EQUIPMENT AND METHOD FOR MODULATING MICROBIAL CONSORTIA

Abstract

Equipment and a method for on-site and ex-situ modulation of microbial consortia useful in liquid and semi-solid effluents or solid waste treatment systems, for removing and/or reusing undesirable organic or inorganic loads. The equipment has of a main cultivation tank or a liquid body provided with an ex-situ subsystem for modulating microbial consortia for subsequent or concomitant introduction into the main cultivation tank or reactor or into the liquid body. The process is implemented in a culture equipment with controlled conditions for introducing the microorganism-enriched material into the effluent or solid waste to be treated, in the form of pre-cultivation and/or co-cultivation. The ex-situ subsystem of the invention has a device for forming gas/air bubbles in a liquid suitable for applying a shearing force to the microorganisms present in the subsystem, and also useful for modulating the microbial consortia in a main cultivation tank or a liquid body.

Claims

1. Equipment for microbial consortia modulation for environmental applications comprising: a reactor/main tank of treatment; and at least one on-site and ex-situ subsystem of microbial consortia modulation, the subsystem comprising at least one device selected from the group consisting of devices for generating microbubbles/nanobubbles, devices for generating thin films, devices for generating shearing, and combinations thereof.

2. The equipment according to claim 1, wherein said ex-situ subsystem additionally comprises at least one of: means for controlling the temperature and/or pH; stirring means; means to adjust the nutrients, or inhibit unwanted microorganisms; and means for total, partial or controlled discharge of the volume of subsystem material to said reactor or main tank.

3. The equipment according to claim 1, further comprising controlled means of liquid introduction from input flow bypass of waste/effluents and/or of organic matter of open liquid bodies.

4. The equipment according to claim 1, further comprising means to adjust the amount of energy introduced in the reactor of main cultivation tank and/or in the ex-situ subsystem(s) of microbial consortia modulation.

5. The equipment according to claim 1, wherein the main tank also comprises at least one device selected from; the group consisting of devices for generating microbubbles/nanobubbles, devices for generating thin films, devices for generating shearing, and combinations thereof.

6. A method of use of an ex-situ subsystem for microbial consortia modulation, comprising using the ex-situ subsystem for subsequent and concomitant introduction of the volume of material containing microorganisms and/or organic matter into treatment tanks of effluents and/or liquid bodies.

7. The method of use according to claim 6, wherein the ex-situ subsystem of microbial consortia modulation promotes the selective growth of one or more microorganisms already present in the effluent at the expense of other, for the subsequent reintroduction of said microorganisms, in high concentrations, into treatment tanks of effluents and/or liquid bodies.

8. A process for ex-situ microbial consortia modulation, comprising: a step of microbial consortia modulation in at least one on-site and ex-situ subsystem comprising at least one device selected from the group consisting of devices for generating microbubbles, devices for generating thin films, devices for generating shearing, and combinations thereof; and a subsequent or concomitant step of introduction of all or part of the volume of the ex-situ subsystem to a reactor/main tank of treatment and/or liquid bodies.

9. The process according to claim 8, wherein the operation regime is of microorganisms cultivation in the ex-situ subsystem and of biotransformation in the main tank.

10. The process according to claim 8, wherein the operation regime is of differential or total shearing in the ex-situ subsystem and of cultivation and/or biotransformation in the main tank.

11. The process according to claim 8, further comprising a step of controlled introduction, to said equipment, of liquids from input flow bypass of waste or effluents.

12. The process according to claim 8, further comprising differential or total shearing.

13. The process according to claim 8, further comprising the use of equipment as defined in claim 1.

14. The process according to claim 8, further comprising the use of sludge of liquid bodies as input material in the ex-situ subsystem.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0037] FIG. 1 shows a schematic representation of a conventional process of effluent aerobic treatment (prior art). The enrichment of microorganisms is made with recirculation of part of the sludge after clarification.

[0038] FIG. 2 shows a schematic representation of conventional equipment (20) of effluent aerobic treatment (prior art), being indicated: (21) effluent input; (22, 23) chicanes/deflectors; (24) blades for agitation and/or gases sprinkler; (25) engine for agitation and/or gas pump; (26) effluent output.

[0039] FIG. 3 shows a schematic representation of an embodiment of the equipment (30) of the invention, which comprises: a main tank (32) for the treatment of liquid effluents or semi-solid waste; an ex-situ subsystem (31) of microbial consortia modulation comprising a device (31b) selected from: devices for generating microbubbles, thin films, shearing, or combinations thereof, for subsequent and concomitant introduction of all or part of the volume of the ex-situ subsystem to the main cultivation tank (32). Also indicated are: (33) entrance of effluent into main tank; (34) optional derivation of part of the input effluent for introduction in the ex-situ subsystem (31); (35) optional nutrient input for the ex-situ subsystem; (36) gas input to the ex-situ subsystem; (37) subsystem output of modulation of microbial consortium and feeding to the main tank (32); (38a) engine for agitation and/or gas or liquid pump with gas input; (38b) blades for agitation and/or gases sprinkler; and (39) effluent output.

