the polarization apparatus comprises: a first, fixed linear polarizer; a 90 degree optical retarder; and a rotatable, second linear polarizer.

3. The communication system of claim 1, wherein the phase modulator comprises a semiconductor crystal having a zinc blende symmetry or space group symmetry F43m.

4. The communication system of claim 3, wherein the semiconductor crystal belongs to the class of III-V compound semiconductors.

5. The communication system of claim 1, further comprising a polarization-selective light flux modulator coupled to the POLG, the polarization-selective light flux modulator configured to change the flux of light with a first state of linear polarization while not changing the flux of light with a state of linear polarization orthogonal to the first state of linear polarization when an external electric field is applied.

6. The communications system of claim 5, wherein at least one of the phase modulator and polarization-selective light flux modulator comprises a semiconductor crystal including Gallium Arsenide or Indium Phosphide.

7. The communications system of claim 5, further comprising a data encoder configured to drive the polarization-selective light flux modulator and forming, together with the polarization-selective light flux modulator, a light intensity modulator configured to encode data on one polarization of light emerging from the polarization-selective light flux modulator while not encoding data on light having an orthogonal polarization.

8. The communication system of claim 5, wherein the polarization-selective light flux modulator is configured as a Mach-Zehnder interferometer.

9. The communication system of claim 5, wherein the polarization-selective light flux modulator comprises: a plurality of optical waveguides extending parallel to a crystal surface having a perpendicular axis parallel to the z-axis and configured and oriented such that light propagates in the waveguides parallel to a y-direction or a x-direction while an external electric field is applied in a z-direction; a plurality of electrical contacts coupled to each of the plurality of optical waveguides; and an electrical field source configured to provide the external electric field in the z-direction at each of the plurality of optical waveguides, via the plurality of electrical contacts.

10. The communication system of claim 9, wherein the index of refraction of each of the plurality of optical waveguides is variable by application of the external electric field.

11. A communications system, comprising: a light source configured to emit light having a predetermined wavelength; a polarization apparatus configured to prepare light from the light source into particular states of polarization, the polarization apparatus comprising: a first, fixed linear polarizer, a 90 degree optical retarder, and a rotatable, second linear polarizer; an electro-optical light phase modulator configured to produce light having a plurality of wavelengths and configured to retard the phase of propagation of light with a first state of linear polarization while not retarding the phase of light with a state of linear polarization orthogonal to the first state of linear polarization when an external electric field is applied; and a sinusoidal electrical oscillator configured to periodically apply an electric field to the light phase modulator.

12. The communication system of claim 11, wherein the light phase modulator is configured to produce a first light characterized by a first wavelength and first state of linear polarization and a second light characterized by a second wavelength and a second state of polarization orthogonal to the first state of polarization.

13. The communication system of claim 11, wherein the light phase modulator comprises an electro-optic crystal belonging to space group symmetry F43m and configured as a Mach-Zehnder interferometer.

14. The communication system of claim 13, wherein the electro-optic crystal belongs to the class of III-V compound semiconductors.

15. The communication system of claim 11, further comprising a light flux modulator configured to change the flux of light with a first state of linear polarization while not changing the flux of light with a state of linear polarization orthogonal to the first state of linear polarization when an external electric field is applied.

16. The communication system of claim 15, wherein the light flux modulator comprises an electro-optic crystal belonging to space group symmetry F43m and configured as a Mach-Zehnder interferometer.

17. The communication system of claim 15, wherein the light flux modulator is configured to encode data on light characterized by a first state of polarization while not encode data on light characterized by a second state of polarization orthogonal to the first state of polarization.

18. The communication system of claim 15, wherein the light flux modulator comprises: a plurality of optical waveguides extending parallel to a crystal surface having a perpendicular axis parallel to the z-axis and configured and oriented such that light propagates in a waveguide parallel to a y-direction or a x-direction while an external electric is applied in a z-direction; a plurality of electrical contacts coupled to each of the plurality of optical waveguides; and an electrical field source configured to provide the external electric field in the z-direction at each of the plurality of optical waveguides, via the plurality of electrical contacts.

19. The communication system of claim 18, wherein the plurality of optical waveguides comprise buried waveguides or ridge waveguides.

20. The communication system of claim 18, wherein the electric field source is configured to be substantially periodic in time.

21. A communications system, comprising: a light source configured to emit light having a predetermined wavelength; a polarization apparatus configured to prepare light from the light source into particular states of polarization, the polarization apparatus comprising: a first, fixed linear polarizer, a 90 degree optical retarder, and a rotatable, second linear polarizer; a phase modulator configured to produce light having a plurality of wavelengths and configured to retard the phase of propagation of light with a first state of linear polarization while not retarding the phase of light with a state of linear polarization orthogonal to the first state of linear polarization when an external electric field is applied; an electrical oscillator configured to periodically apply an electric field to the phase modulator; and a light flux modulator configured to change the flux of light with a first state of linear polarization while not changing the flux of light with a state of linear polarization orthogonal to the first state of linear polarization when an external electric field is applied.