[0040] FIG. 4 shows a schematic representation of another embodiment of the equipment of the invention, being indicated: (40) equipment of the invention; (41) ex-situ subsystem of microbial consortia modulation; (42) main tank; (43) effluent input in the main tank; (44) optional derivation of part of the input effluent to feed the ex-situ subsystem (41) of microbial consortia modulation; (45) optional nutrient input to the ex-situ subsystem; (46) gases input for the ex-situ subsystem; (47a, 47c) engine for agitation and/or gas pump; (47b) blades for agitation and/or gas sprinkler; (47d) device selected from: devices for generating microbubbles, thin films, shearing, or combinations thereof, for subsequent and concomitant introduction of all or part of the volume of ex-situ subsystem to the main cultivation tank (42); (48a) subsystem or sludge decantation chamber; (48b) return of decanted sludge; (49) effluent output. This embodiment of the invention differs from similar equipment by the presence of items (41), (44), (45), (46), (47c) and (47d), that is, by the presence of ex-situ subsystem (41) of microbial consortia modulation.

[0041] FIG. 5 shows a schematic representation of a device for generation of microbubbles, nanobubbles and/or shearing. The figure illustrates a longitudinal cut of a type Venturi beak or nozzle (50) for the generation of microbubbles, nanobubbles and/or shearing in the liquid medium of an ex-situ subsystem of microbial consortia modulation, being shown in (51) the liquid input point, in (52) the gas/air input point and in (53) the output point of the liquid/microbubbles mixture. Said microbubbles and/or nanobubbles generating device can be set or adjusted to provide shearing in the liquid medium, in order to break down biofilms, aggregates or clumps of cells, or even break down the cell membranes of certain microbial typesor all of them.

[0042] FIG. 6 shows schematic representations of devices of liquid gas dissolution known in the art. In A), it is shown a microbubbles and/or nanobubbles generating device (Riverforest Corporation) which generates microbubbles and/or nanobubbles from liquid pumping. The liquid circulation inside of said device generates a vacuum sucking the external air and the mixture with the liquid, forming the microbubbles and/or nanobubbles depending on the used flows and pressures. Liquid flows with many microbubbles and/or nanobubbles are ejected from the two ends of device. In B), it is shown a generating device of liquid thin films (Riverforest Corporation). Said device collects air bubbles in the liquid and transforms them into liquid bubbles around the air, through the forced passage by a system reducing the air bubbles rise rate (for more details, see U.S. Pat. No. 8,292,271, incorporated herein by reference). The formation of liquid thin films around the air provides high gas exchange area, providing both liquid aeration and removal of gases that previously were in it (stripping), being therefore very useful in situations of saturation of gases in the liquid, that is, to denature the liquid. In C), it is shown another generating device of liquid thin films (Riverforest Corporation), in a vertical serial arrangement. In the detail, liquid bubbles around the air are shown. In D), it is shown a combined device, generating microbubbles and liquid thin films in the same device (Riverforest Corporation). Said microbubbles/nanobubbles generating devices may be set or adjusted to provide shearing in the liquid medium, in order to break down biofilms, aggregates or clumps of cells, or even break down cell membranes of certain microbial typesor all of them.

[0043] FIG. 7 illustrates schematically an embodiment of equipment of the invention, in which an ex-situ subsystem of microbial consortia modulation (70) of 300 L comprises an arrangement of three devices, wherein:

[0044] a microbubbles/nanobubbles generating device (71) of BT-50 model (Riverforest Corporation) in hydraulic connection with a liquid pump (72) of 0.5 HP (WEG);

[0045] a liquid thin film generating device (73) of FB-50 model (Riverforest Corporation) connected to a clean air compressor (74) (Schulz); and

[0046] a microbubbles and liquid thin films generating device (75) of FBT-50 model (Riverforest Corporation) hydraulically connected to a liquid pump (76) of 0.5 HP (WEG). Also indicated are: (77) material input in the ex-situ subsystem, and may be derived from part of the volume of a main tank of treatment or derived from part of the sludge volume of a liquid body such as river, pond, lagoon or cove; (78) material output of the ex-situ subsystem to feed a main tank of treatment.

[0047] FIG. 8 shows a schematic representation of an embodiment of the equipment (80) of the invention, comprising: a main tank (82) for treatment of liquid effluents; an ex-situ subsystem (81) of microbial consortia modulation comprising a device (83) devices for generating microbubbles and/or thin films FBT 50 model (Riverforest), for subsequent and concomitant introduction of all or part of the volume of the ex-situ subsystem to the main cultivation tank (82). Also indicated are: (84) aeration system of the main tank, comprising conventional aerators of perforated plates and thin film generator AWA (Riverforest); (85) air and/or liquid pump; (86) air and/or liquid input in the; (87) air pump for the main tank; (88) clear air input for the main tank. The other points not indicated are similar to those of FIG. 3.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0048] The present invention has as inventive concept common to its objects an on-site and ex-situ equipment for the microbial consortia modulation comprising one or more devices for generating microbubbles, thin films, shearing, or combinations thereof. Said equipment is particularly useful in the improvement of conditions of open liquid bodies and/or in the improvement of performance of treatment systems of liquid, semi-solid or solid effluents. The equipment of the invention provides: reduction of energy consumption; increase of efficacy of processes of environmental treatment or recovery; a volume of material containing biomass with adjust in the present microbial consortium, providing consortium adjustment of tanks of aerobic treatment or open liquid bodies; use of effluents as biomass for biotransformation and obtainment of products of economic interest.

[0049] In one embodiment, the equipment of the invention comprises one or more devices for the generation of microbubbles and/or nanobubbles in the ex-situ modulation system, providing substantial improvement of the diffusion and solubilization of relevant gases for the cultivation of said organisms, further reaching higher titers and/or growing faster.