22. The communication system of claim 21, wherein the light flux modulator is configured to encode data on light characterized by a first state of polarization while not encode data on light characterized by a second state of polarization orthogonal to the first state of polarization.

23. The communication system of claim 21, wherein the light flux modulator comprises: a plurality of optical waveguides extending parallel to a crystal surface perpendicular to the crystal z-direction waveguides configured and oriented such that light propagates in the waveguides in a y-direction or a x-direction while an external electric field is applied in a z-direction; a plurality of electrical contacts coupled to each of the plurality of optical waveguides; and an electrical field source configured to provide the external electric field in the z-direction at each of the plurality of optical waveguides, via the plurality of electrical contacts.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) Reference will now be made to the accompanying drawings, which are not necessarily drawn to scale.

(2) FIG. 1 illustrates a prior art system with a coherent optical detection scheme operating in dual polarization mode with in-phase and quadrature coding.

(3) FIG. 2 is a cross sectional view of prior art x-cut and z-cut lithium niobate crystal modulators with sketched external drive field directions, electrical contact placement, and optical waveguide orientation.

(4) FIG. 3 illustrates a phase-correlated orthogonally-polarized light-stream generator (POLG) apparatus and data coding apparatus, with a corresponding sketch of the state of polarization and frequency spectrum at designated points along the optical path, in accordance with one embodiment of the present disclosure.

(5) FIG. 4 is a cross sectional view of an electro-optic modulator comprising crystal exhibiting F43m space group symmetry, showing external applied electric field direction, electrical contact placement, and optical waveguide orientation designated by Miller indices for the space group F43m.

(6) FIG. 5 illustrates a prior art index ellipsoid for an electro-optically active crystal having zincblende symmetry, depicting external electric field effect on the index of refraction.

(7) FIG. 6 illustrates zinc blende crystal waveguides on the (001) surface and oriented parallel to the [110] direction and configured to function as a light flux modulator for TM polarized light while affecting no modulation on TE polarized light, in accordance with one embodiment of the present disclosure.

(8) FIG. 7 illustrates an apparatus transmitting optically coded radio frequency data and providing radio frequency local oscillator for analog decoding received radio frequency waves, in accordance with one embodiment of the present disclosure.

(9) FIG. 8 illustrates an apparatus for preparing in-phase and quadrature coded radio frequency carrier waves in the optical domain and apparatus for launching in-phase and quadrature coded radio frequency carrier wave into free space, in accordance one embodiment of the present disclosure.

(10) FIG. 9 shows spectral content, state of polarization, and radio frequency phase at various stages during the light stream preparation process in the optical domain, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure.

(11) FIG. 10 illustrates a system with an optical coherent detection sub-assembly without a separate optical local oscillator, in accordance with one embodiment of the present disclosure.

(12) FIG. 11 illustrates a system using a POLG and polarization modulators for transmitting and receiving of secure data in wireless radio frequency communications.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

(13) Although example embodiments of the present disclosure are explained in detail herein, it is to be understood that other embodiments are contemplated. Accordingly, it is not intended that the present disclosure be limited in its scope to the details of construction and arrangement of components set forth in the following description or illustrated in the drawings. The present disclosure is capable of other embodiments and of being practiced or carried out in various ways.

(14) It must also be noted that, as used in the specification and the appended claims, the singular forms a, an and the include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Ranges may be expressed herein as from about or approximately one particular value and/or to about or approximately another particular value. When such a range is expressed, other exemplary embodiments include from the one particular value and/or to the other particular value.

(15) By comprising or containing or including is meant that at least the named compound, element, particle, or method step is present in the composition or article or method, but does not exclude the presence of other compounds, materials, particles, method steps, even if the other such compounds, material, particles, method steps have the same function as what is named.

(16) In describing example embodiments, terminology will be resorted to for the sake of clarity. It is intended that each term contemplates its broadest meaning as understood by those skilled in the art and includes all technical equivalents that operate in a similar manner to accomplish a similar purpose. It is also to be understood that the mention of one or more steps of a method does not preclude the presence of additional method steps or intervening method steps between those steps expressly identified. Steps of a method may be performed in a different order than those described herein without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. Similarly, it is also to be understood that the mention of one or more components in a device or system does not preclude the presence of additional components or intervening components between those components expressly identified.

(17) In one embodiment of the present disclosure, a phase-correlated orthogonally-polarized light-stream generator (POLG) apparatus is configured to prepare light streams displaying plural phase-correlated wavelengths that are either parallel or orthogonally polarized with respect to one another.

(18) In one embodiment of the present disclosure, an electro-optic modulator having optical waveguides with zinc blende crystal symmetry is configured to substantially modulate a traversing light of one polarization while not affecting a light of an orthogonal polarization. In one embodiment, the electro-optic modulator can be used as a phase-correlated, local optical oscillator in optical coherent detection simplifying digital signal processing at the receiver, thereby simplifying digital signal processing equipment and minimizing latency time.