[0050] In one embodiment, the equipment of the invention comprises one or more devices for the generation of microbubbles and/or nanobubbles in the ex-situ modulation system, said device(s) being adjusted or adjustable to operate in differential shearing regimes, that is, to provide controlled shear force to break down biofilms, aggregates or clumps of cells, or to break down selectively or totally the cell membranes of microorganisms. Said device(s) thus provide(s) and additional selection medium or microbial consortia modulation present in the liquid which passes by device(s), or it is present in the main tanks of treatment or even in open liquid bodies.

[0051] In one embodiment, the equipment of the invention comprises one or more devices for the generation of liquid thin films in the ex-situ modulation system, providing substantial improvement of diffusion and solubilization of relevant gases for cultivation of said organisms, at the same time wherein they remove undesirable gases (stripping).

[0052] In one embodiment, the equipment of the invention comprises a combination of two or more devices selected from: devices for the generation of microbubbles/nanobubbles, with or without shearing production; and devices for the generation of liquid thin films.

[0053] The invention provides the combination of synergies of: (i) increasing the amount and/or gas dissolution rate in liquids; (ii) removing undesirable gases (stripping); (iii) differential shearing for selective elimination, or total shearing, for total elimination of microorganisms; (iv) reducing energy consumption; (v) adjusting the equipment or process according to variations of input or parameters load of interest.

[0054] The equipment of the invention resolves several technical problems in the sector, which are not resolved by conventional approaches of addition of dry, lyophilized microorganisms, or in the form of spores, which are cultivated off-site, that is, in distant locations and imply in slow adaptation of said organisms until an active rate of metabolism, as well as leading to considerable logistical difficulties.

[0055] Another problem solved by equipment and process of the invention is to provide locally a volume of the material:

[0056] (i) with microorganism(s) in virtually unlimited amounts and/or in high titers;

[0057] (ii) with selected consortia microorganisms; and/or

[0058] (iii) with only the organic matter, due to total shearing of previously existing cells in said volume,

[0059] to introduce the main tank of treatment system.

[0060] The invention avoids the acquisition, transportation and/or use of previously packaged microorganisms (notably exogenous), which reduces or eliminates the need to acquire substantial amount of microorganisms in the form of input.

[0061] In addition, the invention provides the selection and use of specific microorganisms already present in the ecological system, thereby avoiding or decreasing undesirable environmental impact or risk. This is feasible, among other forms, by the analysis of local composition of microorganisms (definition of bacteria, fungi, protozoa and other single-celled organisms) followed by selection and enrichment of desired population. The enrichment is made through microbiological techniques as: isolation and biochemical and/or genetic/genomic characterization of desired organisms in solid (plate) or liquid culture medium, or through the use of selective medium favoring the growth of desired organisms and/or the inhibition of unwanted. Other methods are also applicable as the amplification of these joint or separate organism(s), and subsequent addition thereof to the main tank together, or sequentially, for example to optimize enzymatic actions arising from the addition.

[0062] In one embodiment, the concentration of microorganisms or titer in the ex-situ modulation subsystem is at least 100 times greater than concentration of microorganisms or titer in the tank containing liquids to be treated (main tank), or water course, so that the addition of relatively small volume of wort of ex-situ modulation subsystem substantially enriches the amount and concentration of microorganisms, or titer, in said receptor body. In this embodiment, the addition of wort of ex-situ modulation subsystem to the main tank substantially modifies the total titer of microorganisms which degrade the residue or effluent in said tank without thereby requiring the addition of significant volume of wort to the main tank.

[0063] In one embodiment, the ex-situ modulation subsystem comprises a microbubbles and/or nanobubbles generating device adjusted to produce shearing intensity which provides the rupture of films or cell aggregates and/or selectively eliminates certain microorganisms due to the rupture of the cell membrane thereof. In another embodiment the shearing is total, breaking all cellular structures and converting them into acellular organic matter. In any of the latter two embodiments, the sludge present in liquid bodies as rivers, ponds, lagoons or coves can, once being submitted to ex-situ modulation subsystem, be loaded into a main tank of aerobic treatment. Similarly, in any of the latter two embodiments, a volume derived from a treatment station can be reused, once it is subjected to the ex-situ modulation subsystem, being loaded to a main tank of aerobic treatment and in it providing fragments resulting from partial or total cellular rupture in the form of nutrients and/or enzymes useful in the treatment process or conversion of organic matter into other substances of economic interest.

[0064] Such embodiments, independently of each other, provide, among other advantages: more amplitude of adjustment of microorganism consortia than conventional systems; the selection of specific microorganisms to act in the system; the selection of concentration bands of microorganisms to act on the system; the selection of the time when such a volume containing microorganisms (or organic matter without microorganisms) is added; the high speed of change of concentration of microorganism(s) in the system, which makes it possible to adjust the process according to the variations of the input material; high rate of metabolism of microorganisms in the ex-situ modulation subsystem, to degrade and/or transform the undesirable substances in the main tank; reduction of residence times; higher treatment productivity; reduction of energy consumption; reduction or elimination of unwanted or risky environmental impacts; conversion of organic matter into other substances of economic interest.

[0065] The use of the invention provides Substantial improvement in the efficiency of effluent treatment systems, providing: substantial increase of availability of microorganisms in large quantities and in a high state of metabolic activation for introduction into treatment systems; elimination or minimization of transport logistical difficulties and/or stock of microorganisms, as well as the environmental and/or human health risks arising from the transportation of microbial material in large amount; substantial reduction of energy consumption related to introduction of gases (for example, air) necessary for microbial growth; substantial increase of performance of effluent treatment systems, with the increase of capacity of units already installed and/or with the reduction of installation costs of new units; differential shearing to additional microbial consortia modulation; total shearing to convert microbial biomass into acellular organic load; to cause biotransformation or to induce or modify the organisms in the main tank; technical viabilization of effluents use as biomass for biotransformation.

[0066] In one embodiment, the availability of large quantities of microorganisms cultivated according to the present invention and in a high state of metabolic activation, for subsequent introduction in the environment where such waste is found is an interesting and promising alternative and differs from other similar approaches, as will be demonstrated in more detail below.

[0067] The present invention also provides a solution to the problem of high energy required to introducing air and/or its dissolution in the liquid body, which occurs in conventional systems, when providing equipment consisting in a reactor or main cultivation tank provided with ex-situ subsystem of microbial consortium modulation. The amount of energy required to obtain high titers of microorganisms in the equipment of the invention is substantially lower than that required for the cultivation of microorganisms in reactors or conventional cultivation tanks. Said equipment enables, in practice, an on-site process in which microbial consortia are modulated ex-situ, substantially reducing these and other limitations of obtaining high titers of microorganisms and can eliminate or reduce the need for reuse of activated sludge, decreasing the total amount of this sludge produced in the process.

[0068] In one embodiment, microbubbles of air and/or oxygen are introduced into the liquid medium of the ex-situ subsystem and/or to the liquid body to which organisms will be introduced, substantially increasing the rate of dissolution of the oxygen to said liquid body(bodies) and thereby reducing one of the major bottlenecks for microbial growth. The introduction of desirable gases (oxygen) and/or the removal of undesirable gases (such as methane, H.sub.2S and others) through the use of systems of intensive introduction of microbubbles contribute in this process.

[0069] In another embodiment, microbubbles of CO.sub.2 and/or nitrogen are introduced into the liquid medium of the ex-situ subsystem and/or to the liquid body to which the organisms are introduced, to promote anaerobic digestion and/or the production of biogas, or in process to selectively decrease or increase inorganic (e.g., ammonia, nitrites, phosphates, acids, alkalis or salts) or organic components (agricultural defenses, lipids, proteins and peptides, sugars, petroleum and its derivatives, paints and dyes or other industrial or domestic compounds), selective conditions of pH, nutrients, and inhibitors are applied to the system in order to promote the ex-situ modulation of the desired microbial consortia, and the relative or absolute decrease of unwanted microorganisms.

[0070] It is one of the objects of the invention an equipment for microbial consortia modulation characterized by comprising one or more on-site and ex-situ subsystem(s) of microbial consortia modulation comprising one or more devices selected from: devices for generating microbubbles, thin films, shearing, or combinations thereof, for subsequent and concomitant introduction of all or part of the subsystem volume to a reactor/main tank of treatment.

[0071] In one embodiment, said ex-situ subsystem additionally comprises:

[0072] means for controlling the temperature and/or pH;

[0073] stirring means;

[0074] means to adjust the nutrients, or inhibit unwanted microorganisms; and/or

[0075] means for total, partial or controlled discharge of the volume of subsystem material to said reactor or main tank.

[0076] In one embodiment, the equipment of the invention is characterized in that it additionally comprises controlled means of introducing liquids from inlet flow by-pass of waste/effluents and/or from organic matter to open liquid bodies, such as rivers, ponds, lagoons or coves.

[0077] In one embodiment, the equipment of the invention characterized in that the gas introduction means also functions as a stirring means.

[0078] In one embodiment, the equipment of the invention additionally comprises means for adjusting the amount of energy introduced into the reactor or main cultivation tank and/or in the ex-situ subsystem(s) of microbial consortia modulation, providing the reduction of energy consumption in moments of peak demand of the electric gridto a minimum that does not compromise the level of treatment achievable by conventional systems.

[0079] Another objective of the invention is the use of equipment for microbial consortia modulation characterized by being on-site and ex-situ, for subsequent and concomitant introduction of the volume of material containing microorganisms and/or organic matter to treatment tanks of liquid, semi-solid and/or solid effluents.

[0080] In one embodiment, said use is characterized in that the ex-situ subsystem of microbial consortia modulation promotes the selective growth of one or more microorganisms already present in the effluent at the expense of others, for the subsequent reintroduction of said microorganisms, in high concentrations, to the original effluent, this avoiding the introduction of exogenous microorganisms to the specific environment and avoiding or reducing the negative environmental impact or risk.

[0081] It is yet another of the objects of the invention a process for microbial consortia modulation characterized by comprising:

[0082] a step of microbial consortia modulation in one or more on-site and ex-situ subsystem(s) comprising one or more devices selected from: devices for generating microbubbles, thin films, shearing, or combinations thereof; and

[0083] a subsequent or concomitant step of introduction of all or part of the volume of ex-situ subsystem to a reactor/main tank of treatment.

[0084] In one embodiment, the process of the invention additionally comprises the control of temperature, pH, input of nutrients or other substances and/or diffusion of gases in the ex-situ subsystem.

[0085] In one embodiment, the process of the invention is conducted so that the operating regime is: cultivation of microorganisms in the ex-situ subsystem; and biotransformation in the main tank. In other embodiment, the process of the invention is conducted so that the operating regime is: partial or total shearing of microorganisms in the ex-situ subsystem; and microbial cultivation and/or biotransformation in the main tank. In both said embodiments, the process of the invention provides for obtaining the products if economic interest from the compounds present in the effluent.