(19) In one embodiment, a light stream having orthogonally polarized lights traverses a zinc blende electro-optic modulator wherein a first polarized light can be encoded with data while a second orthogonally polarized light can be un-modulated. In one embodiment, a first data bearing light stream is converted to radio frequency data transmission while a second, orthogonally polarized, light stream generates a radio frequency local oscillator signal used in conjunction is radio frequency mixer and phase tracking feed-back loop for decoding incoming radio frequency signal having the same carrier frequency, thus simplifying the radio frequency receiving apparatus.

(20) One embodiment can use optical phase-sensitive, high format modulation, e.g., an in-phase and quadrature phase shift key modulation, and the conversion of the formatted light stream to in-phase and quadrature radio frequency electrical signals that can be radiated as an in-phase and quadrature carrier wave without the need for radio frequency mixers or frequency synthesized electrical local oscillator.

(21) One embodiment can use detection of high format modulated optical signals having orthogonal, linearly polarized and phase-coherent light streams, where a first stream carries in-phase data and a second stream carries quadrature data, and is processed by digital processing hardware and algorithms. The processing by digital processing hardware can be simplified and comprise increased coherency by virtue of the phase-coherent state and orthogonal polarization of the constituent light streams.

(22) In one embodiment, a POLG apparatus can comprise RF Encryption. When used in conjunction with polarization selective modulators, the POLG apparatus can use optical methods to transmit analog radio frequency data in a format generally referred to as frequency hopping spread spectrum relating to the transmitting and receiving of secure data in wireless radio frequency communications.

(23) In one embodiment, a coherent communication system can comprise two apparatus: a POLG configured to prepare a stream of light in a state having plural wavelengths, at least two of which are linearly polarized orthogonal to one another; and an electro-optic light flux modulator having one or more optical waveguides belonging to a crystalline material displaying zinc blende or F43m space group symmetry and configured to modulate only one of two orthogonal states of linear polarization of light while imperceptibly affecting the orthogonal state of polarization.

(24) Some embodiments of the present disclosure can comprise a POLG sub-assembly and a highly polarization selective electro-optic light modulator. One embodiment can comprise both a transmitter and a receiver of radio frequency signal. Another embodiment can comprise a phase and quadrature modulation means for coding both optical and radio frequency transmissions. Another embodiment can comprise simplified in phase and quadrature optical coherent detection without use of an external optical oscillator.

(25) In one embodiment, transmission of optical radio frequency information and receiving and processing of information carried by electromagnetic, radio frequency waves can be simplified. Both radio frequency transmission and reception can be enabled by the POLG and polarization specific modulators.

(26) FIG. 3 illustrates a system including a POLG 305, in accordance with one embodiment of the present disclosure. The system of FIG. 3 is configured for producing a light stream simultaneously comprising one carrier wavelength .sub.0 having a first linear polarization direction and two principal optical sidebands .sup.+1 and .sup.1 having a second linear polarization orthogonal to the first. Wavelength sidebands and polarization result when light of wavelength .sub.0 traverses phase modulator 320, operated at cyclic frequency f. Phase modulator 320 comprises one or more waveguides having zinc blend crystal symmetry and can be configured to modulate only one of two orthogonal states of linear polarization of light while imperceptibly affecting the orthogonal state of polarization. As shown at 300(b) each sideband .sup.+1 and .sup.1 is separated from the carrier wave .sub.0 by frequency interval f=c/(.sub.0+.sup.+)=c/(.sub.0.sup.). Light flux modulator 340 and phase modulator 320 are illustrated further in FIGS. 4-6.

(27) The POLG 305 can prepare light from a single source into phase-coherent light streams having defined states of polarization and spectral composition. Thus, in some embodiments, the POLG 305 may comprise light pre-processing. Light of a chosen wavelength exiting POLG light pre-processing may be encoded with data and transmitted and eventually decoded at a receiver by coherent detection using a reference light emanating from the POLG, for example, .sub.0. Exemplary embodiments are illustrated in FIGS. 7-9. Light pre-processing is advantageous because it can assure a high degree of coherence, low degree of phase noise, and auto-compensation for the channel impediment, commonly referred to as polarization mode dispersion and polarization ellipticity. When used in conjunction with a data coding device, for example an electro-optic light flux modulator 340 (see 300(a) of FIG. 3), leaking of information encoded in a channel into an orthogonal channel can be prevented. For example, in some embodiments, the electro-optic light flux modulator 340 can allow passage of two orthogonal, linear polarized lights having different wavelengths, and encode data on light of only one linear polarization, while leaving undisturbed the co-propagating, perpendicularly polarized light.

(28) Referring again to 300(a) of FIG. 3, the POLG apparatus 305 may comprise a distributed feedback laser diode 310, a polarization apparatus 315 to prepare the initial state of polarization of light, and a sinusoidal electrical oscillator 325 that applies a periodic electrical field to the electro-optical phase modulator 320. The polarization apparatus 315 may comprise fixed linear polarizer (P), a () retardation plate, and a rotating linear polarizer (PR).