[0086] The equipment of the invention provides an efficient and advantageous alternative to the other approaches currently available for environmental applications. FIG. 1 (prior art) illustrates one of the approaches known in prior art, consisting of a step of aerobic cultivation of microorganisms and reintroduction of sludge from the subsequent step of clarification. Through this technique approach, the titer of microorganisms in the equipment of aerobic cultivation can be increased, but it is not feasible to select specific microorganisms for introduction into said equipment.

[0087] FIG. 2 (prior art) shows a schematic representation of equipment for the aerobic treatment of effluents equipped with engine, system of aeration and mixing, effluent input and output.

[0088] The approaches shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 do not provide the same technical effects as the invention. Moreover, they do not provide all the technical effects of the invention concomitantly: the selection of specific microorganisms for introduction into the treatment tank/system; the selection of concentration bands of microorganisms to act in the system; the selection of the moment at which such microorganisms are added; the high speed of change of concentration of micro-organism(s) in the system, which enables the adjustment of the process according to the variations of the input material; the reduction of residence times; higher treatment productivity; the reduction of energy consumption; modulation of the microbial consortia through shearing differential and/or total shearing; the conversion of microbial biomass into acellular organic matter.

[0089] The equipment of the invention provides much more flexibility of operation than the conventional ones and a significant magnification of the magnitude of microbial consortia modulation, since the complete elimination of living microorganisms is the elevation of the titer of microorganisms. In both cases, the equipment provides flexibility and high capacity of removal of organic load and/or conversion of the organic load in other substances of economic interest.

[0090] Said microorganisms or microbial consortia comprise or are selected from the group comprising bacteria, Archaea, yeasts, fungi or protozoa, or any mixture thereof.

[0091] In one embodiment, the process of the invention is conducted from the use of at least part of the volume of a liquid effluent to be treated, by bypassing in a bypass system or in a sequential system, as a source of organic matter and/or microorganisms whose consortium is modulated by the ex-situ subsystem and subsequent and concomitant introduction or reintroduction of all or part of the volume of the ex-situ subsystem, containing material enriched with microorganisms and/or acellularized organic matter, to the original liquid body.

[0092] In other embodiment, inorganic or organic compounds are added or removed from liquid effluent so as to promote specifically desired microorganisms species and/or inhibit the growth or permanence of species of unwanted microorganisms.

[0093] The process of the invention is applicable, among others, to the treatment of domestic sewage. The composition of the sanitary sewage can be exemplified in table 1 below, which also shows the approximate values of the respective components arriving per day to a treatment station of sanitary effluents from a population of 1.5 million inhabitants (considering flow rate of 2,500 Us and sewage density of 1.0):

TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Domestic sanitary sewage and amounts generated per day of some substances. Component/substance Weight % Tons/day Organic matter 0.196 423 Proteins (between 40 and 60%) 170 to 254 Carbohydrates (between 25 and 50%) 105 to 211 Fats/fatty matters (approx. 10%) 42 Minerals 0.004 8.6

[0094] As can be seen in table 1, the amount of organic matter which arrives daily at the treatment stations of domestic effluents is very large. The present invention provides substantial advantages and solves technical problems relevant to the treatment and/or reuse of this biomass, organic load or individual components. The equipment and/or process of the invention enables, in practice, the use of this enormous source of biomass as input, notably when the process of the invention is conducted in such a way that the operating regime is: microorganism consortia modulation in the ex-situ subsystem; and biotransformation in the main tank, thus enabling to obtain the products of economic interest from compounds present in the effluent. Optionally, the imposition of differential or total shearing on the ex-situ subsystem provides differential or total cell disruption, providing in the middle the contents until then intracellular in the medium, providing additional nutrients and/or specific enzymes.

[0095] The following examples are intended merely to exemplify some of the many ways of realizing the invention without, however, limiting the scope thereof.

EXAMPLES

Example 1. Equipment for Ex-Situ Modulation of Microbial Consortia

[0096] FIG. 3 shows a schematic representation of one embodiment of the invention, indicating an equipment (30) comprising: a main tank (32) for the treatment of liquid effluents or semi-solid waste; an ex-situ subsystem (31) of microbial consortia modulation comprising a device (31b) selected from: devices for generating microbubbles, thin films, shearing, or combinations thereof, for subsequent and concomitant introduction of all or part of the volume of the ex-situ subsystem to the main cultivation tank (32). Also indicated are: (33) effluent input in the main tank; (34) optional derivation of part of the input effluent for introducing into the ex-situ subsystem (31); (35) optional nutrient input for the ex-situ subsystem; (36) gases input for the ex-situ subsystem; (37) subsystem output of microbial consortium modulation and feed to the main tank (32); (38a) engine for agitation and/or gas or liquid pump with gas input; (38b) blades for agitation and/or gas sprinkler; and (39) effluent output.