(29) Referring now to 300(b) of FIG. 3, positions (1), (2), (3) and (4) refer to corresponding numbered positions in drawing 300(a). As illustrated at 300(b), the state of linear polarization and spectral components of the light stream are sketched at positions along the path at 300(a). Light with wavelength .sub.o emitted from laser diode 310 can traverse polarization apparatus 315 and emerge in a desired state of linear polarization with electric field vector making angle with respect to the principal axis of symmetry of the phase modulator crystal 320, in this case, the y-axis. For example, in an embodiment, the phase modulator crystal 320 can be LiNbO.sub.3 and thereby become naturally birefringent. Thus, its modulation efficiency can vary with polarization of the incident light stream, and it is impossible to modulate light of one polarization and not leak the modulation into the orthogonally polarized light. Similarly, in an embodiment, the phase modulator crystal 320 can be an intrinsically isotropic electro-optic crystal of zinc blende symmetry which can be intentionally configured and operated in a birefringent mode.

(30) If the phase modulator crystal 320 is not operating in a birefingent mode, then the modulation of light polarized in the x-direction, for example, does not occur and only light that is polarized in the y-direction is modulated, resulting in first order optical sidebands at wavelengths .sup.1 and .sup.+1. Electro-optic crystals with space group symmetry F43m, for example InP and GaAs, can be suitable crystalline materials that can be configured as modulators exhibiting high polarization selectivity based on the symmetry of their electro-optic tensor.

(31) With input light .sub.0, the output of the POLG apparatus 305 at 300(a) can comprise light at wavelength .sub.0, polarized linearly in the x-direction, and optical sideband lights at wavelengths .sup.+1 and .sup.1, polarized linearly in the y-direction. These lights can be used in a coherent communication system. The orthogonally polarized optical carrier with wavelength .sub.0 and the optical side bands with wavelengths .sup.+1 and .sup.1 can have coherent phases since they originate from the same source and traverse the same optical path. Furthermore, channel birefringence and substantially stochastic polarization fluctuations in the channel can affect all these lights in a substantially similar manner during channel propagation, resulting in coherent, substantially orthogonally polarized lights at the receiver.

(32) As depicted at 300(a) and 300(b) of FIG. 3, an optical bandpass filter 330 may be used to reject one optical sideband. The remaining optical carrier .sub.0 and one optical sideband .sup.1 at position (3), for example, may traverse a polarization-selective electro-optic light flux modulator 340 configured from a suitable crystal of space group symmetry F43m and driven by data encoder 335. Polarization-selective light flux modulator 340, can modulate light of one polarization, for example, .sup.1 with data sidebands 345 shown in 300(b) at position (4), while not affecting orthogonally polarized light .sub.0 at position (4). Then the optical carrier light .sub.0 remains as the coherent, phase-correlated reference light which may be used for coherent detection at the receiver, or for the optical heterodyne generation of coded millimeter-waves for free-space communication, or for upstream baseband communication. The degree to which the light flux modulator 340 is polarization-selective can depend on the natural properties of the electro-optic crystal, the construction of the modulator and the propagation direction and linear polarization direction of the lights with respect to the crystal's axis of symmetry. Intrinsically birefringent crystals such as Lithium Niobate (LiNbO.sub.3), Lithium Tantalate (LiTaO.sub.3), and Potassium Titanyl Phosphate (KTiOPO.sub.4) are not highly polarization selective and can result in partial modulation of the orthogonally polarized channel. InP and GaAs are not intrinsically birefringent and can result in no leakage of modulation into the orthogonally polarized channel.

(33) Aspects of polarization selective modulators in accordance with various embodiments of the present disclosure will now be described in further detail. Zinc Blende, III-V semiconductors, space group symmetry F43m, are not intrinsically birefringent. However, if subjected to an external electric field F.sub.z, the index ellipsoid or indicatrix for a III-V semiconductor can take the form
(x.sup.2+y.sup.2+z.sup.2)/n.sub.0.sup.2+2r.sub.41(yzF.sub.x+zxF.sub.y+xyF.sub.z)=1Eq. 6
where n.sub.o is the ordinary refractive index, which is about 3.2 for InP, and r.sub.41 are the three non-zero, identical, off-diagonal elements of the electro-optic tensor. Since crystal growth in these materials usually proceeds perpendicular to the (001) surface and along the [001] z-axis, in an exemplary embodiment, an electric field can be applied along the z-axis as represented in FIG. 4 (a) and (b). In this case, F.sub.x=F.sub.y=0; F.sub.z0 and Eq. 6 can become
(x.sup.2+y.sup.2+z.sup.2)/n.sub.o.sup.2+2r.sub.41xyF.sub.z=1Eq. 7
Due to the off-diagonal components of the electro-optic tensor, the principal axes in the xy plane are rotated by 45 in the presence of an applied electric field F.sub.z, forming the rotated coordinate system about the [001] (z-axis) with [110] (x-axis) and [110] (y-axis) in the (001) plane. Therefore, the index ellipsoid or the indicatrix in the new coordinate system can be represented by Eq. 8, sketched in FIG. 4 at 400(a).
x.sup.2[1/n.sub.o.sup.2+r.sub.41F.sub.z]+y.sup.2[1/n.sub.o.sup.2r.sub.41F.sub.z]+z.sup.2/n.sub.o.sup.2=1Eq. 8
Eq. 8 shows that for a waveguide along [110] (x-axis) or [110] (y-axis) direction, the index modulation can be given by
n.sub.y=[1/n.sub.o.sup.2r.sub.41F.sub.z].sup.1/2n.sub.o+n.sub.o.sup.3r.sub.41F.sub.zEq. 9
n.sub.x=[1/n.sub.o.sup.2+r.sub.41F.sub.z].sup.1/2n.sub.on.sub.o.sup.3r.sub.41F.sub.zEq. 10
for the waveguide TE mode, which is polarized with electric field in the crystal's z[001] direction, as depicted in FIG. 4 at 400(a). One important consequence of Eq. 9 and Eq. 10 is that changes in the refractive index only occur in the plane of the waveguide, the xy-plane, when an external field F.sub.z is applied in the orthogonal [001] z-direction. Therefore, for the waveguide orientation shown in FIG. 4, the waveguide TM mode, which is polarized with electric field parallel to the waveguide propagation direction y [110] is not modulated because all the electro-optic tensor elements, aside from r.sub.41, are null. Therefore, all III-V electro-optic modulators (e.g., InP/InGaAsP or GaAs/GaAlAs) subject to the waveguide orientation depicted in FIG. 4 can have high polarization selectivity under modulation in the z[001] direction. Also note that the sign of the index change depends on the waveguide orientation.
n=n.sub.yn.sub.x=n.sub.o.sup.3r.sub.41F.sub.zEq. 11

(34) An InP Mach-Zehnder modulator with waveguides also oriented parallel to the [110] direction, but lying in the [110]-[001] or (y-z) plane, not the (x-y) plane as depicted in FIG. 4, has been described by Ogiso et al. ([Ogiso 2014]). The symmetry inherent in Eq. 9 and Eq. 10, i.e., equal and opposite magnitude changes in the index of refraction along directions [110] and [110] as described by Eq. 9 and Eq. 10 and depicted in FIG. 4, is therefore broken, enabling modulation of the TM mode in the case described by Ogiso et al. ([Ogiso 2014]).

(35) In FIG. 4, 400(a) depicts a cross section view of a zinc blende crystal modulator constructed on a (001) surface of a semi-insulating InP substrate 425, and comprising the substrate 425, an n-doped InP epitaxial layer 420, and a buffer layer 415 separating the semiconductor from ground electrical contacts (G) 405 and driving electrical contacts (S) 410, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. Electric field lines produced by the electrical contacts are depicted as features 430 and are substantially oriented normal to the surface in the [001] direction directly below the driving electrical contacts (S) where a light guiding optical waveguide is formed by an InGaAsP region 435. The optical waveguides 435 run parallel to a y [110] crystal direction. Polarization of the light stream is indicated by TM when the magnetic field of the waveguide mode is oriented perpendicular to the direction of the applied electric field, F.sub.z. TE polarization can indicate that the waveguide mode has electric field aligned perpendicular to the direction of the applied electric field, F.sub.z.

(36) An intuitive view of the effect of an applied external field F.sub.z on the index of refraction of an electro-optic crystal having space group symmetry F43m can be visualized by means of the index ellipsoid of rotation construct about the direction of the applied electric field, F.sub.z, usually referred as the z-axis shown in FIG. 5, where the intrinsically isotropic index of refraction is represented by a sphere outlined by the solid-line 505 and the index of refraction ellipsoid of rotation under the action of applied field, F.sub.z, is represented by broken line 510. The direction of propagation of a electromagnetic plane is represented by phase constant ({right arrow over (k)}) and the isotropic refractive index when F.sub.z=0 is shown as n.

(37) A polarization-selective modulator in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure can be constructed by aligning optical waveguides and applying an external modulation field in accordance with a crystal's electro-optic tensor symmetry. Thus, in the case of a semiconductor crystal, for example, GaAs or InP or ternary or quartenary compounds thereof, exhibiting space group symmetry F43m, a polarization selective modulator may be formed with optical waveguides extended on a (001) surface. In some embodiments the optical waveguides may be either buried waveguides or ridge waveguides, so that light propagates in a [110] or [110] direction while external electric fields are applied parallel to the [001] direction. FIG. 6 depicts a semiconductor (001) surface on substrate 635 overlaid with buffer layer 630. Waveguides 640 can be formed parallel to a [110] direction. Reciprocal beam splitters or combiners 610 can separate incoming light from one waveguide 605 into two substantially equal parts, each entering one waveguides 640. A structure 610 can be used as a combiner and combine light from waveguides 640 into a single outgoing waveguide 605. In some embodiments, structures 610 may be formed by means of multimode interference in a resonance box.