[0097] The equipment of the invention provides much more flexibility of operation and a significant amplification of the modulation of microorganism consortia, either by the substantial increase of the titer of one or more microorganisms or by the selective elimination of one or more microorganisms by differential shearing, thereby increasing the removal capacity of organic load of an existing or new treatment tank. In one embodiment, the title of microorganisms in the ex-situ subsystem (31) is at least 100 times greater than the titer of microorganisms in the tank (32) containing the main volume of effluent to be treated. Depending on the operating conditions this titer can be between 1,000 and 10,000 times higher, comparing the titers in subsystem (31) and main tank (32). Accordingly, one of the advantages provided by the equipment of the invention is the fact that the addition of relatively small volumes of cultivation wort from the ex-situ subsystem (31) to the main tank (32) provides substantial enrichment of the amount and concentration of microorganisms, or titer, in said main tank. This substantial technical effect enables the design and operation of equipment in which the volume ratio between subsystem (31) and main tank (32) can be from 1:10 to 1:1,000,000. The range of proportions may be even broader, depending on the specific case and/or the operating conditions. It is noted that the amount of gas required for a volume of 100 to 10,000 times less liquid is also substantially lower. Accordingly, the amount of energy required to introduce gases into such a smaller volume is also substantially lower. Thus, obtaining high concentrations of microorganisms in the subsystem (31) of the invention is enabled with substantial reduction of energy, especially when compared to the energy required for the introduction of gases (and similar concentration of microorganisms) into conventional aerobic systems.

Example 2. Equipment for Ex-Situ Modulation of Microbial Consortia with Sludge Recycling

[0098] Advantages similar to those provided by the equipment of example 1 are provided by the equipment of another embodiment of the invention, schematically shown in FIG. 4. The equipment (40) of this embodiment of the invention comprises: (41) ex-situ subsystem of microbial consortia modulation; (42) main tank; (43) effluent input in the main tank; (44) optional derivation of part of input effluent to feed the ex-situ subsystem (41) of microbial consortia modulation; (45) optional nutrient input for the ex-situ subsystem; (46) gases input for the ex-situ subsystem; (47a, 47c) engine for agitation and/or gas pump; (47b) blades for agitation and/or gas sprinkler; (47d) device selected from: devices for generating microbubbles, thin films, shearing, or combinations thereof, for subsequent and concomitant introduction of all or part of the volume of the ex-situ subsystem to the main cultivation tank (42); (48a) subsystem or sludge decantation chamber; (48b) return to decanted sludge; (49) effluent output. This embodiment of the invention differs from the similar equipment by the presence of items (41), (44), (45), (46), (47c) and (47d), that is, by the presence of ex-situ subsystem (41) of microbial consortia modulation.

Example 3. Equipment for Ex-Situ Modulation of Microbial Consortia with Microbubbles Generator with Corn Shearing Production

[0099] In one embodiment, the equipment of the invention comprises a microbubbles generating device in the ex-situ subsystem, to provide differential or total shearing. FIG. 5 shows a schematic representation of a device for generation of microbubbles, nanobubbles and/or shearing. The figure illustrates a longitudinal cut of a beak or nozzle type Venturi (50) for the generation of microbubbles, nanobubbles and/or shearing in the liquid medium of a ex-situ subsystem of microbial consortia modulation, being shown in (51) the liquid input point, in (52) the gases/air input point and in (53) the liquid/microbubbles mixture output point. Said microbubbles and/or nanobubbles generating device can be set or adjusted to provide shearing in liquid medium, so as to break down biofilms, aggregates or clumps of cells, or even break down cell membranes of certain microbial typesor all of them.

Example 4. Process for the Rupture of Films of Microorganisms and/or Algae with Differential Shearing

[0100] FIG. 7 illustrates schematically one embodiment of equipment of the invention, in which an ex-situ subsystem of microbial consortia modulation (70) of 300 L comprises an arrangement of three devices, where:

[0101] a microbubbles/nanobubbles generating device (71) of BT-50 model (Riverforest Corporation) in hydraulic connection with a liquid pump (72) of 0.5 HP (WEG);

[0102] a liquid thin films generating device (73) of FB-50 model (Riverforest Corporation) connected to a clean air compressor (74) (Schulz); and

[0103] a liquid thin films and microbubbles generating device (75) of FBT-50 model (Riverforest Corporation) hydraulically connected to a liquid pump (76) of 0.5 HP (WEG). Also indicated are: (77) material input into the ex-situ subsystem, and can be derived from part of the volume of a main tank of treatment or can be derived from part of the volume of sludge of a liquid body such as river, pond, lagoon or cove; (78) material output from the ex-situ subsystem to feed a main tank of treatment.

[0104] The equipment of this embodiment of the invention was used for the rupture of films of microorganisms (Without the cell membrane rupture), to improve the performance of an effluent treatment system. 200 liters of sludge and liquids of a pond with high organic load, including films of microorganisms and algae, were introduced into said subsystem (70). Thereafter, the liquid pump (72) was triggered, hydraulically connected to a microbubbles generating device (71). In only 2 minutes of operation, all clumps of cells or biofilms of microorganisms or algae were no longer detectable, due to moderate shearing generated in the device (71).

Example 5. Process for Ex-Situ Modulation of Microbial ConsortiaImposition of Aerobic Regime and Odor Removal

[0105] The equipment of example 4 was used for odor removal of 200 L of dirty water obtained in pond contaminated with domestic sewage. In this example, the three devices (71, 73 and 75) were driven, respectively by pumps (72, 74) and by compressor (76). Due to the great air dissolution in the ex-situ subsystem in this experiment, the characteristic bad smell of anaerobic systems was no longer noticeable in 90 minutes of operation. In this context, it should be noted that the invention, in this embodiment or in other embodiments thereof, provide much more flexibility of operation and significant amplification of the amount and speed of dissolution of gases in the liquid body, and accordingly, the removal capacity of organic load. On the one hand, the amount of oxygen present in the air (21% by volume, 23% by weight) and the air density (approximately 1.2 kg/m.sup.3), determine that each cubic meter of air has 276 g of O.sub.2. On the other hand, 8.3 mg/L is the limit of oxygen saturation dissolved in fresh water in the temperature of 25 C., as shown below in table 2.

TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Solubility of Oxygen in fresh water (without salinity) abs mmHg 760 1520 3040 Pressure psi 14.7 29.3 58.7 bar 1 2 4 kPa 101.1 202.2 404.3 Temper- ature Solubility C. F. Mol mg/L mL/L Mol mg/L mL/L Mol mg/L mL/L 5 41 399 12.8 9.1 798 25.5 18.2 1595 51.1 36.4 10 50 353 11.3 8.2 705 22.6 16.4 1411 45.1 32.8 15 59 315 10.1 7.5 630 20.2 14.9 1260 40.3 29.8 20 68 284 9.1 6.8 568 18.2 13.7 1137 36.4 27.3 25 77 258 8.3 6.3 517 16.5 12.6 1034 33.1 25.3 30 86 236 7.6 5.9 473 15.2 11.8 947 30.3 23.6 35 95 218 7 5.5 436 14 11 872 27.9 22.1 40 104 202 6.5 5.2 404 12.9 10.4 808 25.9 20.8

[0106] In the limit wherein the O.sub.2 present in the air is totally dissolved in water, each cubic meter of air totally dissolve in water represents the dissolution of 276 g of oxygen. Tests performed in the lab with the equipment of this embodiment of the invention indicate an efficiency of 70% of dissolution of air with the equipment, and can be greater depending on the operating conditions. In these conditions, the equipment of the invention provides, for the injection of each cubic meter of air into the liquid, the dissolution of 193.2 g of O.sub.2 (and 161.2 g of O.sub.2 for the use of air with high humidity, whose density is approximately 1 kg/m.sup.3 of air).

Example 6. Process of Ex-Situ Modulation of Microbial Consortia for Environmental Applications

[0107] One embodiment of the process of the invention for the treatment of domestic sanitary sewage comprises:

[0108] a step of microbial consortia modulation in one or more on-site and ex-situ subsystem(s) comprising one or more devices selected from: devices for generating microbubbles, thin films, shearing, or combinations thereof; and

[0109] a subsequent or concomitant step of introduction of all or part of the volume of the ex-situ subsystem to a reactor/main tank of treatment.

[0110] The process of this embodiment of the invention provides many advantages: obtaining high titers of microorganisms out of main tank of sewage treatment and its subsequent addition, in high quantity and high estate of metabolic activity; And potentiates the treatment efficiency of effluents for at least five concomitant and synergistic reasons: (i) increased treatment efficiency due to the virtually choice control of the titer of microorganisms present in the tankprovided by the addition of small volumes of concentrated liquid in microorganisms (concentration 1000 greater or more) obtained with the ex-situ subsystem; (ii) substantial part of the aeration required in conventional effluent treatment tanks is used for organism growth, which does not necessarily imply the reduction of organic load. Thus, when introducing high titers of microorganisms into treatment tanks, virtually all of the aeration introduced therein is used for the consumption and/or immediate bioconversion of biomass/organic load by highly activated microorganisms; (iii) provides the choice of consortia of microorganisms in titers and/or proportions difficult to obtain in conventional tanks; (iv) provides for the selective introduction of organisms specifically adapted to the degradation of substances of difficult degradation which occasionally enter the system. The monitoring of the effluent composition before entering the treatment tanks (or even during) enables the departure of an ex-situ subsystem from the organism appropriate to its degradation and introduction into the tank in a timely manner to avoid substantial undesirable oscillations in the tank.

[0111] It should be noted, in this context, that the residence time in treatment tanks of domestic sewage, to mention an example, is of 18 to 36 h. Thus, the cultivation time in the ex-situ subsystem of the equipment of the invention, being substantially lower (between 4 and 8 h, depending on the size and/or operating regime), enables the adoption of control measures in a timely manner to avoid the reduction of efficiency in the system and, on the contrary, increase it; (v) the system provides for the selection and promotion of the growth of microorganisms already present in the effluent and able to degrade inorganic and/or organic compounds, to the detriment of unwanted microorganisms in the effluent, and through the promotion of drastic competitive advantage, achieve the desired effect in the effluent, without introducing non-environmental organisms avoiding or minimizing environmental impacts or risks.

[0112] The skilled in the art immediately will understand that the ex-situ modulation of other organism(s) (alone or in consortium) may be embodied from the concept now exemplified. The use of equipment of the invention with sequential and/or in parallel ex-situ subsystems, for indirect control of organisms consortia in the main treatment tank, is another embodiment immediately possible for the skilled in the art from the present teachings.

Example 7: Process of Treatment of Mangrove Water or Polluted Lake, Through the Selection of Microorganisms of the Medium Itself, Enrichment Thereof and Return to the Water Course

[0113] One embodiment of the invention is specifically aimed at solving a regulatory problem, which often makes it impossible to treat water courses such as lakes, ponds, rivers, canals, rivers or sea arms, bays etc. The difficulty of prohibiting the introduction of exogenous microorganisms into such bodies by their possible and/or unknown environmental impact is solved by the use of the equipment of the invention next to such bodies of water. Referring to FIG. 3, it will be understood that in this embodiment, the equipment of the invention is substantially smaller, since the tank (32) has the function of homogenizing the liquid flow from the body of water entering through the input (33) as output flow (37) of the ex-situ subsystem (31) and discharge (39) back to the body of water. Thus, the tank (32) is substantially smaller than conventional tanks of effluent treatment systems. Depending on the water body in question, the equipment of the invention may be portable and/or installed in movable or modifiable positions. In long water bodies, such as rivers, various equipment of the invention may be used, each in a suitable operating regime for the composition characteristics and removal of undesirable compounds.