(38) The index of refraction of each waveguide forming the modulator, for example a light flux modulator, may be varied by the application of an electric field F.sub.z as shown in FIG. 4 and FIG. 5. In some embodiments, this may be accomplished by the application of an electric field on either electrode 620 or electrode 621 or both at the same time but in opposing directions while electrodes 625 provide the electrical return path. The waveguides are oriented parallel to [110] or [110] on a (001) semiconductor crystal surface. The waveguide orientation in relation to crystal axes can help prevent modulation of TM polarized light while availing maximum modulation for TE polarized light.

(39) FIG. 7 illustrates an apparatus transmitting optically coded radio frequency data and providing radio frequency local oscillator for analog decoding received radio frequency waves, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. The polarization and spectral content of a light stream 700 are illustrated with reference to the coordinate axes y and x as a function of perpendicular distance from the y-x plane. The POLG sub-assembly 305 (FIG. 3) can prepare an initial state of the light stream, characterized by carrier wavelength .sub.o, spectral sidebands .sup.+1, .sup.1, and orthogonal polarizations indicated by arrows corresponding to the polarization of the light stream, collectively represented by group 710, as also represented at position (2) in 300(b) of FIG. 3. The frequency difference between the central carrier .sub.0 and each of the two sidebands is f=c/(.sub.0+.sup.+1)=c/(.sub.0.sup.1) as is also the case as illustrated at FIG. 3.

(40) Group 715 is a rendition of the spectral composition and state of polarization of the light stream after application of phase modulator 320 and light flux modulator 340. POLG phase modulator 320 and light flux modulator 340 can be configured to be highly selective to polarization in accordance with crystal symmetry and waveguide orientation as represented in FIG. 4, FIG. 5, and FIG. 6. Optical filter 720 can remove wavelength bands around .sup.1. Carrier wavelength .sub.o and data sub-band .sup.+1 in group 725 can be passed to polarizing beamsplitter 730, which separates the light polarized along y, shown as group 725, from light polarized along x, shown as group 726. Data bearing, p-polarized light, 725 can impinge on a photodiode 730 where the electric fields pertaining to .sub.o and .sup.+1 can mix to give rise to an electrical signal oscillating at radio frequency f which can be amplified by amplifier 735 and filtered by electrical filter 740. Thereafter, the electrical signal can be radiated in space as radio frequency waves 750 by antenna radiator 745. Un-modulated, s-polarized, light group 726 can impinge on photodiode 755 and produces an electrical signal that can also oscillate at frequency f and can be used as the electrical local oscillator in a radio frequency front-end receiver, group 781. The electrical signal from photodiode 755 can be amplified by the radio frequency amplifier 760 and can enter a phase-tracking loop sub-assembly 780. Moreover, the electrical signal from photodiode 755 can comprise a phase detector 765, a voltage controlled oscillator 770, and a loop filter 775. The front-end receiver can comprise an antenna 790 configured to efficiently couple to electromagnetic waves in a radio frequency band containing f and its data sidebands. The radio frequency signal received from antenna 790 can be amplified by amplifier 789 and frequency mixed with local oscillator signal 797 from photodiode 755 by radio frequency mixer 787. The mixed output from 787 can be filtered by radio frequency filter 785 to retrieve base band data, BB.

(41) FIGS. 8 and 9 illustrate providing phase and quadrature modulation means coding optical and radio frequency transmissions, in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure. The POLG sub-assembly 305 can prepare the initial state of the light stream, characterized by carrier wavelength .sub.o, spectral sideband .sup.1 and arrows indicating the orthogonal electric field direction or polarization of the light stream 877 at position (1) in 800(a), corresponding to position (3) in 300(b) of FIG. 3. Sideband .sup.+1 does not appear in 800(a) as may be blocked by optical filtering means 330 shown in drawing 300(a). The frequency difference between the central carrier and the .sup.+1 sideband is substantially the modulation frequency f=c/(.sub.0.sup.1) as is the case in conjunction with FIG. 3. Polarization maintaining optical fiber 810 provides means to preserve the state of polarization and is characterized by slow axis direction 815 and alignment key 820 shown in cross section representation 815. Polarization splitter 830 can separate the light stream into two orthogonal components whose flux can be equalized by a variable optical attenuator 840. An optical delay 835, commensurate with f, can be introduced in one of the optical streams to adjust the phase between the signal .sup.1 and the reference light .sub.0 to affect optical phase and quadrature coding. ([Zheng December 2014]).

(42) Quadrature data can be encoded on each of the two orthogonally polarized light streams by light flux modulators 845 and 850. As shown in FIG. 8, modulator 850 is rotated 90 relative to modulator 845 about the axis of light input, as indicated by rotation arrow 847, to align the modulation axis of data encoders with the polarization of the light stream. Additionally, as shown at FIG. 5, one light stream is rotated 45 clockwise while the other light stream is rotated 45 counter-clockwise, by polarization rotators 855 and 860 which may be .sup.1 plates. The state of polarization of each light stream is designated by P1 or P2 and the relative phases, designated by 1=+/4 and 2=/4, are controlled by optical delay 835. =(12) is the phase difference between the two radio wave of frequency f=c/(.sub.0+.sup.1) in light streams P1 and P2. At this point these radio waves exist only as different optical frequencies in the optical domain; after photo-diodes 875 and 876 they will exist in the electrical radio frequency domain and one will be retarded by 90 relative to the other, or will be in quadrature.

(43) The state of polarization and data sidebands for light in each orthogonally polarized stream 900 is depicted in FIG. 9 at numbered positions corresponding to numbered positions along the light path at 800(a) of FIG. 8: after emerging from the POLG 805, position (1); after data coding, position (2); after polarization rotators 855 and 860, position (3); after combining the two orthogonally polarize light streams by combiner 865, position (4); and after the two orthogonally polarized light streams are recovered at the destination and re-separated as orthogonally polarized lights, position (5).

(44) The polarization combiner 865 can aggregate the two spatially separated, orthogonally polarized, data bearing light streams into one spatially coincident light stream whose state of polarization and spectral content at position (4) is depicted in drawing 900 of FIG. 9. The two aggregated light streams can carry encoded radio frequencies from the optical light stream encoder sub-assembly 898 to the analog in-phase and quadrature radio frequency transmitter 899 in the optical domain over long distances, signified by optical fiber loops 870.

(45) In some embodiments, each of the two orthogonally polarized light streams carries data and radio frequency carrier f. The relative phases of the two radio frequency carrier waves in the two light streams is controlled by optical delay 835 and if the phase difference is /2, then when the two beams are translated to the electrical domain and combined, as with a Wilkinson power combiner, the system constitutes an in-phase and quadrature radio transmitter without using mixers, frequency synthesizers or additional oscillators. Furthermore, because each constituent wavelength of each orthogonally polarized light stream originates from the same source and substantially follows the same channel path, they are highly phase coherent, resulting in minimum phase noise in the radio frequency carrier wave generated therefrom.

(46) As shown at 800(b) of FIG. 8, the state of polarization of the aggregate light stream can develop a certain amount of ellipticity due to incidental optical fiber birefringence. This may be corrected by polarization equalizer 873 before being reconstituted into its two orthogonally polarized light stream components P1 with relative phase 1=+/4 and P2 with relative phase 2=/4, by polarizing beam splitter 832. Each beam P1 and P2 can then be incident respective photodiodes 875 and 876. Heterodyne mixing of parallel-polarized electric fields can occur on each photodiode and can generate electrical radio frequency signals that are amplified by amplifiers 883 and 884 and can be carried, for example, to a Wilkinson power combiner 880, and to an antenna radiator 890 over transmission lines represented by broken lines 881 and 882. The radiated signal can include two radio frequency carrier waves that are in relative phase delay of 90 and each can carry quadrature encoded analog data. The relative phase delay of the two carrier waves is depicted by drawing sinusoidal forms 886 displaying relative phase offset.

(47) In another embodiment, the POLG apparatus, used in conjunction with polarization selective modulators, can be used to transmit in-phase and quadrature coded optical data accompanied by a phase coherent light stream to be used as the optical local oscillator at the coherent optical receiver. Referring to 800(a) of FIG. 8, light from the optical light stream encoder sub-assembly 898 at position (4) is transmitted. The polarization components and spectral content of the transmitted light stream at position (4) is depicted at 900 at position (4) and at position (4) in drawing 1000 of FIG. 10, which depicts a simplified optical coherent detection sub-assembly without a separate optical local oscillator.

(48) Data 1010 (FIG. 10) entering the coherent detection sub-assembly can comprise P1-polarized light bearing Ix-data and orthogonally polarized P2 light bearing Qx-data. Polarizing beamsplitter 1005 can separate the two polarizations into a Qx path separate from the Ix path represented by directions 5(a) and 5(b). Beamsplitter 1005 can perform a substantially similar function as beamsplitter 832 in quadrature radio frequency transmitter 899 at 800(b) of FIG. 8. Light stream 5(a) bearing Ix data can be split into two substantially equal channels by multimode interference beamsplitter 1025 and each channel can be incident on one of a matched photo-diode doublet 130. Light stream 5(b) bearing Qx data can be split into two substantially equal channels by multimode interference beamsplitter 1030 and each channel can be incident on one of a photo-diode matched pair 130. Electrical amplifiers 135 can boost the signal before entering the digital signal processing sub-assembly 1100.

(49) In FIG. 10, there is no local optical local oscillator. The accompanying central carrier wavelength .sub.0 is used instead. The central carrier can be spectrally shifted from the data band and can be substantially phase coherent with the data light stream since both are derived from the same laser diode 310 in the POLG and follow substantially the same channel path. Simplification at receiver digital signal processing end can be balanced by slightly increased complexity in light stream preparation at the analog front end in conjunction with analog polarization ellipticity correction by polarization equalizer 873 in 800(b).