Example 8. Ex-Situ Process of Microbial Consortia Modulation and Subsequent Alteration of Metabolic Regime

[0114] The equipment of the invention provides the introduction and diffusion or solubilization of relevant gases, or the removal of unwanted gases, promoting the selective growth of certain microorganisms over others. In one embodiment, the equipment of the invention provides the adjustment of the conditions of introduction of gases for metabolic acclimatization of the microorganisms in the cultivation system. In a process context of the invention, microorganisms are cultivated in the ex situ subsystem (31, 41) under aeration conditions and high speed of cell multiplication, for subsequent introduction of the microorganisms so cultivated into the main tank (32, 42) operated under conditions of little or no aeration, or even in anaerobiosis. This process is particularly suitable for the use of facultative microorganisms, such as certain yeasts. The capabilities of the equipment of the invention thus enable a biotechnological process with both microbial enrichment conditions and metabolic control (which might otherwise be mutually exclusive) in a single equipment/process. The equipment of the invention also provides for adjustment of the levels/contents of relevant gases in the liquid system, so that the difference between the gas contents in the ex-situ subsystem (31, 41) and the main tank (32, 42) is optimized for better microbial performance. In one embodiment, the operating regime is the cultivation of microorganisms in the ex-situ subsystem and biotransformation in the main tank. Thus, the process of the invention is particularly useful for the conversion of the compounds in the effluent into other utility products, such as biogas, fuel, fertilizer, animal feed or raw materials for other processes.

Example 9. Equipment and Process for the Treatment of Effluents with Ex-Situ Modulation of Microbial ConsortiumModulation Also in the Main Tank with Energy Economy and Increase in the Dissolution of Oxygen

[0115] In this embodiment of the invention, schematically illustrated in FIG. 8, the equipment of the invention additionally comprises a thin film generating device in the main tank, so as to operate cooperatively with the devices of the ex-situ subsystem and provide increased rate of oxygen dissolution in the main tank. The apparatus (80) of this embodiment of the invention comprises: a main tank (82) for treatment of liquid effluents; an ex-situ subsystem (81) of microbial consortia modulation comprising a device (83) devices for generating microbubbles and/or thin films FBT 50 model (Riverforest), for subsequent and concomitant introduction of all or part of the volume of the ex-situ subsystem to the main cultivation tank (82). Also indicated are: (84) aeration system of main tank, comprising conventional perforated plate aerators and thin film generators of AWA model (Riverforest); (85) air and/or liquid pump; (86) air and/or liquid input; (87) air pump for the main tank; (88) clear air input for the main tank. This equipment, in addition to providing ex-situ means of modulation of the microbial consortia in the system, presents improved aerobic treatment performance in the main tank, with reduction of energy consumption for aeration of the main tank between 20 and 50% to obtain the same amount of oxygen effectively dissolved in the tank.

Example 10. Energy Economy in the Treatment of Effluents

[0116] A treatment system of domestic effluent equipped with an equipment and/or on-site process of ex-situ modulation of microbial consortia, according to the present invention, is particularly useful for energy efficient operation. In addition to reducing the amount of energy required for the same treatment level of effluents, said equipment and process provide a reduction in the residence time required to obtain the same treatment/removal of organic load as conventional systems.

[0117] Consequently, the equipment and the process of the invention can be operated with adjustment in the amount and energy used in the treatment system, synchronously or anti-synchronously to the cycles of energy availability in the electrical system that supplies the treatment plant. In this context, since the average residence time of the liquid in the equipment of the invention is less than the residence time of conventional systems, the process of the invention allows greater flexibility in the adjustment of the operation according to the cycle time of energy demand in the electrical system where the treatment system is connectedsince the means for adjusting the amount of energy introduced into the treatment system substantially changes the costs or energy risks of operating both the treatment plant and the electrical system in which it is connected.

[0118] The application of the inventive concept of present invention additionally provides, therefore, adjustment of the use of energy in the equipment of the invention so that the moments of greater energy consumption of the equipment occur in moments of greater availability or lower cost of energy offered by the system operator.

[0119] From the point of view of the system operator, the invention is particularly useful for reducing the amount of energy consumed by the treatment systems, which can be increased at times of peak demand, increasing safety and reducing the risks of system failures.

[0120] The use of the invention also provides the reduction of energy consumption in peak moments, because the equipment of the invention can have energy consumption reduced in such moments to a minimum that does not compromise the level of treatment achievable by conventional systems.

[0121] These technical effects of the invention are highly relevant and difficult to obtain by conventional systems, bringing substantial advantages: from the point of view of the electrical system operator, the use of the invention increases the efficiency of the electrical system as a whole, notably in electrical systems based on hydropower plants, in which the energy produced is not stored, at least not adequately or substantially.

[0122] The invention thus contributes to reduce the energy consumption. In addition, it also provides reduction, selective in time, of the impact of its energy consumption on electrical systems, which can thus be operated with less variation of demand at critical momentsas is the case of typical peaks of demand that are criterion of sizing of energy systems is inferior to that observed without the use of the invention.

[0123] Those skilled in the art will appreciate the knowledge presented herein and may reproduce the invention in the embodiments presented and in other variants, falling within the scope of the appended claims.