(50) In some embodiments, a POLG apparatus, when used in conjunction with polarization selective modulators, can demonstrate how to use optical methods to transmit analog radio frequency data in a format generally referred to as frequency hopping spread spectrum relating to the transmitting and receiving of secure data in wireless radio frequency communications.

(51) Referring to the embodiment shown in FIG. 11, the phase modulator 320 can be driven at sinusoidal frequencies that vary cyclically between an upper and a lower limit in a predetermined, truncated sequence, for example, a Fibonacci sequence. Sinusoidal waveforms can be generated by frequency synthesizer 1110 as determined by the programmed protocol of the logical frequency sequencing unit 1105. A first consequence of driving the phase modulator 320 in a frequency hopping mode is the spectral hopping of the modulation sidebands .sup.+1 and .sup.1 which are spectrally separated by optical frequency difference 2f(t). The transmutation of frequency 2f(t) from the optical to the electrical domain occurs when the two light streams, having wavelengths .sup.+1 and .sup.1, are heterodyne mixed on a photo-diode. Each temporary radio frequency band is used for transmission and reception during a finite dwell time, as determined by the logical frequency sequencing unit 1105. During the frequency dwell time each of the hopping radio frequencies, 2f(t), may carry portions of a message. The complete message may be obtained if the frequency sequencing protocol is previously shared between sender and receiver.

(52) The communication sequence in the embodiment depicted in FIG. 11 may be summarized as follows. The state of polarization and principal spectral sidebands of the light stream are prepared by the POLG sub-assembly 305 as discussed in conjunction with FIG. 3. Light emanating from the POLG comprises a central carrier wavelength and orthogonally polarized, phase modulation sidebands .sup.+1 and .sup.1, as depicted at position (2) at 300(b) of FIG. 3. Polarization maintaining fiber 810 guides light to polarization beamsplitter 830 where the central wavelength .sup.o is diverted to other uses not relevant to this specific exemplary embodiment. The linear polarization of sidebands .sup.+1 and .sup.1 transmitted by polarizing beamsplitter 830 are rotated 45 by polarization rotator 855 and the orthogonally polarized components of the light stream are separated by polarization beamsplitter 831 into two light streams 1120 and 1125. Light in stream 1120 is orthogonally polarized to light in stream 1125. Optical filter 720 removes sideband X from light stream 1120 while optical filter 721 removes sideband .sup.1 from light stream 1125. Remaining sideband .sup.1 in light stream 1120 is then encoded with data by modulator 850 while remaining sideband .sup.+1 in light stream 1125 is not modulated but its linear polarization is rotated by 90 to become parallel to the linear polarization in light stream 1120.

(53) Parallel polarized light streams 1120 and 1125 are then merged into one light stream by light combiner 1115. Because two different light paths are produced at polarizing beamsplitter 831, the phase coherence condition between the two sidebands in the original light stream 1130 is violated. The function of phase retardation device 321 is to compensate for substantially slow drifts in the phase coherence between the two sidebands, within an integral multiple of 2, by acting on the slow average drift signal detected by photo-diode 875.

(54) After the two parallel polarized light streams are combined by combiner 1115, the resulting light stream contains the un-modulated sideband .sup.+1 which is polarized parallel to the co-propagating, data bearing sideband .sup.1. Upon heterodyne mixing on photo-diode 875, electrical amplification 735 and electrical filter 720, the resulting frequency hopping radio frequency signal is transmitted by antenna radiator 745 as represented by structure 1140. Coherence of the two optical sidebands .sup.+1 and .sup.1 that generate a steady, non-fading radio frequency carrier wave, having frequency 2f(t), is maintained by detecting substantially slow average photo-current drift by photo-diode 875. A slow current drift indicates a walk-off the coherence state. The coherent state can be closely maintained by adjusting a variable applied voltage, F.sub.z, on phase retardation device 321 in accordance with variations of the monitoring current from photo-diode 875 through feed-back loop 1135. One example of a phase retardation device, 321, may be an optical waveguide composed of a zinc blende crystal, said waveguide oriented on a (001) zinc blende crystal surface such that light in the waveguide propagates substantially parallel to a [110] direction and the magnitude of phase retardation is proportional to the applied external field F.sub.z in accordance with Eq. 1 or 2, for example, n.sub.2(F.sub.z)n.sub.o+ n.sup.3r.sub.41F.sub.z.

(55) The specific configurations, choice of materials and the size and shape of various elements can be varied according to particular design specifications or constraints requiring a system or method constructed according to the principles of the present disclosure. Such changes are intended to be embraced within the scope of the present disclosure. The presently disclosed embodiments, therefore, are considered in all respects to be illustrative and not restrictive. The scope of the present disclosure is indicated by the appended claims, rather than the foregoing description, and all changes that come within the meaning and range of equivalents thereof are intended to be embraced therein.

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